hnemkw

FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-K-Xn, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw 695 001. t^m¨ : 0471 2475668. C sa-bn¬ sasthragathy@gmail.comamt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿, imkv{X-KXn, tImgn-t°mSv 673 002t^m¨ : 2701919, C sa-bn¬ ksspmagazine@gmail.com

FUn-‰¿ : B¿.-hn.Pn.- tat\m≥, amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿ : sI. cm[≥

FIvkn-Iyp´ohv FUn-‰¿: B¿. cm[m-Ir-jvW-≥, Atkm-kn-tb‰v FUn-‰¿: ]n. kptc-jv

]{Xm-[n-]-k-anXn: s{]m^. sI.-B¿ P\m¿Z\≥, s{]m^. Sn.-]n. Ip™n-°-Æ≥, s{]m^. sI. ]m∏q´nSn. cm[m-a-Wn, kn.-hn. N{μ≥, tUm. B¿.-_n. cmP-e£van, tUm. sI. cmPvtam-l≥, tUm. sI. hnP-b-Ip-am¿

tPmPn Iq´p-tΩ¬, B¿. KncojvvIp-am¿, AUz. Sn. Ko\m-Ip-amcn, hn.-ss_-Pp, ]n. {]Im-i≥

Nn{Xo-I-cWw: sI. kXojv Ih¿ & teHu´v: ]n. {]Zo]v ssS∏v sk‰nMv: hn[p. ]n.-Fkv

teJ-\-ß-fnse A`n-{]m-b-߃ teJ-I-cp-tS-Xm-Wv; imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-Øn-t‚-Xm-I-W-sa-∂n-√.

H‰-{]Xn : 12 cq] ˛ hm¿jn-I-h-cn-kwJy : 125 cq]

2011 HIvtSm-_¿ tIcf imkvv{Xkm-lnXy ]cn-jØvhmeyw 47 e°w 4

6 B¥am≥ {S¶v tdmUv ˛hwilXybnte°v Hcp ]mXPn. kmP≥

17 I™n-IpSn ap´n-°p∂[m\y-°-b-‰p-aXnB¿. tlen

20 hnZym-`ymk ]mt°Pv:P-\-Iob kwhm-Z-߃A\n-hmcywkn. cma-Ir-jvW≥

26 GIo-IrX kne-_kv:{]N-c-Whpw hkvXp-X-Ifpwkn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥

30 ]T-\-ssh-I-ey-߃:Imc-W-sa¥v?tUm. Sn. iin-[-c≥, tUm. hn.-Pn. {iotZhn

kμ¿in°pI: www.kssp.in

Ih¿tÃmdn:

P\-Iob Huj-[-\bwcq]o-I-cnv°WwI√d a[p

35 Pm∏\okv kvIqfpwFs‚ Ip´nIfpwaRvPp at\mPv

38 Kme-Ivkn-I-fpsS\£-{X-th´kn.-hn. N{μ≥

41 {Ko°v ss]XrIwtUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

52 th≠Xv HcpKXm-KX \bwAUz. sI.-]n. chn-{]-Imiv

57 Im¿´q¨ ]w‡n:

lc-W- ewsI. kXojv

58 imkv{X-hm¿ØtUm.-Fw.-B¿. kpZ¿i-\-Ip-am¿

saUn-°¬ tImf-Pn¬kw -hn-°p-∂XvCμp-teJ

10

14

Poh≥ ]¥m-Sp∂Btcm-Ky-ÿm-]-\-߃

4 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

IØp-Iƒ

hcn-°m-cpsS {i≤bv°vhcn-°m-cpsS {i≤bv°vhcn-°m-cpsS {i≤bv°vhcn-°m-cpsS {i≤bv°vhcn-°m-cpsS {i≤bv°vamkn-I-bpsS hcn-kwJy Xocp∂ XobXn \n߃°p amknI Ab-bv°p∂ dm∏-

dns‚ apI-fn¬ A®-Sn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xp {i≤n-®n-cn-°p-a-t√m.DZm: 35275 SG 2011˛12˛02 F∂v HcmfpsS dm∏-dn¬ t]cn\p apI-fn¬ A®-Sn-®n-

´p≠v F∂v Icp-Xp-I. BZy-tØXv sFUn \º-dm-Wv. XpS¿∂p≈ SG F∂Xv imkv{X-KXn F∂p kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. 2011˛12˛02 F∂-Xns‚ A¿Yw 2011 Unkw-_¿ 02\v t]mÃp-sN-øp∂ Unkw-_¿e°w imkv{XKXn e`n-°p-∂-Xn\v Xm¶ƒ ho≠pw hcn-kwJy]pXp-°-W-sa-∂m-Wv. XpS¿®-bmbn amknI In´p-∂-Xn\v Imem-h[n Xocp-∂-Xn\v Hcp-amkw aptº hcn-kwJy {]mtZ-inI ]cn-j-Zv{]-h¿Ø-I¿ aptJ-\tbm aWn-tbm¿U¿/UnUn-bmtbm Ab-bv°m≥ Xm¬]-cy-s∏-Sp-∂p. hcn-°m¿°-b-bv°p∂ amknI Xncn-®p-h-cp∂ {]iv\w ]cn-lcn°p∂-Xn\v t^m¨\-º¿ hnem-k-Øn¬ ad-°msX tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-at√m.

amt\-PnMv FUn-‰¿

k¿°m¿ sNe-hn¬ Hcp A -F-bvUUv hnZym-ebwCXv Btcbpw A[n-t£-]n-°mt\mhne Ipd®v ImWn-°p-hmt\m A√F∂v BZyta ]d-b-s´. ]pXnb ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw ]co-£m-co-Xnbpw s\t©-‰n-em-fn-°p∂ [mcmfw A[ym-]-IcpwhnZym-e-b-ßfpw anI-hns‚ {]Xo-I-ß-fmbn \ΩpsS ap∂n¬ Xe Db¿Øn\n¬°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw Pn√-bnse hnZym- ymk ]cn-io-e\ ÿm]-\-Øns‚ em_v kvIqƒCsXm∂pw Adn™ a´v ImWn-°p-∂n-√. Hmtcm h¿jhpw Unhn-j-\p-Iƒ Cu hnZym-e-b-Øn¬ IqSn-°qSnhcp-∂p. kao] {]tZ-isØ a‰vhnZym-e-b-߃ F{X ]cn-{i-an-®n´pwHgp°v Ub-‰n-s‚ em_nte°v Xs∂.kvIqƒ_kv Bbn-cp∂p Hcp Imc-Ww. F∂m¬ AXn-t\-°mƒ D]-cn -sR-´n-°p∂ Hcp kXy-amWv B

hnZym-e-b-Ønse c£n-Xm-°ƒ ]d™vAdn-™-Xv. AhnsS 4 Unhn-j-\p-IƒHmtcm ¢mknepw D≠v. AXn¬ aq∂pwCw•ojv aoUn-bw. D≈ ae-bmfw aoUn-b-Øn¬ Ccp-]tXm Ccp-]-Øt©m Ip´n-Iƒ am{Xw a‰p Unhn-j-\n¬ 45 Dw 50Dw Ip´n-Iƒ. F¬.-sI.-Pn. apX¬ 7˛mw¢mkv hsc CXp-Xs∂ ÿnXn. k¿°m-cn-s‚bpw hnZym-`ymk hIp-∏n-s‚bpwF√m B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw Cu hnZym-e-b-Øn\v In´p∂p F∂-Xn¬ kwi-b-sam-∂p-an-√-t√m. kzImcy GP≥kn-I-fpsS ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw ]co£m coXn-I-fpw. Ip´n-Iƒ anSp-°-cm-b-Xn-\m¬, kmº-Øn-I-ti-jn-bp≈ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fm-b-Xn-\m¬ taf-I-fnepw Item-’-h-ß-fnepw {i≤n-°-s∏-Sp∂ t\´-߃. ]cn-io-e\ thf-I-fn¬\n w-K-cm-bn, \njv{In-b-cmbn Ccn-°p∂A[ym-]-I¿. a‰v hnZym-e-b-ß-fnse A[ym-

]-I¿ sNdnb sNdnb {]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-t∏mepw hna¿in®v icn-bmb [mc-W-Iƒ t\Sp-tºmƒ, AØcw {]h¿Ø-\-߃ H∂pw-Xs∂ sNøm≥ km[n-°mØ {]tXyI am\-kn-Im-h-ÿ-bn-emWv Ahn -SpsØ A[ym-]-I¿.hn⁄m-t\m-’-th-f-I-fn¬ Cu Ip´n-I-fpsS ]nt∂m-°m-hÿ hy‡-ambn a\- n-em-Ip-sa-¶nepw a‰v a’c ]co-£-I-fn¬ Ch¿ Xs∂ ap∂n¬. ]pXnb]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bp-sSbpw ]co£m coXn-bp-sSbpw hnizm-ky-X-sb-∏‰n Ub‰v A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°p-t]mepw hnizm-k-an-t√?.kao-]\ coXn-Iƒs°-Xn-cm-bp≈ kao-]-\-coXn ssIs°m≈p∂ Hcp ÿm]-\sØ Bcpw ImWm-Ø-Xm-tWm.AtXm I≠n√ F∂v \Sn -°p -I-

bmtWm.

tKm]p, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw.○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○

k¿,

"A∂m-am-Wnsb Hm¿°p-tºmƒ'˛A-\p-kva-cWw (tUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn.-ta-t\m≥)Gsd {it≤-b-am-bn-cp-∂p. A∂m-am-Wnsb Ipdn®v Gsd Adn-bp-∂-Xn-te°vCu teJ\w klm-b -I -am -bn√F¶nepw "{]Xn-`-Iƒ' \jvS-s∏-SpØnAdn-b-s∏-SmsX t]mIp∂ ka¿∏nXtNX- p-I-fmb h\n-X-Iƒ Cu A\p-kva-cWw Hcn-°¬°qSn hmbn-°pw.

apJ-{]-kwKw ka-tbm-NnXw Xs∂.\ΩpsS \m´p-ºp-d-ß-fnse Ccp-f-S™pInS-°p∂ AYhm Bcm-[-\tbm ]qP-Itfm H∂pw C√msX InS-°p∂ sNdp-in-e-I-tfbpw B¬Ø-d-I-tfbpw tZh-{]iv\w \SØn \mSn\v sFiz-cy-ap-≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn t£{X kwc-£W kan-Xn-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn®v D]-Po-h-\-am¿KwIs≠-Øp∂ Hcp am^nb Xs∂ CuASp-Ø-Im-eØv D≠mbn´p-≠v. \nXy]qP-Iƒ \S-°p-at√m F∂p-I-cpXn CXvhn´p-sIm-Sp-Ø-Xn-\p-tijw CØcwt£{X-kw-c-£W kan-Xn -I-fpsSXmXv]-cy-a-\p-k-cn®v \S-Øp∂ tZh-{]iv\˛]-cn-lmc {Inb-I-fn¬s∏ v A_-≤-Øn-emb Iptd Gsd-t]¿ \ΩpsSNp‰pw D≠v. Ah-cpsS IÆv Xpd-∏n-°t´Cu apJ-{]-kw-Kw.

Kncn-P, B‰n-߬

shdpsX a\p-jysc t]Sn-s∏-Sp-Ø-cpXvk¿,

imkv{X-KXn sk]vXw-_¿ e°-Øn¬ ""ag-s∏m∂v ]≤Xn'' F∂ teJ-\-sØ-∏‰n s{]m^. A\n¬ ImS≥]d-ºn¬ Fgp-Xnb Ipdn-∏n-s\-∏‰nbmWo Ipdn-∏v. At±lw tUm. _me-Ir-jvW≥ \mb-cpsS kNn{X teJ\w Hcm-h¿Øn-IqSn hmbn-°p-∂Xp \∂m-bn-cn-°pw. teJ-\-Øn¬ hnhcn®ncn-°p-∂Xv sSd- n¬hogp∂ ag-sh≈w tiJ-cn®v D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ ]cn-]m-Sn-b-√. B sh≈-Øn¬Fen-bp-sS-tbm sXmc-∏-s‚-tbm aq{Xw Ie-cm≥ bmsXmcp km[y-Xbpw C√.Ncn®v h®n- p≈ ss^_¿ •mkn¬ hogp∂ sh≈w ]mØn-hgn Hcp kns‚IvkvSm¶n¬ tiJ-cn-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-∂-Xv. sh≈w Hcp Acn-∏-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Sm¶n¬tiJ-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cßs\ tiJ-cn® sh≈w em_-d-´-dn-bn¬ ]cn-tim-[\ \S-Øn-bn-´p-ap-≠v. Cßs\ tiJ-cn-°p∂ sh≈w IpSn-°m≥t]mepw ip≤n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv. F¥n\v shdpsX a\p-jysc t]Sn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂p A\n¬Ip-amtd?

s{]m^. Fw.-sI. {]km-Zv

imkv{X-KXn 5

"\√' hnZym`ymkw tXSnF√m c£mI¿Øm°fpw XßfpsS Ip´nIƒ°v- "\√' hnZym`ymkw In´Ww F∂v-B{Kln°p∂hcmWv. ]t£ F¥mWv \√ hnZym`ymkw F∂Xns\∏‰n ]e¿°pw]e [mcWIƒ BWv- D≈Xv. \√ bqWnt^mw, \√ _ v, \√ sI´nSw, \√Unknπn≥, \√ ^okv-, CsXms°bmWv Nne¿°v \√ kvIqfns‚ e£W߃.Cw•ojv "]®sh≈wt]mse' ]dbm\p≈ Ignhv BWv- a‰pNne¿°v \√hnZym`ymkØns‚ KpWw. ]≠p XncphnXmwIqdn¬ \n∂v- Cw•≠n¬ ]Tn°m≥ t]mbHcp hnZzm≥ ho´nte°p IsØgpXnb IY tI´n´p≠v. "AtΩ, ChnsS F√mhcpwhnZym`ymkw D≈hcmWv. Xq∏pImcn t]mepw Cw•ojnemWv kwkmcn°p∂Xv!'Cw•ojp ]d®nemWv \√ hnZym`ymkw F∂ [mcW sIm≠mWt√m as‰¥pIpdhp≠mbmepw Cw•ojp aoUnbw Xs∂ thWw F∂v- ]e c£m I¿Øm°fpwiTn°p∂Xv. AXpt]mep≈ as‰mcp {]NcWw BWv- "Xs‚ Ip´nsb FhnsStN¿°Ww, F¥p Xcw hnZym`ymkw sImSp°Ww Fs∂ms° Xocpam\n°m\p≈]cam[nImcw c£mI¿Ømhn\mWv' F∂Xpw. hnZym`ymksØ shdpw hy‡nKX`mKymt\zjWw Bbn ImWp∂Xns‚ XIcmdmWnsX√mw. ]t£ hnIknXcmPyßfn¬ an°bnSßfnepw hnZym`ymksØ Hcp kmaqlnI kwcw`w Bbn´mWvImWp∂Xv. Hmtcm Ip™ns‚bpw IgnhpIƒ ]camh[n hnIkn∏nt°≠XpwAhscsb√mw \√ a\pjycpw \√ ]uccpw Bbn hf¿Øn FSpt°≠XpwkaqlØns‚ Bhiyw IqSn BWt√m?. Ah¿ ]ckv]cw a’cn®p a‰p≈hscadnIS∂p kz¥w tIaØw ÿm]ns®Sps°≠h¿ A√. H∂n®p ]Tn°pIbpwH∂n®p- hfcpIbpw H∂n®pi‡n B¿Pn°pIbpw sNtø≠h¿ BWv-. AXn\p≈]cnioe\w BtWm kvIqfn¬ In´p∂Xv F∂v- Bsc¶nepw At\zjn°p∂pt≠m?

CsXms° G´nse ]‰q; {]tbmKØn¬ ]‰n√; CXv a’cm[n„nX kaqlwBWv-; BtKmfhXvIcWØns‚ Imew BWv-; \ap°v a‰p cmPyßtfmsSm∏wFØt≠? AXn\v Cw•ojnep≈ ]cn⁄m\w At√ G‰hpw th≠ KpWw?Fs∂ms° tNmZn°p∂h¿ P∏m\n¬ Xmakn°p∂ Hcp aebmfn AΩbpsSA\p`hw hmbn°p∂Xv \∂v. imkv{XKXn BZyambn Hcp tªmKn¬ \n∂v- ISwFSp°pIbmWv. tªmKpIƒ ImWmØhcnte°pw Cu ktμiw FØWwF∂p≈Xp sIm≠mWv Cßs\ Hcp ]pXpa ]co£n°p∂Xv.

AXpt]mep≈ as‰mcp [mcWbmWv "\mSs\'°mƒ Ft∏mgpw \√Xv "hcØ≥'BWv- F∂Xv. kvt‰‰v kne_kns\°mƒ \√Xv Bbncn°Ww AJnte¥y≥.AXnt\°mƒ tIaw Bbncn°Ww C‚¿\mjW¬. kne_ pw Icn°pehpwXΩnep≈ hyXymkw ]et∏mgpw A[ym]I¿°pt]mepw ]nSnImWn√.AXpsIm≠mWt√m tIcfØnse s]mXp hnZymebßfpsS \nehmcw Db¿Øm\mbnAhnsS√mw kn._n.Fkv.C kne_kv \S∏m°pw F∂v- k¿°m¿ ]dbm≥ ImcWw.hmkvXhØn¬ kn._n.Fkv.C.bpw tIcfhpsa√mw tZiob Icn°pew N´°qSn\vAIØp \n∂psIm≠mWv kne_ pIƒ D≠m°nbncn°p∂Xv F∂pw, AtXkabw Fßs\bmWv {]mtZinI kne_ pIƒ {]k‡w BIp∂Xv- F∂pwa[pkqZ\s‚ teJ\w hy‡am°p∂p. Ct∏mƒ hym]Iambn N¿®sNøs∏´psIm≠ncn°p∂ A[ym]I ]mt°Pv BWv- kn. cmaIrjvWs‚ hnjbw.]T\ \nehmcw sa®s∏SWw F¶n¬ A[ym]IcpsS \nehmcw BZywsa®s∏SWat√m. G‰hpw anI® A[ym]Isc e`yam°p∂Xn\v CXv F{Xam{Xwklmbn°pw?

F¥mWv \√ hnZym`ymkØn\v th≠Xv F∂v- At\zjWØn¬ CsX√mw{]k‡amWv.

HIvtSm_¿ 2011

apJ-°p-dn∏v

imkv{X-KXn

6 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

ITn\ambn ag s]bvXp-sIm≠ncp∂p.Im´n\p≈nse shfn®hpw Ipd -hmbncp∂p. F∂m¬, GXm≠v ]q¿W-\·cmbn R߃ I≠ PdmhIsfCsXm∂pw _m[n®tXbn-√. Ah¿ap∏Xntesdt∏cp≠mbncp∂p. apXn-¿∂]pcpj-∑m¿, ssI°p™p-ßsfH°tØ¥nb AΩam¿, Nph∂ \mcp-Iƒ tN¿Ø sXmß-ep-Iƒ Nm¿Ønbs]¨Ip´nIƒ, Xp≈nbm-¿°p∂Ip´nIƒ. ag-bn¬ AhcpsS apJw IqSp-X-¬ Xnfßn. Im´neqsS Nodn∏m™p-t]mIp∂ hml\hyqlsØ Ah¿\njv°f¶amb Aºct∏msS t\m°n.

s]s´∂v ]tØm ]{¥t≠m hb p-tXm∂n°p∂ Hcp Pdmhm _me≥R߃ k©cn°p∂ Sm‰m kptam-bpsS sskUv sÃ∏nte°v NmSn-°bdn.

kmaq-ly-imkv{XwPn. kmP≥

B¥am≥ {S¶v tdmUv ˛

hwilXybnte°v Hcp ]mX

B¥am≥ {S¶v tdmUv ˛

hwilXybnte°v Hcp ]mX

ss{UhdpsS ssIøn¬ ]nSn®p-sIm≠vAh≥ ]d™p t_mwt_ tZm, t_mw-t_... tZm... ]m≥]cmKp-Isf-°pdn®vAdn-hp≈h¿°v t_mws_ {]Nmc-ap≈ Hcp ]m\ns‚ C\-amWv F∂-dnbmw. ss{UhdpsS ssIhiap≈]m≥]cmKmWv Ah\v th≠-Xv. AXv

e`n®tXmsS Ah≥ tdmUnte°v NmSnHmSnt∏mIpIbpw sNbvXp. ap∏Xn-\mbncw h¿jØntesdbmbn B¥am-

\nse Cu Im´nemWv PdmhIƒXmakn°p∂Xv. th -bmSnbpw ]ghpw,Ingßpw, tX\pw tiJcn®pw ao≥-

]nSn®pw AhcnhnsS Pohn®p. kz¥-amb`mjbpw, kwkvImchpw PohnX-coXnbpw hf¿ØnsbSpØp. B[p\nIa\pjy-Ncn{XØn\v Znimam‰w hcp-Ønb Hcp kmt¶XnI-hnZybpw Ah¿

kzoIcn®n√. Irjnbmcw`n®n-√, N{Iw\n¿Ωn®n-√, hkv{Xw [cn®n-√-, A]cn-NnXamb Hcp {]tem`\-Ønte°pwhgpXn-hoWn-√. F∂m¬ B[p\nI-a\pjy≥ ChcpsS kcfamb Bhmk-hyhÿbnte°v AXn{Ian®p-IS-∂pIbdn. ]ptcmKXnbpsS hnIeambioeßfpw tcmKßfpw Ahcnte°p]I¿∂p. {ItaW a\pjy]cnWma-Ncn{XØn¬ H‰s∏´p -t]mb Hcp{][m\ tKm{X-hwiw hwi-\miØnse]SnhmXn¬°seØn -\n¬°p∂ZpxJIcamb Nn{XØn\mWv \man-t∏mƒ km£yw hln°p∂Xv.

hepXpw sNdpXpamb 572 Zzo]p-Ifpw D]Zzo]pIfpw ]mds°´pIfp-aS-ßp-∂XmWv B¥am≥ \nt°m_m¿Zzo]kaqlw. C¥y≥ apJy[mcbv°v

a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-{]-{In-b-bpsS bm{X XpS-ßn-bn-S-Øp-\n∂v Pdmhmkaqlw Gsd apt∂m´p t]mbn- n-√. AXn\v Ah¿°v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Imc-W-ß-fp-≠mhmw. Cu {]mIr-X-bp-‡nsb B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS bp‡n-sIm≠v \mwtNmZyw sNbvXp-Iq-Sm. Ah-cpsS ]cn-lm-c-߃ Ah¿X-s∂-bmWv \n¿t±in-t°≠-Xv. B¥-am≥ {S¶v tdmUv AS-®p-]q- -Ww.

imkv{X-KXn 7

XmcXtay\ A]cnNnXamb Ncn{Xhpw`qanimkv{Xhpw kmaqlnI khntij-XIfpw Cu Zzo]pIsf {it≤bam-°p-∂p. qanimkv{X]camb ]cnanXn-IƒadnIS∂v Ncn{X-Øns‚ BI-kvanI-Xbn¬am{Xw C¥y≥ bqWnbs‚ mK-amb Cu Zzo]pIƒ°v C∂v tZiob-kpc-£-bpsS t]cnemWv cWIqS-Øns‚{]tXyI ]cnKW\ e`n°p-∂Xv. c≠m-bncw h¿jØntesd ]g°ap≈ Hcpkap{Z-hym]mc]mXbpsS `mK-ambncp-∂p Cu Zzo]pIƒ. F∂m¬ 1789˛¬e v‰\‚ v B¿®n-_mƒUv ªb¿ Ip‰-hmfnIƒ°mbp≈ ]o\¬ sk‰n¬-sa‚mbn \n¿t±in®tXmsSbmWv Cuÿew B[p-\nI-Ncn{XØns‚ mKam-Ip∂Xv. t]m¿ v -ªb¿ F∂ t]cv CuNcn{XØns‚ kvarXn-tcJbmWv.XpS¿∂v 60˛-Hmfw h¿jw Cu {]tZi-sØ Bcpw {i≤n®n-√. F∂m¬ 1858 -¬ H∂mw kzmX{¥y-kacØn\v t\Xr-Xzw \¬Inb 200 tZiob kzmX{¥y-kac`-S∑msc Ctßm´v \mSpISØn.PbnedIƒt]mep-an√mØ Xpd∂ÿe-tØ°v Ahsc Xpd∂p-hn´p.{Ita-W Cu Zzo]-kaqlw tZiob-kzmX-{¥y{]ÿm\Øns‚ D÷zeambNcn{Xw cNn®p -XpSßn. 1870˛¬B{^oZn ]Øm≥ sj¿Aen, {_n´ojvssht{kmbn tem¿Uv tatbmsb sIme-s∏SpØnbXpw ChnsS-h®mWv. 1906 ¬]Wn-Xo¿Ø sk√p-em¿ Pbn¬ Cu

tZiobNcn{X-Øns‚ kPoh kvarXn-km∂n≤yamWv. 1922˛¬ 1921˛se ae-_m¿ Iem]Øn\v t{]cn∏n®p F∂

Ip‰w NpaØn 2243 am∏nfamscCtßm´p \mSpISØn. kzmX{¥y-e_v[n°p-tijw IpSntb‰Øns‚

IpsØmgp°mbncp∂p. ImSp-sh´nIrjn sNøm≥ Xbmdp≈ I¿jI¿,Ing°≥ ]mInÿm\n¬ \n∂p≈

A`bm¿∞n-Iƒ, dm©nbn¬\n∂pwtOm´m \mKv∏qcn¬ \n∂pap≈ sXmgn-emfnIƒ, DØ¿{]-tZinse `m≠p,

_¿Ωbn¬\n∂v Imtc≥ _¿Ωokv,t\m¿Øv shÃv t{^m≠nb¿ s{]mhn-≥kn¬ \n∂p≈h¿, a≤y{]tZin¬

\n∂p≈ BZnhmkn-tKm{X-kaql-߃, ]mInÿm\nIƒ, _n n\kp-Im¿, Kh¨sa‚ v tPmen°m¿ Aß-

s\ C¥y-bnepw _¿Ωbnepap≈A™qdntesd Pn√Ifn¬ 350-tesdPn√-Iƒ°v ChnsS {]mXn\n[-y-ap-≠v.Aßs\bmWv Cu {]tZiw an\n C¥yF∂v Adnbs∏´p-XpSßnbXv.

tIcfØn¬\n∂p-h∂v ChnsSPohn°m≥ \ntbmKap-≠mbt∏mƒ]ndIn¬ hn´p-t]m∂ tZiØns‚t]cpIƒ \¬In Ah¿ Hm¿Ωsb

]p\xkrjvSn®p. Aßs\ B¥am≥ImSpIfn¬ Xncqcpw h≠qcpw Imen-°‰pw ae∏pdhpw \neºq-cp-ap-≠m-bn.Ah¿ ImSpsh´nsØfn®v Irjnÿeßfp≠m°n. Ncn{XØn¬\n∂v]pdØm°s∏´ Nne¿ kz¥w Ncn{XwcNn°p∂ hnkvabIYbmWnXv.

\n¿`mKyhim¬ Cu B[p\nI-Ncn{X cN\bn¬ \mw hnkvacn®p-t]m-hp∂Xv hwilXybpsS IdpØ Nn{X-ßfmWv. {_n´ojv A[n\nthi-Øn\p-apºv Cu Zzo]pIfn¬ s\{Knt‰m˛awKtfmbnUv hwißfn¬s∏´ BZnhm-kn-P\kaqlambncp∂p. s\{Knt‰mhwiPcmb t{K‰v B¥am\okv, Pdmh,sk‚n\eokv HmwKn F∂nhcpw awK-tfmbvUv hn`mKØnse \nt°m-_mcn,tjmws]≥ hwiPcpambncp∂p {][m\-ambpw ChnsS D≠m-bncp∂Xv. Chsc{]mIrX-P\-hn`mKßfmbn IcpXnB[p\nI -PohnX - {IaØnte°v]cnh¿Ø\w sNøpI F∂ ZuXywGs‰-SpØ {_n´ojpIm¿ t{K‰v B¥-am\okpambn {ItaW NßmØw ÿm-]n®p. F∂m¬, Cu {]tem`\-ßfn¬hogmXncp∂ PdmhIsf t{K‰v B¥-am\okpIsf D]tbmKn®v XI¿°m\pwAh¿ {iaw XpSßn. B[p\nI temI-Øns‚ A]cnNnX-ioeßfnte°v_emXvImcambn sIm≠phcs∏´ t{K‰vB¥-am\oknt‚Xv ZpxJIcamb

tIcfØn¬\n∂p-h∂vChnsS Pohn°m≥\ntbmKap-≠mbt∏mƒ]ndIn¬ hn´p-t]m∂tZiØns‚ t]cpIƒ\¬In Ah¿ Hm¿Ωsb]p\xkrjvSn®p.Aßs\ B¥am≥ImSpIfn¬ Xncqcpwh≠qcpw Imen-°‰pwae∏pdhpw \neºq-cp-ap-≠m-bn. Ah¿ImSpsh´nsØfn®v Irjnÿeßfp≠m°n.Ncn{XØn¬\n∂v]pdØm°s∏´ Nne¿kz¥w Ncn{XwcNn°p∂hnkvabIYbmWnXv.

8 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

Hc¥yambncp∂p. ]pdw-temIßfn¬-\n∂pw ssIamdn-°n´nbXpw AtXhscAh¿°v A⁄mXhpambncp∂aokn¬kv, izmk-tImi-tcmK߃, \yq-tamWnb, kn^nenkv F∂nhbneqsSAXn]pcmX\hpw {]mIrX-hpamb Hcm-Zn-hmkn-hwiw XpS®p-\o°s∏´ IYbm-WnXv. Hcp \q‰m-≠n-\p-apºv Aømbn-cØntesd AwKßfp≠mbncp∂t{K‰v B¥-am-\o-kn¬ Ct∏mƒ 53t]tc Ah-ti-jn-®n- p-≈p. XpS¿®-bmbtcmK-ßfpw bp≤-ßfpw a‰v P\-hn- m-K-ß-sfbpw GXm≠v ]q¿Æ-ambpw XpS-®p-\o-°n. s\{Knt‰m hwi-P-cmb 368Pdm-h-Ifpw 94 HmwKn-Ifpw \qtdmfwsk‚n-\-eokpw Ct∏mƒ _m°n-bp-≠v.awK-tfm-bnUv hn`m-K-Ønse tjmws]≥398 t]¿ _m°n-bp-≠v. \nt°m-_m-dokvam{Xw hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp ]mX-bn-eqsSk©-cn-®-Xp-sIm-≠mhmw Ct∏mƒ 20000tesdt∏cp≠v. B¥-am≥ ˛\nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]-k-aq-l-ß-fnse samØw P\-kwJy 4.5 e£-ambn Db¿∂-t∏mƒBZn-a-P-\X 8 iX-am-\-Øn¬ Xmsg.

sImtfm-Wn-b¬ t]mfn-kn-bpsS mK-ambp≠mb hwi-l-Xy-bpsS {]Xym-Lm-X-ß-fn¬\n∂v ]mTw ]Tn-°mØ Hcpss{S_¬ t]mfnkn Xs∂-bmWv kzmX-{¥ym-\-¥c k¿°m-cp-Ifpw XpS¿∂-Xv.ImSp-Iƒ sh´n-sØ-fn®p Irjnÿ-e-ß-fm-°m≥ t{]cn-∏n-®p-sIm≠v \qdp-I-W-°n\v I¿j-Isc Ctßm´v tNt°-dm≥ Kh¨sa‚ v klmbn-®p. h∂-h¿°v 10 G°¿ ÿew ]Xn-®p-\¬In.CXns‚ ad-hn¬ hym]-I-amb coXn-bn¬ImSv sh´p-Ibpw XSn sabn≥em≥Un-te°v IS-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. \qdph¿jw--sIm≠v 9˛13 iX-am\w ImSv]q¿Æ-ambpw sh´n-am-‰n.

t]m¿ vªb-dn¬\n∂v kuØv, anUn-¬t\m¿Øv A¥-am-\n-eqsS k©-cn®vhS-t°-b-‰-Øp≈ Un•n-∏p-sc-Øp∂340 Intem-ao-‰¿ ssZ¿Ly-ap≈ A¥-am≥ {S¶vtdmUv 1971 ¬ ]Wn Bcw-`n®v sXmÆq-dp-I-fpsS Ah-km-\-amWv]q¿Øn-bm-b-Xv. B¥-am≥ \nt°m-_m¿Zzo]-k-aq-l-ß-fnse G‰hpw hnkvXr-X-amb B¥-am-\n¬ Pohn-°p∂ \mep-e-£-tØmfw hcp∂ P\-ß-fpsSsse^v sse\mbn F.‰n. B¿. hnti-jn-∏n-°-s∏-´p. F∂m¬ 2003 ¬ kp{]-[m-\-amb Hcp hn[n-bn¬ Cu tdmUvAS-®p-]q- m≥ kp{]ow-tIm-SXn \n¿t±iw\¬In. F∂m¬ Ggph¿jw Ign-™n´pw Cu hn[n {]tbm-K-Øn¬h∂n- n-√.

ImSpIfpsS hym]-I-amb \miwt\cn´p _m[n-®Xv Pdmh kaq-l-sØ-bm-Wv. 100 NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰-tdmfw

h¿jw Ah-cpsS Bhm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bm-bn-cp∂ Cu Im´n-eqsS IpXn-®p-]m-bp∂B[p-\n -I -X -bpsS hml-\-ßsfXnI™ Aº-c -t∏msS Ah¿Ct∏mgpw t\m°p-∂p. Cu kwk¿§-Øn-¬-\n∂pw Ah¿°p e`n-®Xv ]e-Xcw el-cn-]-Zm¿∞-ß-tfm-Sp≈ A`n-\n-thiam-Wv. Aßs\-bmWv t_mws_tZm.... t_mws_ Xcq F∂p-]-d™vHmSp∂ hml-\-Øn-te°v NmSn-°-b-dm≥ Ah¿ t{]cn-X-cm-Ip-∂-Xv.

BZn-hmkn kaq-l-߃°v ImSp-Iƒ ss\k¿§n-I-amb Hcm-hm-k-hy-h-ÿ-bmWv. AXn¬ AXn-cp-I-fn-√.At∏m-gmWv 750 NXp-c{i Intem-ao-‰¿ss{S_¬ dnk¿hmbn Kh¨sa‚ v{]Jym-]n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu AXn-cp-I-fn¬XSn-sh-´p-I-bpw, Irjn sNøp-I-bpw,hym]mcw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNøp-∂-Xnh-cmWv. Cu taJ-e-bn-eq-sS-bmWv B¥-am≥ {S¶v tdmUv IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv. CuAXn-cp-I-fn¬\n-∂mWv AtX-hsc A]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp∂ tcmK-߃ Ah¿°ve`n-°p-∂-Xv.

tKm{X-h¿K P-\-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-ambn_‘-s∏´v .]c-kv]-c-hn-c-p≤-amb c≠vBi-b-ß-fp-≠v. H∂n¬, Chsc {]mIr-X-P-\-kaq-l-ambn I≠v B[p-\nIo-I-c-W-{]-{In-b-bp-ambn ka-\z-bn-∏n-°p-I.c≠v, Ahsc Ah-cpsS hgn°v hnSp-I. B[p-\o-Io-I--c-W-Øns‚ BZy kao-]\w temI-sa-ºm-Sp-ap≈ tKm{X-h¿K-k-aq-l-ß-fpsS ]q¿Wamb \njv°m-k-\-Øn-te°v \bn-®p-sh-∂mWv PdmhtaJ-e-bn¬ ]T\w \S-Øp-Ibpw hyXy-kvX-amb Hcp tKm{X-h¿K \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-\mbn hmZn-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂kao¿ BNm-cy, ]¶-Pvsk-Jvkm-dnbF∂n-h¿ Nq≠n-°m-´p-∂-Xv. {_ko-ense \ºn-Ipdm ss{S_v 1945 ¬ 10000t]cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv Ct∏mƒ 600 BbnIpd-™Xv Ah¿ DZm-l-c-W-ambnImWn-°p-∂p. sX‰mb Cu \b-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn I¬]-hr£ skm-ssk‰n t^m¿ B≥U-am≥ \nt°m-_m¿ Ct°m-f-Pn, (SANE) t_mws_\m®p-d¬ lnÃdn skmssk‰n F∂n-h¿ tImS-Xnsb kao-]n-®p.

{]Ir-Xn-sb-°p-dn®pw {]IrXnhn -h-ß-fpsS Nqj-W-sØ-°p-dn®pw Bhmk-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS LS-\-bn-ep-≠m-hp∂am‰-sØ°p-dn-®p-sams° Xo{h-amb D-XvIWvTI-fmWv Ah¿ tImS-Xn-bp-ambn]¶p-h-®-Xv. Cu Zzo]-k-aq-l-Øns‚A\n-X-c-km-[m-c-W-amb ssPh-hy-h-ÿ-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ah¿ Nq≠n-°m- n. khn-tij kml-N-cy-Øn-emWvZzo]p-Iƒ cq]w sIm≠-Xv. 180 Zi-e£wh¿j-߃°p apºv CXv _¿Ω (anb≥-

]c∂p InS-°p∂ ImSp-I-fn¬ Ign™30000 h¿j-Øn-te-sd-bmbn Ah¿ Pohn-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]pd-w-temIw ]pXnbkmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-Iƒ hnI-kn-∏n-°p-IbpwB[p-\n-I-X-bn-te°v IS-°p-IbpwsNbvX-t∏mƒ Pdm-h-Iƒ th´bm-Snbpw]ghpw, Ing-ßpw, tX\pw tiJ-cn®pwa’yw ]nSn®pw Pohn-®p. Cu Pohn-X-ssi-en°v Ah¿ CtX-hsc Hcpam‰hpw hcp-Øn-bn-´n-bn-√. tdmUn¬,tImcn-s®m-cn-bp∂ ag-bØv R߃I≠ Pdmh kaq-l-Øn¬ kv{XoIfpw]pcp-j-∑mcpw [mcmfw sIm®p-Ip- n-IfpwD≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kv{Xo-I-fpsS H°Øvape-IpSn amdmØ Ip´n-Iƒ. F√m-hcpwGsd-°psd ]q¿W \·-cm-bn-cp-∂p.Nne¿ Nph∂ \mcp-Iƒ tN¿ØpXp∂nb Nne Ae-¶m-c-߃ ]mhm-S-t]mse AWn-™n-cp-∂p. A]q¿hwNne¿ ]pdw-tem-I-Øp-\n∂pw In´nbj¿´pw ]m‚pw C´p-t\m-°n-bn-´p-≠v.i‡-ambn s]øp∂ ag Ahsc _m[n-®-tX-bn-√. F∂m¬ Bbn-c-°-W-°n\p

imkv{X-KXn 9

am¿) apX¬ Ct¥m-t\-jy-hsc XpS¿®-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp ]¿h-X-\n-c-bpsS`mK-am-bn-cp∂p. {ItaW CXn¬ Hcp`mKw IS-en¬ apßn-t∏m-bn. apßmsX_m°n-bm-b-XmWv C∂p-Im-Wp∂ Zzo]p-Iƒ. hS-t°-b-‰sØ em≥Uvt^mƒsFe≥Up-ap-X¬ sXt° A‰-Øp≈Cμncm t]mb‚ v (Iymw]¬ t_) hsc710 Intem-ao-‰¿ \ofw. B¥-am-t\bpw\nt°m-_m-dn-t\bpw th¿Xn-cn-°p∂sS≥ Un{Kn Nm\¬ temIsØ G‰hpw

ZpjvI-c-amb kap-{Z-]m-X-I-fn-sem-∂m-Wv.

Cu Zzo]-k-aql-ß-fpsS `mK-ambn

_mc¨ Zzo]n¬ kPo-h-amb Hc-·n-]-

¿ΔXw Ct∏m-gp-ap≠v. C-¥y-bnse 600

kky-Pohn kwc-£-W-]m¿°p-I-fn¬

100 FÆw Cu Zzo]-k-aq-l-ß-fn-em-Wv.

Chn-sS-bp≈ kky Pohn sshhn≤yw

apJy `qan-bn¬ \n∂pw Gsd thdn´p

\n¬°p-∂p. ]£nIfn¬ 60 i-X-am-

\hpw, kkvX\n-I-fn¬ 40 iX-am-\hpw

Nn{X-i-e- -ß-fn¬ 50 iX-am-\hpw Cu

{]tZ-iØv am{Xw ImWp∂ F≥U-anIv

hn`m-K-Øn-em-Wv. temIsØ ]hng-∏p-

‰p-I-fpsS sshhn-[y-Øn¬ 80 iX-

am\hpw Chn-sSbm-Wv. temI ssPh-

ssh-hn-[ytlm´v kvt]m´v F∂v hnZ-

Kv[¿ Cu {]tZ-isØ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-

∂p. Ct∏mƒ \S-°p∂ {]Ir-Xn-tim-

jWw XpS¿∂m¬ \ne-\n¬°p∂ h\-

hy-h-ÿbpw CXns‚ mK-amb Pdmhm

kaq-lhpw A{]-Xy-£-am-hm≥ Gsd-°mew th≠n hcn√.

ka-{Kamb hn[n-bmWv tImS-Xn-bn¬\n-∂p-≠m-bXv Cu coXn-bn¬ {]Ir-Xn-tim-jWw XpS¿∂m¬ Cu Zzo]-k-aq-lhpw AXn¬ Ah-ti-jn-°p∂ {]m-Ir-X-P-\-k-aq-lhpw ]q¿W-ambpw XpS-®p-\o-°-s∏Spw F∂ hnImcw Cu hn[n-bn¬ XpSn-®p-\n-∂p. Xt±-i-P-\-X-bpsSBh-iy-߃s°m-gn-sI-bp≈ acw-ap-dn-°¬ ]q¿W-ambpw Ah-km-\n-∏n-°pI,Zzo]n¬\n∂v sabn≥em≥Un-te°v XSnIS-Øp-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-°pI, IpSn-tb-‰-`qan Xncn-s®-Sp-°pI, sabn≥em≥Un¬-\n∂v Zzo]n-te-°p≈ IpS-ntb‰w XpS-cp-∂Xv Ah-km-\n-∏n-°pI, Kh-s◊‚ vDS-a-ÿ-X-bn¬ D≈ t^mdÃv πmt‚-j≥ tIm¿∏-td-j≥ AS-®p-]q-´p-I,Npa∂ FÆ-∏-\, d∫¿, tX°v F∂n-h-bpsS GI-hn-f-tØm-´-߃ {ItaW\n¿Ø-em-°p-I, Pdmhm ss{S_¬ Gcn-bm-bn-te-°p≈ B¥-am≥ {S¶v tdmUvAS-®p-]q- pI, Zzo]p-I-fnse IS¬Øo-c-ß-fn¬\n∂p≈ aW¬hm-c¬ \ntcm-[n-°p-I, B¥-am≥ \nt°m-_m¿ Zzo]-k-aq-l-ßsf C∂¿sse≥ s]¿an-‰n\vhnt[-b-am-°pI F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p{][m\ hn[n-Iƒ. hn[n-tbmSv qcn- mKw

cmjv{So-b-I-£n-Ifpw hntbm-Pn-®p. F√mcmjv{SobI£n-Ifpw tN¿∂v hn[n-s°-Xnsc \S-Ønb _μv GI-tZiw ]q¿W-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. 1942\p apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂Xe-ap-d-bnse tem°¬t_m¨ Atkm-kn-tb-j-\-S°w A]q¿hw Nne¿ am{Xwhn[nsb A\p-Iq-en-®p.

]q¿Wambpw \S-∏m-°m≥ CtX-hsc Ign-™n- ns√-¶nepw Cu Zzo]-k-aq-l-Øns‚ ssPh-˛-km-aq-lnI khn-ti-j-X-I-fpsS \ne-\n-¬∏n\v Cu hn[n\n¿Wm-b-I-ambn klm-bn-®p. acw-ap-dn-°epw XSn-I-S-Øepw aW-se-Sp-°-epwGXm≠v ]q¿Wam-bn-Øs∂ Ah-km-\n-®p. mKn-I-am-sb-¶nepw {]mIr-X-tKm-{X-h¿K kw-kvIr-Xn-bpsS \ne-\n¬∏vB[p-\nI bp‡n-bpsS `mK-am-hWwF∂ Ah-t_m-[-ap-≠m-bn.

F∂m¬ Pdmhm dnk¿hn¬ B¥-am≥ {S¶vtdm-Un-eqsS-bp≈ hml-\-k-©mcw \n¿_m[w XpS-cp-∂p.- A-dp-]-Xn-\m-bncw h¿jw ]g-°-ap≈ HcpkwkvIr-Xn-bn¬\n∂v B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS Cc-ºn-∏m-bp∂ i-IS-ßsf Ah¿Aº-c∂p t\m°p-∂p. A]-cn-Nn-X-amb{]tem- -\-ß-fn-te°v hgpXn hogp-∂p.B[p-\n-I-temIw krjvSn-°p∂ Sqdn-k-

Øns‚ BI¿j-W-ambn Hcp ]gbBZn-hm-kn-k-aqlw amdp-∂p. hnI-k-\-Øns‚ tcmKm-Wp-°ƒ Ahsc tcmK-_m-[n-X-cm-°p-∂p. tImS-Xn-hn[n h∂vF´p h¿j-am-bn´pw Cu hn[n CtX-hsc \S-∏n-em-°m≥ Ign-™n- n-√. hnI-k-\-Øns‚ B[p-\n-I-bp-‡n°v CXva\- n-em-hp-∂p-an-√.

Hcp-]t£ \qdp-tIm-Sn-bn-tesd P\-߃ Po-hn-°p∂ Hcp cmPyØv 365t]cpsS mhn°v F¥p {]k-‡n.? \nc-¥-c-amb \nb-a-bp-≤-ß-fn-eqsS A¥-ams‚ {]Ir-Xn-°p-th≠n s]mcp-Xnbkao¿ C∂v ]cn-£o-W\mbn tXm∂p-∂p-. F-∂m¬ ip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkwCt∏mgpw At±lw ssIhn- n- n-√.

a\p-jy-hw-i-Øns‚ ]cn-Wm-a-{]-{In-b-bpsS bm{X XpS-ßn-bn-S-Øp-\n∂vPdmhm kaqlw Gsd apt∂m´p t]mbn-´n-√. AXn\v Ah¿°v Ah-cp-tS-XmbImc-W-ß-fp-≠mhmw. Cu {]mIr-X-bp-‡nsb B[p-\n-I-X-bpsS bp‡n-sIm≠v \mw tNmZyw sNbvXp-Iq-Sm. Ah-cpsS ]cn-lm-c-߃ Ah¿X-s∂-bmWv\n¿t±in-t°≠-Xv. B¥-am≥ {S¶v tdmUvAS-®p-]q-´-Ww. kao¿ BNm-cy- B-h¿Øn®v ho≠pw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p.

10 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

P\-Iob Huj-[-\bw

cq]o-I-cn°Ww""2020 -˛HmsS F√m -h¿°pwBtcmKyw'' F∂ e£y-tØm-Sp-Iq-Sn,]{¥≠mw ]©-h-’c ]≤-Xn-bpsS`mK-ambn Hcp tZiob BtcmKy\nbaw'' (National Health Act) cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ tI{μ-k¿°m¿ Btem-Nn-°p-∂-Xmbn tIƒ°p-∂p. πm\nMv IΩo-j≥ CXn-te-bv°mbn Hcp hnZ-Kv[-k-an -Xnbpw cq]o-I-cn -®n-´p -≠v. tUm.{io\mYv sdÕn sNb¿am-\mb Cu IΩn-‰n-bn¬ tUm. _n\m-bIv sk∂n-t\bpwDƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. ka-{K-amb HcpBtcm-Ky-\n-b-a-sØ-°p-dn®v N¿®sNøp-tºmƒ Ahiyw ]cn-K-Wn-t°≠hnj-b-amWv Huj-[-hn-e, KpW-\n-e-hmcw F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´{]iv\-߃.

Huj-[-߃ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂XvtcmK-ap-‡nbv°v am{X-a-√, tcmK-\n-hm-c -W -Øn -\ p - th -≠n -°qS nbm -W v .BtcmKy]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bm-Wv.Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e-\-Øn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈sNe-hn-\-Øn¬ KWy-amb ]¶v Huj-[-߃ hmßm≥ th≠n-bp-≈-Xp-X-s∂-bm-Wv. KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ acp-∂p-Iƒ,Xmßm-hp∂ hnebv°v e`y-am-°n-bm¬am{Xta km¿Δ-{Xn-I-am-b BtcmKy]cn-]m-e\w km[y-am-Iq.

1982˛¬ tI{μ-k¿°m¿ Hcp tZiobBtcm-Ky-\bw {]Jym-]n-®n-cp-∂p. B{]Jym-]-\-Øn¬ Dƒs∏- n-cp∂ {][m\Imcy-߃ Ch-bm-bncp∂p:

1. F.-Un. 2000˛-am-t≠msS F√m-h¿°pw BtcmKyw F∂ e£yw

Ih¿tÃmdnI√d a[p

P\-Iob Huj-[-\bw

cq]o-I-cn-°Ww

ssIh-cn-°m≥ C¥y {]Xn-⁄m-_-≤-am-Wv.

2. hymP-Hu-j-[-ßfpw KpW-\n-e-hm-c-an-√mØ acp-∂p-Ifpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂Xv XS-bm≥ Bh-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-°pw.

3. cmPyØv e`y-amb kmt¶-Xn-I-hnZyD]-tbm-Kn-®p-sIm-≠v, KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ Poh≥c£m acp-∂p-IfpwhmIvkn-\p-Ifpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ASn-b-¥nc \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°p-I.Poh≥c£m acp-∂p-Isf√mw-Xs∂cmk-\m-a-Øn¬ e`y-am-°p-I.

Cu {]Jym-]\w h∂p aq∂p-]-Xn-‰m≠p XnI-bm-dm-hp-tºmgpw AXn¬∏-d™ e£y-Øn-te°v Hcn-©p-ap-t∂-dm≥ \ap°v Ign-™n-´n-√. F∂p-am-{X-

\oXn-bp-‡-amb Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\w km[y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ Huj-[-hn-e-bnse]I¬s°m≈ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-Ww. KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ Huj-[-߃ F√m-h¿°pw e`y-am-°-Ww. `c-W-L-S\ Dd-∏p-X-cp∂ P\m-[n-]Xy Btcm-Kym-h-Im-i-߃ kwc-£n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ Hcp P\-Iob Huj-[-\bw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWvASn-b-¥n-c-ambn sNtø-≠-Xv.

imkv{X-KXn 11

a-√, hf-sc-]n-t∂m- p-t]m-bn F∂-XmWvhkvXp-X.

Huj-[-߃°mbn{]tXy-I-h-Ip∏v

Huj-[-ß-fpsS \n¿am-Whpw hn]-W-\hpw \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv Btcm-Ky-h-Ip-∏-√, s]t{Sm-fnbw˛sI-an-°¬ a{¥m-e-b-am-Wv. at‰-sXmcp sIan-°epwt]mse Hcp DXv]-∂-ambn am{XtaHuj-[-ßsf k¿°m¿ ImWp-∂p-≈q.Huj-[-ß-fpsS hnebpw e`y-Xbpwa‰pw B{i-bn-®mWv kaq-l-Øns‚BtcmKyw \ne-\n¬°p-∂Xv F∂-Xn-\m¬ tkmjy-enÃv ImgvN-∏m-tSm-Sp-Iq-Snb Hcp \bhpw hIp∏pw CXn-\mbn{]tXyIw D≠m-tb-a-Xn-bm-Iq. Cw•ojvacp-∂p-Iƒ am{Xw GI-tZiw 85000tImSn-cq-]bv°p (Pharma news, 2011Feb) C¥y-bn¬ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.CXn¬ 35000 tImSn cq]bv°p≈Xv Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp-I-bm-Wv. temIØv BsIDXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Huj-[-ß-fn¬ 8 iX-am\w C¥y-bp-tS-Xm-Wv. Bbp¿th-Z,bp\m-\n, tlmantbm F∂o imJ-I-fnse Huj[w IqSn-bm-bm¬ GI-tZiwH∂-c-e£w tImSn-bn-tesd cq]-bpsSHuj[w DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v. Huj-[-߃°v am{X-ambn Hcp {]tXy-I-h-Ip∏v cq]o-I-cn®v AXns\ Btcm-Ky-h-Ip-∏ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv, P\-Iob Huj-[-\-b-Øn-te-°p≈ BZy-\-S-]-Sn-bmbn D≠m-tI-≠-Xv.

Huj-[-hne \nb-{¥Ww\ne-hn¬ 74- Hu-j-[-߃ am{Xta

k¿°m-cn-s‚ hne-\n-b-{¥-W-]-´n-I-bn-ep≈p. 16 h¿j-ambn CXn-semcpam‰hpw hcp-Øn-bn- n-√. Cu 74- ¬s∏´an° Huj-[-ßfpw Bcpw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂n-√. \ne-hnse hne-\n-b-{¥Ww

t]mepw L´w-L-´-ambn C√m-Xm°pwF∂ {]Jym-]-\hpw A[n-Im-cn-I-fn¬\n∂p-≠m-bn-´p-≠v. Cu L´-Øn-emWvAh-iy-Hu-j-[-ß-fpsS Hcp ]´nI Xøm-dm-°-W-sa∂pw Ah-sb√mw hne-\n-b-{¥-W-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°-W-sa∂pwkp{]ow-tIm-SXn \n¿t±-in-®-Xv. XpS¿∂vH∂mw bp.-]n.-F. k¿°m¿ c≠v IΩn-‰n-Iƒ cq]o-I-cn-®p. H∂v {]Wm-_vsk≥IΩn-‰nbpw as‰m∂v k‘p IΩn-‰n-bpw.i‡-amb hne-\n-b-{¥Ww thWwF∂p-X-s∂-bmWv c≠p IΩn-‰n-Ifpwip]m¿i \evIn-b-Xv. F∂m¬ tI{μ-k¿°m¿ CXp-hsc AXn≥ta¬ \S-]Sn FSp-Øn-´n-√.

Huj-[-hn-e-Iƒ \n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xnse Agn-a-Xn

Huj-[-ß-fpsS hne \n¿W-bn-°p∂Xn¬ DXv]m-Z-IcpsS Xmev]-cyhpwhym]m-cn-I-fpsS em`hpw am{X-amWv ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. tImSn-°-W-°n\vkm[m-c-W-°m-cpsS Pohn-°m-\p≈Ah-Im-i-Øns‚ {]iv\-am-WnXv F∂-Imcyw Bcpw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂n-√. DXv]m-Z-\-sN-e-hp-ambn bmsXmcp s]mcp-Øhpw C√m-Ø-XmWv Huj-[-hn-e-Iƒ.\mj-W¬ m¿a-kyq- n-°¬ ss{]knMvAtXm-dn‰n F∂ ÿm]\w (NPPA)t]cn-\p-th≠n \ne-\n-ev°p-∂p≠vF¶nepw Huj-[-hne \n›-bn-°p-∂-Xn¬ Ah¿°v CS-s]-Sm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√. D]-t`m-‡m-hn\v kz¥w CjvS-a-\p-k-cn®v Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°m≥ Huj-[-ß-fpsS Imcy-Øn¬ Ign-bn√ F∂{]tXyI kml-N-cy-sØ-bmWv hyh-km-bn -Ifpw hym]m -cn -Ifpw tN¿∂vNqjWw sNøp-∂-Xv. hfsc Db¿∂dos -bn¬ hne \n›-bn-®n-cn-°p∂ ]eHuj-[-ß-fp-sSbpw CS-Ø-´p-Im-cp-sSem`w, DXv]m-Z-I¿°v In´p∂ BsI-Xp-I-tb-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-Wv.

]´nI 1

Huj-[-Øns‚ t]cv FÆw hne k¿°m¿ Iº\n {_m≥Uv Iº\n A[n-I-hne

DØ-chv hnev°p-∂-hne (% Øn¬)

Bkv]n-cn≥ 50 an.{Kmw 10 1.10 1097 (E) sskUkv F.-F- v.F 8.42 665.4

8.12.2000 P¿a≥ sda-Uokv

Bkv]n-cn≥ 75 an.{Kmw 10 1.22 1097 (E) sskUkv F.-F- v.F 2.75 153

8.12.2000 saUn°

Bkv]n-cn≥ 350 an.{Kmw 10 2.34 1097 (E) bp.-F vv Ft°m- 6.61 427

8.12.2000 hn. kv]n-cn≥

km¬_p- -tamƒ 10 1.22 1668 (E) knπ AkvXm-en≥ 3.34 212

3.10.2006

{]Uv\n-skm-tfm¨ 10 3.48 170 (E) knπ {]Uvkn]v 4.98 150

7.2.2006

Ah-ew_w: knwkv 2011, F≥.-]n.-]n.-F. sh_vssk‰v

temIØv BsIDXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ Huj-[-ß-fn¬ 8 iX-am\wC¥y-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.Bbp¿th-Z, bp\m-\n,tlmantbm F∂o imJ-I-fnse Huj[w IqSn-bm-bm¬ GI-tZiw H∂-c-e£w tImSn-bn-tesdcq]-bpsS Huj[wDXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.Huj-[-߃°v am{X-ambn Hcp {]tXy-I-h-Ip∏v cq]o-I-cn®vAXns\ Btcm-Ky-h-Ip-∏ns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-ambn _‘n-∏n-°p-I-bmWv, P\-IobHuj-[-\-b-Øn-te-°p≈BZy-\-S-]-Sn-bmbnD≠m-tI-≠-Xv.

12 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

Fßs\-bmWv hne-IƒDb¿Øn \n›-bn-°p-∂Xv?

Huj-[-hn-e-Iƒ XXz-Zo-£-bn-√msXDb¿Øn \n›-bn®v hn‰-gn-°p-∂-Xn\v]eam¿K-ß-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.

1. k¿°m¿ DØ-c-hns\ [n°-cn-°p-∂p: Ct∏mƒ 74 Huj-[-ß-fpsShne-bmWv k¿°m¿ \nb-{¥n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. F∂m¬ AXn¬s∏´ hf-sc-°p-d®vHuj-[-߃ am{Xta Ct∏mƒ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p-≈q. Aßs\ DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂-h-bmI-s´, k¿°m¿ \n›-bn-®-Xn-t\-°mƒ hfsc Db¿∂ hne-bmWvCuSm-°p-∂-Xv. hne \nb-{¥n-®n-´p≈Huj-[-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm∂n\pw Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ ]pXp-°nb hne \n›-bn-®p-sIm≠v NPPA DØ-c-hn-d-°p-∂p-≠v.]s£ hn]Wn hne hfsc IqSp-X-em-sW∂v ]´nI 1 hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

CØ-c-Øn¬ \nb-a-ew-L\w \S-Øp-∂-hsc in£n-°m≥ 1940˛se{UKvkv & tImkva-‰nIv \nb-a-ØnepwAXns‚ dqƒ 14 (1)˛epw hyh-ÿ-bp-s≠-¶nepw AsXm∂pw \mfn-Xp-hsc{]tbm-Kn-®n- n-√.

2. h≥InS Iº-\n-bpsS {_m≥UvDb¿∂ hne \n›-bn-°p-∂p: ]pXnbHuj-[-߃ ]pd-Øn-d-ßp-tºmƒh≥InS Iº-\n-Iƒ hfsc Db¿∂hne \n›-bn-®mWv hnev]\ Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. \ne-hn-ep≈ Huj-[-am-sW-¶n¬t∏mepw hfsc Db¿∂ hne \n›-bn®v kz¥w {_m≥Uv am¿°-‰n-en-d-°m≥ h≥In-S-°m¿°v bmsXmcp aSn-bp-an-√. hne-tb-Xm-bmepw XßfpsSacp∂v hn‰-gn-°m≥ GXp-am¿Khpw D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ah¿°v aSn-bn-√. ASn-ÿm-\-an-√mØ Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ßfpw,\nc-kn-°m-\m-ImØ {]tem-`-\-ßfpwhgn Ah¿ I®-hSw Dd-∏m-°pw. Htc-a-cp-∂ns‚ hnhn[ {_m≥Up-Iƒ am¿°-‰n¬ e`y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Ah-bpsShne hyXymkw Bscbpw Aº-c-∏n-

°pw. hnebpw KpW-\n-e-hm-chpwXΩn¬ Hcp-_-‘-hp-an√ F∂Xv Ah-bpsS skbn¬kv t\m°n-bm¬ a\- n-em-Ipw. hne-Iq-SnbXn\pw hnev]-\-bp-≠v, hne-Ip-d-™-Xn\pw hnev]-\-bp-≠v.]e acp-∂p-Iƒ°pw hnhn[ Iº-\n-I-fpsS hne XΩn¬ 250 iX-am\w apX¬1500 iX-am\w hsc hyXym-k-ap-≠v.(]´nI 2 ImWp-I)

CXn¬ G‰hpw Ipd™ hnebv°vhnev°p∂ {_m≥Uns‚ DXv]m-Z-I\pw\√ em`w D≠m-°p-∂p-≠v. am{X-a-√,10 apX¬ 100 iX-am\w hsc Ch-bvs°√mw Dev]∂ kuP-\yhpw e`y-am-Wv.

G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ hn‰-gn-°p-∂XvG‰hpw Db¿∂-hne CuSm-°p-∂-

{_m≥Um-bn-cn-°pw. h≥XpI am¿°-‰n-Mn-\p-th≠n sNe-h-gn-®mWv Ah¿{_m≥Uns\ ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ FØn-°p-∂-Xv. k¿°m-cn-t\m, DXv]m-Z-I¿t°m,\ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bmØ Cu ISpØhne hyXym-k-Øn-s\-Xntc A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambpw IÆ-S-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

3. P\dnIv acp-∂p-I-fpsS dos -bn¬hne hfsc Db¿Øn-\n-›-bn-°p-∂p:Huj-[-߃ cmk-\m-a-Øn¬Øs∂DXv]m-Zn-∏n®v hnev°p-∂Xv C∂v Hcph≥hy-h-km-b-am-Wv. apºv sNdp-In-S-°m¿ am{Xw sNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp∂ P\-dnIv DXv]m-Z-\-ta-Je C∂v hntZi ˛C¥y≥ IpØ-I-I-fpsS ]nSn-bn-em-Wv.Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-amb Ipd™ hne-

]´nI 2

acp∂v Iº\n hne hne-hy-Xymkw (%)

dnkvs]-cn-tUm¨ tPm¨k¨& tPm¨k¨ 27.00 1284.62

Hcp KpfnI (2 an.-{Kmw) tSmd‚ v 1.95

•nan-ss{]Uv Ah‚nkv (A-am-cn¬) 6.31 564.2

Hcp KpfnI (1 an.-{Kmw) F^v.-Un.-kn. 0.95

sk‰v{Sn-kn≥ •mIvtkm (Pn.-F-kv.-sI.) 3.75 294.7

Hcp KpfnI (10 an.-{Kmw) dne-b≥kv 0.95

]mc-sk-‰-tamƒ •mIvtkm(-Pn.-F-kv.-sI., t{Imkn≥) 1.12 93.0

Hcp KpfnI 500-an.{Kmw F.-F-®v.-]n.-F¬ (]n-c-a¬) 0.58

Ah-ew_w: knwkv G{]n¬ 2011

imkv{X-KXn 13

bv°mWv CS-Ø-´p-Im-cmb hym]m-cn-Iƒ°pw kzIm-cy-B-ip-]-{Xn-Iƒ°pwCu acp-∂p-Iƒ In´p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬Ah-bn¬ A®-Sn-®n-cn-°p∂ hnetbmhfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv. ChnsS DXv]m-Z-I\v In´p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ em`w hym]m-cn-Iƒ°pw Bip-]-{Xn-Iƒ°p In´p-∂p.Chn-sSbpw Cc ]mhw tcmKn-Iƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv. ]´nI 3 {i≤n-°p-I.

4. ASn-ÿm-\- Huj-[-ß-fpsShne-bnse X´n∏v: ASn-ÿm\ Huj[wAYhm _ƒ°v {U§v hmßn-b-Xns‚IW-°p-Iƒ NPPA bv°v \evIp-tºmƒAXv s]cp-∏n®v ImWn®v, DXv]-∂-hneAX-\p-k-cn®v \ymbo-I-cn-°pI F∂-XmWv Cu X{¥w. USV F∂ Huj-[-

\S-]-Sn-I-fp-≠m-°pI F∂-XmWv P\-Iob Huj-[-\-b-Øns‚ ImX¬.F∂m¬ hymP-Hu-j-[-߃ C¥y≥Huj-[-hn-]-Wn-bn¬ hym]-I-ambn hn‰-gn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. 2011 s^{_p-hcn amk-Øn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® ^m¿a \yqkv

F∂ Cw•ojv amkn-I-bn¬ sNs∂-bn¬hymP-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ I≠p-sI-´n-b-Xns‚hm¿Ø-bp-≠v. hfsc {]i-kvX-amb

Iº-\n-I-fpsS Huj-[-Øns‚ hymP-\mWv ]nSn-°-s∏-´-Xv. F∂m¬ CXvBcv DXv]m-Zn-∏n®p F∂Xv C\nbpw

shfn-hm-°-s∏- n- n-√.

CtX ^m¿am \yqkns‚ as‰mcpt]Pn¬ A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ ]nSn-s®-SpØKpW-\n-e-hm-c-an-√mØ Huj-[-߃

DXv]m-Zn-∏n® Iº-\n-I-fpsS t]cp-I-fp-ap-≠v. hfsc {]i-kvX-sc∂v Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ ap≥\nc _lp-cmjv{S Iº-\n-I-fmb ss^k¿, •mIvtkm F∂n-h-

bpsS t]cp-Ifpw A°q- -Øn-ep-≠v.

Hcp e£-Øn-tesd {_m≥Up-IfpwFÆ-a‰ P\-dnIv acp-∂p-Ifpw C¥y-bn¬ hn‰-gn-°p-∂p-≠v. Ch-bpsS KpW-

\n-e-hmcw Dd-∏m-°m-\p≈ DØ-c-hm-ZnØw AXmXv DXv]m-Z-Isc Gev]n®vIÆp-a-S-®n-cn-°p-I-bmWv k¿°m¿.

Huj-[-ß-fpsS I¿i-\-amb KpW-]-cn-tim-[\ P\-Iob Huj-[-\-b-Øns‚kp{]-[m\ mK-am-bn-cn-°-Ww.

F√m-h¿°pw BtcmKyw kwc-£n-

®p-sIm≠v Pohn-°m-\p≈ Ah-Imiw\ΩpsS `c-W-L-S\ AXn‚ Bap-J-Øn-epw, 14 apX¬ 21 hsc-bp≈ hIp-

∏p-I-fnepw Dd-∏p-\¬Ip-∂p-≠v. B¿´n-°nƒ 39 (C), F^v, 47 F∂o hIp-∏p-Iƒ CXv ho≠pw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂pap-≠v.

\oXn-bp-‡-amb Btcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\wkm[y-am-I-W-sa-¶n¬ Huj-[-hn-e-bnse]I¬s°m≈ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°-Ww.

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ Huj-[-߃ F√m-h¿°pw e`y-am-°-Ww. c-W-L-S\ Dd-∏p-X-cp∂ P\m-[n-]Xy Btcm-Kym-h-Im-

i-߃ kwc-£n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬ HcpP\-Iob Huj-[-\bw cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bmWv ASn-b-¥n-c-ambn sNtø-≠-Xv.

teJ-I≥ sI.-Fw.-F-kv.-B¿.-F. bpsS{]-kn-U‚ v BWv.

]´nI 3

Nne P\-dnIv Huj-[-ß-fpsS I®-h-S-°m¿°p≈ hnebpw hnev]-\-hn-ebpw

cmk-\maw Dev]-∂-t]cv Iº\n I®-h-S-°m¿°v hnev]-\-hne I®-h-S-°m-cpsSIn´p-∂-hne cq]/-Kp-fnI em`w (%)

cq]/-Kp-fnI

Akn-t{Xm-ssa-kn≥ 250 AkmIvkv dm≥_mIvkn 1.06 12.30 1059.9

sk{Sn-kn≥ 5 an.{Kmw HIm-sk‰v knπ 0.36 3.15 775

Ah-ew_w: sk]vXw-_¿ 2011˛se Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-csØ saUn-°¬ tÃm¿ k¿sh.

I-º\n Glipizide F∂ {]tal-NnIn’m Huj-[-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\Huj[w kzbw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.Ah¿ NPPA bv°v ka¿∏n® IW-°n¬Hcp Intem-{Km-an\v 31,584 cq] ImWn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ s]mXp-hn-]-Wn-

bn¬ CtX ASn-ÿm-\-Hu-j[w 9250cq]bv°v e`y-am-Wv. CØcw \nc-h[nDZm-l-c-W-߃ e`y-am-Wv. F∂m¬

CØcw Ir{Xnaw ImWn-°p-∂-hscssIbmaw hbv°m≥ \nb-a-an-√.

hymP-Hu-j-[-ßfpw, Huj-[-I-cn-©-¥bpw

KpW-\n-e-hm-c-ap≈ acp-∂v, G‰hpw]mh-s∏- -h¿°vhsc In´p-∂-X-c-Øn¬

sNdp-In-S-°m¿ am{XwsNbvXp-sIm-≠n-cp∂ P\-dnIv DXv]m-Z-\-ta-JeC∂v hntZi ˛ C¥y≥IpØ-I-I-fpsS ]nSn-bn-em-Wv. Ahn-iz-k-\o-b-ambIpd™ hne-bv°mWvCS-Ø-´p-Im-cmb hym]m-cn-Iƒ°pw kzIm-cy-B-ip-]-{Xn-Iƒ°pw Cu acp-∂p-Iƒ In´p-∂-Xv.F∂m¬ Ah-bn¬ A®-Sn-®n-cn-°p∂ hnetbmhfsc IqSp-X-em-Wv.ChnsS DXv]m-Z-I\v In´p-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ em`whym]m-cn-Iƒ°pwBip-]-{Xn-Iƒ°p In´p-∂p. Chn-sSbpw Cc]mhw tcmKn-IƒXs∂-bm-Wv.

14 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

Ih¿tÃmdnCμp-teJ

saUn°¬ tImtf -Pp -I -fnsess{]h‰v {]mIvSokv \ntcm-[n-®-tXm-sSm∏w tUmIvS¿am¿°v iº-fhpwh≥tXm-Xn¬ h¿[n-∏n®-Xns‚ Hcp{][m\ KpWw km[m-c-W°m-cmbBfpIƒ°v IptdIqSn sa®-s∏´tkh\w sNehv Ipd®v e`y-am-bn-Øp-Sßn F∂-Xm-Wv. Bip]-{Xn-bnseB¥-cnI kzIm-cy-hXvI-cWw hf-sc-b-[nIw Ipd-™n-cp-∂p. {]mIvSokv\ntcm-[n-®-t∏mƒ `qcn-]£w tUmIvS-¿amcpw {]mIvSokv \ndp-Øn-sb-¶nepwIptdt]¿ {]mIvSokv \ndp-Øn-bn-√.am{X-a√, \ndp-Øn-b-h-¿ -]ecpw ho≠pw{]mIvSokv Bcw- n®p XpS-ßn. Db¿∂iºfw X∂m¬ {]mIvSokv \ndp-Øm-sa∂v AwKo-I-cn® saUn°¬ tImtfPv

A[ym-]I kwL-S-\-I-fm-Is´ CØ-c°m-tcmSv hfsc A\p- mh]q¿h-amb\ne-]m-SmWv FSp-°p-∂-Xv. Hcp amkwicm-icn 42,000 cq] apX¬ 1 e£-Øn\vta¬ iº-f-amWv saUn°¬tImtfPvtUmIvS¿am¿°v e`n-°p-∂-Xv. eIvNd¿-am¿°v am{X-amWv 50,000-Øn¬ Xmsgiº-f-ap-≈-Xv. a‰p-≈-h¿s°√mw 60,000˛90,000-Øn-\p-an-S-bn¬ iºfw D≠v. an°s{]m -k¿am¿°pw 1 e£-Øn\v apI-fn-emWv iº-fw. CXn¬ ASn-ÿm\iº-f-Øns‚ 15% t]jy‚ v-sI-b¿Aeh≥kpw 25% t\m¨ {]mIvSokvAe-h≥kp-am-bmWv ssI]-‰p-∂-Xv. 2000-tØmfw hcp∂ saUn. tImtfPv A[ym-]-I-cn¬ ]Ip-Xn-tbmfw tcmKn-I-fp-ambn_‘-an-√mØ t\m¨¢n-\n-°¬, ]mcm-

¢n-\n-°¬ hn`m-K-°m-cmWv. Ch¿°pwt]jy‚-vsI-b¿ Aeh≥kv e`n-°p-∂p-≠v. t^md-≥-knIv hn`m-K-Øn-ep-≈-h¿°v CXpIpSmsX t]mÃvam¿´wsNøp-∂-Xn\v (A-XmWv {][m\ ]Wn)Hcp ico-c-Øn\v 290 cq] h®v thsdbpwIn´pw. t\m¨ {]IvSo-knwKv Ae-h≥kv8,000 ˛ 15,000 cq]-h-sc-bmWv e`n-°p-∂-Xv. (G.O.(P) No. 425/2009/ H & FWDDated 14.12.2009.)

20 Znh-ksØ km[m-cW eohv, 22Znhkw tImº≥tk-‰dn eohv, 30 Znh-ksØ G¨Uv eohv, 52 hoIven Hm vF∂nh Ign®v 245 Znh-k-ta km[m-cW Hcp tUmIvS¿ Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬htc-≠-Xp-≈p. CXpIqSmsX kvs]-jy¬ eohv hn`m-K-Øn¬ 15 Znhkw

saUn-°¬ tImf-Pn¬

kw -hn-°p-∂XvsaUn. tImtf-Pn¬ t]mepw sNøp∂ c‡-]-cntim[\-Iƒ, X- ray Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \s√mcp ]¶pw A\m-h-iy-ambn sNøp-∂-h-bm-Wv. CXv em_p-I-fn¬ AanXtPmen- m-c-Øn\pw dnk¬´p-I-fn¬ ]nghv kw -hn-°p-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm°pw. Nne-t∏mƒ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Bh-iy-ap-≈Xv sNbvXn- p-ap≠m-In-√. CXn-s\ms° ]pd-sa- Bh-iy-an√mØ ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ Dƒs∏sS ss{]h‰v em_n-te°v Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-Øvv AhnsS \n∂v IΩo-j≥ ]‰p∂ tUmIvS¿am¿ A]q¿h-am-sb-¶nepwsaUn. tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ D≠v.

imkv{X-KXn 15

IqSn eohv thW-sa-¶n¬ FSp-°mw.Uyq´n FSp-°p-∂-h¿°v Uyq´n Hm^vIn´pw. AXv IqSn ]cn-K-Wn-®m¬ icm-icn Hcp h¿jw tPmen-sN-øp-∂Xv 200Znhkw am{Xw. CXn\v 5 e£w apX¬12 e£w- cq] -hsc iºfw \¬Ip-∂p-≠v. Tax Ign-®mepw \√ Hcp XpIe`n-°pw. F∂n´pw saUn-°¬ tImtf-Pn¬ ¢n\n-°¬ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ an°Un∏m¿´-sa‚pI-fnepw Fa¿P≥knUyq´n FSp-°m≥ Akn-Â v s{]m^-k¿ apX¬ tatem- p≈ tUmIvS¿am¿Xøm-d√ F∂-XmWv Ahÿ. X-∑qew8 apX¬ 12 hsc-bp≈ kabw Ign-™m¬ saUn-°¬ tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬Uyq´nbn¬ D≠m-Ip-∂Xv Pq\n-b¿tUmIvS¿am¿ am{X-am-Wv. G.O. (ms) No.05/2010/H & FWD Dated 7.1.10 A\p-k-cn-®v s{]m^-kdpw AUo-j-W¬s{]m^-kdpw Hgn®v F√m-hcpw Uyq´nFSp-°m≥ _m[y-ÿ-cm-Wv. 3 -h¿j ]n.-Pn. hnZym¿∞n-tbm, ]n.-Pn. Ign™vt_m≠v sNøp∂ tUmIvStdm BWvAXym-lnX hn`m-K-Ønse Uyq´n saUn-°¬ Hm^o-k¿. 10˛15 h¿jsØ A\p-` -h -⁄m-\-ap≈ Hcp k¿P-t\m,Hm¿tØm]oUo -jyt\m X\n°v

sNøm≥ Ign-bmØ Hcp tIkv saUn.tImtf-Pn-te°v d^¿ sNbvXm¬ AXvBZyw ImWp-∂Xv lukvk¿P≥,

At±lw I¨kƒ´v sNøp-∂Xv 1˛mwh¿j- / 2˛mw h¿j ]n.-Pn. hnZym¿∞n-sb. At±-l-am-Is´ Uyq´n Fw.H Bb

3˛mw h¿j hnZym¿∞n-sb. At±lwA`n-{]mbw tNmZn-°p-∂Xv ho´n¬ Ccn-°p∂ I¨kƒ´‚n-t\mSv. ]e-t∏mgpw

B tcmKnsb Hm∏-td‰v sNøp-∂-Xv Cu3˛mw h¿j ]n.-Pn. hnZym¿∞nsbm Xs‚]T-\-Im-e-Øn¬ Hcn-°¬ t]mepw

CØcw Hcp tIkv sNøm-\p≈ mKywe`n-°msX ]n.-Pn. Ign™ t_m≠vImct\m Bbn-cn°pw. Nne-t∏mƒ Hm∏-

td -j-\mbn hb¿Xp -d∂ tijwho´nencn°p∂ I¨kƒ´n\v t^m¨sNøp-Ibpw t^mWneqsS \¬Ip∂

\n¿t±-i-߃°\p-k-cn®v Fs¥-¶nepwsNbvXv Xp∂n- A-S-bv°p-∂Xpw D≠m-Im -dp -≠v . 1˛2 aWn -°q¿sIm≠v

Xo¿t°≠ Hm∏-td-j≥ 3˛4 aWn-°q¿hsc \ofp-Ibpw A{Xbpw kabwab°w sImSp-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂Xp aqe-

ap≈ {]Xym-Lm-X-ßfpw D≠m-Imw.ko\n-b¿ tUmIvS¿amcpsS km∂n-[y-Øn¬ AhcpsS \n¿t±-i-{]-Imcw

sNbvXp ]Tn-°m-ØXp-aqew sNøp-∂Xnse ]ng -hp -Iƒ Cu ]n. -Pn.hnZym¿∞n°v a\-kn-em-°m\pw Ign-bp-∂n√ F∂Xp-sIm≠v tImgvkv Ign-™-ti-jhpw imkv{Xo-b-ambn tIkv sNøp-

∂-Xn-t\m, icn-bmb Xocp-am-\-߃ FSp-°p-∂-Xnt\m Ign-bmsX t]mIp-∂p.CXv kaq -l-Øn -t\¬]n -°p∂BLmXw \n m-c-a-√.

ss{]h‰v {]mIvSokv \ntcm-[n-®-Xn-s\m∏w D≠m-tI≠ H∂m-bn-cp∂ptUmIvS¿am-cpsS {]hr-Øn-k-abw e-{]-Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂hn[-Øn¬ Bh-iy-Øn\v a‰v Ãm^ns\\¬IpI F∂-Xv. AXv kw -hn-°m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠v Hm∏-td-j≥ hn`m-K-ß-fn¬hf-sc-b-[nIw tcmKn-I-fmWv DugwImØn-cn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂-Xv. Electivek¿Pdn°v ]e saUn. tImtf-Pnepwkvs]jym-en‰n hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ Hm∏-td-j\v 2012˛te tU‰v In´q F∂m-bn-´p-≠v. F¥n\v Fs√m-Sn™v h∂m¬-t]mepw 1 amkw 1 ½ amkw hscIgnt™ Hm∏-td-j≥ \S°q F∂-Xm-W-h-ÿ. s{_bn≥Syqa¿ t]mepw 5˛6amkw Ignt™ sNøm≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≈p. A{X-b-[n-I-amWv Dugw ImØn-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS FÆw. sNdnb Nne am‰-ßfpw GXm\pw D]-I-c-W-ßfpwÃm^pw D≠m-bm¬ C∂p-≈-Xns‚ Cc-´n-sb-¶nepw Hm∏-td-j-\p-Iƒ saUn-°¬tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ sNøm-\m-Ipw.

Hm∏-td-j-\p≈ tcmKn-I-fpsS ]´nIXøm-dm-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne am\-Z-fi-߃(Protocol) ]men-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v. DZm:H_vÃ{SnIvkv ssK\-t°m-fPn hn`m-K-Øn¬ Fe-IvSohv kntk-dn-b≥ Ds≠-¶n¬ AXv BZyw sNø-Ø°-hÆwenÃn¬ BZy-ambn tN¿°-Ww. ]e-t∏mgpw a‰v Hm∏-td-j-\p-I-sf√mwIgn™ tij-amWv kntk-dn-b≥sNøp-I. Xte-Zn-hkw cm{Xn 8 aWn

apX¬ 14- 16 aWn-°q¿ hsctbm AXn-e-[n -Itam K¿`nWn `£-W-hpw,sh≈hpw IpSn-°m-\mImsX IjvS-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-ÿ-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p. Ip™ns‚Btcm-Ky-sØbpw {]Xn-Iq-e-ambn_m[n-°p∂ Ah-ÿ-Ifpw D≠m-Imdp≠v. IrXy-amb Hcp t{]mt´m-t°mƒ]men-®m¬ CXv Hgn-hm-°mw. a‰v hn`m-K-ß-fnepw IqSp-X¬ tImºvfn-t°‰UvBb Hm∏-td-j\pIƒ BZyw sNøp-∂-XmWv DNn-Xw. Ah-km-\-tØ°vsh°p-tºmƒ Hm∏-td-j≥ \o≠p-t]m-Ip-∂-tXmsS D®bv°v 1 aWn°v tijwBh-iy-Øn\v \g- vknwKv Ãmt^mA‰≥U¿amtcm C√m-Ø-Xp-sIm≠vHcmfpw klm-b-Øn\v e`n-°msX hcp-∂p. CXv {]iv\w IqSp-X¬ hj-fm-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.

c‡ ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ°pw X- rayF∂n-hbv°pw Hmtcm Bip-]-{Xn-bnepwHcp t{]mt´m-t°mƒ D≠m-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.saUn. tImtf-Pn¬ t]mepw sNøp∂c‡-]-cntim[\-Iƒ, X- rayIƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ \s√mcp ]¶pw A\m-h-iy-ambnsNøp-∂-h-bm-Wv. CXv em_p-I-fn¬AanX tPmen-`m-c-Øn\pw dnk¬´p-I-fn¬ ]nghv kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xn\pw CS-bm°pw. Nne-t∏mƒ bYm¿∞-Øn¬Bh-iy-ap-≈Xv sNbvXn-´p-ap≠m-In-√.CXn-s\ms° ]pd-sa- Bh-iy-an√mØ]cn-tim-[-\-Iƒ Dƒs∏sS ss{]h‰vem_n-te°v Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-Øvv AhnsS\n∂v IΩo-j≥ ]‰p∂ tUmIvS¿am¿A]q¿h-am-sb-¶nepw saUn. tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ D≠v. ss{]h‰v Bip-]{Xn-I-fnepw CØ-c-°msc ImWmw. tUmIvS¿SnIv sNøp∂ F√m sSÃp-Ifpw em_p-

16 HIvtSm-_¿ 201116

Im¿ sNbvXn-´p-≠m-In-√. GsX√mwSn°p-I-fmWv sNtø-≠Xv F∂v em_p-Im¿°v Adn-bmw. AXv am{Xta sNbvXn-´p-≠mIq. a‰p-≈-h-bpsS t\m¿a¬hmeyp Fgp-Xp-sa∂v am{Xw. ]s£F√m sSÃn-s‚bpw ]Ww tcmKn°v\jvS-amIpw. sNømØ sSÃns‚]Whpw IΩo -j\pw Dƒs∏sStUmIvSdpsS ho´n¬ FØpw.

acp-∂p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-XnepwHcp t{]mt´m-t°mƒ D≠m-I-Ww. hfschne-Iq-Snb B‚n-_-tbm´nIv Huj-[-߃ IrXy -amb imkv{Xo -bXt\m°msX Fgp-Xp∂ {]h-WX saUn.tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ ]s≠-tØ-°mƒ IqSn-bn-´p-≠v. ]pØ≥ Xe-apd tUmIvS¿-am¿°m-Is´ B‚n-_-tbm- nIv ssKUvsse\-pIsf°pdn®v hy‡-amb ]cn-io-e-\hpw e`n-°p-∂n-√. hfsc hneIqSnb B‚n-_-tbm- n°v C©-Ivj-\p-Iƒ Hcm-h-iy-hp-an-√msX 1 1 ½ amkw-hscbmbn In´n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂ tcmKn-Iƒ hm¿Up-I-fn¬ ImWmw. Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬ e`y-ap≈ acp-∂p-Iƒ t]mepw{_m‚ v t]cp-Iƒ Fgp-Xp∂ {]h-W-X-aqew ]mhw tcmKn-Iƒ ]pdØp\n∂vhmtß-≠n-h-cp-∂p. P\-dnIv \maw Fgp-Xp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ CXv Hgn-hm-°m≥ Ign-bpw. DZm: thZ-\ kw-lm-cn-bmbn D]-tbm-Kn -°p∂ ssUt¢m-s^-\mIvtkmUnbw an° Bip-]-{Xn-I-fnepwe`y-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Fgp-Xp-∂-Xm-Is´ssUt¢m-s -\mIv s]m´mkyw Bbn-cn-°pw. As√-¶n¬ Aknt¢ms^\mIvF∂m-Wnh-bpsS {_m‚ v\m-a-߃. Ch-bv°ms´ IqSnb hnebpw ]pdØv \n∂v

hmtß-≠nbpw hcp-∂p. F∂m¬ Iº-\n-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sp∂ t]msessUt¢m-s -\m-°n-t\-Imƒ ]d-b-Ø°KpW-sam∂pw a‰v c≠v acp-∂n\pw C√.]pØ≥ Xe-apd acp-∂-pIƒ Fgp-Xp∂{]h-W-Xbpw tUmIvS¿am-cpsS CS-bn¬IqSp-X-em-Wv. ]d-b-Ø° D]-tbm-K-sam∂pw Cu acp-∂n\v ]g-b-X-e-ap-d-tb-°mƒ D≠m-I-W-sa-∂n-√. ]s£ hne50 100 Hm aS-ßm-bn-cn-°pw. DZm: km[m-cW ]mc-sk-‰-tamƒ I.M. C©-Ivj≥acp∂n\v 2 cq]tb hne-bp-≈p. amwkt]in-bn¬ sImSp-°p-∂-Xp-sIm≠vIpd®v ]Xps° am{Xta {]h¿Øn®pXpS-ßq. km[m-cW D]-tbm-K-߃-s°√mw AXv [mcmfw aXn. ]s£shbn-\n¬ sImSp-°p∂ ]mc-sk-‰-tamƒI.V. C©Ivj≥ Fgp-Xn-bm¬ H∂n\v 250cq]-bmWv hne. 2 cq]bv°v Xocm-hp∂Imcy-Øn\v C{Xbpw ]Ww tcmKn ap-St°-≠n-h-cp-∂p. C≥jp-d≥kv D≠vF∂v ]d-bp∂ RSBY tcmKnIƒs°√mw]e-t∏mgpw CØ-c-Øn¬ hne IqSp-X-ep≈ acp-∂p-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-hm-ßn-∏n-°p∂ G¿∏mSv ss{]h-‰n¬ am{X-a√saUn. tImtf-Pp-I-fnepw D≠m-bn-h-cp-∂p. CXm-Is´ Izt´-j-t\m, sS≥U¿\S-]-Sn -Itfm C√m-sX- tem-°¬]¿t®kv sNø-s∏-Sp-∂Xp aqew h≥-\-jvS-amWv k¿°m-cn-∂p-≠m-Ip-∂Xv.F∂m¬ Fgp-Xp-∂-h¿°pw, hmßp-∂-h¿°pw IΩo-jt\m a‰m-\p-Iq-ey-ßtfme`n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw. RSBY tcmKnCX-dn-bp-∂n√ F∂v am{Xw.

saUn°¬tImtf-Pn¬ BsI{]iv\-am-Wv Fs∂m∂pw ta¬ ]d-™-Xp-sIm≠v A¿∞-am°p∂n-√. At\Iwt]¿°v G‰hpw Db¿∂ hnZKv[NnIn’ \¬Ip -∂Xv Ct∏mgpwk¿°m¿ saUn°¬ tImtfPpIƒ-Xs∂; X¿°-an-√. F∂m¬ saUn.tImtf-Pp-Iƒ hnZym- yk ÿ]-\-ß-fm-b-Xp-sIm≠pw sS¿jydn sIb¿ e`n-t°≠ -ÿm-]-\-ß-fm-b-Xp-sIm≠pws]mXp-hmbn ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-tS≠ Nne{]iv\-ß-fmWv ta¬]-d-™-h. HmtcmsaUn°¬ tImtf-Pnepw X\-Xmbn ]cn-l-cn-t°≠ sNdpXpw hep-Xp-ambAt\Iw {]iv\ß-fp -≠v . Ah{]tXyIw {]tXyIw ]Tn®v ]cn-lmcwImtW-≠-Xp-≠v. AXmXv ÿm]-\-ß-fnse {]n≥kn-∏¬, kq{]≠v XpSßnDØ-c-hm-Z-s∏´ ÿm\-ß-fn¬ Ccn-°p-∂-h-cpw, sl¬Øv sk{I-´-dn, a{¥nXpS-ßnb Kh¨sa‚ v Xe-Øn-ep≈hcpw H∂n®v N¿® -sNbvXpw ]Tn®pwCXn\v ]cn-lmcw ImW-\m-bn-s-√-¶n¬tIc-f-Ønse km[m-cW P\-ß-fpsSPoh\pw kzØn-\p-amWv \jvSw kw`-hn-°p-∂-Xv.

hfsc hne-Iq-Snb B‚n-_-tbm-´nIv Huj-[-߃IrXy-amb imkv{Xo-bXt\m°msX Fgp-Xp∂{]h-WX saUn. tImtf-Pp-I-fn¬ ]s≠-tØ-°mƒ IqSn-bn- p-≠v.]pØ≥ Xe-apdtUmIvS¿-am¿°m-Is´B‚n-_-tbm- nIv ssKUvsse\-pIsf°pdn®vhy‡-amb ]cn-io-e-\hpw e`n-°p-∂n-√.hfsc hne IqSnb B‚n-_-tbm- n°v C©-Ivj-\p-Iƒ Hcm-h-iy-hp-an-√msX1 ˛ 1½ amkw -hscbmbnIn´n-s°m-≠n-cn-°p∂tcmKn-Iƒ hm¿Up-I-fn¬ImWmw. Bip-]-{Xn-bn¬e`y-ap≈ acp-∂p-Iƒt]mepw {_m‚ v t]cp-IƒFgp-Xp∂ {]h-W-X-aqew]mhw tcmKn-Iƒ]pdØp\n∂v hmtß-≠n-h-cp-∂p.

imkv{X-KXn 17

kmº-ØnIwB¿. tlen

C¥ym-N-cn-{X-Øn-em-Zy-ambn `£y-[m\y DXv]m-Z\w 24.1 tImSn S¨ Ign-™n-cn-°p∂p! AtXm-sSm∏w Kh-s◊‚ns‚ ]°¬ Bd-c-t°mSn (6.5)S¨ [m\yw Ct∏mƒ Icp-X¬ tiJ-c-ap-≠v. CXpw Hcp k¿h-Ime dnt°m¿UvBWv. £y-kp-c£m _n¬ hgn [m\y-ta-J-e-bn¬ Bizmkw ]I-cm≥ C{XbpwanI® Hcp ÿnXn-hn-tijw krjvSn®p\¬In-b-Xn\v I¿j-Isc \ap°v BZy-ambn A`n-\-μn-°mw.

Xpd∂ hmWn-Py-\-b-Øns‚ Ccp-]Xmw h¿j-Øn-te°v C¥y IS∂psN-√p∂ kμ¿ -Øn¬ £y-cw-KsØ Cu"`{ZX' ]e \nK-a-\-ß-fn-tebv°pwcmjv{So-b-˛-km-º-ØnI taJ-e-bpsS

t\Xm-°sf \bn-°p∂ Nne ÿnXn-hnh-c-I-W-°p-I-fmWv apºv kqNn-∏n-®Xv.

k¿h-tcbpw AtX kabw Nn¥n-∏n-°p∂ Hcp Imcyw [m\y-ß-fpsSDXv]m-Z\w C{X Db¿∂n pw an\naw hne-sb-°mƒ Ipd™ \nc-°n¬ [m\ys]mXp hn]-Wn-bn¬ hym]mcw [rX-K-Xn-bn¬ \S-∂n´pw IS-I-fnepw Itºm-f-Ønepw A\p- -h-s∏- n-cp∂ Zp -l-ambhne-°-b‰w Ipd-bp-∂n√ F∂-Xm-Wv.[m\yw kpe- -am-bn´pw ]men-s‚bpw ap -bp-sSbpw amwk-Øns‚ hne apIfntem vIb-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]b-dn-s‚bpwtNmf-Øn-s‚bpw Hs° DXv]m-Z\w IqSn-bn- p-≠v. samØ hn]-Wn-bn-te-bv°p≈Ch-bpsS hc-hp-Iq-Sn. ]t£ hne-°-

b‰w ]nSn-®p-\n-dp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.(maize) sabn-kns‚ hne DXv]m-Z\wh¿[n-®n´pw CXn-\Iw Ign™ h¿j-tØ-°mƒ hne 3% IqSn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

DXv]m-Z\w h¿[n-∏n-®mepw hn]-Wn-bnse ka¿∞-amb CS-s]-S¬ hgn I®-h-S-i-‡n-Iƒ°v hne XmgmsX Ah-cpsS XmXv]-cy-߃ kwc-£n®v hneDb¿Øm\pw IqSp-X¬ em`w sImøm\pwIgn-bp∂ \ne-bn-te-bv°mWv Imcy-߃\oßp-∂Xv F∂ kwibw i‡n-s∏-Sp-I-bm-Wv.

CXn-\p≈ G‰hpw \√ DZm-l-cWwDXv]m-Z\w IqSp-Ibpw k¿°m-cns‚]°¬ 6.5 tImSn SÆn-e-[nIw [m\ywtiJ-c-am-bn v h∂p-IqSn F∂ hnhcw

I™n-IpSn ap´n-°p∂

[m\y-°-b-‰p-aXnDXv]m-Z\w IqSp-Ibpw k¿°m-cns‚ ]°¬ 6.5 tImSn SÆn-e-[nIw [m\yw tiJ-c-am-bn´v h∂p-IqSn F∂ hnhcw ]pd-Øp-h∂ DSs\ k¿°m-cns‚ {i≤ apgp-h≥ Acn Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn-tebv°v amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Kh-s◊‚ns‚ ]°-ep≈[m\y-Øn\p]Icw kzImcy GP≥kn-Iƒ°v Acn Ib‰n Ab-bv°m≥ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS hne-°n-s\-t∏mepw adn-I-S∂v Ib-‰p-aXn s]¿an‰v \¬Ip∂ hnh-c-߃ "kmº-ØnI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃' ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂p

18 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

]pd-Øp-h∂ DSs\ k¿°m-cns‚ {i≤apgp-h≥ Acn Ib-‰p-a-Xn-bn-tebv°v amdn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. Kh-s◊‚ns‚ ]°-ep≈ [m\y-Øn\p]Icw kzImcyGP≥kn-Iƒ°v Acn Ib‰n Ab-bv°m≥ kp{]ow-tIm-S-Xn-bpsS hne-°n-s\-t∏mepw adn -I-S∂v Ib-‰p -aXns]¿an‰v \¬Ip∂ hnh-c-߃ "kmº-ØnI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃' ]pd-Øp-sIm-≠p-h-cp-∂p.

]Øp-e£w S¨ "_kp-aXn' A√m-Xp≈ Acn C\-߃ Ib-‰p -aXnsNøm≥ k¿°m¿ A\p-hmZw \¬InIgn-™n-cn-°p-∂p. F√m I®-h-Shpw[rX-K-Xn-bn¬ "C˛sa-bnen-eq-sS-bm-Ws{XDd-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. 82 t]¿°v CXn-\Iwssek≥kv In´n.

]t£ AXn¬ Acn-I-®-h-S-°m¿am{X-a-√. Aep-an-\n-bw, Im¿s]-‰p-Iƒ,Ic-Iu-i-e- h-kvXp-°ƒ Ch hn¬°p∂Iº\n-I-fp-ap-≠v F∂-XmWv ck-Icw!"Aep-an-\n-bhpw Acnbpw' XΩn-ep≈]pXnb Ib-‰p-aXn _‘w k¿h-tcbpwsR´n°p-∂p. CXnepw DØc C¥y≥I®-h-S°m¿°mWv {]map-Jyw.

Z£nW C¥y-bn¬\n∂pw "s]m∂n',"tkmWm akqcn', "a´' F∂o C\-ß-

fmWv Ib-‰p-aXn sNøm≥ A\p-a-Xn. a´(]m-e-°mSv a´) 25000 S¨ sIm®n Xpd-apJw hgn am{Xta Ib‰n Ab-bv°m≥]mSp≈q F∂mWv hyh-ÿ. 7500 t]¿Acn Ib-‰p-a-Xnbv°v At]-£n-®p.]t£ DØ-chv In´n-bXv 82 t]¿°p-am-{Xw.

I¿j-I-cn¬\n∂pw t\csØ s\√phmßn IpØn kq£n-®n-cn-°p-∂-h¿°pam{Xta CXns‚ KpW- ew In q. Irjn-°m¿°v Cu Acn Ib‰n Ab-bv°¬\bw aqew Hcp \bm-ss]-k-bpsSA[nI em`w In´n-√. kwi-b-c-ln-X-ambHcp kXyw!

2002-˛¬ \S∂ Hcp Imcyw IqSnt\m°mw. A∂pw `mcX k¿°m¿ "6'tImSn-bn¬∏cw S¨ [m\yw tiJ-cn®p!XpS¿∂p-\-S∂ Imcy-߃ ]d-™m¬hniz-kn-°m≥ {]bm-kw. ]e-hn[kΩ¿± hnt[-b-ambn Kh-s◊‚ v Icp-X¬ tiJ-c-Øn¬\n∂pw aq∂p-tImSnS¨ [m\yw Ib‰n Ab-®p. AXpwC¥y-bnse ]mh-s∏- -h¿°v \¬In-bn-cp∂ [m\y hne-tb-°mƒ hfsc Ipd®v!!

CXp krjvSn® Ipg-∏-ß-fpsS AXn-{]-k-cw-aqew C¥y-bpsS [m\y DXv]m-Z\w 3.9 tImSn S¨ Ipd-™p. ImcWw

I¿j-I-cpsS ta¬ hnhn[ \b-߃ hgnk¿°m-cns‚ "\jvSw' Ipd-bv°m≥ {ian-®p. CØ-hW AXp hcptam F∂Bi¶ ]e hnZKv[¿°pw Ct∏mƒXs∂ D≠v.

temI Acn -hn -]Wn F∂m¬AsXmcp "kmK-c-amWv'. _lp-cmjv{SIpØ-I-Ifpw Ah-cpsS Hmtcm cmjv{S-ß-fn-ep-ap≈ hniz-kvX-cmb tZiobGP≥kn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ HØp-IfnImcWw `oa-amb em`-amWv Ah¿sImøp-∂-Xv. C¥y-bn¬\n∂pw "A[n-I-[m\yw' Ipd™ hnebv°v (C-Xn\p ]e-t∏mgpw ]d-bp∂ Hma\ \maw "a’chne' F∂-s{X) [m\yw kºm-Zn-°p∂GP≥kn AXp Ib-‰p-aXn sNøp-∂p.Cd-°p-aXn sNøp∂ cmjv{S-Øn\v IqSnbhnebv°pw KpW-\n-b-{¥-W-ß-fn¬Abhp hcp-Ønbpw Hcp Iº\n hmßnAhnsS I®-hSw \S-Øp-∂p. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ CXp-c≠pw \S-Øp-∂Xv Htc_lp-cm-jv{S-I-º\n-bpsS c≠p Xt±iGP≥kn-Iƒ Xs∂. hmßp-∂-bn-S-Øp-\n∂pw hn¬°p-∂-bn-S-Øp-\n∂pw Ah¿saø-\-ßmsX em`w hmcn-°q- p-∂p.

cmjv{So-b-ambn AXn-`-b-¶-c-ambkzm[o\w Ch¿°v D≠v F∂ Imcyw

Nn¥n-∏n-°p∂ Hcp Imcyw [m\y-ß-fpsS DXv]m-Z\w C{X Db¿∂n´pwan\naw hne-sb-°mƒ Ipd™ \nc-°n¬ [m\y s]mXp hn]-Wn-bn¬hym]mcw [rX-K-Xn-bn¬ \S-∂n´pw IS-I-fnepw Itºm-f-Ønepw A\p- -h-s∏- n-cp∂ Zp -l-amb hne-°-b‰w Ipd-bp-∂n√ F∂-Xm-Wv. [m\yw kpe- -am-bn´pw ]men-s‚bpw ap -bp-sSbpw amwk-Øns‚ hne apIfntem´v Ib-dn-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂p. ]b-dn-s‚bpw tNmf-Øn-s‚bpw Hs° DXv]m-Z\w IqSn-bn- p-≠v.samØ hn]-Wn-bn-te-bv°p≈ Ch-cpsS hc-hp-Iq-Sn. ]t£ hne-°-b‰w ]nSn-®p-\n-dp-Øm≥ Ign-bp-∂n-√.

imkv{X-KXn 19

]e-t∏mgpw ad-\o°n ]pd-Øp-h-cp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw Ahbv°v hm¿Øm-{]m-[m\yw In´p -∂n -√. Hcp cwKØvbYm¿∞-Øn¬ k¿°m¿ GP≥kn-IƒImgvN-°m-cm-°-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂p. Xpd∂hn]-Wn-bpsS Bcm-[-I¿ Cu kXywHcp Xe-Ønepw Xpd-∂p-]-d-bm-dn-√.

At∏mƒ "`£y-kp-c£' sI´n-∏-Sp-°m≥ Irjn-sN-ehv, hfw, Iqen-sN-e-hv, kw -c-Ww, hnX-cW sNehv Ch-sb√mw AºXpw Adp-]Xpw \qdpw Ccp-∂qdpw iX-am\w h¿[n-®n-cn-°p∂ÿnXn°v Hcp Intem [m\yw DXv]m-Zn-∏n-°m≥ I¿j-I¿°v sNehmt°≠nhcp-∂Xv 2010 te°mƒ Cc- n-bn-e-[n-I-am-bn-cn-°pw 2011- 2012 Ime-L- -Øn¬.temI-[m-\y-cw-KsØ "Ac-£n-Xm-hÿIY-Iƒ' ]cn-Xm-]-I-c-ambn Nn{Xo-I-cn-°p∂ am[y-a-ß-sf-t∏mepw hn]-Wnbv°vB`y-¥-c-ta-J-e-bnse DXv]m-Z-\-sN-e-hns‚ Db¿®-bn¬ Rc-ßp∂ \ΩpsSIrjn-°m-cpsS Imcy-ß-fn-tebv°v {i≤n-°m≥ Ah-kcw Hcp-°msX t\m°m≥Ign-bp-∂p.

Hcp Intem km-[m-cW C\w s\√-cn-bpsS bYm¿∞ DXv]m-Z\ sNehv 20-˛25 cq]m BIpw. kw -cW hne AXn-

hm¿jnI hcn-kwJy200 cq]

hni-Z-hn-h-c-߃°v

amt\-PnwKv FUn-‰¿

bpdo°]cn-jZv h≥, Nme-∏pdw

tImgn-t°mSv - 673002t^m¨: 0495 2701919

Ip™p-a-\- p-Iƒs°mcpNßm-Xn...

bpdo°ssZzhm-cnI

\-\p-k-cn®v Db¿Øn-bn-s√-¶n¬ I¿j-I¿ IqSp -X¬ ]n¥n -cn -bpw. Cuh¿jsØ BZy-hn-f-°m-eØv Xs∂cmk-hf hne h¿≤\ s]m≈p-∂XvBb-Xn-\m¬ mh-l, s]m´mjv hf-ß-fpsS D]-tbmKw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ Xmgv∂-Xmbn kmº-ØnI {]kn-≤o-I-c-W-߃Nq≠n-°m- p-∂p. X∑qew [m\y-hn-fhvIpd-bp-sa∂ oXnbpw ]S-cp-∂p≠v! CXvaÆn\p hcp-Øp∂ £oWhpw tcmK-h¿≤-\-hn-\p≈ km[yX h¿≤n-∏n-°p-∂Xpw kkq£vaw ho£n-°-Ww.

DXv]m-Z\ D]m-[n-I-fpsS hnti-jn®vcmk-hf hne-bn¬ hºn® Cfhv \¬Ip-Ibpw kw`-cW hne F√m [m\y-߃°pw hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn Db¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXn-s√-¶n¬ [m\y-ti-J-cWwCu h¿jw-Xs∂ ISpØ sshjaywkrjvSn-°pw. I¿j-I¿ Xf-cp-sa-∂-XmWvbYm¿∞ bw krjvSn-°p∂ Imcyw.

DXv]m-Z-\-sN-ehv Intem-{Km-an\v 20-˛25 cq]-bm-Ip-tºmƒ Acn 1 cq]bv°pwc≠p-cq-]bv°pw \¬Ip∂ coXn-bn-ep≈]cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw AXn-t‚-Xmb "izmkw-ap-´p-Iƒ' A\p- -hn°pw! [m\ytaJe h≥DXvIWvT t\cn-Sp∂ Ime-Ømbncp∂pCu h¿jw Nnßw]n-d-∂Xv!

20 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

hnZym- ymkwkn. cma-Ir-jvW≥

bp.-Un.-F- v. k¿°m-dns‚ \qdv Zn\]cn-]m-Sn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-SpØn \S-∏m-°p-sa∂v {]Jym-]n® hnZym-`ymk ]mt°-Pns‚ \S-Øn-∏ns‚ mK-ambn k¿°m¿A[ym-]I kwL-S-\-Ifp-ambpw amt\-Pvsa‚ v kwL-S-\-I-fp-ambpw N¿®-Iƒ\S-Øn-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. Cu teJ\w A®-Sn®v hcp-tºm-tg°pw Cu ]mt°Pv{]Jym-]n-°-s∏-t´-°mw. k¿°m¿

hnZym- ymk ]mt°Pv:

P-\-Iob kwhm-Z-߃

A\n-hmcyw{]Jym-]\w h∂mepw Cs√-¶nepwhnZym-`ym-k-cw-KØv Zqc hym]-I-amb\nc-h[n am‰-߃°v CS-bm-°n-tb-°m-hp∂ Cu ]mt°Pv Bg-Øn-ep≈ P\-Iob kwhm-Z-߃°v hnt[-b-am-tI-≠-Xp-≠v.

Ign™ F¬.Un.-F-^v. k¿°m¿\ne-hn-ep≈ A[ym-]-I¿°v tkh\kpc-£n-XXzw Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xns‚ mK-

ambn Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆ-°p-dhv aqewXkvXn-I-Iƒ \jvS-s∏-Sp∂ L -Øn¬1:30 Bbn A[ym-]I hnZym¿∞n A\p-]mXw Ipd-bv°m≥ XXz-Øn¬ Xocp-am-\n-°p-Ibpw Cu {]iv\-Øns‚ \m\m-h-i-߃ ]Tn®v hy‡-amb \n¿t±-i-߃ ka¿∏n-°p-∂Xn-\mbn No^vsk{I- dn, [\-Im-cy-h-Ip∏v sk{I- -dn,s]mXp-hn-Zy-m`ymk sk{I- dn F∂n-h-

hnZym- ymk ]mt°-Pnse kzmK-Xm¿l-sa∂v Cu L -Øn¬ tXm∂p∂ \n¿t±-i-ß-f-S°w {]mtbm-KnI Xe-Øn¬ \S-∏m-°p∂ L -Øn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ hnZym- ym-k-]-chpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb t\ -tIm- -߃ hni-Z-ambn N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-S-Ww. A[ym-]I kaq-lhpw amt\-Pp-sa‚p-Iƒ°p-a-∏pdw hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ {]Xy-£hpw]tcm-£-hp-amb ]¶m-fn-I-fp-ambn hni-Z-ambn kwh-Zn-°p-Ibpw A`n-{]mbka-\zbw D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-Ibpw sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.

imkv{X-KXn 21

¿ AwK-ß-fmbn kanXn cq]o-I-cn°pIbpw sNbvXn-cp∂p.

hnZym- ymkw t\cn- p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂ ]e {]iv\-ß-sfbpw kanXnhne-bn-cp-Øp-Ibpw tIc-fob kv°qƒhnZym- ymk cwKØv Kuc-h-ta-dnb am‰-߃°v CS-bm-°ntb°m-hp∂ \n¿t±-i-߃ apt∂m- p-hbv°pIbpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. hnZym-`ymk ]mt°Pv F∂mWvCu \n¿t±-i-߃ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.{][m-\-s∏´ \n¿t±-i-ßsf C{]-Imcw]´n-I-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

1. A[ym-]I \nb-a-\-Øn¬ k¿°m¿DØ-c-hp-Iƒ ewLn®v CjvSw-t]m-se amt\-P¿am¿ A[ym-]-Isc\nb-an-°p∂ \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-\-co-Xn°v \nb-{¥Ww G¿s∏-Sp-ØpI.

2. \ne-hn-ep≈ sI.-C.-B¿. hyhÿhymJym-\n®v Hgn-hp-hcpw F∂v{]Xo-£n-®p-sIm≠v amt\-P¿am¿A[ym-]-Isc \nb-an-°p∂ \ne-hn-ep≈ coXn am‰p-I.

3. FbvUUv kv°qfp-I-fn¬ D≠m-Ip∂Hgn-hp-Iƒ (AXv GXv Xcambm-epw)kmt¶-XnI hnZy-I-fpsS km[yX{]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn s]mXp-hn-Zym-`ymk Ub-d-IvS¿ t\m´nss^sNøpI.

4. FbvUUv kv°qƒ Poh-\-°m-cpsSiº-f-Øn¬ t{Umbnßv B‚ vUn-kvt_-gvknßv Npa-Xe _‘-s∏´slUvam-ÿ°v \¬Ip-I.

5. sXmgn¬ \jvS-s∏-Sp∂ A[ym-]-Isc Dƒs°m-≈n®v Sot®gvkv _m¶vcq]o-I-cn-°p-I.

6. A[ym-]I hnZym¿∞n A\p-]mXw1 apX¬ 5 hsc ¢m p-I-fn¬ 1:30Bbpw AXn\v apI-fn¬ 1:35 Bbpw\nP-s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

7. \ne-hn-ep≈ GI-Zn\ ]cn-tim-[\Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I.

8. Sot®gvkv _m¶n¬ Dƒs∏-Sp∂F¬.]n/bp.]n A[ym-]-Isc 15 Znh-ksØ Hmdn-b-t‚-j≥ \¬Inkvs]j-enÃv A[ym-]-I-cmbn \nb-an-°p-I.

9. hnZym- ymk Ah-Imi \nb-a-Øn\vA\p-kr-X-ambn So®¿ Fen-Pn-_n-en‰n sSÃv (Sn.-C.Sn.) tbmKyX IqSn\njvI¿jn-°p-I.

10. A[ym-]-I¿°v tkh\ Ime-Øn-\-IØv 2 amksØ ]cn-io-e\w\¬Ip-I. {]kvXpX ka-bØv Ip´n-Iƒ°v Sot®gvkv _m¶n¬ \n∂vas‰mcp A[ym-]n-I-bpsS tkh\wDd-∏p-h-cp-Øp-I.

11. aq∂p-h¿j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ A[ym-

]nI/A[ym-]-I≥ hne-bn-cp-Ø-en\v hnt[-b-am-IpI.

CXn¬ FbvUUv kv°qfp-I-fnseA[ym-]I \nb-a-\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´BZysØ aq∂v \n¿t±-i-߃°p-sa-Xnsc amt\-P¿am-cpsS kwL-S-\-IfpwNne kmap-Zm-bnI kwL-S-\-IfpwFXn¿∏v {]I-Sn-∏n®p Ign-™p. amt\-P¿am-cpsS Ah-Im-i-ß-fn¬ sXm´p≈GsXmcp \S-]-Snbpw AwKo-I-cn-°n√F∂pw Kpcp -X-c -amb `hn -jyØvCXns‚ e-am-bp-≠m-Ip-sa∂pw Ah¿hy‡-am-°n-°-gn-™p. k¿°m¿ IqSp-X¬ N¿®-Iƒ°mbn k]vXw-_¿ 5 \vA[ym-]I Zn\-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´v{]Jym-]n°pw F∂p ]d-™n-cp∂]mt°-Pns‚ {]Jym-]\w \o´n hbv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. amt\-Pp-sa‚p-Iƒ°vA{]n-b-ap-≠m-°p∂ Xocp-am-\-߃ssIs°m-≈m≥ cmjv{Sob c-W-t\-Xr-Xz-߃ X-øm-dm-Iptam F∂v ImØn-cp∂v ImtW-≠-Xm-Wv. {]tXy-In®pwkzIm-cy-am-t\-Pvsa‚p-Isf hnZym- ymkcwKØv t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°Ww F∂\bw A\p-h¿Øn-°p∂ k¿°m¿Ahsc \nb-{¥n-°m≥ F{X-hsct]mIpw F∂Xv {]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p∂Imcy-am-Wv. am{X-hp-a√ \ne-hn-ep≈

\nb-a\ hyh-ÿ-Iƒ am‰m≥ \nb-a\n¿amWw Xs∂ Bh-iy-ambn hcpw.tIhew k¿°m¿ DØ-c-hp-Iƒ am{X-am-bm¬ AXv amt\-P¿am¿ tImS-Xn-bn¬tNmZyw sNøp-Ibpw \ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a--ß-fpsS ]cn-c£ t\Sp-Ibpw sNøpwF∂Xv hy‡-am-Wv. FbvUUv kv°qƒA[ym-]I \nb-a-\-Øn¬ kmaq-lnI\nb-{¥Ww sIm≠p-h-c-W-sa∂v tIc-f-Ønse ]ptcmKa\ kwL-S\Iƒ\nc-¥cw Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ H∂m-Wv.tIcf kwÿm\ cq]o-I-cWw apX¬\ne-\n¬°p∂ Hcm-h-iy-hp-amWv CXv.A[ym-]I \nb-a-\-Øn¬ kmaq-lnI\nb-{¥Ww sIm≠p-h-cm≥ 1957˛¬ H∂v{ian-®p-t\m-°n-b-Xns‚ Xn‡-^-e-Øn¬ \n∂pw tamNn-X-am-Im≥ tIc-f-Ønse CS-Xp-]-£-Øn\v t]mepw Ign-bmØ Hcp cmjv{Sob kml-N-cy-Øn¬FbvUUv kv°qfp-I-fnse A[ym-]I\nb-a\ coXn-bn¬ ImX-emb hyXn-bm\w hcp-Øp∂ Hcp Xocp-am\w\n¿t±-i-߃°-∏pdw t]mIptamF∂Xv hy‡-ambn hcn-I-bm-Wv. am\-P¿amcpsS kwL-S-\-I-fp-am-bp≈ N¿®-I-fn¬ D≠mb [mcW A[ym-]I_m¶n¬ \n∂pw Hcmsf am{Xw amt\-P¿am¿ \nb-an-®m¬ aXn F∂mWv

22 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

F∂pw Hcp Hgnhv am{Xw hcn-I-bm-sW-¶n¬ \nb-a\w Fßs\ thWw F∂Xocp-am\w Bbn√ F∂p-amWv am[y-a-߃ dnt∏m¿ v sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXvicn-bm-sW-¶n¬ amt\-Pp-sa‚p-Iƒ°v\ne-hn-ep≈ \n_-‘-\-I-fn¬ \n∂vCfhv A\p-h-Zn-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. \yq kv°qƒ F∂ hn`m-K-Øn¬ \ne-hn¬ ]pXp-Xm-bp-≠m-Ip∂apgp-h≥ Hgn-hp-Ifpw s{]m´-IvSUvA[ym-]-Isc am{Xta \nb-an-°m≥ Ign-bq. AXp-t]mse A[nI Unhn-j≥D≠m-Ip∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬ s{]m -IvSUvA[ym-]-I¿: ]pXnb A[ym-]-I¿ F∂n-hsc 1:1 A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ \nb-an-°WwXpS-ßnb DØ-c-hp-Iƒ A{]-k-‡-am-Ip-Ibpw Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw {]tbm-P\wFbvUUv amt\-P¿am¿°v e`n-°p-IbpwsNøpw. ^e-Øn¬ hnZym -`ymk]mt°Pv hgn IqSp-X¬ kuI-cy-߃e`n-°-W-sa∂ amt\-Pvsa‚p-I-fpsSBh-iy-߃ ]q¿Æ-ambpw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv Ct∏m-gsØ{]h-W-X-Iƒ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. \nb-a-\-Øn\v amt\-Pp-sa‚p-Iƒ°v \ne-hn-ep≈ {]Xn-_-‘-ß-fS°w Hgn-hm-°p-I-bmIpw D≠m-IpI F∂ \nco-£-W-߃ icn-sh-°p-∂-XmWv Ct∏m-gsØkqN-\-Iƒ.

FbvUUv kv°qƒ Poh-\-°m-cpsSiº-f -Øns‚ t{Umbnßv B‚ vUnkvt_-gvknßv Npa-Xe _‘-s∏´slUvam-ÿ°v \¬IpI F∂Xvkzml-Xm¿l-amb \n¿t±-i-am-Wv. CXvsNøp-tºmƒ F.-C.-H., Un.-C.-H. Hm^o-kp-I-fnse A[n-I-ambn hcp∂ a\p-jy-i-‡nsb Fßs\ hn\n-tbm-Kn°pwF∂Xns\-°p-dn®p≈ \n¿t±-i-ßfpwCu L´-Øn¬ Xs∂ D≠m-tI-≠-Xp≠v.

\ne-hn-ep≈ GI-Zn\ ]cn-tim-[\Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-I, hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i-\n-b-a-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-ambn Sn.-C.-Sn. tbmKyX IqSn \njvI¿jn-°pI XpS-ßnb \n¿t±-i-߃ kzmKXm¿l-am-Wv.A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e-\-cw-KØv H -\-h[nkzm{i-b-ÿm-]-\-߃ hcn-Ibpwth≠{X anI-hn-√mØh¿ A[ym-]I]cn-io-e-\-Øn\v tNcm≥ \n¿_-‘n-X-cmhp-Ibpw sNøp∂ kml-N-cy-Øn¬So®¿ Fen-Pn-_n-en‰n sSÃn\v {]k-‡n-tb-sd-bp-≠v. A[ym-]-I-\m-Im-\p≈Adn-hpw, at\m- m-h-hpw, Ignhpw Dt≠mF∂v hne -bn -cp -Øm-\p≈ Hcpimkv{Xob D]m-[n-bmbn Sn.-C.-Snsbam‰nsbSp-t°-≠-Xp-≠v.

hnZym-`ymk ]mt°-Pnse G‰hpw{][m-\-s∏´ \n¿t±iw Sot®gvkv _m¶vkw_-‘n-®p-≈-Xm-Wv.

kanXn dnt∏m¿ v {]Imcw sXmgn¬{]iv\w D≈ A[ym-]-I¿ 10503 BWv.ChscbmWv Sot®gvkv _m¶ns‚ mK-am-°p-∂-Xv. kanXn Cu FÆ-Øn-te-s°-Øp-∂Xv C{]-Im-c-am-Wv.

I. amt\-P¿am¿ \nbaw ewLn®v\nb-a\w \S-Øn-b-Xn-\m¬ iºfw e`n-°mØ A[ym-]-I¿ 2920. Ch¿ Xmsg]dbpw {]Im-c-am-Wv.

1. kq∏¿ sN°vsk¬ ]cn-tim-[-\-bn¬ Nne hymP AUvan-j-\p-IƒIs≠-Øn-b-Xp-aqew XkvXnI]p\¿ \n¿Æbw hgn A[n-I-ambA[ym-]-I¿ 109.

2. A¨ C°-tWm-an°v kv°qfp-I-fn¬\ne-hn-ep≈ \nb-a-hy-h-ÿ-IƒewLn®v amt\-P¿am¿ \nb-an-®n-´p-≈-h¿ 374.

3. ]pXp-Xmbn Bcw-`n®/ A]vt{KUvsNbvX kv°pfp-I-fn¬ s{]m´IvSUvA[ym-]-Isc \nb-an-°Ww F∂hyhÿ ewLn®psIm≠v amt\-P¿am¿ \nb-an-®n- p-≈-h¿- 249

4. bp.-Un.-F-^v. k¿°m¿ G¿s∏-Sp-Ønb \nba\\ntcm-[\ DØ-c-hn\v tijw 2006- 2007 apX¬ AUo-j-W¬ th°≥kn-I-fn¬ \S-Ønb\nb-a-\-߃ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-te°v F¬.-Un.-F-^v. k¿°m¿ 12-˛01-˛2010 se Pn.-H. (]n) \w 10/10/s]m.-hn.h {]Imcw 1:1 A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ s{]m´IvSUv A[ym-]-I¿:]pXnb A[ym-]-I¿ F∂Xv kw_-‘n®v t_m≠v amt\-P¿am¿hbv°m-ØXv aqew iºfw e`n-°mØ A[ym-]-I¿ 1817

5. \nb-a\ \ntcm-[\ Ime-L- -Øn¬(2006- 07 apX¬) hnZym- ymk Hm^o-k¿am¿ A[nI Unhn-j≥ A\p-h-Zn-°msX amt\-P¿am¿ k¿°m¿

A[nI Unhn-j≥ D≠m-Ip∂ Ah-k-c-Øn¬s{]m -IvSUv A[ym-]-I¿:]pXnb A[ym-]-I¿F∂n-hsc 1:1 A\p-]m-X-Øn¬ \nb-an-°Ww XpS-ßnb DØ-c-hp-Iƒ A{]-k-‡-am-Ip-Ibpw Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw {]tbm-P\wFbvUUv amt\-P¿am¿°ve`n-°p-Ibpw sNøpw.^e-Øn¬ hnZym-`ymk]mt°Pv hgn IqSp-X¬kuI-cy-߃ e`n-°-W-sa∂ amt\-Pvsa‚p-I-fpsS Bh-iy-߃]q¿Æ-ambpw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-ÿ-bmWv Ct∏m-gsØ{]h-W-X-IƒkqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

imkv{X-KXn 23

DØ-chv ewLn®v \nb-a\w \S-Øn-bXv 371.

II. s{]m´Ivj≥ A¿l-X-bp≈A[ym-]-I¿ 3083

III. Ip´n-bpsS FÆw Ipd-™-Xp-aqew Cu A°m-Z-anI h¿jw sXmgn¬\jvS-s∏-Sp- sa∂v Icp-Xp∂ A[ym-]-I¿ 4500

A[ym-]I kwc-£-W-Øn-\mbncq]-s∏-Sp-Ønb \n¿t±-i-߃ F√mwCu IW-°ns\ Ah-ew-_n-®n- p-≈-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambZu¿_-ey-߃ Cu IW-°n-ep-s≠∂vhy‡-am-Wv. ta¬]-d™ IW-°n¬ I-¬ 2 apX¬ 5 hsc-bp≈ \nb-a-\-߃amt\-P¿am¿ F√m-hn[ \nb-a-ßfpwewLn®v \SØn-b-Xm-Wv.

Cßs\ \nb-an® 2811 t]sc Ah¿Ct∏mƒ tPmen-sN-øp∂ CS-ß-fn¬Xs∂ \nb-an-°m≥ Ip´n-Ifpw XkvXnI-Ifpw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-h-cm-Wv. Imem-Im-e-ß-fn¬ k¿°m-cns‚ F√m-hn[ \nb-a-ßfpw ewLn®v amt\-P¿am¿ \nb-a\w\¬In-b-h-cm-Wv Ch¿. Cßs\ \nbawewLn®v \nb-a\w \¬Inb amt\-P¿am-cpsS \S-]Sn \nb-a-hn-t[-b-am-°p-hm≥{]kvXpX A[ym-]-Isc Sot®gvkv_m¶ns‚ `mK-am-t°-≠-Xpt≠m?Ahsc Ah¿ Ct∏mƒ tPmensNøp∂ XkvXn-I-I-fn¬ Xs∂ XpS-cm≥ A\p-h-Zn-®m¬ t]msc? Aßs\hcp-tºmƒ Cu hnZym-`ymk ]mt°-Pns‚ G‰hpw henb KpW-t`m-‡m-°ƒ k¿°m¿ \nb-a-߃ ewLn-®p-sIm≠v CjvSm-\p-kcWw A[ym-]-Isc\nb-an® amt\-P¿amcmWv.

C\n s{]m´IvSUv A[ym-]-I-cpsSKW-Øn¬ s]Sp∂ 3083 t]cp≠v F∂vkanXn \n¿t±-i-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p.AXn¬ Ipsd-tbsd t]¿ Ct∏mƒXs∂ a‰v FbvUUv hnZym-e-b-ß-fn-te°v hn\y-kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v. Chsc]n≥h-en®v Sot®gvkv _m¶ns‚ `mK-am-°p-∂Xv Ah¿ Ct∏mƒ tPmensNøp∂ kv°qfp -I -fnse amt\-P¿am¿°v CjvS-s∏´ Xocp-am-\-am-Ipw.CXv sNtø-≠-Xpt≠m.? \ne-hn-ep≈s{]m´IvSUv A[ym-]-I-cn¬ ]p\-¿hn\ykn°m-ØtXm, k¿°m¿kv°qfp-I-fn¬ kwc-£Ww \¬Ip-Itbm sNbvX-hsc Sot®gvkv _m¶ns‚`mK-am-°p-∂-Xt√ DNn-Xw.

CXn\p Imc -W-ambn kanXndnt∏m¿´ns‚ c≠mw JWvUn-I-bn¬ ]d-bp∂ 24-˛03-˛2011 se DØ-c-hns‚s]mXp-kØ 15- 07- 1997 apX¬ \nb-an-X-cm-b-h-cn¬ kwc-£Ww e`n-°mØA[ym-]-I-cpsS {]iv\w A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-°pI F∂-Xm-Wv. Cu A[ym-]-I¿

F{X-bmWv F∂v dnt∏m¿´n¬ Fhn-sSbpw IrXy-ambn ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂n-√.Cu h¿jsØ 4500 ¬ C-hcpw s]SpwF∂v ]d-™p-t]m-Ip-∂Xv ImWm-sX-b√ CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Sot®gvkv _m¶v F∂ k¶¬]-Øns‚ ]cn-[n-bn¬ htc-≠Xv \nb-a\we`n-°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv sXmgn¬ \jvS-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvX A[ym-]-I¿ At√?F¥p-sIm-≠mWv C°mcyw th≠{XKuc-h-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-SmsXt]mb-Xv? IrXy-amb Hcp tkm^v‰v-thb¿ D≠m-°n-bm¬, sF.-Sn. kv°qfn-

s‚-bpw, Fkv. -F-kv. -F-bp -sSbpwkm[yX {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬, Hcm-g vN-°Iw tIc-f-Ønse apgp -h≥

FbvUUv kv°qfpIfn¬ \n∂pw CuIW°v FSp-°p-hm≥ Ign-bnt√? Hcpk_vPn-√-bnse sslkv°p-fp-I-f-S-°-

ap≈ kv°qfp-I-fpsS GtIm-]\ Npa-Xe F.-C.-H.-hn\v \¬In-bm¬ aXn-bm-Ip-a-t√m. CXn-\mbn tkm^v‰vthb¿

D≠m-°p-Ibpw IW-°p-Iƒ FSp-°p-Ibpw sNøm≥ Ignbpw F∂v hnZym-`ymk hIp∏v Xs∂ sXfn-bn-®n-´p-≠v.

k¿°m¿ lb¿ sk°‚dn kv°qfp-I-fnse A[ym-]-I-cpsS IrXy-amb hnh-c-ti-J-cWw Hcp tkm^v‰vthb-dns‚

klm-b-tØmsS GXm\pw Znh-k-߃°Iw FSp-ØXv Hcp DZm-l-cWwam{Xw.

Ct∏mƒ Xøm-dm-°nb IW°v apgp-h≥ ]mfn-t∏m-Im≥ km[y-X-bp≈as‰mcp LSIw D≠v. kq∏¿ sN°v-sk¬ kμ¿in-°p∂ thf-bn¬ bYm-¿∞-Øn¬ C√mØ Ip´n-Isf tN¿ØvXkvXnI D≠m-°n-b-Xmbpw Aßs\-bp≈ 109 A[ym-]-Isc A[n-I-ambnIs≠-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. AhscSot®gvkv _m¶ns‚ mK-am-°n-bn- p-≠v.CXv Hcp Iogv hg-°-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-®m¬ t_mKkv AUvan-j≥ hgn CXn-\Iw \nb-an® F√m A[ym-]-I-scbpwSot®gvkv _m¶ns‚ `mKamt°-≠n-hcpw. _tbm-sa-{SnIv kwhn-[m\w AS-ßp∂ bp.-sF.Un kwhn-[m-\-Øns‚ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆwFSpØv XkvXn-I-Iƒ IW-°m-°n-bm¬\ne-hn-ep≈ F{X A[ym-]-I¿ A[n-I-]-‰m-bn-amdpw F∂pw Aßns\ F{X-t]¿ Sot®-gvkv _m¶ns‚ `mK-ambnamdpw F∂Xn\v Hcp aXn∏v IW-°m-t°-≠-Xnt√?

Sot®gvkv _m¶v F∂Xv A[ym-]-I\v sXmgn¬ kpc£ \¬Ip-sa-¶n¬AXv kzmKXw sNø-s∏-tS-≠Xp Xs∂-bm-Wv. Sot®gvkv _m¶n-ep≈ apgp-h≥t]¿°pw iºfw \¬Ip-sa∂v Ct∏mƒ]d-bp-∂p. F{X-am-{Xw A[ym-]-Isc

s{]m´IvSUv A[ym-]-I-cpsS KW-Øn¬ s]Sp∂3083 t]cp≠v F∂vkanXn \n¿t±-i-Øn¬]d-bp-∂p. AXn¬ Ipsd-tbsd t]¿ Ct∏mƒXs∂ a‰v FbvUUvhnZym-e-b-ß-fn-te°vhn\y-kn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v.Chsc ]n≥h-en®vSot®gvkv _m¶ns‚ `mK-am-°p-∂Xv Ah¿Ct∏mƒ tPmen sNøp∂kv°qfp-I-fnse amt\-P¿am¿°v CjvS-s∏´Xocp-am-\-am-Ipw. CXvsNtø-≠-Xpt≠m.? \ne-hn-ep≈ s{]m´IvSUvA[ym-]-I-cn¬ ]p\-¿hn\ykn°m-ØtXm,k¿°m¿ kv°qfp-I-fn¬kwc-£Ww \¬Ip-Itbm sNbvX-hscSot®gvkv _m¶ns‚ `mK-am-°p-∂-Xt√ DNn-Xw.

24 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

Sot®gvkv _m¶n\v Dƒs°m-≈m≥Ignbpw. CXnse FÆw {Iam-Xo-X-ambnh¿≤n-®m¬ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ°v Cu_m¶n¬ s]Sp-∂-h¿s°√mw iºfw\¬Im≥ Ign-bp-tam. Xmsg ]d-bp-∂hIqSn ]cn -K -Wn -°msX Sot®gvkv_m¶nse FÆw \n›-bn-°m≥ Ign-bptam?.

1. 1997 Pqembv 15 \v tijw \nb-a\we`n® Ip´n-I-fpsS FÆ-°p-dhvaqew sXmgn¬ \jvS-s∏- -h¿

2. _tbm-sa-{SnIvkv kwhn-[m\w \S-∏m-°n bYm¿∞ hnZym¿∞n-Isfam{Xw ]cn-K-Wn-°m≥ CS-bm-bm¬sXmgn¬ \jvS-s∏-Sm≥ CS-bp≈A[ym-]-I¿. (kq∏¿ sN°v sk√v\S-Øp∂ ]cn-an-X-amb ]cn-tim-[-\-bn¬ Xs∂ t_mKkv AUvan-j≥ Is≠-Øp-∂p-≠v).

3. kn.-_n.-F-kv.-C, sF.-kn.-F-kv.-C.A¨ FbvUUv taJ-e-bn¬ At]-£n-®-h¿s°√mw kv°qfp-IƒA\p-h-Zn-°p-∂-Xns‚ `mK-ambnk¿°m¿/FbvUUv hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øm-°-s∏-Sm≥ CS-bp≈ A[ym-]-I¿

4. bmsXmcp \nb-{¥-Wtam ]cn-tim-[-\tbm C√msX 1:30/1:35 Bbn.A[ym-]I hnZym¿∞n A\p-]mXw\nP-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw amt\-P¿am¿A[ym-]-Isc \nb-an-°p-Ibpw,]n∂oSv _tbm-sa-{SnIvkv kwhn-[m-\-a-S°w hgn bYm¿∞ IW-s°-

Sp-°p-tºmƒ kzm`m-hnIambpw ]pd-Øm-Ip∂ A[ym-]-I-cpsS FÆw.

(Cu L -Øn¬ Cu \nb-aw AXn-i-tbm‡n F∂v tXm∂m-sa-¶nepw amt\-Pvsa‚p-I-fpsS kΩ¿±-Øn\v hgßnCt∏m-gp≈ hn[-Øn¬ \nb-a\w \S-Øm-\p≈ Ah-Imiw amt\-P¿am¿°v\¬In-bm¬ ASpØ h¿jw apX¬Cu hn`m-K-Øn-ep≈ sXmgn¬ \jvS-s∏-Sp∂ A[ym-]-I¿ Dd-∏m-Wv.)

GsXmcp ]cn-]mSn apt∂m´p hbv°p-tºmgpw hcp∂ 5˛10 h¿j-ß-fnseCXns‚ A\p-c-W-\-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-°msX A`n-{]mb cq]o-I-cWw \S-Øm≥ Ign-bn-√. CsX√mw h®p t\m°p-tºmƒ Ct∏mƒ \ne-hn-ep≈ s{]m´-°vj≥ B\p-Iqeyw IqSn A[ym-]-I\v\jvS-s∏-S-em-Iptam hnZym- ymk ]mt°-Pns‚ A¿∞w F∂v \ymb-ambkwibw Db¿∂v hcmw. kZp-t±-i-Øn¬DtZym-K-ÿ¿ \n¿t±-in® Cu ]cn-lmcwkn.-_n.-F-kn.-C., sF.-kn.-F-kv.-C, A¨FbvUUv taJ-e-Ifn¬ Xß-fpsSCjvSm-\p-k-cWw kv°qfp-Iƒ XpS-ßp-∂-Xn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ FXn¿-∏ns\ A[ym-]-I¿°v kwc-£Ww Dd∏v F∂ hym-tamlw \¬In ab-s∏-Sp-Øp-hm-\p≈X{¥-ambn cmjv{Sob t\XrXzw {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw CS-bm-Iptam ?

k¿°m¿ kv°qfp-I-fn¬ A[ym-]IhnZym¿∞n A\p-]mXw hnZym-`ymk\nb-a-Øn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn \nP-s∏-Sp-Øptam F∂v dnt∏m¿´n¬ hy‡-

am°p∂n-√. ]e-t∏mgpw CØcw N¿®-Iƒ FbvUUv kv°qfp-ambn _‘-s∏ v am{X-am-bn-t∏m-Ip-∂p.

hnZym-`ymk Ah-Imi \nb-a-{]-Imcw k¿°m¿ kv°qfp-I-fnepw, AXvslUv So®-dpsS s{]mtam-j≥ hgn-bp≈ Hgn-hp-I-fnem-bmepw icn Fkv.-

F-kv.F t]mep≈ A[ym-]I ]cn-io-e\ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fnepw Hgn-hp-IƒD≠m-Ip-tºmƒ AXv Sot®gvkv _m¶n¬

\n∂pw \nb-an°mw F∂ \n¿t±iwKpcp-X-c-amb hn-jy-Øn\v CS \¬In-tb-°mw. Cu H‰ \n¿t±iw ]n.-F-

kv.kn. hgn-bp≈ \nb-a-\ßsf C√m-Xm -°p -∂-Xn -te°v \bn -t®-°mw.k¿°m¿ kwhn-[m-\-ß-fnse \nb-a-\m-

[n-Imcw ]tcm-£-ambn FbnvUUv amt\-P¿am¿°v \¬Ip-∂-Xns\ Hcp Xc-Ønepw AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bn-√. tIc-

f-Ønse 65% Øne-[nIw hcp∂ Fbn-UUv ÿm]-\-ß-fnse \nb-a\w amt\-P¿am¿°v hn´psImSpØv k¿°m¿

kv°qƒ \nb-a\w {]Xy-£-amtbm]tcm-£-amtbm Sot®gvkv _m¶ns‚]cn-[n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h-cp-∂Xv sadn‰pw

Ign-hp-ap≈ sXmgn-en-√mØ sNdp-∏-°m-tcmSv Im´p∂ Ahn-th-I-am-Ipw. C∂v]n.-F-kv.kn \nb-a-\-Øn¬ ]men-°-s∏-

Sp∂ kwh-cW XXz-߃ am‰n-a-dn-°m≥CXv CS-bm-°pw. am{X-hp-a√ sadn‰pw,Ign-hpw, k¿§-ti-jn-bp-ap≈ bph-c‡w A[ym-]-I-ta-J-e-bn-te°v hcp-∂Xv XS-bp-∂Xv Kuc-h-tadnb hnZym-

imkv{X-KXn 25

`ymk {]iv\w IqSn-bmWv. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ hnZym-`ymk Ah-Im-i- \n-baØns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ A[ym-]-I-\m-Im≥ Ignhpw, at\m- m-h-hpw D≈-hsc Is≠-Øm≥ So®¿ Fen-Pn-_n-en‰n sSÃv t]mep≈ kt¶-X-ßsf{]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øp-I-bt√ th≠-Xv.

Cu dnt∏m¿´nse G‰hpw A]-I-S-I-c-amb \n¿t±iw 15 Znh-ksØ Hmdn-b-t‚-j≥ \¬In-bm-¬ GXv A[ym-]-I-scbpw kwKo-Xw, Nn{X-I-e, Imbn-Iw,Xp∂¬ XpS-ßn-bh Dƒs∏-Sp∂ kvs]j-enÃv A[ym-]-I-cmbn \nb-an°mw F∂-Xm-Wv. \ΩpsS Ip´n-I-fn¬ A¥¿eo-\-amb Ie-bn-epw, kwKoX-Øn-epw, ssIhn-cp-Xn-epw, Ifn-bnepw D≈ Ign-hp-IsfhnZym- ymk {]{In-b-bn¬ \n∂v sK‰v Hu´m-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-amb Hcp \n¿t±iwFßs\ cq]-s∏´p F∂Xv Xs∂ N¿®sNtø≠ Imcy-am-Wv. A[ym-]-Isckwc-£n-°m≥ Cu \n¿t±iw Hcp]s£ {]tbm-P-\-s∏-t -°mw. ]s£hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ hnim-e-e-£y-Øns‚A¥-k-Øsb Cu \n¿t±iw tNmZywsNøp-∂p. am{X-hp-a√ hnZym- ym-k-]-c-ambn B[p-\nI kaqlw X≈n-°-f-™tNjvSm-hm-Z-Øns‚ F√m Awi-ßfpwCu \n¿t±-i-Øn-ep-≠v. hnZym`ymk-]-c-ambn {]Xn-tem-a-I-c-amb Cu \n¿t±iwtIc-fob kaqlw X≈n-°-f-bp-sa∂v{]Xo-£n-°mw.

A[ym-]-Isc aq∂p-h¿j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ hne-bn-cp-Øp-∂-Xn-\p≈ \n¿t±iwkzmK-Xm¿l-am-Wv. kaq-l-Ønses]mXp-k-Ω-X-\mb Hcp hy‡n-bpsSt\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ hnZym- ymk hnN-£-W-

∑m¿ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp Pn√m-XeBUn‰v tamWn-‰-dnwKv AtXm-dn‰n cq]o-I-cn-°pI F∂Xpw \√ \n¿t±-i-am-Wv.Cu cwKØv GsX-¶nepw Xc-Øn-ep≈A°u-≠-_n-en‰n Dd-∏m-°m-\mh-iy-amb kwhn-[m-\-߃ A\n-hm-cy-am-sW∂ Bhiyw \nc-¥cw Db¿∂p-h-∂-Xm-Wv. ]s£ Cu {]{In-bbv°vkpXm-cy-amb am\-Z-WvU-߃ D≠m-I-Ww. Ch hnZym-`ymk]c-hp-am-IWw.Xmsg ]d-bp∂ {]h-W-X-Iƒ D≠m-ImsX Fßns\ t\m°m-sa∂pw N¿®sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.

1. k¿°m-cp-I-fpsS cmjv{Sob k¶p-NnX Xmev]-cym-\p-k-cWw A[ym-]-Isc Ah-a-Xn-°m-\p≈ Hcp D]-I-c-W-ambn Cu kwhn-[m\w {]tbm-Kn-°mw.

2. \ne-\n¬°p∂ yqU¬ hnZym-`ymk aqey-ß-fp-sSbpw AX-\p-k-cn-®p≈ t_m[-\-X-{¥-ß-fp -sSbpwXpS¿®°v klm-b-I-amb kwhn-[m-\am°n CXns\ am‰mw.

3. GsXmcp k¿§-{]-h¿Ø-\hpw\ne-\n¬°p∂ hyh-ÿn-Xn-sbbpwcoXn imkv{X-sØbpw tNmZyw sNø-emWv. ^yqU¬ aqey-߃ CXvDƒs°m-≈-W-sa-∂n-√. \ne-\n¬°p∂hyh-ÿ-bpsS kwc-£-W-Øns‚ mK-ambn Db¿∂p-h∂ hna¿i-\-ßsfC√m-Xm-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ Hcp D]m[nF∂ \ne-bn¬ BUn‰v tamWn-‰-dnwKvkan-Xnsb {]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

hnZym- ym-k-cw-KsØ \qX\ {]h-W-X-Isf Dƒs°m-≈msX ]nd-tIm v hen-°p∂ \b-߃ cq]o-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ P\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Znbpw B[p-\nI hnZym- ymk

Bi-b-ß-fpsS kzoI¿Øm-hp-ambA[ym-]-I\v AXns\ FXn¿t°-≠n-hcpw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v B[p-\nI hnZym-`ymk Nn¥m-[m-c-Iƒ°v A\p-kr-X-ambnaqey-\n¿Wb coXn tIc-f-Øn¬ amdn-h-cp-tºmƒ yqU¬ hnZym- ymk k{º-Zm-b-Øn-\-\p-Kp-W-amb Xc-Øn¬ hnZym- ym-ksØ ]co£m tI{μo-Ir-X-am°n ]T-\t_m[\ {]h¿Ø-\-sØ-bmsI A´n-a-dn-°m≥ {ian-°p-tºmƒ \√ A[ym-]-I¿°v AXns\ FXn¿t°-≠n-hcpw. Hcp\√ A[ym-]-I≥ P\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-ZnbpwAXp-sIm≠v Xs∂ \ne-\n¬°p∂hyh-ÿ-Isf hna¿-i\]c-ambnImWp∂ Bfp-am-bn-cn-°pw. CØcwA[ym-]-I-tcm-Sv Ak-ln-jvWpX Im p∂,Ah-cpsS k¿Km-fl-I-Xsb Xf¿Øp∂,Hcp kwhn-[m-\-ambn amdm≥ ^yqU¬Xmev]-cy-߃°v ta¬ss° e`n-°p∂Hcp cmjv{Sob `cW A¥-co-£-Øn¬Ffp-∏-am-Wv. F{X \√ \n¿t±-i-߃apt∂m´p hbv°ptºmgpw AXns‚\m\mL -߃ ]cn-tim-[nt® \ne-]m-Sp-I-fn-te°v FØm≥ Ign-bq. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ hnZym- ymk ]mt°-PnsekzmK-Xm¿l-sa∂v Cu L´-Øn¬tXm∂p∂ \n¿t±-i-ß-f-S°w {]mtbm-KnIXe-Øn¬ \S-∏m-°p∂ L -Øn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ hnZym- ym-k-]-chpw kmaq-ln-I-hp-amb t\ -tIm- -߃ hni-Z-ambn N¿®-sN-ø-s∏-S-Ww. A[ym-]I kaq-lhpw amt\-Pp-sa‚p-Iƒ°p-a-∏pdw hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚

{]Xy-£hpw ]tcm-£-hp-amb ]¶m-fn-I-fp-ambn hni-Z-ambn kwh-Zn-°p-Ibpw A n-{]mb ka-\zbw D≠m-°n-sb-Sp-°p-IbpwsNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.

26 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N -°q-Sn-s‚bpw tIcf ]mTy-]-≤Xn N -°q-Sn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ ]cn-jvI-cn-®-t∏mƒ Db¿∂p-h∂ ]pXnb hmZ-amWv GIo-IrX kne-_kpw F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw BWv tIc-f-Øn¬ \S-∏m-t°-≠XvF∂v. kvIqƒ hnZym- ym-k-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v hnhn[A°m-Z-anI kan-Xn-I-fn¬ AwK-ß-fmbn {]h¿Øn®Bfp-Iƒt]mepw GIo-IrX kne-_-kv, F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ XpS-ßnb Cu ]pXnb ]Z-{]-tbm-K-ß-fn¬ kwi-b-Nn-Ø-cm-bn. ]pXnb ]mTy-]-≤Xn tIc-f-Ønse hnZym-e-b-ß-fn¬ \S-∏m-°n-Øp-S-ßn-bn´v 14 h¿jw Ign-™p. ss{]adnXe-Øn¬ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ aq∂p-X-hW ]cn-jvI-cn®p Ign-™p.At∏m-sgm∂pw Xs∂ F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ \S-∏n-em-°-W-sat∂m kvIqƒ hnZym-`ym-k-Øn\v Hscm‰ kne-_kv aXn Ft∂m D≈ Hcp A`n-{]mbw Db¿∂p-tI-´-Xmbn Adn-bn-√. Hcp ]t£]pXnb ]mTy-]-≤Xn Bcw- n® 97 Ime-L- -Øn¬ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-sØbpw ]T-\-co-Xn-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw Db¿∂ hnhm-Z-ß-fn-sem∂pw Xs∂ ]mTy-]-≤Xn N -°qSv (Curriculum

GIo-IrX kne-_kv:

{]N-c-Whpw hkvXp-X-Ifpw

26 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

hnZym- ymkwkn. a[p-kq-Z-\≥

tZiob hnZym-`ymk ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ hnZym- ym-k-Øn-eqsS hnZym¿∞nI-fn¬t\Sn-sb-Sp-t°≠ kmwkvIm-cnIhpw hnZym-`ym-k]c-hp-ambIgn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw Adn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw kam-lr-X-enÃmbn ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-sb-°m-Wmw. hyXykvXkwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS kwK-a- q-an-bmb C¥ybp-sS _lpkzc-XsbAwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v, C¥y-bpsStZiob hnZym-`ym-k-\-b-Øns\{]Xn-^-en∏n-°p∂ H∂m-IWw]mTy-]-≤-Xn. CXv kwÿm-\-߃°v Ah-cpsS `mj-bp-sSbpwkmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-I-Øn-s‚bpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kzX-{¥-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂H∂mbpw 1986˛se F≥.-]n.C bpw1992˛se t{]m{Kmw Hm^vB£\pw hn`m-h\w sNøp∂p.

imkv{X-KXn 27

Framework) kne_kv F∂nh kw_-‘n® Kuc-h-X-c-amb N¿®-Iƒ \S-∂n-´p-an-√. F∂m¬ F≥.-Un.F k¿°m-cns‚ ImeØv ]pd-Øn-d-°nb F≥.-kn.-F^v ˛ 2000 Øns‚ kao-]-\-ß-fnepw A°m-Z-anI hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T-\-D-≈-S°w kw_-‘n® \n¿t±-i-ß-fnepw Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb "Imhn-hXvI-cW' (Saffronisation) LS-I-ß-fmWv Hcp]mTy-]-≤Xn N -°q-Sns‚ {]m[m-\yhpwkzm[o-\hpw hy‡-am-°n-b-Xv.

]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°qSpw ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw

]mTy-]-≤Xn (Curriculum) F∂m¬Hcp tImgvkn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb ]T-\-hn-j-b-ß-fpsS ]´n-I-bmbn s]mXpsh]d-bm-dp-≠v. F∂m¬ CXv ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bpsS Hcp `mKw am{Xsa BIp.]mTy-]-≤-Xn-sb-∏‰n sk°-≠dn FUyq-t°-j≥ IΩo-j≥ apt∂m´v h®Bibw CXm-Wv. "Curriculum does notmean only the academic subjects tradi-tionally taught in the school but it includestotality of experiences that a pupilrecieves through manifold activities thatgo on in the school, in the classroom,library, laboratory, workshop, playgroundsand in the numerous informal contactsbetween teachers and pupils AYhmHcp hnZym¿∞n°v kvIqfn¬ e`n-°p∂A\p-`-h-ß-fpsS BsI-Øp-I-bmWv]mTy-]-≤-Xn.

tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N -°qSv 2005(NCF - 2005) s‚ Icn-°pew, kne-_-kv, ]mT-]p-kvXI s]mkn-j≥ t]∏-dn¬ CXv Ipd-®p-IqSn hni-Z-am-°n-bn- p-≠v. "Curriculum is perhaps best thoughtof as that set of planned activities whichare designed to implement a particulareducational aim - set of such aims in termsof the content of what is to be taught andknowledge, skills and attitude which areto be deliberalely fostered together withstatement of criteria for selection ofcontent and choices in the methods,materials and evaluation'. tZiob hnZym-`ymk ImgvN-∏m-Sns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-eqsS hnZym¿∞nIƒt\Sn-sb-Sp-t°≠ kmwkvIm-cnIhpwhnZym- ym-k]c-hp-amb Ign-hp-I-fp-sSbpwAdn-hp-I-fp-sSbpw kam-lr-X-enÃmbn]mTy-]-≤-Xn-sb-°m-Wmw. hyXykvXkwkvIm-c-ß-fpsS kwK-a-`q-an-bmbC¥ybp-sS _lpkzc-Xsb AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v, C¥y-bpsS tZiob hnZym-`ym-k-\-b-Øns\ {]Xn-^-en∏n-°p∂H∂m-IWw ]mTy-]-≤-Xn. CXv kwÿm-\-߃°v Ah-cpsS `mj-bp-sSbpwkmwkvIm-cnI ss]Xr-I-Øn-s‚bpw

ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ kzX-{¥-ambn cq]-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp∂ H∂mbpw 1986 se F≥.-]n.C bpw 1992 se t{]m{Kmw Hm^vB£\pw (POA) bpw hn`m -h\wsNøp∂p.

F∂m¬ kvIqƒ ]mTy-]-≤XntZiob hnZym- ymk \bsØ kzmwio-I-cn-t°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn\v sshhn-[y-ßsf AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂Xpw \ΩpsSkm[y-X-Isf ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂-Xp-ambtIm¿L-S-I-߃ Fs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂vs]mXp-hn¬ cq]-s∏-Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v.CXn-\p-th-≠n-bmWv 1973 ¬ tI{μ-K-h¨sa‚ns‚ hnZym-`ymk kmaq-ly-t£-a-a-{¥m-ebw Hcp {iaw Bcw-`n-®-Xv. 10+2 ]mt‰-Wn-ep≈ Hcp hnZym`ymkk{º-Zm-b-Øn-\mbn 1975 ¬ cq]o-I-cn®tcJ-bm-Wv "The Curriculum for Ten YearSchool A Framework'. Cu tcJ-bmWvkvIqƒ ]mTy-hn-j-b-߃, kvIqƒhnZym-`ym-k-Ønse hnhn[ ]T-\-L-´-߃ (ss{]adn I - V, A∏¿ ss{]adnVI - VII, sk°-≠dn IX - X) ]T\ aWn°q-dp-Iƒ Ch kw_-‘n® \n¿t±-i-ßfpw{]h¿Ø-\m-[n-jvTnX ]T-\kma{Kn-Ifpw BZy-ambn \n¿t±-in-®-Xv. ]n∂oSv1986 se F≥.-]n.C bpsS XpS¿®-bmbn"National Curriculum for Elementary andSecondary Education - A framework(1988) ]pd-Øn-d-ßn. Cu N -°q-Sn-emWv"Ah-iy-\n-e-hm-c-]-T\w' (Minimum levelsof learning) \nc-¥-chpw ka-{K-hp-amb

1975 \ptijw F√mkwÿm-\-ßfpw Xß-fpsS kvIqƒ hnZym- ym-k-{]-{Inb cq]-s∏-Sp-ØnbXv tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb]mTy-]-≤Xn N -°q-Sn¬Du∂n-bmWv. F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn Xøm-dm-°p∂]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw,sF.kn.-F-kv.C ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw hnhn[kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-IƒXøm-dm-°p∂ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw Cu s]mXp-N- -°qSv \n¿t±-in®]T-\-hn-j-b-ß-fp-sSbpwD≈-S-°-Øn-s‚bpwASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv

28 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

aqey-\n¿Wbw (CCE) sSIvt\m-f-Pn-bpsSD]-tbm-Kw, A[ym-]n-I-hn-Zym-`ymk-Øns‚ ]p\x-kw-Lm-S\w F∂nh\n¿t±-in-°-s∏-´-Xv. c≠p-h¿jsØ{]o -ss{]adn tÃPv, 8 h¿jsØ Fen-sa-s‚dn hnZym-`ymkw 2 h¿jsØsk°-≠dn hnZym-`ymkw F∂o LS-I-߃ Cu taJ-e-bn¬ hn`m-h\wsNøp-∂p.

]n∂oSv F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn ˛ 1999¬ 12 h¿jsØ kvIqƒ hnZym-`ymkL´sØ ka-{K-ambn I≠psIm≠v ]pd-Øn -d -°nb tcJ-bmWv NationalCurriculum Framework for SchoolEducation (2000). c≠p h¿jsØ ECE,8 h¿jsØ Fen-sa‚dn L´w, 2h¿jsØ sk°-≠dn, 2 h¿jsØlb¿ sk°-≠dn L´w F∂n-h-bmWvCu tcJ-bn¬ hn`m-h\w sNbvXn-cp-∂-Xv. amXr-`mjm hnZym-`ym-k-Øns‚F√m L´-ß-fn-sebpw ]T-\-am-[y-a-ambn ip]m¿i sNbvXn-cp-∂p. ]T-\-hn-j-b-߃, aqey-߃,-aq-ey-\n¿Wbw,kvIqƒ amt\-Pvsa‚ v F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ IrXy-amb \n¿t±-i-ßfpw CutcJ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.

1986 se NPE bn¬ \n¿t±-in-®n-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse 5 h¿jØnsem-cn-°¬ ]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ ]cn-jvI-cWw \S-Øm≥F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn \S-Ønb {ia-amWvNCF - 2005.

]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw kne-_kpw]mTy-]-≤Xn ]cn-jvI-c-W-Øn-

s‚bpw ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°q-Sn-s‚bpwhni-Z-amb Ncn{Xw {]Xn-]m-Zn-®Xv C¥y-bpsS hnZym-`ymk Ncn-{X-Øn¬ ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw (Curriculum) kne-_kpw

Htc A¿∞-Øn¬ ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-Sm-\n-S-bmb kμ¿`w hy‡-am-°m-\mWv.]mTy-]-≤Xn tcJ-Iƒ kvIqfn-tem,A[ym-]-I-cpsS ssII-fntem FØp-∂n-√. adn®v Ah-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬Xøm-dm-°p∂ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ am{X-amWv {][m\ N¿®°v hnj-b-am-Ip-∂-Xv. AtXmsS kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkwhnhn[ hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T\w am{X-ambn Npcp-°-s∏- p. hnim-e-amb A¿∞-Øn¬ Ip´n-bpsS hnhn[ tijn-Iƒap≥\n¿Øn-bp≈ _lp-ap-J-{]-h¿Ø-\-߃ Bhn-jvI-cn®p \S-∏m-°p∂CSw F∂-Xn¬ \n∂v imkv{Xhpw KWn-Xhpw kmaq-ly-im-kv{Xhpw mj-Ifpw]Tn-∏n-°p∂ CS-ß-fmbn hnZym-e-b-߃Npcp-ßn. Cu hnj-b-ß-fpsS ]T\D≈-S°w F∂-Xmbn kne-_-kv.AXn¬Xs∂ 1975 \ptijw F√mkwÿm-\-ßfpw Xß-fpsS kvIqƒhnZym- ym-k-{]-{Inb cq]-s∏-Sp-ØnbXvtZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ ]pd-Øn-d-ßnb ]mTy-]-≤Xn N -°q-Sn¬ Du∂n-bmWv. F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn Xøm-dm-°p∂ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw, sF.kn.-F-kv.C ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw hnhn[ kwÿm\ k¿°m-cp-Iƒ Xøm-dm-°p∂ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpwCu s]mXp-N-´-°qSv \n¿t±-in® ]T-\-hn-j-b-ß-fp-sSbpw D≈-S-°-Øn-s‚bpwASn-ÿm-\-Øn-em-Wv. F∂m¬ 1975apX¬ tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°q-Sp-Iƒ \n¿t±-in® 5 + 3 + 2 + 2 ]mt‰¨CXp-h-scbpw \mw kzoI-cn-®n- n√.

Cu L´-hy-Xymkw ]Sn-]-Sn-bmbn]mT-]p-kvXI D≈-S-°-Øn¬ {]Xn-^-en-®p-Xp-S-ßn. 1 apX¬ 5 hsc ¢m p-I-fn-embn F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ ssIImcyw sNøp∂ hnj-b-ßfpw (EVS DZm-l-c-Ww) D≈-S-°-ßfpw ChnsS 1 apX¬ 4 hsc ¢mkp-I-fn-embn hn\y-kn-°-s∏-´n-cn-°p-∂p.F∂m¬ 5 apX¬ 7 hsc-bp≈ aq∂p-¢m- p-I-fn¬ ChnsS ]Tn-∏n-°p∂ hnj-b-ß-fpsS D≈-S° {Iao-I-cWw tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ 6 -˛ 8 ¢m p-I-fn¬ hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. ChnsS Cu ¢m p-I-fn¬]Tn-∏n-°p-∂Xv AXXp hnj-b-Øn¬Un{Kn D≈ s{Sbn≥Uv {KmtPz‰v So®¿BWv. 9 apX¬ 12 hsc-bp≈ D≈-S-°-am-I-s , tZio-b-X-e-Øn¬ Hscm‰ bqWn-‰mbn ]c-kv]c _‘n-X-ambn D≈-S-°whn\y-kn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂XvPGT (Post Graduate Teacher). Cu L´-hn-`-P-\-{]iv\w tIhew ¢m p-IƒFhnsS Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-s∏-Sp∂p F∂-Xp-am-{X-a-√. hnj-b-Øn-s‚ Spiralling, D≈-S-°-Øns‚ Bghpw, Ah-X-c-W-co-Xn-bpw, ]c-kv]-c-_-‘w, {]{In-bm-[n-jvTn-X-amb ]T-\-co-Xn, A[ym-]-Is‚ hnj-

tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ Hcmƒ°v F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn bpsS kne-_-kv, F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.SnbpsS ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃Ch XΩn¬ F¥p-am{Xw]mc-kv]cyw Ds≠∂pXncn-®-dn-bmw. C¥y-bnseC‚¿\m-j-W¬kvIqfpIfn¬ ]n¥p-S-cp∂ tIw{_n-UvPns‚IGCSE kne-_kpw]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fp-am-Wv.Chbpw F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fpw, tIcf kne-_kv]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpwHtc D≈-S-°hpwhnj-b-k-ao-]-\-hp-amWvkzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw ImWmw

imkv{X-KXn 29

b-Øn-ep≈ Ah-t_m-[w, Ch-bn-sems° {]Xn- -en-°p-∂p.

Cu tZiob kne-_kv (CBSE, ICSE)tIcf kne-_kv hyXymkw Hcpkm[m-cW c£n-Xm-hn\p, F¥n\vhnZym- ym-k-ta-J-e-bn¬ {]h¿Øn-°p-∂-h¿°p-t]mepw s]s´∂v \ne-hmchyXym-k-ambpw D≈-S°w Ipsd-°qSnKl-\-am-b-Xm-bpw, {]{Inb Ipsd-°qSnanI-®-Xmbpw H‰-t\m-´-Øn¬ tXm∂n-∏n°pw.

bYm¿∞-Øn¬ 1975 apX¬ Xs∂tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°q-Sn-s‚bpwF≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fp-sSbpw amXrI ]n¥p-S¿∂mWv tIc-f-Ønse ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw hn\y-kn-®n-´p≈-Xv. 90 Ifn¬tIc-f-Øn¬ Bcw-`n® MLL ]mTy-]-≤Xn 1988 se ]mTy-]-≤Xn N -°q-Sns‚ASn-ÿm\ \n¿t±-i-Øns‚ e-am-Wn-sX∂v \ap°v ImWmw.

F∂m¬ 1997 apX¬ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fpsS D≈-S° {Iao-I-c-W-ØnepwAh-X-c-W-co-Xn-bnepw aqey-\n¿W-b-apƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Imcy-ß-fnepw \mwF≥.-kn.-C.B¿.Sn.bv°pt]mepw amXr-I-bm-bn. NCF - 2005 s‚ t^m° v t]∏-dp-I-fnepw F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn Xbm-dm-°nb ]pXnb ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fnepwCu ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fpsS kzm[o-\hpw˛ km[y-X-Ifpw hy‡-am-°p-∂p-≠v.1997 se 3˛mw ¢m v KWnX ]mT-]p-kvX-I-Ønse KWnX {]h¿Ø\w 2007¬ F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn ]pd-Øn-d-°nb4˛mw ¢m v KWnXØn¬ AtX-t]mseImWmw. tZiob ]mTy-]-≤Xn N -°qSv2005 ¬ C°mcyw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p-≠v.Cu tcJ-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ F√mkwÿm-\-ßfpw Xß-fpsS ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw ]cn-jvI-cn-°-W-sa∂ tI{μ-am-\-h-hn-`-h-tijna{¥m-e-b-Øns‚ \n¿t±iw ]n¥p-S¿∂mWv tIcfw KCF 2007 ]mTy-]-≤-Xnbpw 10˛mw ¢m p-h-sc-bp≈ ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw ]cn-jvI-cn-®-Xv. Cu tcJ-Iƒ ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ Hcmƒ°v (NCF- 2005, KCF - 2007, 1 apX¬ 10 hsc-bp≈ ]pXnb ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃) F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn bpsS kne-_-kv, F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn bpsS ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃Ch XΩn¬ F¥p-am{Xw ]mc-kv]cywDs≠∂p Xncn-®-dn-bmw. C¥y-bnseC‚¿\m-j-W¬ kvIqfpIfn¬ ]n¥p-S-cp∂ tIw{_n-UvPns‚ IGCSE kne-_kpw ]mT-]p -kvX-I-ß-fp -am-Wv.Chbpw F≥.-kn.-C.-B¿.Sn ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ß-fpw, tIcf kne-_kv ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ßfpw Htc D≈-S-°hpw hnj-b-k-ao-]-\-hp-amWv kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-sX∂pw

ImWmw. F∂m¬ IGCSE bn¬ History,Geography, Science Ch°v Ordinarylevel, Advance level F∂v th¿Xn-cn-hp-≠v. KCF-2007 ¬ C°mcyw \b-]-c-ambnDƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. F∂m¬ CXv NCF- 2005 ¬ C√. tZiob Xe-tØ-°mƒtIcfw hnZym-`ym-k-Øn¬ ap∂n¬\n¬°p-∂-Xns‚ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWvCu Imcyw KCF - ¬ N¿®-sN-øp-∂-Xv.10˛mw ¢m n\pw 12˛mw ¢mkn\pw tij-ap≈ ]T\-Øn -\n -S -bn¬ Hmtcmh¿jhpw 2 e£w Ip´n-Iƒ hoX-amWvhnZym- ym-k-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øp-t]m-Ip-∂-Xv. Ch-cmWv A`y-kvX-hn-Zy-cmbsXmgn-en-√m-∏S/sXmgn-e-dn-bm-∏-S-bmbn,\ΩpsS kaq -l-Øn¬ hnhn['ssh‰vtIm-f¿' GP≥kn-∏-Wn-IƒGs‰-SpØp Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. Chsc°qSnDƒs°m-≈m-\p≈ hnZym-`ym-k-amWvKCF ¬ \n¿t±-in® HºXmw ¢mkn-ep≈ 'O' eh¬ A eh¬.

CXmWv bmYm¿∞y-sa-¶n¬ GIo-IrX kne-_kv F∂ apd-hnfn F¥n-\p-th-≠n-bp-≈-Xm-Wv? tIc-f-Øn¬ aXkmaq-ln-I-i-‡n-Iƒ°v A{]n-b-ambNn¥-Iƒ Ip´n-I-fn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ ]pXnb]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃, hna¿i-\m-flINn¥ t]mjn -∏n -°p∂ ⁄m\-\n¿ΩnXn ]T-\-{]-{Inb Ch Hgn-hm°nNCERT ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ \S-∏m-°-Ww.

NCF - 2005 s\ ASn -ÿm-\ -am°nbmWv NCERT bpw tIc-f-Øn¬SCERT bpw kne-_kv ]mT-]p-kvX-Ihpw Xbm-dm-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ tamSnIqSp-X-ep≈ NCERT ]mT-]p-kvXIw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn¬ F¥mWv sX‰v F∂t√?]mTy-]-≤Xn N´-°q-Sns‚ \n¿h-l-W-hp-ambn _‘-s∏ v NCERT bnse Fkv.-sI. bmZ-hns‚ Hcp ]T\ dnt∏m¿´p-

≠v. AXn¬ \n¿t±-in-®n-´p≈ NneImcy-߃ CXn¬ {]k-‡-am-sW∂pIcp-Xp-∂p.

$ U¬ln, alm-cm-jv{S, DØ-cm-©¬, e£-Zzo]v F∂o kwÿm-\-߃]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ `qan-im-kv{X-]-chpwkmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb X\-Xp-L-S-I-߃]mTy-]-≤-Xn-bn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

$ aWn-∏q¿, _wKmƒ, \mKm-em‚ v,bp.]n {]tZiv F∂o kwÿm-\-߃Xß-fpsS {]mtZ-inI DZm-l-c-W-߃,`qan -imkv{X khn -ti -j-X -Iƒ,kmwkvIm-cnI X\n-a-Iƒ F∂nh ]mT-`m-K-߃, Bi-b-߃ Ch hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v IqSp-X¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww.

F¥mWv CXv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.C¥y-bpsS sshhn-[ysØ NCERT ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃°v Dƒs°m-≈m-\m-hp-I-bn-√. DZm-l-c-W-Øn¬ ssiXy-Im-ew,AXns‚ {]tXy-I-X, khn-ti-j-]-T\wtIc-f-Ønse Ip´n -Iƒ ss{]adn¢mkn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ Fß-s\-bmhpw Ah¿ Bibw kzmwio-I-cn-°p-I. DØ-tc -¥y -bnse Uk-\pw,t{Kmkpw a‰v {]mtZ-inI Af-hp-IfpwD]-tbm-Kn®v sa{SnIv knÃ-Øn-te°vIp´nsb ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ NCERTbnse KWnX ]pkvXIw tIc-f-ØnseIp´n°v KWn-X-]-T-\-Øns\ klm-bn-°ptam XI¿°ptam?

GsXmcp {]N-c-W-Øn\pw hnhm-Z-Øn\pw XpS-°-an-Sp-∂-Xn-\p-apºv hkvXp-X-Iƒ Adn-bm\pw At\z-jn-°m\pw ae-bm-fn-Iƒ C\n F∂mWv ]Tn-°p-I. "ae-bmf' samgn-sb√mw \ap°v ]YyhpwtIa-hp-amWv. \ΩpsS ta∑sb ImWm≥IÆn-s√¶nepw ]pdØp \n∂p hcp-∂-Xns\ "IÆp-Xp-d∂p' kzoI-cn-°m-s\-¶nepw ae-bmfn ]Tn-t°-≠Xp≠v.

30 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

hnZym- ymkwtUm. Sn. iin-[-c≥, tUm. hn.-Pn. {iotZhn

kvIqfp-Iƒ D≠m-bn-h-∂Xp apX¬,F√m Ip´n-Ifpw hnZym- ymkw t\Sn-bn-cn-°Ww F∂ [mcW kaq-l-Øn¬{]_-e-am -b -Xp -ap -X¬, ap∏tXm\m¬]tXm Ip´n-Isf H∂n-®n-cpØn Hcpamtjm So®tdm ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂-XmWvhnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ amXrI F∂v \mwIcp-Xm≥ XpS-ßn-bXp apX¬ Hcp{]iv\w hnZym- ymk {]h¿Ø-I-cpsSap∂n¬ Iodm-ap-´n-bmbn Ah-X-cn®p:Ip´n-I-fpsS _p≤n-ap- p-Ifpw ]cm-P-b-ßfpw. \mw {]Xo-£n-°p∂ Xc-Øn¬Ip´n-Iƒ a\- n-em-°p-∂n-√, ]Tn-bv°p-∂n-√- -F¥m sNøpI? G‰hpw Ffp-∏-am-sbmcp hgn-bp-≠v- -tXm¬hn-bpsS DØ-c-hm-ZnØw Ip´n-bpsS ta¬ Nm¿Øn-s°m-Sp-°p-I. Ip nbv°v _p≤n-bn-√m-™n-

]T-\-ssh-I-ey-߃:

Imc-W-sa¥v?´m-Wv, {i≤n-°m-™n- m-Wv, ]cn-{i-an-°m-™n- m-Wv, t]mcm, Ip´n-Iƒ°v ]e-hn-[-Øn-ep≈ tcmK-ß-fp-≈-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv.CXn-\mWv Cc-bp-sS-ta¬ Ip‰-am-tcm-]n-°p∂ {]Xy-imkv{Xw (Victim-blamingideology) F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Ip´n-IsfIp‰w ]d-bp-∂Xv Ffp∏am-°m-\mbn_p≤n-sb-°p-dn®v PmXn hyh-ÿ-bpsSHcp ]cn-I-ev]\ \mw krjvSn-s®-Sp-Øp.Ffp∏w ]Tn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂-hcpw anSp-°-∑m-cp-amb {_m“-W¿ apX¬ ]n≥_-©n-en-cp∂v Dd°w Xqßm≥ am{Xw hn[n-°-s∏- , H∂pw ]Tn-°m≥ tijntbmXmXv]-cytam C√m-Ø, tXm¬hn-am{XwA¿ln-°p∂ Iogmf¿ hsc. CuPmXnhyh-ÿ-bpsS kqN-I-amWv IQ.

a\x»mkv{X-Øn¬ IQ F∂ k¶ev]w

AXn-\n-in-X-ambn hnNm-cW t\cn- -t∏mƒhnZym- ymk {]h¿Ø-I¿°v ]pXnb ]cn-I-ev]-\-Ifpw Bh-iy-ambn h∂p. Aß-s\-bmWv "aμ-]-Tn-Xmhv' (Slow learner)F∂ Hcp k¶ev]w Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂-Xv.aμ-]-Tn-Xmhv F∂mse¥mWv Ft∂mF¥m-W-Xn\v Imc-W-sat∂m A∂pwC∂pw B¿°p-a-dn-bn-√. F∂mepw \nc-h[n Kth-j-W-ßfpw AXn-\-\p-k-cn®vCS-s]-S-ep-Ifpw D≠m-bn. Cu t{iWn-bnse \hm-Xn-Yn-bmWv "]T-\-ssh-Ieyw'F∂-Xv. ]Øn-cp-]Xv sIm√w sIm≠v\nc-h-[n-bmb ]T-\-߃, N¿®-Iƒ, ]cn-io-e-\-߃, hnZ-Kv[¿, C≥Ãn-‰yq-´p-Iƒ.....-am-{X-tam, Xß-fpsS Ip´n°v ]T-\-ssh-I-ey-am-sW∂v km£y-s∏-Sp-Øn-°n- m≥ c£n-Xm-°-fpsS \o≠-\n-c.

Fgp-Øv, hmb\ F∂n-h-bn¬ kmc-amb _p≤n-ap- p-I-fp-≠m-hm≥ hgn-h-bv°p-∂XmWv {]mb-am-hp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp≈ ]T-\w. AXm-bXv {]o kvIqfp-I-fn¬ ˛F¬.-sI.-Pn., bp.-sI.-Pn. ¢mkp-I-fn¬˛FgpØpw hmb-\bpw ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-∂Xv]e-Xcw {]iv\-߃ krjvSn-°pw. amXr- mj hmbn-°m\pw Fgp-Xm\pw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv as‰mcp `mj ]Tn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂Xv hfsc henb _p≤n-ap- p-Iƒ°vImc-W-am-hpw. CXpw tIc-f-Øn¬ hym]Iambn kw -hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

imkv{X-KXn 31

\ΩpsS ]Øp-i-X-am\w Ip´n-Iƒ°vCß-s\-sbmcp sshI-ey-ap-s≠-∂mWv]T-\-߃ ImWn-°p-∂-Xv. BZy-anXvap∏-Xp-i-X-am-\-Øn\p apI-fn¬ F∂m-bn-cp∂p Is≠Ønbncp-∂-Xv. A{Xbpw]d-™m¬ IS∂ ssIøm-hnt√ F∂pIcp-Xn-bm-hWw ]ns∂-bXv Ipd-®p-IqSneLq-I-cn-®p. CsX-ßs\ km[n®pF∂v A¤pXw tXm∂p-∂pt≠m?Is≠-Øp∂ kq{X-hnZy Adn-bm-™n-´m-Wv. hmb-\, Fgp-Øv, IW-°nse{]mY-anI tNmZy-߃ F∂n-h-bn¬ Hcp]co£ \S-Øp-∂p. ap∏Xp iX-am\wIp´n-Iƒ tXm‰p. A{Xbpw th≠, Iptd-°qSn DZm-c-ambn am¿°n-Smw. AXym-hiyw tamU-td-j≥ sImSp-°mw. ew?tXm¬hn-bpsS iX-am\w kmc-ambnIpd™v ]Øn-se-Øn. icn, aXn,Ct∏mƒ A¥m-cmjv{S \ne-hm-c-Øn-se-Øn-t®¿∂p.

]Øpw ap∏-Xp-a-√, AºXv iX-am-\-sa-¶nepw D≠mhpw F∂mWv Rß-fpsS IW-°v. shdp-samcp Dul-a-√.teJ-I-cn¬ Hcmƒ (tUm. Sn. iin-[-c≥) 1990˛91 ImeØv ]me-°mSv Pn√-bnse 15 kvIqfp-I-fn¬\n∂pw c≠m-bn-c-tØmfw ]Ømw ¢mkv hnZym¿∞n-I-fn¬ Hcp ]T\w \S-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.IW-°nse _me-]m-T-߃ F{X-t]¿°-dnbmw F∂-dn-bm-\p≈ efn-X-am-sbmcp ]co-£-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ew sR´n-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. km[m-cW Iq´¬ (k-¶-e-\w) Adn-bm-Ø-h¿ 12%, Ipd-bv°¬Adn-bm-Ø-h¿ 27%, sNdnb KpW-\hpwlc-Whpw Adn-bm-Ø-h¿ \mev]XpiX-am-\-Øn\p apI-fn¬. `n∂-kw-Jy,Zimw-i-kw-Jy, t]mkn-‰o-hv-˛-s\-K-‰ohvkwJy-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS efn-X-amb{Inb-Iƒ Adn-bm-Ø-h-cpsS iX-am\wAº-Xn\p apI-fn¬. 3/4+1/2 F∂tNmZyw sX‰n-®-h¿ 89%. AXm-bXv]Øp-sIm√w kvIqfn¬ IW°v ]Tn-®n´ v ]IpXn Ip´n -Iƒs°-¶nepwAXns‚ G‰hpw {]mY-an-I-amb _me-]m-T-߃ t]mepw Adn-™p-Iq-Sm.\ΩpsS AºXp iX-am\w Ip´n-Iƒ°vFs¥-¶nepw tcmK-apt≠m Cuizcm?Fs¥-¶nepw am‰m-\m-hmØ sshI-ey-߃?

IY Cßs\ Bb-Xp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw "]T-\-ssh-Ieyw'F∂ k¶-ev]-Ønepw ]c-kv]-c-hn-cp-≤-ambn \ne-\n¬°p∂ AXns‚ \nc-h[n \n¿h-N-\-ß-fnepw hni-Zo-I-c-W-ß-fnepw kmc-amb ]mI-∏n-g-Iƒ ImW-s∏-SmsX hø. Fgp-Øv, hmb\ F∂n-h-bpsS Imcy-sa-Sp-°p-I. Ch-bn¬ Ip´n-Iƒ t\cnSp∂ {]bm-k-ß-fnepw ]cm-P-b-ß-fnepw apJy ]¶v kvIqfp-Iƒ°pw

\ne-\n¬°p∂ hnZym- ymk k{º-Zm-b-߃°p-am-Wv. AXv IW-°n-se-Sp-°m-sX, Fgp-Øv, hmb\ F∂nh th≠-t]mse kzmb-Ø-am-°n-bn- n-√mØ \qdvIp´n -Isf FSpØv Ah¿°vFs¥ms° ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Ipg-∏-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv- - m-jm-]cw, sshIm-cn-Iw, _p≤n-]-cw, imco-cn-Iw, \yqtdm-f-Pn-°¬- -F∂v Kth-jWw \S-Øn-bm¬kzm`m-hn-I-ambpw icn-bmb H∂pw-Xs∂Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ A_-≤-P-Sn-e-\n-K-a-\-ß-fp-ambn Kth-jW ]T-\-߃ cwK-{]-thiw sNøp∂ Akm-[m-c-W-ambÿnXn-hn-tijw kwPm-X-am-hp-∂p.

Ip´n-Iƒ°v Fs¥-¶nepw ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Ipg-∏-ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬ AXv]T-\sØ _m[n°pw F∂ bp‡n-bn¬ Hcp XI-cmdpan√. ]t£ ]T\wt\sc \S-°m-Ø-h¿°p apgp-h≥ XI-cm-dp-I-fp≠v F∂v Xncn®p ]d-bp∂bp‡n-bn-emWv Ipg-∏w. "]T-\-ssh-Iey'sØ \n¿h-Nn-°p-tºmƒ Cu{]iv\w kvIqfns‚tbm A[ym-]-\-Øn-s‚tbm kmaqly ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bp-sStbm Ipg∏w sIm≠√ F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØWw F∂v ]e-t∏mgpw hy‡-am-°m-dp-≠v. ]t£ Ip´nsb ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ ka-bØv \n¿h-N-\-Øns‚Cu `mKw kuI-cy-]q¿hw ad∂p If-bp-∂p. Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ bmsXmcpXc-Øn-ep≈ Ipg-∏hpw C√mØ \nc-h[n Ip´n-Iƒ "]T-\-ssh-Ieyw' D≈-h-cmbn Is≠-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ah-cpsSGI-{]iv\w th≠-am-Xncn ]Tn-∏n-°-s∏-

Fgp-Øv, hmb\ F∂n-h-bpsS Imcy-sa-Sp-°p-I.Ch-bn¬ Ip´n-Iƒt\cnSp∂ {]bm-k-ß-fnepw ]cm-P-b-ß-fnepwapJy ]¶v kvIqfp-Iƒ°pw \ne-\n¬°p∂hnZym-`ymk k{º-Zm-b-߃°p-am-Wv. AXv IW-°n-se-Sp-°m-sX, Fgp-Øv,hmb\ F∂nh th≠-t]mse kzmb-Ø-am-°n-bn- n-√mØ \qdv Ip´n-IsfFSpØv Ah¿°vFs¥ms° ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Ipg-∏-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv- - m-jm-]cw, sshIm-cn-Iw, _p≤n-]-cw, imco-cn-Iw, \yqtdm-f-Pn-°¬-˛-F∂v Kth-jWw \S-Øn-bm¬ kzm`m-hn-I-ambpwicn-bmb H∂pw-Xs∂Is≠-Øm≥ Ign-bp-I-bn-√.

32 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

´n- n√ F∂-Xp-am-{X-am-Wv. Ahsc t\sc]Tn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ {]iv\w Xocp-IbpwsNøp-∂p. hfsc Ffp-∏-Øn¬ ]cn-l-cn-°-s∏-Sm-hp-∂-XmWv ]T-\-ssh-I-ey-߃ F∂ anYym-[m-cW Cßs\krjvSn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.

F¥n-se-¶nepw sshI-ey-ap≈Ip´nbv°v thsd GsX-¶nepw taJ-e-bn¬ anSp-°p-≠mhpw F∂-XmWv hfschym]-I-amb thsdmcp sX‰n-≤m-c-W.sF≥ssÃ≥ AS-°-ap-≈-h-cpsS DZm-l-c-W-amWv \nc-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. "Xmsckao≥ ]¿' F∂-Xp-t]m-ep≈ t]m∏p-e¿ kn\n-a-Ifpw teJ-\-ßfpw CØcw[mc-W-Iƒ krjvSn-°p-∂-Xn¬ apJy]¶v hln-°p-∂p.

"]T-\-ssh-Ieyw' F∂ k¶-ev]-Øn¬ CØn-cn-s\√pw \ndsb ]XncpwF∂ Ahÿ \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xn-\m¬Cu k¶-ev]sØ XXvImew am‰n-h®vIp´n-I-fpsS ]T-\-{]-bm-k-߃ F∂-Xn¬ {i≤ tI{μo-I-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Fgp-Øv, hmb-\, F∂n-h-bnse_p≤n-ap-´p-Isf a\- n-em-°m-\mWvteJ-\-Øns‚ C\n-bp≈ mKØv {ian-°p-∂-Xv.

Ip´n-I-fp-tS-X-√mØsshI-ey-߃

_p≤n-bpsS a\x-»m-kv{XsØkw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw kp{]-[m-\-am-sbmcp kn≤m¥w - PASS Theory - Ah-X-cn-∏n® sP.-]n.-Zmkv c≠v Imcy-ß-fn-tebv°v \ΩpsS {i≤ £Wn-°p-∂p.

1. Fgp-Øv, hmb\ F∂n-h-bn¬kmc-amb _p≤n-ap- p-I-fp-≠m-hm≥ hgn-h-bv°p-∂XmWv {]mb-am-hp-∂-Xn-\p-ap-ºp≈ ]T-\w. AXm-bXv {]o kvIqfp-I-fn¬ F¬.-sI.-Pn., bp.-sI.-Pn. ¢mkp-I-fn¬ FgpØpw hmb-\bpw ]cn-io-en-∏n-°p-∂Xv ]e-Xcw {]iv\-߃krjvSn-°pw.

2. amXr-`mj hmbn-°m\pw Fgp-Xm\pw ]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv as‰mcp`mj ]Tn-t°-≠n-h-cp-∂Xv hfsc henb_p≤n-ap- p-Iƒ°v Imc-W-am-hpw. CXpwtIc-f-Øn¬ hym]Iambn kw`-hn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂p.

Chbv°p ]pdta H∂mw ¢mkp-ap-X-ep≈ Imcy-ßfpw {][m-\-am-Wv.`mjm-]-T\w imkv{Xo-b-am-hWw F∂-XmWv apJyw. tIc-f-Øn¬ C∂v Kh-s◊‚ v, FbvUUv kvIqfp-I-fn¬ sa®-s∏´ mjm-]-T\w \ne-\n¬°p-tºmƒA¨ FbvUUv kvIqfp -I -fnseAhÿ Xmc-X-tay\ hfsc ]n∂m-°-am-Wv. c≠m-a-Xm-bn, Hmtcm Ip´n°pwhy‡n-]-c-amb {i≤ sImSp-°m≥A[ym-]-I¿°v km[n-°-Ww. C°m-cy-

Øn-emWv \ΩpsS kvIqfp-Iƒ Zb-\o-b-ambn ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. ap∏tXm\mev]tXm Ip´n-Iƒ°v H∂n®v ]T-\m-\p-`-h-߃ sImSp-°p-tºmƒ ]cm-P-b-߃ kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv. Cu ]cm-P-b-ßsf am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xn\v \ΩpsSkvIqfp-Iƒ°v Ign-bp-∂n√ F∂Xv ASn-b-¥c {i≤ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp∂ hnj-b-am-Wv. H∂mw ¢mkn¬\n∂pw th≠tijn-Iƒ B¿Pn-°msX Ip´n c≠mw¢mkn-se-Øp-tºmƒ {]iv\w IqSp-X¬cq£-am-Ip-∂p.

IqSp-X¬ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Ipd®vImcy-߃ kqNn-∏n-°-s´. \ΩpsShnZym-`ymk LS-\, a‰p-]e kmaq-ly-L-S-\-I-tfbpwt]mse AXns‚ At_m-[-Øn¬ PmXn -hy -h-ÿ-bp-sSbpwsImtfm-Wn-b-en-k-Øn-s‚bpw hnØp-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p. PmXo-b-ambpwAXn¬Xs∂ kmº-Øn-I-ambpwDb¿∂-h¿°p-am{Xw hnZym- ymkw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ]≠sØ aqey-t_m[w.\thm-∞m\ {ia-߃ Cu aqey-hy-h-ÿsb tNmZyw sNbvXv hnZym-`ymkwkm¿h- {Xn -I -am -°m≥ bXv\n -®p .At∏mƒ apX¬ hnZym- ymk hyhÿhn]-co-X-amb c≠v ImgvN-∏m-Sp-I-fpsS_me≥knwKv kwhn-[m-\-ambn amdn- -]p-tcm-K-a-t\m-∑p-J-X-bp-tSXpw bmYm-ÿn-Xn -I -X -bp -tS -Xpw. F√m -h¿°pwkvIqfn¬t®cmw F∂p h∂p; F√m-h¿°pw ]Tn®v hnP-bn°mw F∂Ahÿ kwPm-X-am-bn-√. PmXn, kmº-ØnIw F∂n-h-bv°p-]-Icw _p≤n (]-Tn-°m-\p≈ Ign-hv) am\-Z-WvU-ambnamdn. CsXmcp hyXymkw Xs∂-bm-Wv,Xo¿®-bmbpw sIWn-In-S-°p-∂Xv Cuam\-Z-WvU-߃ an°-hmdpw H∂n-®p-t]m-Ip-∂-Xm-sW-∂-Xnem-Wv. ]Tn-°pIF∂ ioew A—-\-Ω-am¿°n-√mØ"H∂mw Xe-ap-d-hn-Zym¿∞n-Iƒ' kvIqfp-I-fn¬ {]bm-k-a-\p- -hn-°m≥ XpS-ßn.am{X-a-√, \s√m-c-f-thmfw hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ D≈-S-°hpw coXn-Ifpw ta¬Ø-´p-Imsc ap∂n¬°-≠p-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.hnZym- ym-k-Øns‚ F√m Imcy-ßfpwHcp-t]mse GIo-I-cn-°-s∏´ Ah-ÿ-bn¬, Cu GIo-I-cWw ta¬Ø- p-ImsctI{μo-I-cn®v \S-∏n¬ h∂ Ah-ÿ-bn¬, hnZym- ymkw Hcp-t]msebp≈-h¿XΩn-e-√mØ a’-c-ambn amdp-Ibpw]cm-Pbw F∂Xv `qcn-`mKw Ip´n-I-fp-sSbpw am®m¬ ambmØ hn[n-bmbnXocp-Ibpw sNøp∂ cwK-amWv Ac-tß-dn-b-Xv. hnZym- ym-k-Ønse hnπ-h-߃]e-t∏mgpw h¿Ø-am-\-Ønepw km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ kz]v\-Ønepw am{X-ambnHXp-ßn. ]ptcm-K-a\ kao-]-\-Øns‚^e-߃ ]eXpw FSp-Øp-]-d-bm-\p-

Ip´n-Iƒ°v Fs¥-¶nepwASn-ÿm-\-]-c-amb Ipg-∏-ß-fp-s≠-¶n¬ AXv ]T-\sØ _m[n°pw F∂bp‡n-bn¬ Hcp XI-cmdpan√. ]t£ ]T\wt\sc \S-°m-Ø-h¿°papgp-h≥ XI-cm-dp-I-fp≠vF∂v Xncn®p ]d-bp∂bp‡n-bn-emWv Ipg-∏w."]T-\-ssh-Iey'sØ\n¿h-Nn-°p-tºmƒ Cu{]iv\w kvIqfns‚tbmA[ym-]-\-Øn-s‚tbmkmaqly ]nt∂m-°m-h-ÿ-bp-sStbm Ipg∏wsIm≠√ F∂v Dd-∏p-h-cp-ØWw F∂v ]e-t∏mgpwhy‡-am-°m-dp-≠v.

imkv{X-KXn 33

s≠-¶nepw H∏w Xs∂ kaq-l-Ønse\ne-\n¬°p∂ kmº-ØnI A[n-Im-c-L-S-\-Iƒ AtX-]Sn ]p\-cm-hn-jvI-cn -°pI F∂ bmYm -ÿn -XnIZuXyhpw kvIqfp-Iƒ \nd-th-‰n. Cß-s\tb km[y-amhq F∂ \n -lm-bXA[ym-]-Isc Bth-in-®p.

]Øp-sIm-√-°mew ]T-\-hp-ambna√-Sn®v hnj-b-ß-fpsS _me-]m-T-ßfpwAdn-hns‚ {]mY-anI tijn-Ifpwkzmb-Ø-am-°m-\m-ImsX in£-I-fp-sSbpw ]cm-P-b-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-lm-k-Øn-s‚bpw BLm-X-߃ Ip´n-Isfth -bm-Sn. Xmsg-Ø- n-ep-≈-h¿°v Xß-sfm-∂n\pw sIm≈-cp-Xm-Ø-h-cmWvF∂ A]-I¿jXm-t_m[w sNe-hn-√msX hf¿Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ ÿm]-\-Øn-\mWv \mw "kvIqƒ' F∂p-hn-fn®pt]mcp-∂-Xv. Cu cq£-amb bmYm-ÿn-XnI aqey-t_m-[-amWv GXv ]cn-jvI-cW {ia-ß-sfbpw D≈n¬\n∂v A´n-a-dn-°p-∂-Xv, ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Isfhgn-]m-Sm°n am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.

ta¬∏-d™ Imcy-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ mjm-]-T-\-Øn\v XS w\n¬°p∂ Imc-W-ßsf \mem°n Xcw-Xn-cn-°mw.

1. Fgp-Øv, hmb\ F∂n-h-bpsS{]m[m\yw Xncn-®-dn-b-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°epw t{]m’m-ln-∏n-°-s∏-Sm-Xn-cn-°epw; Ch-bn-tebv°p \bn-°p∂ap∂-\p- -h-߃ Ip´nbv°v In´m-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv (hn-tKmSvkvIn Fgp-Xnb‘Mind in Society’ F∂ ]pkvX-I-Ønse ‘The Prehistory of Writing’F∂ teJ\w Fgp-Xp-∂-Xns‚ap∂-\p-`-h-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ ]T-\-am-Wv).

2. {]o kvIqfp-I-fn¬ Fgp-Øv, hmb\F∂n-hbv°p Ip´n-Iƒ \n¿_-‘n-X-cm-bn-Øo-cp-∂Xv ({]o kvIqfp-I-fpsS Imcy-ß-fn¬ bmsXmcp \nb-{¥-W-ßfpw sNep-Øm≥ Kh-s◊‚n\p Ign-bm-Xn-cn-°p-∂Xv CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ ]e {]iv\-ßfpw cq£-am-°p∂p).

3. amXr- mj hmbn-°m\pw Fgp-Xm\pw]Tn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv a‰p `mj-Iƒ--{]-tXy-In®pw ae-bm-f-Øn¬\n∂pw

ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn n∂-amb Cw•o-jv-˛ -]-Tn-°m≥ c£n-Xm-°-fpsStaml-ß-fmepw \gvk-dn- -kvIqƒ- -Syq-j≥ sk‚-dp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bpsS_nkn-\kv taml-ß-fmepw Ip´n-Iƒ hnen-®n-g-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

4. hen-sbmcp {Kq∏ns\ H∂n®v ]Tn-∏n-°p-tºmƒ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn kw -hn-t®-°m-hp∂ ]T\ ]cm-P-b-߃]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn¬ hnZym-`ymk

hyhÿ Ip‰-I-c-amb hogvN hcp-Øp-∂-Xv.

CØcw Imc-W-ßfmemWv C∂v ]T-\-ssh-I-ey-߃ F∂v hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ]cn-tim-[n®v Xo¿∏v I¬∏n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp∂ 90 iX-am\w Imcy-ßfpw D≠m-bn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv. Ch-bv°p≈{]Xn-hn[n Xnc-tb-≠Xv hy‡n-]-c-am-b√ F∂¿∞w. Cßs\ _p≤n-ap- -\p-`-hn-°p∂ Ip´n-Isf Ch¿°v Hcp-X-c-Øn-ep≈ sshI-eyhpw C√ F∂vIrXy-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v Iq-Sp-X¬ {i≤-tbm-sS, imkv{Xo-b-ambn ]Tn-∏n-®m¬ am{Xw aXn-bm-Ipw. Ht∂m-¿°pI: Chsc ]Tn-∏n-°m≥ "]T-\-ssh-I-eyØn's‚ Hcp hnZ-Kv[s‚ bmsXm-cm-h-iy-hp-an-√.

Ip´n-I-fpsS Imc-W-߃Fgp-X-s∏´ Imcy-߃ ImgvN-bn-

eqsS Xncn-®-dn™v Ah kwkm-c-Øn-te°v am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-XmWv hmb-\.ImgvN, I≠ Imcy-߃ kwkm-c-Øn-te°v X¿÷a sNø¬, kwkmcwF∂o aq∂v tijn-I-fmWv hmb-\sb\n¿W-bn-°p-∂-Xv. hfsc A]q¿hwIp´n-Iƒ°p am{Xta Ch-bn-te-sX-¶nepw H∂n¬ kmc-amb {]iv\-ß-fp-≠m-hp-I-bp-≈q. Cu aq∂n¬ {]iv\-ap-≠m-bmepw hmb\ ]Tn-∏n-°-e√ ]cn-lm-cw. Ahbv°p hfsc kq£va-ambneuro psychological ]cn-io-e\w AXym-h-iy-am-Wv. Ch-bn¬ c≠p-Xcw {]iv\-߃- -Im-gvN, kwkmcw F∂n-h-bnseASn-ÿm\ {]bm-k-߃-˛-hm-b-\-tb-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ {]mY-an-I-am-Wv. AXm-b-Xv, hmb-\-bntem kam-\-amb at‰-sX-¶nepw A°m-Z-anIv Imcy-ß-fntem HXp-

]Øp-sIm-√-°mew ]T-\-hp-ambn a√-Sn®v hnj-b-ß-fpsS _me-]m-T-ßfpwAdn-hns‚ {]mY-anItijn-Ifpw kzmb-Ø-am-°m-\m-ImsX in£-I-fp-sSbpw ]cm-P-b-Øn-s‚bpw ]cn-lm-k-Øn-s‚bpw BLm-X-߃Ip´n-Isf th -bm-Sn.Xmsg-Ø-´n-ep-≈-h¿°vXß-sfm-∂n\pw sIm≈-cp-Xm-Ø-h-cmWv F∂A]-I¿jXm-t_m[wsNe-hn-√msX hf¿Øm-\p-X-Ip∂ ÿm]-\-Øn-\mWv \mw "kvIqƒ'F∂p-hn-fn®p t]mcp-∂-Xv.Cu cq£-amb bmYm-ÿn-XnI aqey-t_m-[-amWv GXv ]cn-jvI-cW{ia-ß-sfbpwD≈n¬\n∂v A´n-a-dn-°p-∂-Xv, ]pXnb ImgvN-∏m-Sp-Isf hgn-]m-Sm°n am‰n-sb-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.

34 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

ßp-∂-X√ AØcw {]bm-k-߃.AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Ahsb "hmb-\m-ssh-Ieyw' F∂p hnfn-°m≥ ]mSn-√.AXp-sIm≠v ImgvNbv°pw kwkm-c-Øn\pw bmsXmcp Ipg-∏-ß-fp-an-√m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw F∂m¬ Fgp-Øp-`mjkwkmc mj-bm°n X¿Pa sNøp-∂-Xn-ep≈ _p≤n-ap-´p-aqew hmb-\°vAkm-[m-cW {]bm-k-߃ D≠m-bn-h-cn-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ah-ÿsb am{X-amWv "hmb-\m-ssh-Ieyw' (Reading dis-ability) F∂p hnfn-t°-≠-Xv. apºv kqNn-∏n® sP.-]n.-Zmkv ]d-bp∂p:

“Poor reading is too broad and toovague a term and could be reflective of anumber of factors including those asso-ciated with poor environmental conditionssuch as malnutrition, disease, widespreadilliteracy, or poor schooling and instruc-tion. Dyslexia, on the other hand, is morelimited and specific, and can be used tospecify a reading disability associatedwith an inability to translate written lan-guage to speech”. J.P.Das (2009).

C-ß-s\-bp≈ Ip´nbv°v D≈n¬ "5'F∂ cq]-a-dn-bmw, AXv A©v BWvF∂-dn-bmw, 5 F∂-Xns‚ A¿∞-a-dn-bmw, 5 F∂v Bh-iy-s∏- m¬ Fgp-Xm-\-dn-bmw, ]t£ Xm≥ Xs∂ Fgp-Xnb5 CØncn Ign™v hmbn -°m≥]d™m¬ ]‰p-I-bn-√. C∂v "hmb-\m-ssh-Iey'aps≠∂v Is≠-Ø-s∏-Sp∂\qdp-Ip- n-I-fn¬ Ht∂m ct≠m t]¿°p-

am-{Xta Cu bYm¿∞ {]iv\-ap-≈q.teJ-I-cn¬ Hcm-fmb tUm. {iotZhn2008-˛¬ Cu bYm¿∞ {]iv\-Øns‚ap≥ kqNIw Is≠-Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn.AXv \ndw ImWn-®m¬ ]d-bm-\p≈_p≤n-ap-´m-Wv (colour naming withoutcues). Ah¿°v Nph∏v F∂m-se-¥m-sW-∂-dn-bmw, Nph∏v F∂v ]d-bm-\-dn-bmw, Hcp Nph∏v Im¿Uv ]e \nd-Øn-ep≈ Im¿Up-I-fn¬\n∂v sXc-s™-Sp-°m-\-dn-bmw, Htc t]mse-bp≈ \nd-߃ tN¿Øp-h-bv°m-\-dn-bmw (colourmatching), ]t£ Hcp Nph∏v Im¿UvImWn®v CtX-XmWv \ndw F∂p tNmZn-®m¬ ]d-bm≥ ]‰p-I-bn-√. Cu {]iv\-Øns‚ hfsc {]mY-an-I-amb HcpkqNIw sequential processing ¬ D≈_p≤n-ap-´m-sW∂v sP.-]n.-Zmkv Nq≠n-°m- p-∂p.

kwkm-cw, ImgvN, kq£va Nme-I-ti-jn-Iƒ (fine motor activities) F∂nhtN¿∂-XmWv Fgp-Xm-\p≈ tijn. CXn-te-Xn-se-¶nepw {]iv\-ap-s≠-¶n¬ IqSp-X¬ {]mY-an-I-am-b-Xp-sIm≠v "Fgp-Øns‚ sshIeyw' F∂v hnfn-°m≥]mSn-√. Cu aq∂n\pw Hcp Ipg-∏-hp-an-√m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw FgpØv _p≤n-ap-´m-hp-Ibpw sNøp∂ Ah-ÿ-sb-bmWvCu ]Zw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. ImgvN-bn¬\n∂v kq£va Nme-I-ti-jn-bn-te°v X¿Pa sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ _p≤n-ap v (t\m-°n-sb-gp-Xm-\p≈ {]bm-kw),kwkm-c-`mj kq£va Nme-I-ti-jn-

bmbn X¿Pa sNøp-∂-Xn-\p≈ _p≤n-ap´v (tI´ Imcyw/D≈n¬ tXm∂nbImcyw Fgp-Xp-∂-Xn-\p≈ {]bm-kw)F∂n-ßs\ Cu sshIeyw c≠p Xc-Øn-ep-≠v.

]Xn-sc√mw tNdn-s°m-gn® s\√vC{X-am-{Xw. \ΩpsS ]Øv i-X-am-\-°-W°v F{Xtbm Xmtg-bv°p-t]mcpw ]Xn-scm-gn®p \n¿Øn-bm¬. kmaq-ln-I-amb{]iv\-ßsf hy‡n-]-c-amb Xe-Øn¬am{Xw t\m°n-°m-Wp-tºm-gp≈ XI-cm-dp-Iƒ _nkn-\kv XmXv]-cy-ß-fp-ambnssItIm¿°p-∂-XmWv IQ, aμ-]-Tn-Xm-hv,]T-\-ssh-Ieyw, ADHD (Attention Defi-cit Hyperactivity Disorder) F∂n-ßs\\nc-h[n {]tem-`-\ob ]cn-I-ev]-\-Iƒ°v h≥tXm-Xn¬ {]Nmcw \¬Ip-∂-Xv. ]Xn-sc√mw tNdn-s°m-gn-bv°p-tºmƒ _nkn-\- p-Im-cpsS XmXv]cywXmt\ Ah-km-\n-°pw. Hcp Ipg-∏-hp-an-√m-Ø-hsc "NnIn-’n-°m-\mWv'Ah¿°v XmXv]-cyw, AXn-emWv sshZ-Kv[y-hpw.

klmb {KŸ-߃:

1. Das, J.P. (2009) Reading Difficultiesand Dyslexia: An Interpretation forTeachers. New Delhi: Sage Publish-ers.

2. Sreedevi, V.G. (2008) An ExploratoryAnalysis of Developmental Historyand Behavioural Characteristics ofChildren with Learning Disabilities.Ph.D.Thesis, Department of Psychol-ogy, University of Calicut.

imkv{X-KXn 35imkv{X-KXn 35

hnZym- ymkwaRvPp at\mPv

Ct∏mƒ C¥ybn¬ D≈ hnZym`ymkcoXnsb ]‰nbpw kne_ ns\Ipdn®pw Hs° Hcp]mSp Imcy߃-(\√Xpw hna¿i\mflIhpw) ]ecn¬\n∂pw Rm≥ tIƒ°mdp≠v. ]etªmKpIfnepw N¿®Ifpw I≠n-´p-≠v .At∏msgms° hnNmcn°pw"Cuizcm, mKytam \n¿`mKytam Fs‚Ip´nIƒ°v, C¥y≥ coXnbn¬ hnZym-`ymkw e`n°mØXv!! "Nne kabØv\n¿`mKyw F∂v tXm∂mdps≠¶nepw`qcn`mKw kabhpw Aßs\ A√.

Fs‚ aIƒ°v c≠chbkp≈-t∏mgmWv R߃ BZyambn P∏m\n¬FØp∂Xv-. Pm∏\okv Hcphm°vt]mepw AdnbmsX ChnsS h∂ndßn-bt∏mƒ a\ nse Nn¥, IqSnt∏m-bm¬ aq∂ph¿j߃ ChnsS, \μp-

(Fs‚ aIƒ) H∂mw ¢m n¬ BIp-tºmtg°pw Xncn®p C¥ybn¬ t]mI-Ww F∂Xmbncp∂p. Ahƒ Kinder-garten t]mIphm≥ XpSßn. AhfmZy-ambn P∏m\okv kwkmcn°m≥XpSßnbt∏mƒ R߃ kt¥mjn®p.sIm®p thsd Hcp `mj F{XthKw]Tn°p∂p F∂v Al¶cn®p. (]ns∂At√ a\ nembXv Chƒ am{XwA√ F√m Ip´nIfpw Aßs\ Xs∂BWv F∂v!!!) aq∂p h¿j߃ aq∂p\nanjßsf t]mse Ign™p t]mbn.tPmenXnc°nemb a\p C¥ybnte°vt]mIp∂ Imcyw BtemNn®tX C√.

AXn\nSbn¬ tam≥ P\n®p, tamƒH∂mw ¢m n¬ Bbn, Rm≥ Ipsd-sbms° P∏m\okv ]Tn®p.Aßs\Aßs\ ChnSpsØ PohnXhpw

Bbn s]mcpØs]´p. (P∏m\okv]Tn®Imcyw ]d™t∏mƒ BWvHm¿ØXv-, AXv Bcmbmepw ]Tn®pt]mIpw tIt´m... ImcWw as‰mcp`mjbpw ChnsS \Ωsf c£n°m≥hcn√). Kindergarten se Ahkm\h¿jw XpSßn Bdp amkw BIp-tºmƒ Xs∂ B Ip´nIsf H∂mw¢m n¬ tN¿t°≠ ]cn]mSnIƒKhs◊‚ v XpSßn Ignbpw.. \Ωf√tIt´m.. Khs◊‚ v... Kindergarten\n∂pw kvIqƒ sIm≠pt]mbn ImWn-°¬ BZy]Sn.R߃ Xmakn°p-∂Xv I¨{Sn sskUv se Hcp sNdnbSuWn¬ BbXp sIm≠v ChnsSBsI Hcp Fesa‚dn kvIqƒ, HcpPq\nb¿ sslkvIqƒ, ]ns∂ HcpsslkvIqƒ... C{Xbpw BWv D≈Xv.

Pm∏\okv kvIqfpw

Fs‚ Ip´nIfpwC¥ybn¬ D≈ hnZym`ymk coXnsb ]‰nbpw kne_ ns\ Ipdn®pw Hs°Hcp]mSp Imcy߃ ]ecn¬ \n∂pw Rm≥ tIƒ°mdp≠v. ]e tªmKpIfnepwN¿®Ifpw I≠n- p-≠v.At∏msgms° hnNmcn°pw "Cuizcm `mKytam\n¿`mKytam Fs‚ Ip´nIƒ°v, C¥y≥ coXnbn¬ hnZym- ymkw e`n°mØXv!!

36 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

AXXp Gcnbbn¬ Xmakn°p∂h¿AXXp kvIqfn¬ Ip´nIsf tN¿-°Ww F∂v \nbaw D≠v ChnsS....A√msX Xmakw HcnSØv.. kvIqƒ]Øp Intemao‰¿ amdn... B ]cn]mSn\S∏n√.

Aßs\ \μp BZyambn kvIqƒImWm≥ t]mbn... ]ns∂ Hcp ZnhkwkvIqfn¬ \n∂v c£nXm°sf kvIqƒImWm≥ £Wn®p sIm≠p≈ HcpIØv h∂p. \n¿Zn„ Znhkw Rm≥t]mbn,Fs∂ t]mse H∂mw ¢m n¬tNcm≥ t]mIp∂ Hcp]mSp Ip´nIfpsSAΩamcpw.Ahcn¬, B Fesa‚dnkvIqfn¬ Xs∂ ]Tn®hcpw [mcmfw.kvIqƒ hniZambn I≠p, \o¥¬IpfwAS°w F√m kuIcyßfpw D≈kvIqƒ.

]ns∂ saUn°¬ sN°v-A∏n\pwbpWnt^mw Afhv FSp°m\pw thsdHcp Znhkw.. A∂v Ip´nIfpsS hmIv-kn-t\j≥ sN°pw \S∂p.... Aßs\Ahkm\w kvIqƒ Xpd°p∂Xn\pHcp amkw ap≥]v Khs◊‚ v ¬\n∂pw Hcp IØv..."\nßfpsS Ip´n-bpsS kvIqƒ Xpd°p∂ ZnhkwG{]n¬ Ggv BWv, kabw cmhnse8:45 .]cn]mSnbn¬ ]s¶Sp°m≥Zbhmbn hcnI' F∂v.. \Ωps°¥m-{]iv\w... £Ww In´nbXv At√...R߃ kkt¥mjw t]mbn...hfscHu]NmcnIamb Hcp ]cn]mSn BWvAXv... AΩam¿ F√mw IntamW F∂Pm∏\okv ]cºcmKX thjhpw

A—∑m¿ t^m¿a¬ kq´pw. AXp-sIm≠v Rm≥ C¥y≥ ]cºcmKXthjw Bb \ΩpsS kz¥w kmcn-bnepw a\p kq´nepw BWv t]mbXv.(G{]nense XWp∏n¬ kmcn DSpØpt]mbn hnhcw Adn™p F∂Xvthsd Imcyw.)

P∏m\okns\ kw_‘n®nS-tØm-fw CsXmcp henb NS-ßmWv. CXvXs∂ Ip nIƒ Pq\nb¿ sslkvIq-fn¬BZy h¿jw BIptºmgpw sslkvIqfn¬ BZy h¿jw BIptºmgpw.BZy ZnhksØ ]cn]mSn Ign™p]pkvXIßfpw Hs° Bbn R߃aSßn.. ]nt‰∂v apX¬ Ip nIƒ X\nsb\S∂p kvIqfn¬ t]mIm≥ XpSßpw.A∂v hsc Kindergarten ¬ Imdn¬sIm≠v hn ncp∂ Ip nIsf H∂mw ¢m v-apX¬ Xs∂ hnSWw. kvIqfn\v c≠cIntemao‰¿ Np‰fhn¬ hoSv D≈h¿Xo¿®bmbpw \S∂p Xs∂ t]mIWw.AXn¬ IqSpX¬ Zqcw D≈h¿ kvIqƒ_kn¬. BZysØ HcmgvN ASpØvhoSpIfn¬ Db¿∂ ¢m nse Ip´nIƒDs≠¶n¬ AhcpsS IqsS t]mIWw.AXpw t\csØ Xs∂ kvIqfn¬ \n∂pwAtd©v sNøpw. HcmgvN Ign™m¬]ns∂ Hcpant®m, Iq´pIqSntbm,H‰bvt°m... C„wt]mse. agbmbmepwa™mbmepw shbnembmepw \S∏vXs∂ \S∏v.. \μp BZyambn H‰bv°vt]mbt∏mƒ Rm≥ ]IpXn hgnIqsSt]mbn... t]Sn®n v... sIm®n\v hgnsX‰ptam...?

]ns∂ ]ns∂ ioeambn. Ct∏mƒFs‚ aI\pw Cu Ign™ G{]n¬apX¬ H∂mw ¢m n¬ Bbn. .kvIqfn¬ \n∂pw hcptºmƒ Nne-t∏mƒ Ipsd ]q°fpw Bbn hcpw..AΩbv°v F∂pw ]d™p... hgn-tbmcØv \nevIp∂XmWv... CsXms°ImWptºmƒ Rm≥ Fs‚ Ip´n°mewHm¿Øpt]mIpw.. . . s]cpagbØv\S∂pw HmSnbpw Iq´pImtcmsSmØvt]mbncp∂Xv.. Ifn®p \S∂p t\cw-sshIn hosSØnbm¬ AΩbpsSIÆpcp´¬.... C∂v, Fs‚ Xeapdbn¬-s]´ an°hmdpw BfpIƒ ]dbp∂]cmXnIfn¬ H∂v-, Ct∏mgsØ Ip´n-Iƒ°v \√ _meyw C√ F∂XmWv.kvIqƒ, Syqj≥, tlmwh¿°v-.... CX-√msX Ahscm∂pw \ΩpsS ImetØt]mse _meyw BkzZn°p∂n√F∂v. F\n°v ]s£ hfsc kam[m-\tØmsS ]dbm≥ Ignbpw... Fs‚Ip´n-Iƒ°v Aßs\ Hcp \„t_m-[Øns‚ km[yX C√ F∂v.... ]q®-tbmSpw ]´ntbmSpw, hgnbcpInse]q°tfmSpw, hgnbn¬ ImWp∂ A∏q-∏t\mSpw AΩpΩtbmSpw In∂mcw]dbm\pw kvIqfn¬ Xmakn®p sN∂vSo®dpsS hg°v tIƒ°m\pw, Xncn®pho´nseØptºmƒ AΩbpsS IÆpcp-´¬ ImWm\pw Ah¿°v AhkcwD≠v... (IÆpcp´¬ \SØm≥ Rm\pwaSn°mdn√...)

Cu kvIqfn¬ A©mw ¢m n¬]Tn°p∂ Ip nIƒ, kvIqfns‚ hI-bmbn

imkv{X-KXn 37

D≈ ]mSØp s\¬Irjn sNøpw...IrjnbpsS Hmtcm L´Øn-epw Ah¿]WnsbSp°Ww. Rmdp \Sp∂XvapX¬ sImbvØp hsc.... F∂n v BAcn sIm≠v D®`£-W-Øns‚ tNmdvD≠m°pw. ]mSØp Xhfsb I≠pNmSn HmSnb Imcyw \μp ]d™XvRm≥ Hm¿°p∂p. \memw ¢m nseIp´nIƒ°v kvIq -fnse ]®°dn-tØm´w... F√m Znh-khpw cmhnseDuga\pkcn®p Ip´n-Ifpw So®¿amcpwIqSn tXm´w \\-bv°p∂Xv Rm\pwa\phpw IqSn Hm^o--kn-te°v t]mIp-tºmƒ F∂pw ImWp-∂ ImgvNbmWv.H∂pw c≠pw aq∂pw ¢m nse Ip´n-Iƒ°v AhchcpsS ¢m ns‚hcm¥bn¬ Xs∂ kz¥w ]qs®SnIƒD≠v. AXns\ {i≤n-°Ww, ¢m nseAtIz-dnbØnse ao\ns‚ `£Ww,apbens‚bpw lmw-kvt‰¿s‚bpw Xo‰.Aßs\ Aß-s\... D®bv°v £WwF√mh¿°pw kvIqfn¬ \n∂mWv.AXpw Ip´nIƒ Dugw A\pkcn®v hnf-ºpIm¿ BIpw... AXn\p≈ G{]¨IgpIn tX®p \¬tI≠Xv AΩbpsSNpaXe. `£Ww Ign®p, IfnbpwIgn™m¬ ]Xn\©p an\n‰v kvIqƒhrØnbm°¬ BWv F√m Znh-khpw...

Hmtcm Ip´n°pw Hmtcm ÿew ]Xn®p\¬Inbn p≠v. F√m amkhpw AXv amdnsIm≠ncn°pw. CsXms° Ign™p

_m°n D≈ kabØns‚ ]IpXn]Tn∏v, ]IpXn kvt]m¿Svkv-. Hcp X\naebmfn AΩ-bmb F\n°v BZysam-

s° kwib-ambncp∂p... Cu coXnbn¬BWv ]Tns∏¶n¬ Fs‚ Ip´nIƒF¥mhpw F∂v... ]s£ Ct∏mƒ

C¥ybnse kne_kv `mcsØ-°p-dn®pw, Ip´nI-fpsS I„∏mSpw Hs°tIƒ°ptºmƒ C{Xbpw _p≤nap´v

ChnsS C√t√m F∂v Hm¿°pw. ChnsSIp´nIƒ Bkz-Zn®mWv kvIqfn¬t]mIp∂Xv. CXns\√mw ]pdta CuF√m kuI-cy-ßfpw, ]mT]pkvXI-߃ AS°w, kuP\yw BWv. P∏m-\n¬ kvIqƒ hnZym`ymkw kuP\ywBWv. ]s£ CXns\mcp adphiwD≠v, \Ωƒ C¥y°msc kw_‘n®v.F{X \√ kvIqƒ BsW¶nepw, F√m]Tn∏pw Pm∏\okn¬ am{Xw. Cw•ojvHcp {]iv\ta A√ ChnsS. Cu Imcy-Ønepw Rm≥ Hcp]mSp hnjan®n- p≠v,Cw•ojv AdnbmsX Fs‚ Ip´nIƒF¥v sNøpw F∂v. \m´n¬ t]mIp-tºmƒ Hs° F√mhcpsSbpw ]gntIƒ°pw... P∏m≥ C{X hnI-knX cmPy-am-sW-¶nepw Cw•ojv C√msX F¥v{]tbmP\w \Ωp°v F∂v F√mhcpw,_‘p°fpw kplrØp-°fpw AS°w

Fs∂ hg°v ]d-™n´p≠v. BZysam-s° Rm\pw Ah¿ ]dbp∂Xv icnbm-Wt√m... Cw•ojv Cs√¶n¬ Fs‚Ip´nIƒ Fßs\ Pohn°pw. Ah¿°vizmkw ap´nt√ Cu Cw•ojv temI-Øn¬... Fs∂m-s° t]Sn®ncp∂p...A∂v Hcn°¬ hfsc hnes∏´ HcpD]tZiw F\n°v Fs‚ AΩbn¬\n∂pw In´n. "GXp `mj ]Tn®mepwAdnhv D≠mbm¬ aXn... GXp mj°pwAXns‚Xmb alXzw D≠v'... CXm-bncp∂p B D]tZiw. AXn¬]ns∂Fs‚ hnja-߃ Ipd™p. ]ns∂Rm≥ kmh-[m\w BtemNn°m≥XpSßn... Rm≥ ]Tn®Xv aebmfwaoUnbw kvIqfn¬, A∂v, 5˛mw ¢m n¬h®mWv BZy-ambn ABCD ]Tn°p∂Xv.]ns∂ ]Ømw ¢m v - hsc Hcpk_vPIv‰v- Bbn Cw•ojv ]Tn®p.{]oUn{Kn°v tImtfPn¬ tN¿∂t∏mƒBWv Cw•ojv Imcyambn {i≤n°m≥XpSßnbXv. F∂n´pw kwkmcn°m≥XpSßnbXv IeymWw Ign™p ]qs\-bn¬ sN∂Xn¬ ]ns∂... B Rm≥Ct∏mƒ Pm∏\okv- Cw•ojv {Sm≥-t…dd¿ Bbn tPmen sNømdp≠v F∂vHm¿Øt∏mƒ, hfsc \∂mbn Pm∏-\okpw, \∂mbn aebmfhpw Hcp hn[wsX‰n√msX Cw•ojpw kwkmcn-°p∂Fs‚ aIsf Ipdn®v F¥n\p

hnjan°Ww? \μphpw H∂mw ¢m v-

apX¬ Cw•ojv ]Tn°p∂p≠v, Hcpk_vPIv‰v- Bbn. Ct∏mƒ Pq\nb¿sslkvIqƒ H∂mw h¿jw (\ΩpsSGgmw ¢m v-...At{X D≈p) Bbt∏mƒHcphn[w \∂mbn kwkmcn°pw,\∂mbn hmbn°pw, FgpXpw Cw•o-jn¬.AXpt]msc??

]s£, C¥y°mcpsS am{XambB Hcp A]I¿jXmt_m[w Ahƒ-°pw D≠v, \m´n¬ sN√ptºmƒ am{Xw.ka{]mb°mcmb AhfpsS Ikn≥kvHs° ""Atøm.. \μq\p Cw•ojv Adn-bn√ At√...'' F∂a´n¬ kwkmcn°p-tºmƒ, As√¶n¬ Ah¿ kwkmcn-°p∂ kv]oUnepw C¥y≥ BIvsk-≥Snepw Ahƒ°v IgnbmsX BIp-tºmƒ hnjaw. ]s£ P∏m\n¬ Xncn-s®Ønbm¬ F√mw ad°pw... Chn-SpsØ Zn\NcyIfnte°v DufnbnSpw...kvIqƒ, AXpIgn™m¬ kvIqƒ ¢_v-]cn]mSnIƒ, i\nbpw Rmbdpw AS°w{]mŒokpIƒ, ayqknIv - _m≥UvtImº‰nj≥ Aßs\ t]mIpw...

C\n \n߃ ]d-bq... Fs‚ Ip´n-Iƒ C¥y≥ kvIqfn¬ ]Tn-°m-ØXv,`mKy-tam... \n¿`m-Kytam...?

IS-∏mSv: http://manjumanoj-verutheoruswapnam.blogspot.com/2010/06/blog-post_22.html

kvIqfn¬ A©mw ¢m n¬ ]Tn°p∂ Ip´nIƒ,kvIqfns‚ hI-bmbn D≈ ]mSØp s\¬IrjnsNøpw... IrjnbpsS Hmtcm L´Øn-epw Ah¿]WnsbSp°Ww. Rmdp \Sp∂Xv apX¬ sImbvØphsc.... F∂n´v B Acn sIm≠v D®`£-W-Øns‚tNmdv D≠m°pw. \memw ¢m nse Ip´nIƒ°v kvIq-fnse ]®°dn-tØm´w... H∂pw c≠pw aq∂pw¢m nse Ip´n-Iƒ°v AhchcpsS ¢m ns‚hcm¥bn¬ Xs∂ kz¥w ]qs®SnIƒ D≠v.AXns\ {i≤n-°Ww

38 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

apºn¬ ]Xn-bn-cn-°p∂ A]-ISwAdn-bm-sX-bmWv B sNdnb KmeIvkn\oßn-s°m-≠n-cp-∂-Xv. BI¿j-Whpwi‡-am-bn-cp-∂p. AI-se, _ln-cm-Im-i-Øv, tim -bm¿∂ Hcp IpS-®-{Iw-t]m-ep≈ H∂mWv AXns\ BI¿jn-®-Xv. AXns‚ k¿∏n-fm-Im-c-amb lkvX-߃ BI¿j-I-ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p. \oe-bpw, a™-bpw, Nph-∏p-amb \£-{X-߃ {]Im-in-°p∂ AXym-I¿j-I-ambHcp taml-h-e-bw-Xs∂ krjvSn-®p-sIm-≠mWv AXns‚ BI¿j-Ww. F∂m¬Cu IpS-®-{I-Øn\p Np‰p-ambn HcpZrjvSn-bnepw s]SmØ Ccp≠ {Zhy-Øns‚ (Dark Matter) Hcp he hncn-®n-´p -≠m -bn -cp -∂p. AXn -i -‡-ambBI¿jW i‡n-bp≈ Cu A]-IStaJ-e-bn-te-°mWv sNdnb KmeIvknASp-Øp-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xv.

Cu sIm®p Kme-I vknsbBI¿jn®v X∂n-te-°-Sp-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂Xv a‰m-cp-a-√. BIm-i-KwK F∂v\mw BZ-c-thmsS hnfn-°p∂ \ΩpsSamXr-Km-e-Ivkn-X-s∂. BI¿j-W-Øn¬s]-´-tXm, kPn-‰m-dn-bkv F∂Hcp sNdp Kme-Ivkn-bpw.

]Xn-bn-cn-°p∂ A]-ISw Adn-bmsX BIm-i-Kw-K-bpsS taml he-b-Øn-te°v \oßnb kPn-‰m-dn-bkvGXm≠v ASp-sØ-Øm-dmtb D≈q.BIm-i-KwK Hcp `oI-c-b-£n-bmbnamdn. AXv kPn-‰m-dn-b-kns‚ apJ- mKw]nf¿∂-I-Øn, AXnse FÆ-a‰ \£-{X-ßsf NnX-dn-sØ-dn-∏n®v Xs‚ AKm-[-amb Ccp≠ {Zhy°-b-Øn-te-°n- p.

Cu ka-bØv tIw{_n-UvPnseaq∂p hm\-im-kv{X-⁄¿, tdm{UntKmCt_-‰, sPdm¿Uv Kn¬aq¿, ssa°v

C¿hn≥ F∂n-h¿, Hc-{]-Xo-£nX Zriy-Øn\v km£yw hln-°p-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.BIm-i-Kw-K-bpsS a[yØnte°p≈Zni-bn¬ kmPn-‰m-dn-bkv \£{X kaq-lsØ \nco-£n-°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂pAh¿. AhnsS Kme-Ivkn-bpsS a[y-Øn-embn Hcp Iq´w \£-{X-߃th¿Xn-cn™p \n¬°p-∂-X-h¿ I≠p.a‰p \£-{X-߃s°m-s°-bp≈kz`mhw Ah-bpsS thKw \nb-X-a-s√-∂Xpw ]e-hn[ Zni-I-fn-te-°m-sW-∂p-ap-≈-Xm-Wv. AXn¬\n∂v `n∂-ambnC∏-d™ \£-{X-ß-sfms° Htc Zni-bn-te°v Htc thK-Øn¬ \oßp-∂p.t]msc-¶n¬ Ah-sb√mw Xs∂ `qan-bn¬\n∂v Xpey Zqc-Øn-ep≈ ]mX-bn-epw.

CXv 1994-˛¬ BWv. Cu imkv{X-⁄¿ Hcp Kme-Ivkn-bpsS ac-W-Øn-

IpXn-sIm-≈p∂ imkv{Xwkn.-hn. N{μ≥

Kme-Ivkn-I-fpsS

\£-{X-th´Kme-Ivkn-I-fpsS

\£-{X-th´

BIm-i-KwK Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ henb Kme-Ivkn-Iƒ CØ-c-Øn¬ ]e-Imeßfn-embn a‰p sNdp Kme-Ivkn-Isf "hngpßn' hf¿∂-h-bm-sW∂ Bibw Ct∏mƒhm\imkv{X-⁄¿°n-S-bn¬ {]_-e-am-hp-I-bm-Wv. B[p-\nI _ln-cm-Imi t]S-I-ß-fn¬ LSn-∏n-®n- p≈ ]pØ≥ D]-I-c-W-߃ C°m-cy-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ sXfn-hp-Iƒ \¬In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

imkv{X-KXn 39

\m-bn-cp∂p km£yw hln-®Xv. AXpw\ΩpsS amXr Kme-Ivkn-bmb BIm-i-Kw-K-bpsS ssIsIm-≠v.

t\¿°mgvN_ln-cm-Im-iØv CØ-c-Øn¬

kz¥w h¿K-sØ, kl-\-£-{X-k-aq-l-ß-sf, Kme-Ivkn-Isf sIm∂p-hngpßp-∂, kzh¿K t`mPn-I-fmb Kme-Ivkn-I-fp-s≠∂ Bibw 1970-˛-I-fn¬Xs∂\n¿t±-in-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ BIm-i-KwK CØ-c-Øn-sem-∂m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-∂-Xn\v CXm-Zy-am-bmWv sXfnhv In´p-∂-Xv. XpS¿∂v kao-]-Im-eØv CXn\v IqSp-X¬ sXfn-hp-Iƒ In´n-h-cn-I-bm-Wv.\ΩpsS amXr KmeIvkn \njv°-cpWwa‰p Uk≥ IW-°n\v "kl-Pohn'Isf]nf¿∂v Ah-bpsS \£-{X-ßsfssI°-em°n Xs‚ AXn-i-‡-ambIcp-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ _e-ta-Ip∂ hkvXp-X-bmWv shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv.

BIm-i-KwK Hcp oa≥ Kme-Ivkn-bm-Wv. ]mT-]p-kvX-I-߃ CXns\ icm-i-cn-sb∂p ]d-bp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw CXvHcp `oa≥ Kme-Ivkn-X-s∂. a‰-\-h[nKme-Ivkn-I-sf-°m-sfms° hepXpwtim -bm¿∂-Xp-amb H∂v. CXn-s\-°mƒAev]w IqSn hep-XmWv B≥s{Um-aoUm Kme-Ivkn. BIm-i-Kw-KbpwB≥s{Um-ao-Ubpw tN¿∂v "{]mtZ-in-I- {Kq∏v' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ap∏-Xn-tesdKme-Ivkn-I-fn¬ B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. C∏-d™ {Kq∏nse AwK-߃ H∂p-In¬ B≥s{Um-ao-U-sbtbmAs√-¶n¬ BImiKwK-sbtbm tI{μ-am°n Np‰n-Øn-cn-bp-I-bm-Wv. N{μ≥`qansb Np‰pw-t]m-se. BIm-i-Kw-K-bpsS km{amPyw Ipd-™Xv ]ØpKme-Ivkn-I-sf-¶nepw AS-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv.Ct∏mƒ sh´n-ap-dn-°-s∏´ kPn-‰m-dn-bkvDƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ ]Xn-s\m-∂v.

{Kq∏p-IƒKme-Ivkn-Iƒ Iq´w-tN¿∂mWv

ImW-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶nepw Ah XΩn¬_‘-sam-∂p-an√ F∂mWv hm\-im-kv{X-⁄¿ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂-Xv. 1972-˛¬akm-®p-sk‰vkv C≥Ãn-‰yq´v Hm^vsSIvt\m-fPn (Fw. -sF.-Sn.) -bnseAe¿Xp-avsdbpw ktlm-Z-c≥ PqdnbpwtN¿∂v Iºyq-´¿ tamU-ep-I-fpsSklm-b-tØmsS Nne {]tXyI Kme-Ivkn-I-fpsS BIrXn Aß-s\-bm-Im≥ImcWw Iq´n-bn-Sn-I-fm-sW∂v A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. AXm-bXv Ahn-sS-sbms°a‰p Kme-Ivkn-Iƒ Iq´n-bn-Sn®v tN¿∂n-´p-≠m-h-Ww. Ch-cpsS G‰hpw {]kn-≤-amb DZm-l-cWw Corvus \£{Xkaq-l-Ønse c≠v Kme-Ivkn-I-fm-Wv.

Ch XΩn-ep≈ ]c-kv]c Kpcp-Xzm-I¿jWØns‚ ^e-ambn H∂v as‰m-∂n¬ \n∂p hen-s®-SpØ (Xn-cn-®pw)\£-{X-߃ Hcp hm¬t]mse ImW-s∏- p.

XpS¿∂v Bdp h¿j-߃°p-tijw]mk-tZ-\-bnse Im¿WnKn \£{X\nco-£WtI{μ-Ønse te\m¿Uvtkƒ, tdm_¿ v kn≥ F∂n-h¿ BIm-i-KwK cq]-s∏-´-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v HcptamU¬ D≠m-°n. BIm-i-Kw-K-bv°p-Np-‰p-ap≈ Xmc-]-cn-thjw as‰-hn-sStbmcq]w-sIm≠v AhnsS ]n∂oSv h∂p-tN¿∂-Xm-sW∂ hnhmZ \nK-a-\-Øn¬Ah-sc-Øn.

{]]© hoYn-I-fn¬ \S-°p∂ Cu\njvTqc "sIme-]m-X-I-߃' BIm-i-Kw-K-bpsS am{Xw IpØ-I-b√ F∂mWvXpS¿∂p≈ \nco-£-W-߃ shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xv. ktN-X-\-amb Kme-Ivkn-I-sfm-s°-Øs∂ CØcw ""{Iqc-X-Iƒ''\nc-¥-c-ambn \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-h-b-s{X.

]pXnb \nco-£-W-߃CØ-c-Øn-semcp \nco-£-W-amWv

C°-gn™ Pq¨ 17 -˛mw XobXn{]ikvX Kth-jW tPW-emb"kb≥kv' hmcn-I-bn¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn®Kth-jW {]_-‘-Øn-\m-[m-cw. \mk(NASA) bpsS Swift Gamma Burst Mis-sion F∂ _ln-cm-Im-i-t]-SIw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønb Ce-Ivt{Sm-am-·-‰nIv kn·-emWv Ch¿ hni-I-e\w sNbvX-Xv.

Kmam- td hnIn-cW ]T-\-Øn-\mbn{]tXyIw Xbm-dm-°nb _ln-cm-Im-i-t]-S-I-amWv "kzn v‰v'. AXn-i-‡-ambaq∂p-]-I-c-W-߃ CXn¬ LSn-∏n-®n- p-≠v. Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) X-RayTelescope (XRT), UV/Optical Telescope(UVOT) F∂nhbmW-h. Kmam- td hnIn-cWw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øm-\n-hbv°p Ign-bpw.{]]-©m-cw-`-Ønse alm-kvt^m-S-\-sØ-Øp-S¿∂p-≠mb henb Kmam- tdhnIn-c-W-߃ {]]©koa-I-fn¬ Xnc-b-Sn®p \n¬°p-∂Xv Ch tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

"kzn^v‰n'se G‰hpw henb D]-I-cWw Burst Alert Telescope (BAT)BWv. BIm-i-Øns‚ Bdn-sem-∂p-`mKw Htc-k-abw ho£n-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ D]-I-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. am¿®v 28-˛mw

XobXn BAT¬ ]Xn™ Xcw-K-߃XpS¿∂pw \ne-\n¬°p-∂-Xmbn°≠p.CXv hni-I-e\w sNbvX imkv{X-⁄¿

CsXmcp henb Iq´n-bn-Sn-bpsS e-am-sW∂ \nK-a-\-Øn-em-sW-Øn-t®¿∂-Xv.kqcys‚ Hcp Zi-e-£-Øn-te-sd-a-Sßv{Zhy-am-\-ap≈ oam-Im-c-amb Hcp Xtam-K¿Øw kqcy-t\mfwt]m∂ Hcp "]mhw'

BIm-i-Kw-KbpwB≥s{Um-ao-UbpwtN¿∂v "{]mtZ-in-I- {Kq∏v'F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ap∏-Xn-tesd Kme-Ivkn-I-fn¬B[n-]Xyw ÿm]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. C∏-d™{Kq∏nse AwK-߃H∂p-In¬ B≥s{Um-ao-U-sbtbm As√-¶n¬BImiKwK-sbtbmtI{μ-am°n Np‰n-Øn-cn-bp-I-bm-Wv. N{μ≥ `qansbNp‰pw-t]m-se. BIm-i-Kw-K-bpsS km{amPyw Ipd-™Xv ]Øp Kme-Ivkn-I-sf-¶nepw AS-ßp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ct∏mƒ sh´n-ap-dn-°-s∏´ kPn-‰m-dn-bkvDƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bm¬ ]Xn-s\m-∂v.

40 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

\£-{XsØ ]nf¿∂-IØn AXns‚Du¿Pw "`£n®p'sIm≠n-cn-°p-∂p-sh-∂mWv C∏-d-™-Xv. CXv AXn-i-‡-ambHcp kvt^mS-\-Øn-\n-S-bm-°p-IbpwAXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ AXv BAT-¬]XnbpI-bp-am-Wp-≠m-b-Xv.

Cu kvt^mS-\-Øn\v as‰m-c-]q¿h-X-bp-ap-≠v. ImcWw CXn¬\n∂v ]pd-s∏-Sp∂ hnIn-cWw qan-bpsS t\¿Zn-i-bn-emWv hcp-∂-Xv.

CØcw Xtam-K¿Ø-ßsf Ct∏mƒimkv{X-⁄¿ Super Massive Black Hole(SMBH) F∂mWv hnfn-°p-∂-Xv.

Dd-ßp-∂ `qXwBIm-i-Kw-K-bpƒs∏sS, Adn-b-s∏-

Sp∂ Kme-Ivkn-I-fn¬ _lp-`q-cn-]-£hpw Ah-bpsS tI{μ-ÿm-\Øv`oam-Im-c-amb Xtam-K¿ØsØ hln-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. Ch-sbms° kqcy-t\-°mƒ e£°W-°n-t\m, tImSn-°-W-°n-\p-X-s∂tbm {Zhy-am-\-ap≈hb-s{X.Ch-bpsS AXn-i-‡-amb Kpcp-Xzm-I¿jWw Kme-Ivkn-bpsS {Zhyw BI-am-\w-Xs∂ hen-s®-Sp-°m≥ t]m∂-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬ CXv kw -hn-°m-ØXv Ch-sbm-s°bpw km[m-c-W-K-Xn-bn¬

∂-Xp-t]mse. Cu Kpcp-Xzm-I¿j-W-Øn¬\n∂v hyXn-N-en-°m≥ CS-bm-bm¬ Ah AI-se, taml-h-e-b-hp-ambn ImØp \n¬°p∂ kzh¿K-t`m-Pn-I-fmb Kme-Ivkn-I-fpsS BI¿j-W-Øn¬ s]t´ -°mw. ]ns∂ Ah-bvs°mcp Xncn-®p-t]m°v km[y-a-√m-sX-h-cp-∂p. B Kme-Ivkn-I-fpsS BI¿j-W-Øn¬s]-´m¬ Cu \£{Xw (A-Yhm sNdp Kme-Ivkn-Iƒ Xs∂) Ah-bpsS "`£W'ambn-Øo-cp∂p. henbXtam-K¿Ø-ßsf (SMBH) Bh-ln-°p∂ Kme-Ivkn-Iƒ CØ-c-Øn¬Iq´w sX‰nb \£-{X-ß-sfbpw Kme-Ivkn-I-sf-bp-sams° BI¿jn®vAhsb ]nf¿Øn Ah-bpsS Du¿Pwkzbw Gs‰-Sp-°p-∂p. BIm-i-KwKDƒs∏-sS-bp≈ henb Kme-Ivkn-IƒCØ-c-Øn¬ ]e-Imeßfn-embn a‰psNdp Kme-Ivkn-Isf "hngpßn' hf¿∂-h -bm -sW∂ Bibw Ct∏mƒhm\imkv{X-⁄¿°n-S-bn¬ {]_-e-am-hp-I-bm-Wv. B[p-\nI _ln-cm-Imit]S-I-ß-fn¬ LSn-∏n-®n- p≈ ]pØ≥D]-I-c-W-߃ C°m-cy-Øn\v IqSp-X¬IqSp-X¬ sXfn-hp-Iƒ \¬In-s°m-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

kpjp-]vXn -bn -em -sW∂XpX-s∂,F∂m¬ Hcp hmX-I-]-Sew CXn\v kao-]-sØ-Øn-bm¬ CXv {]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-Ipw. AXo-h-i-‡n-tbmsS AXns\hen-s®-Sp-°p-Ibpw AXn-eq-sS-bp-≠m-Ip∂ Du¿Pw {]k-cn-∏n-°p-IbpwsNøpw. Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xn¬ ]Øp-i-X-am-\-tØmfw oa≥ Xtam-K¿Ø-߃CØ-c-Øn¬ hmX-I-]-S-e-ß-fm¬{]h¿Ø-\-£-a-am-b-h-bm-Wv. hmX-I-]-S-esØ Cßs\ "`£n®p'sIm≠n-cn-°p∂ Kme-Ivkn-Isf Active GalacticNuclei (AGN) AYhm Izmkm-dp-Iƒ(Quasars) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

CØ-c-Øn-semcp Xtam-K¿Øw(SMBH) Hcp \£-{XsØ "`£n-°p∂'Xns‚ Du¿P-{]-k-c-W-amWvChnsS kqNn-∏n® Kth-jW {]_-‘-Ønse hnj-bw.

Iq´w sX‰p∂ \£-{X-߃Kme-Ivkn-Ifpw Ah-bnse \£-{X-

ß-fp-sams° kz¥w Kpcp-Xzm-I¿j-W-i-‡n-bpsS _e-Øn¬ \nb-X-amb]mX-bn¬ Nen-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-∂-h-bm-Wv. kqcy-\p-Np‰pw \ΩpsS sIm®pkuc-bq-Y-Ønse {Kl-߃ Nen-°p-

imkv{X-KXn 41

tUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\ms‚ "imkv{X-km-t¶-XnIhnZy-bpsS Ncn{Xw'F∂ ]pkvXIØnse A©mw A[ym-bØns‚ XpS¿®

5.5 AeIvkm{≠nbbpsSkph¿W kl{km–w

({In. ap. 332 {In. ]n. 642 )

Aev]w Ncn{Xw

(Adnbmhp∂) temIw apgph≥ Iog-S°n F∂`nam\n® AeIvkm≠¿Xs‚ hnPb kvamcIambn temIXe-ÿm\w Bbncn°m≥ tbmKyX-bp≈Hcp \Kcw ]Wnbm≥ Xocpam\n®p.AXn\t±lw Xncs™SpØ ÿewss\¬ \ZoapJØp≈ \nc∏p`qanBbncp∂p. \Kcw bmYm¿∞yw BIp-∂Xn\p ap≥]v Xs∂ At±lw AXn-\v kz¥w t]cpw C´p: AeIvkm-{≠nb.

AeIvkm≠¿ _n.kn 323˛ -¬acn®p. AtXmsS At±lØns‚km{amPyhpw On∂`n∂ambn. F∂m¬temIXeÿm\w BIm≥ tbmKyambHcp \Kcw \n¿an°pI F∂ At±l-Øns‚ kz]v\w tSmsfan F∂ At±l-Øns‚ ssk\ym[n]\neqsS \ne-\n∂p. (AeIvkm≠dpsS km{amPyw

]ecpw ]IpsØSpØt∏mƒ CuPn]v‰v-Dƒs∏Sp∂ mKw In´nbXv tSmsfan°v

Bbncp∂p.) cW]cambn temIØn-

s‚ Xeÿm\w Bbns√¶nepw kmw-

kvImcnIambpw s_u≤nIambpw

AXns\ temIØns‚ tI{μw B°pI

F∂Xmbncp∂p tSmsfan-bpsS eIv-jyw.

AXn\v th≠n At±-lw temtIm-

Øcamb Hcp ayqknbw AhnsS ÿm-

]n®p. ayqknbw F∂m¬ ]pcm-hkvXp-

°fpsS Hcp tiJcw A√, hnZymtZ-

hXIfmb ayqkpIƒ°p≈ tZhmebw

F∂mWv A∂p≠mbncp∂ A¿Yw.

GXm≠v C∂sØ k¿h-Iem-ime-

bpsS ÿm\w F∂p ]dbmw. Aßs\-

bmbncp∂p GItZiw Bbncw kwh-

’cßtfmfw hn⁄m-\-Øns‚Bÿm\w Bbn h¿Øn® Hcp alm-ÿm]\Øns‚ XpS°w.

_n kn 300 Bbt∏mtg°pw k¿h-I-emime ]p„n{]m]n®p. k¿hIem-imesb kº∂am°m≥ temIØns‚F√m `mKØv \n∂pw Adnbs∏Sp∂

]finXscb√mw tSmsfan £Wn®p.£bn®p XpSßnbncp∂ FsX≥kn¬

\n∂v- ]ecpw hs∂Øn. Acnkvs‰m-

´nens‚ hntbmKtØmsS A\mYamb

"s]cn∏ms‰‰nIv' kvIqfnse Ahkm\

IÆnbmb Xntbm{^mÃkns\

sIm≠phcm≥ tSmsfan {ians®¶nepw

^en®n√. ]t£ Acnkvs‰m´nens‚

{KŸtiJcØns‚ Hcp mKw t\Sm≥

At±lØn\p Ign™p. bh\]mcº-

cyØnse A\izc cXv\ßfmb

kv{Smt_m, Acnkvt‰ms^\okv,

Cdms‰mkvX\okv, bq¢nUv, F¥n\v

km£m¬ B¿°nanUokv t]mepw

Hmtcmtcm ImeØv- AeIvkm{≠nb-

bnse ayqknbØns\ Ae¶cn®n-cp∂p.

_n kn 283 -¬ tSmsfan acn®t∏mƒ]n≥XpS¿∂ aI≥ tSmsfan c≠ma\pwA—s‚ kz]v\w km£mXvIcn°m≥ap≥ssI FSpØp. At±lw Xs‚]nXmhv XpS°an´ncp∂ alm{KŸim-esb ]pcmX\ temIsØ hnkvab-

{Ko°v ss]XrIw{Ko°v ss]XrIw

imkv{XwtUm. B¿.-hn.-Pn. tat\m≥

42 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

ßfn¬ H∂v F∂p ]dbmhp∂ \ne-bnte°v Db¿Øn. shdpw \mev]Xvh¿j߃°p≈n¬ Xs∂ AhnSsØtiJcw \mev e£w NpcpfpIƒ(scrolls) Ihn™p F∂v- ]dbs∏-Sp∂p. {KŸimebnse tiJcw h¿[n-∏n°p∂Xn\v {KŸßƒ kw`m-h\sNøm\mbn A`y¿Yn°pI, hnebv°vhmßpI, ]I¿Øm\mbn ISwhmßpI, F∂n v tIm∏n am{Xw Xncn®psImSpØp aqew kq£n°pI, Xpdap-JØv ASp°p∂ hntZi I∏epI-fn¬ \n∂v- {KŸßƒ \n¿_‘ambn]nSns®Sp°pI F∂nßs\ NXpcp]m-bßfpw Ah¿ {]tbmKn®Xmbn]dbs∏Sp∂p.[9]

hn⁄m\Øns‚ Cu ]pXnbBÿm\sØ ku`mKyw CShn´v -ISm£n°pIbpw ssIhnSpIbpwsNbvXp F∂v- ]dtb≠nbncn°p∂p.kuh¿WImew tSmsfan cmPhwi-Ønse Ahkm\ IÆnbmb ¢ntbm-]m{SbpsS acWtØmsS Ahkm\n®pF∂v- ]dbmw. ]t£ AXn\v ap≥]vXs∂ Pqenbkv kokdpsS B{IaW-Øn¬ sse{_dnbpsS Hcp `mKwIØnt∏mbXmbn IcptX≠n-bncn-°p∂p. XpS¿∂v AseIvkm{≠n-bbpsS `cWw Gs‰SpØ tdmam°m-¿°v imkv{XtØmSv - hntijn®paaXsbm∂pw D≠mbncp∂ns√¶nepw{]mtZinI kwkvIrXnItfmSv Ah¿]Xnhmbn ImWn®ncp∂ klnjvWp-XtbmsS Xs∂ AeIvkm{≠nbsbAh¿ AXns‚ bh\ ]cnthjØn¬]pecm≥ A\phZn®p. Aßs\ Cuhn⁄m\tI{μw ho≠pw Poh≥ h®p.

]t£ AXnt\°mƒ `oIcamb`ojWn h∂Xv Xosc A{]Xo£n-Xamb Hcp Znibn¬\n∂mbncp∂p:{InkvXob auenIhmZnIfn¬ \n∂v.AXoh hn\oXamb \nebn¬ Bcw-`n® {InkvXob Iq´mbva sIm≥kvS-‚bn≥ N{Ih¿ØnbpsS a\: ]cnh¿-Ø\tØmsS ({In.h. 312 ) hfsc thK-

Øn¬ Hcp cm{„ob i‡nbmbn hfcp-Ibpw tdmam°m¿°v t]mepw kz]v\wImWm≥ IgnbmØ hn[Øn¬P\PohnXsØbpw Nn¥mKXnsbbpwaqeyßsfbpw PohnX ho£W-sØ-Øs∂bpw IogS°pIbpw sNbvXp.Ahsc kw_‘n®nStØmfw Cl-temI PohnXw Hcp ]co£WhpwbYm¿∞ eIv-jyw ]ctemI-{]m]v-Xnbpw Bbncp∂p. Aßs\bp-≈-h¿°v seuInI hn⁄m\sØ-°p-dn®p henb aXn∏v D≠mIm≥ CSbn-√t√m. {In. ]n. \memw \q‰m≠v- Bb-t∏mtg°pw {InkvXob k`bpsSFXn¿∏v lnwkmflIambn. Xntbm-tUm-jykv N{Ih¿Øn (347 - 395) F√mt]K≥ BNmcßfpw \ntcm[n®p. 391˛¬ {KŸ tiJcØns‚ Hcp `mKwÿnXn sNbvXncp∂ skdm∏nbw F∂tZhmebw AKv\n°ncbm°s∏´p. CXvAeIvkm{≠nbbnse ]m{Xnbm-¿-°okv Bbncp∂ B¿Nv _nj]v-

Xntbm^nekns‚ sNbvXnbmbncp∂p.At±lØns‚ ]n≥Kmanbmbn h∂A\¥nch≥ skbv‚ v- kndn¬ 425˛¬ayqknbØnse {]apJ ]finXbmbn-cp∂ sslt]jybpsS sIme]mX-IØn\v P\ßsf Cf°nhn´p. hniz-hnJymXamb AhcpsS ]ucmWnIhn⁄m\w {InkvXobX°v Xs∂`ojWn BIpw F∂mbncp∂p At±l-Øns‚ hmZw! [10]

CtXØpS¿∂v AeIvkm-{≠nb-bnse Nne ]finX∑m¿ FsX≥-kn-te°vt]mbn. a‰p Nne¿ ss_km-‚nbwF∂ ]pXnb A`bÿm\sØ°vIS∂p. AhnsS Ing°≥ tdmamkm{am-PyØnse N{Ih¿Ønam¿]pXnsbmcp hn⁄m\ tI{μw ]Sp-Øpb¿Øm\p≈ {iaØnembncp∂p.sIm≥kvSs‚b≥ N{Ih¿ØnbpsStamlw sIm≥kvSm‚nt\m∏nfns\(AXmbncp∂p ss_km‚nbØn\pAt±lw sImSpØ ]pXnb t]cv)

tSmfan ln∏m¿°kv Cdm-tXm-kvX-\okv Acn-tÃm-´¬

CuPn-]vXnse Hcp ]pcm-h-kvXp- J-\-\-tI{μw

imkv{X-KXn 43

AeIvkm{≠nbsb sh√p∂ hn⁄m-\\Kcw B°Ww F∂mbncp∂p.]t£ BZyw apXte kpJt`mK-ßfn¬ apgpInb B \KcØn¬hn⁄m\ XrjvW Hcn°epw thtcm-Snbn√. F¶nepw, \in®p-t]mIpam-bncp∂ bh\ hn⁄m\ ss]Xr-IsØ Iptd ImetØ°v, 1453˛¬ B\Kcw Xp¿°nIfpsS ssIøn¬-s]Spwhsc, kq£n®v hbv°m≥ CuXmXvImenI A`b tI{μØn\pIgn™p.

CXn\nsS G.Un. 642˛¬ Ad_n-Iƒ CuPn]vXv IogS-°nbtXmsSAeIvkm{≠nbbpsS Ncn{XØn\pkam]vXnbmbn. AtXmsS AhnsSAhtijn® ]SpXncnIfpw sI´p. [11]{KŸimebn¬ tiJcn®ncp∂]m∏ndkv NpcpfpIƒ AeIvkm-{≠nbbnse kv\m\L´ßfn¬ BdpamktØbv°v sh≈w NqSm°m≥

DXIn F∂mWv IY.

AeIvkm{≠nb≥ KWnXwbq¢nUv ( {In. ap. D. 330 — 275)

Bbncp∂p AeIvkm{≠nbbnse{]ikvXcmb KWnX⁄cn¬ BZy-sØ Bƒ. At±lw alm {KŸime-bnse Iyqsc´dpw KWnX hn`mKwXeh\pw k¿hIemimebnseA[ym]I\pw Bbncp∂p. At±l-Øns‚ ""PymanXnbpsS aqe XXz߃”(Elements of Geometry) F∂ {KŸwBWv- ASpØ Imew hsc ]m›mXy\mSpIfn¬ tPymsa{Sn ]Tn∏n°m≥B[mcw B°nbncp∂Xv. GXm\pwkzbwkn≤ {]amWßfn¬ (Axioms)\n∂v- I¿i\amb bp‡n D]tbmKn®v{]tab߃ (propositions) \n¿[mcWwsNbvXv- FSp°pI F∂ coXnbmWvAt±lw ]n≥ XpS¿∂Xv. Aß\sØ]{¥≠v ]pkvXIßfpw ]ns∂ A\p-_-‘ambn Iptd H‰s∏´ ^eßfpwBWv- Cu {KŸØn¬ D≈Xv. an°]mT]pkvXIßsfbpw t]mse CXpw\nehnencp∂ AdnhpIfpsS kam-lmcw BWv-. CXn¬ ImWp∂ ]e{]tabßfpw ap≥]v, Hcp ]t£bq¢nUv Hcp _me≥ Bbncp∂ImeØv-, CbpUnakv (Eudemus) Fgp-Xnb KWnXØns‚ Ncn{Xw (Historyof Mathematics) F∂ {KŸØn¬ImWmw. a‰p Nneh ss]XtKmdkns‚Imew apX¬t° Adnbs∏Sp -∂-hbt{X. At±lw \¬Ip∂ NnesXfnhpIƒ Ivfn„w BsW¶nepw a‰pNneh kpμcw Ft∂ ]dtb≠p.A`mPykwJyIfpsS t{iWn A\¥wBsW∂v sXfnbn°m≥ At±lwkzoIcn°p∂ hmZw Xs∂ DZmlcWw.

Fensa‚ vkn\p ]pdta bq¢nUvPymanXnsb°pdn®p Xs∂ a‰p \mev]pkvXIßfpw IqSmsX tPymXn-»mkv{Xw, kwKoXw, {]mIminIw(Optics) F∂nhsb°pdn®pw {KŸß-ƒ cNn®Xmbn ]dbs∏Sp∂p F¶nepwHSphnetØXv am{Xta e`yambp≈q.AXn¬ {]Xn^e\ \nba߃ icn-bm -bnØs∂ hnhcn®ncn°p∂p.F∂m¬ Zr„nsb∏‰n bq¢nUv kzoI-cn® \ne]mSv ]n≥Xncn∏≥ Bbn-t∏mbn. ss]XtKmdnb≥am¿ {]ImiwhkvXp°fn¬ \n∂v- IÆnte°pIWnIIƒ Bbn k©cn°p∂p F∂v-]Tn∏n®ncp∂p. Fw]ntUmIvfnkv{]Imiw F∂Xv Hcp am[yaØneqsS¢n]vX thKXbn¬ k©cn°p∂hnt£m`w BsW∂v kn≤m¥n®p.F∂m¬ bq¢nUv BIs´, IÆn¬\n∂v- ]pds∏´v GsX¶nepw hkvXp-hn¬ Zr„n ]Xn°ptºmgmWv \mwAXv ImWp∂Xv F∂ Adp]g©≥Bibw BWv- kzoIcn®Xv.

B¿°nanUokv ({In. ap. 287 -212) Bbncn°mw Hcp ]t£ Ae-Ivkm{≠nb≥ KWnX⁄cn¬ h®v-G‰hpw apº≥. knknenbnse kndm-Iyqkn¬ P\n® At±lw ]Tn°m-\mbn AeIvkm{≠nbbn¬ FØn.ss]XtKmdnb≥amsct∏mse At±-lhpw hn⁄m\ kºmZ\w Adnhn\v-th≠n Xs∂ Bbncn°Wsa∂pw{]mtbmKnI Imcykm[yØn\pth≠nBIcpsX∂pw hnizkn®p. ]t£hn[nhnlnXsa∂ hÆw At±l-Øns‚ I≠p]nSnØßfn¬ \s√mcp`mKhpw ssk\nI Bhiy߃°mbnhn\ntbmKnt°≠Xmbn h∂p.At±lw kndmIyqknse cmPmhns‚ssk\nI D]tZ„mhv Bbncn°p-tºmƒ ]e]e anen´dn D]IcW-ßfpw cq]I¬]\ sNtø≠nh∂p.[12]]t£ At±lØns‚ A¥yhpw Hcptdma≥ ]SbmfnbpsS hmƒ sIm≠vBbncp∂p. tdma≥ P\d¬ Bbam¿sk√kv, kndmIyqkv ]nSn®S°n-

44 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

bt∏mƒ {]ikvX KWnX⁄≥ BbB¿°nanUokns\ lmPcm°m≥Xs‚ ]SbmfnItfmSv B⁄m]n®pt]mepw. aWen¬ hrØ߃ hc®p-sIm-≠ncp∂ B¿°nanUokv ]Sbm-fnbpsS hm°v {i≤n°msX Xs‚tPmen XpS¿∂t∏mƒ {Ip≤\mb S≥B¿°nanUokns‚ Xe sh´n lmP-cm°n F∂mWv IY. GXmbmepw]›mØm] hnhi\mb P\d¬am¿sk√kv B¿°nanUokn\v DNnX-amb Hcp kvamcIw \n¿an®v {]mb-›nØw sNbvXpht{X.

Hcp ]t£ B¿°nanUokn-s\-∏‰nbp≈ G‰hpw {]kn≤amb IYAt±lØns‚ "kv{So°nwKv' Bbn-cn°pw. hnhn[ hkvXp°fpsS Bt]-£nI km{μX Af°phm\p≈At±lØns‚ X{¥w F°me-sØ-bpw henb I≠p]nSnØßfn¬ H∂vBWv-.[13] DtØmeIØns‚ XXzwBWv- At±lØns‚ as‰mcp {][m\kw`mh\. sh≈w Db¿Øm\mbnAt±lw cq]I¬]\ sNbvX B¿°n-anUnb≥ kv{Iq ASpØ Imew hscCuPn]vXn¬ hym]Iambn D]tbmKn-°s∏´ncp∂p.

KWnXØnse At±lØns‚kw`m-h\Iƒ hn]pehpw hnhn[hpwBbncp∂p. hnhn[ L\ cq]ßfpsShym]vXhpw hnkvXrXnbpw IW°m-°m\mbn \man∂v D]tbmKn°p∂ ]et^m¿apeIfpw I≠p]nSn®Xv B¿°n-anUnkv BWv-. hrØØns‚ hnkvXo-¿Ww, hrØ kvXw`Øns‚ (knen≠-dns‚) {]Xe hnkvXo¿Whpw hym]v-Xhpw, tKmfØns‚ {]Xe hnkvXo-¿Whpw hym]vXhpw, AXpt]mseXs∂ tImWpIfpsSbpw ]ncanUpI-fpsSbpw, CsX√mw \ap°v In´nbXvB¿°nanUokn¬ \n∂v - BWv - .F∂m¬ Chbn¬ NnesX√mw X\n°pap≥]v Xs∂ {]NmcØn¬ Ccp∂pF∂v- At±lw Xs∂ kΩXn°p-∂p≠v."ss]'°v At±lw \¬Inb aqeyw

3 10/70þ\pw 3 10/71˛\pw CSbn¬Bbncp∂p. AXmbXv- 3.1408 \pw3.1429 \pw CSbn¬. DtØmeI XXzw,I∏nbpsS XXzw, B¿°nanUnb≥Npcpƒ (spiral), ]mct_mf XpSßn a‰p]e hnjbßsf°pdn®pw At±-lweLpteJIƒ cNn°pI-bp≠mbn.bp≤w At±lØns‚ Hcp]mS vkabhpw HSphn¬ Poh≥ Xs∂bpwA]lcn®n√mbncp∂psh¶n¬ C\nbpwIqSpX¬ kw`mh\Iƒ At±lØn¬\n∂v- am\hcmin°v e`nt®s\.

As∏mtfmWnbkv ({In. ap. 250- 200 ): bq¢nUv hrØØns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ sNbvXXv t]mse As∏mtfm-Wnbkv hrØkvXq]nIIfpsS(Cones) ImcyØnepw \q‰m≠pItfmfwB[nImcnIX \ne\n¿Ønb Hcp]mTw cNn®p. sat\Ivakv (Menaech-mas 375 - 325 B.C.) BWv- hrØ kvXq-]nIIƒ s\SpsIbpw IpdpsIbpwsNcn®pw apdn®m¬ In´p∂ h{I߃BZyw {i≤n®Xv. Hscm‰ kvXq]nIsb]e tImWpIfn¬ apdn®m¬ Cuh{Ißsf√mw In´pw F∂v- As∏m-tfm-Wnbkv sXfnbn®p. ]cmt_mf,F√n]vkv, ssls]¿t_mf F∂n-ßs\ \man∂v D]tbmKn°p∂t]cpIfpw At±lamWv \n¿tZin®Xv.

_oPKWnX (algebra) Ønsekt¶X߃ KWnXØn¬ sIm≠p-h∂ Utbm^m‚k v (Diophantus,P\\w 200\pw 214\pw CSbv°p, acWw284\pw 298\pw CSbv°v) AeIvkm-{≠nb≥ BƒPn{_bpsS ]nXmhmbnhntijn∏n°s∏Smdp≠v. At±lwh¿Kßfpw LmXßfpw AXpt]mse\yq\kwJyIfpw Hs° kqNn∏n°m≥Nn”߃ D]tbmKn®p. Cu kt¶XwD]tbmKn®p Utbm^m‚k v H∂pwc≠pw Un{Knbnep≈ kahmIy߃\n¿[mcWw sNbvXp. IqSmsX NneeLpkaImekahmIyßf p w(Simultaneous equations) At±lØn\p

\n¿[mcWw sNøm≥ Ign™p.

bq¢nUv B¿°n-an-sUkv At∏m-tfm-Wn-bkv lnt{∏m-{Im-‰kv

KWnXØnseAt±lØns‚ kw`m-h\Iƒ hn]pehpwhnhn[hpw Bbncp∂p.hnhn[ L\ cq]ßfpsShym]vXhpwhnkvXrXnbpw IW°m-°m\mbn \man∂vD]tbmKn°p∂ ]et^m¿apeIfpwI≠p]nSn®Xv B¿°n-anUnkv BWv-.hrØØns‚ hnkvXo-¿Ww, hrØkvXw`Øns‚ (knen≠-dns‚) {]XehnkvXo¿Whpw hym]v-Xhpw, tKmfØns‚{]Xe hnkvXo-¿Whpwhym]vXhpw, AXpt]mseXs∂ tImWpIfpsSbpw]ncanUpI-fpsSbpw,CsX√mw \ap°vIn´nbXvB¿°nanUokn¬ \n∂v-BWv-.

imkv{X-KXn 45

PtymXn»mkv{XwAeIvkm{≠nbbn¬

kmtamknse Acnkv‰m¿°k v(Aristarchus of Samos, 310 - 230 {In.ap.) icn°pw Hcp A]q¿h imkv{X{]Xn` Bbncp∂p. kv{Sms‰mbpsSinjy≥ Bbncp∂ At±lw Btcm-KyIchpw bp‡nbp‡hpw ]co£W-ßfn¬ A[njvTnXhpw Bb Hcpkao]\w tPymXn»mkv{X ]T\Øn-te°v sIm≠ph∂Xn¬ A¤pXan√."kqcyN{μ≥amcpsS hep∏hpw Zqchpwkw_‘n®v ' (On the Sizes andDistances of the Sun and Moon) F∂At±lØns‚ {KŸw C∂pw e`y-amWv. AXn¬ \nco£W ]co£W-ßfpsS ASnÿm\Øn¬ Xnf°-am¿∂ Nne \nKa\ßfn¬ At±lwFØp∂p≠v.

N{μ_nw_Øns‚ IrXyw ]mXnam{Xw Xnfßp∂ kabØv kqcy\pwN{μ\pw `qanbpw Hcp a´ {XntImW-Øns‚ aq∂v ap\Ifn¬ Bbn´mbn-cn°pw \nesIm≈pI (EMS - Earth -Moon - Sun) F∂v- AcnÃm¿°kvIW°p Iq´n. N{μ\n¬ BWt√m a´w(90 Un{Kn) htc≠Xv. qanbnse tIm¨IqSn (angle MES) Af∂m¬ Cu{XntImWw IrXyambpw \n¿hNn-°s∏Spw. AXv IrXyambn Af∂m¬_m°nsb√mw tPymsa{SnbneqsSIW°pIq´nsbSp°mw. AXv Xs∂-bmWv At±lw sNbvXXpw. ]t£kn≤m¥sØ°mƒ ITn\w BWt√m{]tbmKw. IrXyambn tImWpIƒAf°m\p≈ D]IcWßsfm∂pwA∂v e`yambncp∂n√. hfsc {i≤-tbmsS AcnÃm¿°kv Af∂p Xocp-am\n®Xv 87 Un{Kn F∂mWv. AX\p-kcn®v kqcy≥ N{μs\ At]£n®v19 Cc´n ZqscbmsW∂pw, F∂m¬Ah c≠pw GItZiw Htc hep∏-Øn¬ ImWs∏Sp∂XpsIm≠v kqcy\vN{μs‚ 19 Cc´n hep∏w Ds≠∂pwAt±lw IW°m°n.

F∂m¬ B[p\nI imkv{X⁄¿AXv IW°m°nbn´p≈Xv 89 Un{Kn51 an\n´v F∂mWv. B ]niIv aqewAt±lw IW°m°nbXv t]msekqcy≥ N{μt\°mƒ 19 Cc´nb√,AXns‚ 20 aSßv- ZqscbmWv, AXm-bXv GItZiw 380 Cc´n Zqsc. am{Xa√AXn\\pkcn®v kqcy\v hen∏hpwIqSpXemWv.

]t£ AXn¬ Imcyan√. kqcy-\mtWm N{μ\mtWm hepXv, GXmWvIqSpX¬ Zqsc, F{X ZqcØv-, F∂Xn-s\∏‰nsbms° {KŸßƒ t\m°nX¿°n°p∂Xn\p ]Icw C{X efnX-

ambXpw B¿°pw \SØmhp∂XpwBb Hcp ]co£Ww \n¿tZin®pF∂XnemWv AcnÃm¿°kns‚alXzw. Xo¿∂n√, N{μ{KlWkabØv N{μ\n¬ ]Xn°p∂ `qan-bpsS \ngens‚ h{IX t\m°n N{μ-s‚bpw `qanbpsSbpw Bt]£nIhen∏w I≠p]nSn°mw F∂pw Acn-Ãm-¿°kv hmZn®p. Aßs\ `qan-bpsS hymkw N{μs‚Xns‚ Cc´nBsW∂v At±lw \n¿Wbn®p.AhnsSbpw bYm¿∞ Afhv CXns‚Cc´n hcpw. F¶nepw Cu IW°pIq´epIƒ t]mepw kqcy≥ `qansb-°mƒ F{Xtbm aSßv - hepXvBsW∂v t_m[ys∏Sm≥ klmbn®p.kqcy\pw N{μ\pw `qtemI hmkn-Iƒ°v ]Iepw cm{Xnbpw shfn®w \¬-Im\mbn ssZhw Xq°nb, GXm\pwIntemao‰¿ Zqsc am{Xw ÿnXnsNøp∂, sNdnb {]ImitKmf߃BsW∂ Nn¥ temIw h®p]pe¿-Ønbncp∂ ImeØv- CXv hnπhI-camb apt∂‰w Xs∂bmbncp∂p.

]t£ ]d™ns´¥p Imcyw? BcpwAcnÃm¿°kns‚ Is≠ØepIƒKuchamsbSpØn√. Ah¿°vAcnkvs‰m´nens‚bpw CbptUmIvk-kns‚bpw A_≤∏©mwKw Xs∂bm-bncp∂p kzoImcyw.[14] Aßs\Ah¿ AcnÃm¿°kns\Xnsc ssZh-tZmjw Btcm]n®v At±lsØ th -bmSn. F{X XhWbmWv Cu Ncn{XwBh¿Øn°p∂Xv!

Cdms‰mkvsX\nkv (Eratosthenes,276 - 195, {In. ap.) AeIvkm-{≠n-bbnse alm {KŸimebnse Iyqsc-´¿ (Bÿm\ ]finX≥) Bbncp∂p.]pcm-X-\ -tem-IsØ G‰hpw Adnhp-≈bmƒ F∂ JymXn At±l-Øn\vD≠mbncp∂p. At±lw ]e{KŸßfpw cNn®n´ps≠¶nepw hfscefnXamb Hcp ]co£WØneqsS`qanbpsS Np‰fhv- \n¿Wbn®XmWvAt±lsØ A\izc≥ B°p∂Xv.DØcmbWØns‚ A¥yw Ipdn°p∂I¿°SI kw{Ia Znhkw \´p®bv°vkqcy≥ Z£nW CuPn]vXnse

46 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

knsb≥ F∂ \KcØn¬ (B[p\nIBkzm≥) Xebv°p aosX ImW-s∏-Sp∂p F∂ hkvXpX Cdms‰mkvsX-\nkn\p Adnbmambncp∂p. F∂m¬At∂ Znhkw AtX kabØv,knsb\n¬ \n∂v t\sc hS°p ÿnXnsNøp∂ AeIvkm{≠nbbn¬ kqcy≥Xebv°p t\¿apIfn¬ \n∂v- 7 Un{Kn12 an\n v (AXmbXv Hcp ]q¿W hrØ-Øns‚ A≥]Xnsemcp `mKw) sX°vamdnbmWv ImWs∏Sp∂Xv F∂v-At±lw \nco£n®p. CXv km[y-am-IWw F¶n¬ `qan knsb\n¬ \n∂v-AeIvkm{≠nbbnte°v sNcn™vCcp∂m¬ am{Xta ]‰q F∂v- Cdms‰m-kvsX\nkv Duln®p. Cu hmZwAXns‚ bp‡n]camb ]cnk-am-]vXnbn¬ FØn®m¬ `qan F√mZnibntebv°pw sNcn™v Ccn°p-s∂∂pw AXn\m¬ Dcp≠Xm-sW-∂pwIn´pat√m. ASpØXmbn At±-lwAeIvkm{≠nbbn¬ \n∂v- knsb-\nse°p≈ Zqcw IrXyambn Af∂pXn´s∏SpØn. 5000 kvt‰Unb F∂mWvAt±lØn\v In´nb DØcw. At∏mƒsamØw `qanbpsS Np‰fhv- AXns‚A≥]Xv Cc´n, AXmbXv 250000 kvt‰-Unb. ]n∂oSv At±lw CXns\ Ipd®p-IqSn ]cnjvIcn®v 252000 kvt‰UnbF∂m°n. A∂sØ kvt‰UnbwF∂Xv F¥mWv F∂Xn-s\-∏‰n Ipd®vBib°pg∏w D≠v. 157.5 ao‰¿ F∂-XmWv s]mXphmb A`n{]mbw. Aß-s\bmsW¶n¬ qanbpsS Np‰fhv- 39690In.ao. BIpw. AXmIs´ qanbpsS Np‰-fhns\ kw_‘n® B[p\nI IW-°pIq -en¬ \n∂v- shdpw 2% am{XwAIse-bmWv. AXv`pXIcamb CuIrXyX, tIm¨ Af°p∂Xnepw ZqcwAf°p-∂Xnepw At±lw hcpØnbsNdnb ]niIpIƒ ]ckv]cw Iym≥-k¬ sNbvXp t]mbXv sIm≠mWv F∂v-thWsa¶n¬ Btcm]n°mw. ]t£ho≠pw ]dbs´, \mw {i≤nt°≠XvDØcØns‚ IrXyX A√, ]Icw

AXv Is≠Øp∂Xn\mbn At±lwkzoIcn® coXnbpsS imkv{XobXbpwemfnXyhpw BWv. qan Dcp≠XmtWm]c∂XmtWm F∂Xns\∏‰n Hcn-°epwAhkm\n°mØ hmZ{]Xnhm-Z߃\SØp∂Xn\p ]Icw B¿°pw FhnsSh®pw \SØmhp∂ eLphmb Cu]co£Ww Bkq{XWw sNbvX Cdm-s‰mkvsXs\kns‚ {]Xn`sb Ipºn-SpI Xs∂ thWw. temIØnse G‰-hpwkpμcamb ]Øp ]co£W-ßfn¬H∂mbn CXv IW°m°-s]Sp∂p. [15]

CXv IqSmsX Cdms‰mkvsXs\kv`qanbpsS A®pX≠ns‚ sNcnhpwAf°pIbp≠mbn. Cu sNcnhvBWt√m EXpt`Z߃°v ImcWwBIp∂Xv-. At±lØn\p In´nbaqeyw Hcp ]q¿W hrØØns‚ 11/166 mKw F∂mbncp∂p. AXmbXv 23Un{Kn 51 an\n´v. (B[p\nI IW°vIq´¬ 23 Un{Kn 46 an\n´v.)

\ns°bbnse ln∏m¿°k v(Hipparchus of Nicaea, 190 120 {In. ap.)BWv- ]et∏mgpw ]pcmX\ ImesØG‰hpw {]apJ\mb tPymXnimkv{X-⁄≥ Bbn IcpXs∏Sp∂Xv. AXn\vImcWw At±lw \Kv\t\{Xw sIm≠vImWmhp∂ BbnctØmfw \£{X-ßfpsS Hcp BImi Nn{Xw Xbmdm-°nbXmWv. ln∏m¿°kns\ CXn\vt{]cn∏n®Xv NnØnc \£{Xw (Spica)]ga°m¿ tcJs∏SpØnbXn¬ \n∂pwGItZiw c≠v Un{Kn amdnbXmbnIs≠ØnbXmWv. Zpcqlamb Cu{]Xn`mkØn¬ IuXpIw ]q≠At±lw tdmUv-kv (Rhodes) F∂ÿe-Øv Hcp hm\\nco£W \nebwÿm]n®v- Ignbp∂{X \£{X-ßfpsSÿm\w IrXyambn ]p\¿ \n¿W-bn®p. IqSpX¬ ]Tn®t∏mƒ At±l-Øn\p t_m[yw BbXv- NnØnc\£{XØnt‚Xv Hcp H‰s∏´ ]niIvAs√∂pw, F√m \£{XßfpwAcnÃm¿°kpw AXn\v ap≥]v _m_n-temWnb°mcpw tcJs∏SpØn-bXn¬

\n∂pw Hcp {]tXyI {IaØn¬ amdn-bn´p≠v F∂pamWv. AXn\v HcphniZo-IcWta \¬Im≥ BIpambn-cp∂p≈q: `qanbpsS A®pX≠v ]gbZnibn¬ \n∂pw amdnbncn°p∂p!thsdmcp hn[Øn¬ ]d™m¬]≠sØ {[ph\£{Xw A√ Ct∏mg-sØ {[ph \£{Xw. Hcp ]ºcwIdßn°dßn AXns‚ thKXIpdbptºmƒ AXns‚ A®pX≠vBSp∂Xpt]mse, qanbpsS A®p-X≠v{ItaW h´Øn¬ BSpIbmWv. Hmtcmh¿jhpw 45 sk°≠v F∂ tXmXn¬BWv- Cu B´w F∂mWv At±lwIW°m°nbXv. B[p\nI IW°pIq´¬ A\pkcn®v CXv 50.2 sk°≠vhcpw. AXmbXv 25800 h¿jwsIm≠vHcp N{Iw ]q¿Øn-bm°n ]gb-ÿm-\Øv hcpw. Cu Ne-\-Øn\v hnjp-h{`wiw AYhm precession of theequinox F∂v- ]dbp-∂p.(16)

ln∏m¿°kv kqcyN{μ≥ amcpsS{`aWhpw \njvIr„ambn ]Tn°p-IbpwNm{μamkØns‚ ssZ¿Lyw Hcpsk°≠n\p IrXyambpw h¿j-Øns‚ssZ¿Lyw Bdp an\n´n\p IrXyambpwIW°m°pIbpw sNbvXp.

CXns\ms° ]pdta {SnKtWm-sa-{SnbpsS ]nXmsh∂pw ln∏m¿°-kns\ hntijn∏n°mdp≠v. At±l-Øn-s‚ IrXnIsfm∂pw In´nbn´n-s√-¶nepw At±lw kbn\pIfpsS (Sines)Hcp ]´nI Xbmdm°nbXmbn ]db-s∏Sp∂p. kbn≥ (A+B) bv°mbn \mwD]tbmKn°p∂ tSmsfanbpsS XodwbYm¿YØn¬ ln∏m¿°kns‚I≠p]nSnØw BWt{X. tKmf{Xn-tImW߃ (spherical triangles) \n¿[m-cWw sNøm\pw At±lØn\v Adn-bm-ambncp∂p.

Iq´Øn¬ ]dbs´, `q]SØn¬A£mwiØns‚bpw tcJmwi-Øn-s‚bpw klmbtØmsS ÿe߃ASbmfs∏SpØp∂ coXn \S∏m°n-bXv Cdms‰mkvsX\nkv Bbncps∂-

Acn-Ãm¿°kv kok¿Kmse≥Acn-tÃm-s^-\nkv

imkv{X-KXn 47

¶n¬, AtX coXnbn¬ \£{Xßfp-sSbpw {KlßfpsSbpw ÿm\wASbm - fs∏S pØnØpSßnbX vln∏m¿°kv Bbncp∂p.

AcnÃm¿°kns\ \mw Hm¿°p-∂Xv, P\߃ AwKoIcn-®ns√¶nepwskucbqYØns‚ GItZiw icnbmbHcp Nn{Xw apt∂m´p h®p - F∂Xns‚t]cn¬ BsW¶n¬ tSmsfansb \mwHm¿°p∂Xv P\߃ kt¥mj-tØmsS s\©nte‰nb, F∂m¬XnI®pw sX‰mb, Hcp {]]© amXrIkΩm\n®Xns‚ t]cn¬ BWv - !¢mUnbkv tSmsfan (Claudius Ptolemy,{In. ]n. 85 165) AeIvkm{≠nbbpsSÿm]Icmb tSmsfan cmPhwi-hpambn_‘ap≈ Hcmfmbncp∂n√. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Ct±lw Hcp tdma≥ ]uc≥

Bbncp∂p. {In. ]n. 127 apX¬ 151 hscCt±lw AeIvkm - {≠nbbn¬Xmakn®v hm\ \nco£-W߃

\SØpIbpw tPymXn -»mkv{X]T\ßfn¬ G¿s∏SpIbpw sNbvX-Xmbn tcJIfp≠v. tPymsa-{Snbn¬

bq¢nUns‚ Fsesa‚ vkv t]msetPymXn»mkv{XØn¬ Ct±lØns‚A¬asPÃ v (Almagest) BbncØn

A™qtdmfw h¿jw ]Tn°s∏´ HcpB[nImcnI {KŸw Bbn \ne\n∂p.AXn¬ tPymXn-»mkv{XØn\p ]pdta

KWnXhpw ]cma¿in°s∏Sp∂p. ]esSIvÃv-_p°pIsfbpw t]mse AXn¬Ipd®v `mKw auenIamb kn≤m¥-

ßfpw F∂m¬ \s√mcp `mKw ap≥]vXs∂ Adnbs∏´ncp∂ ({][m\ambpwln∏m¿°kv ]Tn∏n®) XXzßfpsSt{ImUoIcWhpw BWv-.

KWnXØns‚ Iq´Øn¬ kbn\p-IfpsS Hcp ]´nIbpw ss]bpsSaqeyw 3.14167 Bbn´p≈ \n¿hN\hpwImWmw. thsdmcp mKØv 1022 \£-{XßfpsS ÿm\ \n¿Wbw \SØn-bncn°p∂p. _m°n `mK߃ {Kl-Ne\w kw_‘n® tSmsfanbpsSkn≤m¥w AhXcn∏n°p∂p. CXvhy‡ambpw `qansb {]]©Øns‚a[yØn¬ {]XnjvTn®p. `qan tI{μ-Ønepw N{μ≥, _p[≥, ip{I≥,kqcy≥, sNmΔ, hymgw, i\n F∂nhAtX {IaØn¬ `qanbn¬ \n∂v-Zqscbmbn qansb Np‰p∂Xmbpw D≈{]]© amXrI BWv- tSmsfanapt∂m´p h®Xv. N{μs‚ {`aW ]Ywam{Xta IrXyambpw hrØmIrXnbn¬D≈q. a‰p≈ {KlßfpsS Ne\߃hniZoIcn°p∂Xn\p N{IßfpsS]pdØv Np‰p∂ A[nN{I߃(epicycles) F∂ \n¿anXnsb B{ibn-t°≠n h∂p. F∂m¬ A¤pX-

Icamb hkvXpX, AØcw \qdpIW°n\v A[nN{IßfpsS klmb-tØmsS F√m {KlßfpsSbpwÿm\hpw KXnbpw GXm≠v IrXyX-tbmsS {]hNn°m≥ tSmsfan°vIgn™p F∂XmWv. CXmbncp∂p

bYm¿∞Øn¬ tSmsfanbpsS kw`m-

h\. Hcphn[Øn¬ ]d™m¬ XnI-

®pw imkv{Xobamb ]≤Xn Bbn-cp∂p tSmsfanbptSXv. {]]©Øns‚Hcp KWnX amXrI D≠m°pI;AXns‚ ASnÿm\Øn¬ {KlNe\-sØ]‰n {]hN\w \SØm≥ IgnbpI;AXv \nco£WßfneqsS icnh-bv°pI. Hcp imkv{X kn≤m¥Øns‚km[pXbv°v CXnev]cw F¥mWvth≠Xv?

]t£ bYm¿YØn¬ D≈ Ah-ÿ CXn¬\n∂v- hfsc hn`n∂w Bbn-cp∂p F∂v- \ap°dnbmw. tSmsf-anbpsS {]hN\Ønse ]niIpIƒXncn®dnbp∂Xn\p th≠ IrXyXA∂v e`yamb \nco£W߃°vD≠mbncp∂n√ F∂XmWv hmkvXhw.AsX¥mbmepw, tSmsfan apt∂m´ph® amXrI Acnkvs‰m´nens‚ ImewapX¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂ `qtI{μnXkn≤m¥Øns\ KWnXØns‚hnizmkyX AWnbn®p. C°mWp∂{]]©Øns‚sb√mw tI{μØn¬a\pjys‚ Bhmkÿm\amb `qan{]XnjvTn°s∏SpI, AXns\ {]Z-

Acnkvs‰m´nens‚ ImewapX¬ \ne\n∂ncp∂`qtI{μnXkn≤m¥Øns\KWnXØns‚hnizmkyX AWnbn®p.C°mWp∂{]]©Øns‚sb√mwtI{μØn¬ a\pjys‚Bhmkÿm\amb `qan{]XnjvTn°s∏SpI,AXns\ {]Z-£nWwh®psIm≠v as‰√m {Kl-ßfpw kqcyN{μmZnIfpw\nesIm-≈pI:CXnt\°mƒ kw{Xp]vXn-Icambn F¥p≈q?Aß\sØ anYymkwXr]vXn-bpsSXWen¬tPymXn»mkv{XwDd°Ønem≠p. AXn¬\n∂pWcm≥ GXm≠vBbncØn A™qdvh¿j߃ th≠n h∂p.

48 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

£nWw h®psIm≠v as‰√m {Kl-ßfpw kqcyN{μmZnIfpw \nesIm-≈pI: CXnt\°mƒ kw{Xp]vXn-Icambn F¥p≈q?

Aß\sØ anYym kwXr]vXn-bpsS XWen¬ tPymXn»mkv{XwDd°Ønem≠p. AXn¬ \n∂pWcm≥GXm≠v BbncØn A™qdvh¿j߃ th≠n h∂p.

sshZy imkv{XwsshZyimkv{XØnse C°mesØ

alm{]Xn` Kmse≥ Bbncp∂p.Kmse≥ (Galen {In.]n. 129 - 199 )]ucmWnI ImeL´Ønse HSphn-esØ {][m\ {KŸImc≥ Bbncp-s∂∂p ]dbmw. C∂sØ S¿°n-bn-ep≈ s]¿Kma¨ (]gb t]cv s]¿-Kmaw) Bbncp∂p Kmses‚ P∑-ÿew. AhnsS A∂v AeIvkm-{≠nb-bnse alm {KŸimetbmSv InS]nSn-°p∂ as‰mcp {KŸimebpw hn⁄m-\-tI{μhpw D≠mbncp∂p. AhnSsØhnZym`ymkØn\v tijw Kmse≥AeIvkm{≠nb Dƒs∏sS-bp≈ a‰phn⁄m\ tI{μ߃ kμ¿in°p-Ibpw ]n∂oSv tdma≥ N{Ih¿Øn am¿-°kv Hmdoenbpkns‚ sIm´mcw sshZy-\mbn ÿm\w Fev°pIbpw sNbvXp.

Kmse≥ a\pjy arXtZl߃Iodnapdn®p ]Tn®ns√¶nepw arK-ßfn¬hn]peamb ]T\߃ \SØn. Aß-s\ icoc imkv{XØn¬ B[nImcnI-amb {KŸw cNn°m≥ At±lØn\vIgn™p. c‡ Nw{Ia-W-Øns‚ BZy]mT߃ Is≠-ØnbXmWv At±l-Øns‚ G‰hpw {][m\amb kw`mh\.[a\nI-fpsSbpw kncIfpsSbpw[¿a߃ th¿Xncn®dnbm≥ At±l-Øn\v Ign™p. lrZbØnse hm¬-hpIfpsS {]h¿Ø\hpw At±lwa\ nem°n. c‡w ip≤oIcn°p-∂-Xn¬ izmtkm-Ozm-k-Øn\p≈ {]m[m-\yhpw At±lw Duln®p. F∂m¬izmtkm-OzmksØ \nb{¥n°p∂Xv-lrZb anSn∏v BsW∂mWv- At±lw[cn®Xv. Pohs\ kw_‘n® At±l-Øns‚ kn≤m¥Øn¬ hmbphn\p(pneuma) {]tXyI ÿm\w D≠mbn-cp∂p. Hcp ]t£ shdpw hmbp F∂-Xn-t\°mƒ `mcXob k¶¬]w Bb"{]mW≥' Bbncn°mw AXnt\mSvIpd®pIqsS ASpØp hcp∂Xv.lnt∏m{Ims‰kns‚ "\mev lyqa¿'kn≤m¥hpw Acnkvs‰m´nens‚ a\p-jy-s\-°pdn-®p≈ k¶ev]hpw Kmse-\pw AwKo-Icn®p.

CXnsems° ]e ]niIpIfpwImWmw F¶nepw GXm≠v B[p\nIImew FØpw hsc hfsc kzm[o\w

sNepØnb hy‡nXzw Bbncp∂pKmset‚Xv. AXns‚ Hcp ImcWwAt±lØns‚ kn≤m¥hpw a\pjyk¶ev]hpw ssZh hnizmkØn¬A[njvTnXhpw aX s]utcmlnXyi‡nIƒ°p XnI®pw kzoImcyhpwBbncp∂p F∂XmImw. {InkvXobk`bv°pw C…man\pw AXnt\mSv

Ieln-t°≠ Bhiyw D≠mbn√.

5.6 AeIvkm{≠nb≥ImeL´Ønsekmt¶XnIhnZyIƒ

sls√\nÃnIv kaqlw ]e cmPy-

°mcpsSbpw aX°mcpsSbpw mj°m-cpsSbpw hwi°mcpsSbpw kwLmXwBbncp∂p. hym]mc hmWnPy _‘-ßfpw \Kc tI{μoIrXamb DXv]mZ\k{ºZmbßfpw CS]mSpIfpw BWv-Ahsc H∂n∏n®ncp∂Xv. F∂ncp-∂mepw Cu hºn® kºØpXv]m-Z\sØ kamlcn°m≥ t]m∂tI{μob cW hyhÿtbm NqjWwsNøm≥ t]m∂ ]utcmlnXytamD≠mbncp∂n√. AXpsIm≠pXs∂h≥tXmXnep≈ \n¿amW kwcw -߃A°meØp≠mbn√. Cu ]cnanXn-Iƒ-°p≈n¬ \n∂psIm≠pXs∂ Bkaqlw kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS]ptcmKXn°p \n¿WmbIamb kw`m-h\Iƒ \¬In. AhcpsS F≥Pn\o-b¿am¿ sNdp sNdp b{¥ßƒ BWv-\n¿Ωn®Xv, ]t£ ap≥Ime bh\-F≥Pn\ob¿am¿ hf¿Øn FSpØb{¥X{¥ hn⁄m\Øns‚ (Theoryof Machines) A\p`h]mT߃ Ah-¿°v klmbØn\p≠mbncp∂p.

sh≈w \nd® Hcp tKmfwCcphiØpap≈s_bdnßp Ifn¬kzX{¥ambnIdßØ°hn[w Xmßn\n¿Ønbncn°p∂p.Xmsg \n∂v- XosImSp°ptºmƒ sh≈wNqSmbn Xnf®v,tKmfØns‚ ]≈-Ifn¬\n∂v- X≈n \n¬°p∂\mev ss]∏pIfneqsS\ocmhn ]pdtØbv°vNo‰pw. AXns‚ X≈¬sIm≠v tKmfw hn]coXZnibn¬ Idßpw.GXm≠v C°meØvtXm´w \\bv°m≥D]tbmKn°p∂ kv{]n-¶vf¿ t]mse. icn°v]d™m¬ \yq´s‚aq∂mw \nbaØns‚{]tbm-Kw BWnhnsS\S°p∂Xv, Ah¿ AXvAßs\a\ nem°nbns√¶n¬t]mepw.

imkv{X-KXn 49

DtØmeIw AXns‚ G‰hpw{]mYanI cq]Øn¬ CuPn]vXpImcpw_m_ntemWnb°mcpw D]tbm-Kn-®ncp∂p. ]t£ I∏nbpw dm´pw(windlass) AeIvkm-{≠nb°mcpsSI≠p]nSnØw Xs∂bmWv. Ah D]-tbmKn®p≈ s{Ibn\pIfpw Ah¿\n¿an®p. ChbpsS cq]Iev]\bv°pwsa°m\n°¬ AUzms‚Pv IW°m-°m\pw D≈ ssI∏pkvX-I߃ I≠p-In´nbn´p≠v. [17] B∏pw (wedge) sNcn-hp]eIIfpw (inclined planes) Ah-¿°p ap≥]pw D≠mbncp∂p; ]t£]ncn-bmWn (screw) ]pXpabm-bncp∂p.AXp-]tbmKn®v Ah¿ Heohpw ap¥n-cnbpw ]ngnbm\p≈ s{] pIƒD≠m°n.

{]K¤cmb F≥Pn\ob¿am¿Hcp ]t£ \ap°v t]cdnbmhp∂

BZysØ F≥Pn\ob¿am¿ Cu Ime-L´Øn¬ \n∂p≈h¿ Bbn-cn°mw.{In. ap. aq∂mw iXIØn\pw {In. ]n.BZy iXIØn\pw CSbv°v Pohn-®ncp∂ AeIvkm{≠nbbnse lotdm(10-70 {In.]n.), ss_km-‚nbØnse^ntem ({In.ap. 20˛{In.]n. 50 ), sŒko-_nbkv ({In.ap. 285 - 225 ), hn{Sqhnbkv({In.ap. 80 / 70 - 10) XpSßnbh¿]ehn[ eLpb{¥-߃°pw D]Ic-W-߃°pw cq]w \¬In. B¿°n-anUokpw ({In.ap. 287 - 212) {]K¤\mbHcp F≥Pn\ob¿ Bbncp∂pht√m.

{In.]n. H∂mw \q‰m≠n¬ Pohn-®ncp∂ AeIvkm{≠nbbnse lotdm(Heron Alexandrinus F∂v- icnbmbt]cv) \ΩpsS s]cp¥®s\t∏mse]e IpkrXn°≠p]nSnØ߃°pw{]kn≤\mbncp∂p. Hcp ]t£BZysØ \ocmhn F©n≥ F∂v-hnfn°mhp∂ Hcp b{¥w At±lwkr„n®p. sh≈w \nd® Hcp tKmfwCcphiØpap≈ s_bdnßp Ifn¬kzX{¥ambn IdßØ°hn[wXmßn \n¿Ønbncn°p∂p. Xmsg\n∂v- Xo sImSp°ptºmƒ sh≈wNqSmbn Xnf®v, tKmfØns‚ ]≈-Ifn¬ \n∂v- X≈n \n¬°p∂ \mevss]∏pIfneqsS (nozzles) \ocmhn]pdtØbv°v No‰pw. AXns‚ X≈¬sIm≠v tKmfw hn]coX Znibn¬Idßpw. GXm≠v C°meØv tXm´w\\bv°m≥ D]tbmKn°p∂ kv{]n-¶vf¿ t]mse. icn°v ]d™m¬\yq´s‚ aq∂mw \nbaØns‚ {]tbm-Kw BWnhnsS \S°p∂Xv, Ah¿AXv Aßs\ a\ nem°nbns√¶n¬t]mepw. B[p\nI dnbm£≥ S¿_-bn\pIfn¬ CtX XXzw Xs∂bmWv{]tbmKn°p∂Xv.

CXv IqSmsX NqSmb hmbp sIm≠vNen°p∂ ]e b{¥ ]mhIfpwAt±lw \n¿an®p. \mWbw C´m¬\n›nX Afhv Xo¿∞w Xcp∂ Hcpsh≥UnwKv sajo≥, {ZmhIßfpsSHgp°v \nb{¥n°p∂ Hcp kndn©v,an\n´pIƒ \ofp∂ ]mhIfn {]Z¿in-∏n°p∂ b{¥ Xntb‰¿, kzbw Xncn

sXfn°p∂ Hcp dm¥¬ hnf°vXpSßnbh At±lØns‚ kr„nI-fn¬-s]Sp∂p. as‰mcp I≠p]nSnØw

bm{¥nI tlmaIpfiw Bbncp∂p.AXn¬ I¿∏qcw IØn°ptºmƒCcphiØpw \n¬°p∂ Bƒcq]-

߃ tlmaIpfiØnte°v ]qPm{Z-hy-߃ A¿∏n°pw. as‰mcp tZhme-bØn¬ ÿm]n®ncp∂ AƒØmc-

bn¬ I¿∏qcw IØn®m¬ AXn\I-sØ hmbp NqSmbn hnIkn®v NneDtØmeIßsf Nen∏n°pIbpw

AhtbmSv LSn∏n® {iotImhnens‚hmXnepIƒ Xmt\ Xpd°pIbpwsNøpambncp∂p. "^oUv _m°v' D]-

tbmKn®v kzbw \nb{¥n°p∂ Cub{¥ßƒ ssks_¿s\´nIvkv F∂imkv{X imJbpsS DZbw Ipdn°p∂p.shdpsXb√ At±lØn\v "b{¥a\pjy≥' (Michanikos ) F∂v- t]cvhoWXv-! [18]

]t£ IuXpIIcamb Ifn∏m-´ßƒ F∂ \nebn¬ am{XtaCsX√mw AeIvkm{≠nb°m¿ I≠p-≈q. AXpsIms≠¥p ]‰n? kuh-¿W Imew AkvXan®t∏mƒ Chsb-√mw hnkvarXambn.

sh≈w Db¿Øm\p≈ b{¥-߃ (]ºpIƒ) hnπhIcamb Hcpam‰w Ipdn®p. hm´¿ kv{Iq (B¿°n-anUokns‚ ]ncn D]tbmKn®p≈Xv)Im¿jnI PetkN\ cwKØp am{X-a√ IpSnsh≈w FØn°p-∂Xnepwhenb ]¶v hln®p. AXn\v ]pdtaJ\nIƒ Pehnap‡am°p∂XnepwI∏epIfn¬ \n∂v- sh≈w tImcn°-f-

bp-∂Xn\pw Ah D]tbmKn®ncp-∂-Xmbn hn{Sqhnbkv ]dbp∂p. CXv IqSm-sX ]Øp ]{¥≠p ao‰¿ hymkap≈

hensbmcp N{IØns‚ Bc°mep-IfpsS A‰Øp LSn∏n® Ncph߃D]tbmKn®v sh≈w Db¿Ønbncp∂

t\mdnb (Noria ) F∂ PeN{Ihpw (hm -¿ho¬) A∂v D]tbmK-Ønep≠m-bn-cp∂p. N{IØntebv°v sh≈w hogv-

Øp-∂ coXn A\pkcn®v ta¬ N{I-ßfpw Iogv-N{Ißfpw ew_ N{Ißfpw(Overshot, Undershot and Breast waterwheels) hnIkn∏n°s∏´p.

Xo sISpØm\pw IpSnsh≈wDb¿Øm\pw D]tbmKn®ncp∂t^mgvkv ]ºns\∏‰n sŒko_n-bkpw^ntembpw hnhcn°p∂p≠v. sh≈wam{Xa√ hmbphpw Ah¿°v ]ºvsNøm≥ Adnbmambncp∂p. hmbp{]hmlw sIm≠v kwKoXw kr„n-°p∂ D]IcW߃ (Organs) A∂vkm[mcWambncp∂p. Ch s]mXpthC∂sØ lm¿tamWnbw t]mse ssIsIm≠v sRcp°p∂ DeIƒ (bellows)D≈hbmbncp∂p. F∂m¬ {In. ap.c≠mw \q‰m≠n¬ Xs∂ HgpIp∂

50 HIvtSm-_¿ 201150

sh≈Øns‚ i‡n D]tbmKn®v{]h¿Øn°p∂ Hcp kwKoX D]I-cWsØ∏‰n (Water organ) ]cma¿iwD≠v. kam\amb as‰mcp kwKoXD]IcWØn\p≈ NmeI i‡n HcpIm‰mSnbn¬ \n∂mWv In´nbncp∂-sX∂pw IcpXs∏Sp∂p. CXv icnsb-¶n¬ Xo¿®bmbpw hensbmcp t\´wXs∂bmWv. Fs¥∂m¬, Im‰ns‚i‡n hnPbIcambn Ids∂Sp°p-∂Xns‚ BZyDZmlcWw Bbn-cn°pwAXv.

AeIvkm{≠nb≥ F≥Pn\ob¿-amcpsS as‰mcp t\´w Imcy£aambPe LSnImc߃ hnIkn∏ns®Sp-ØXmWv. s¢]vkn{Um (Clepsidra)F∂mbncp∂p AXns‚ t]cv. sh≈-Øns‚ Hgp°v ÿncambn \ne\n-¿ØpI F∂ {]iv\hpw Pe LSnIm-cØnse kabsØ kqcy LSnIm-cØnse kabhpambn CW°pIF∂ {]iv\hpw Fßs\ ]cnlcn®pF∂v- hn{Sqhnbkv hnhcn®n´p≠v.

k¿thbv°p≈ D]IcW߃:Ch IqSmsX IrXyamb coXnbn¬k¿th \SØm≥ D]Icn°p∂ ]eAfhv D]IcWßfpw hn{Sqhnbkv[19] hnhcn®n´p≠v. Zqchpw tImWp-Ifpw IrXyambn Af°m\p≈D]IcW߃ Ah¿°p≠mbncp∂p.Zqcw Af°p∂ sskt¢mao‰¿,KnbdpIƒ LSn∏n® Hcp b{¥wBbncp∂p. Zqcÿamb hkvXp°-fpsS Zni IrXyambn Nq≠n°mWn-

°p∂ Utbm]v{S (Diotpra) {In. ap.aq∂mw iXIØn¬ Xs∂ {]Xy£-s∏Sp∂p≠v. AXns\ ap≥t]m´pw]nt∂m´pw adn®v- Hcp "{Sm≥kn‰v' BbnD]tbmKn°p∂ hnZy lotdm BWv-I≠p]nSn®Xv. Ipcnins‚ BIrXn-bnep≈ Hcp D]IcWw Bbncp∂pKvt\ma (tdmam°m¿ CXns\ t{KmaB°n am‰n). CXp]tbmKn®v a´tImWpIƒ IrXyambn ASbmfs∏-SpØm≥ Ah¿°v Ign™ncp∂p.sNcn -hpIƒ Af°m≥ Ah¿°vsImtdm-t_‰vkv (Chorobates) Fs∂m-cpD]IcWw D≠mbncp∂p. GXm≠v6 ao‰¿ \ofap≈ Hcp Z≠ns‚c≠‰Øpw Hmtcm πw_v t_m_vXq°n-bn´p hm´¿ seshens‚ klmb-tØmsS IrXyamb \nc∏v \n¿Wbn-°p∂ D]IcWw Bbncp∂p AXv.Cu D]IcWßsf√mw D]tbmKn®vAh¿ 500 ao‰¿ \ofap≈ Hcp Xpc¶wc≠‰Øp \n∂pw H∂n®v- Xpc∂v,IrXyambn Iq´nap´n®p F∂XvFSpØp ]dtb≠XmWv.

[m\yw s]mSn°¬: [m\yw s]mSn-°pI F∂Xv F√m kaql-ßfnepwhfsc A[zm\w Bhiyap≈ Hcp]Wn Bbncp∂pht√m. BZnImewapX¬ Xs∂ Cu ]Wn°mbnASnaIsf D]tbmKn°p∂ [20] ]XnhvD≠mbncp∂p. AXpsIm≠v Xs∂b{¥hXvIcWw BZyw IS∂ph∂taJe CXmbXn¬ A¤pXan√.Dcepw De°bpw sIm≠v [m\yw

s]mSn°p∂Xn\p ]Icw XncnI√v{]tbmKØn¬ h∂t∏mgmWv AXn-\p≈ hgn sXfn™Xv. [m\yws]mSn°p∂ an√v Id°m\mbn IpXnc-

Isfbpw IgpXIsfbpw D]tbm-Kn®Xmbncn°mw Hcp ]t£ hyh-kmb taJebnse BZysØ arKi-

‡n-{]tbmKw. PeN{I߃ I≠p]n-Sn®tXmsS Ahsb an√pambn Iq´nbn-W°pI F∂Xv kzm`mhnIamb Hcp

Nhn´p]Sn Bbn. KnbdpItfmSv IqSnbPeN{Ißsf∏‰n ^ntem BWv-BZyambn ]dbp∂Xv. {Koknse s]cm-

t°mdm (Perachora) F∂ ÿesØPeN{IamWv Ncn{XØn¬ CSw ]nSn®BZysØ Peb{¥w. jm^v‰ vI -

fpsSbpw KnbdpIfpsSbpw klmb-tØmsS N{IØns‚ Id°w an√nseXncnI√ns‚ Id°w B°n am‰p∂Xv

Xo¿®bmbpw kmt¶XnI hnZybnseHcp IpXn®p Nm´w Bbncp∂p. Hc¿Y-Øn¬ ]m›mXy temIsØ b{¥

kwkvImcØns‚ BZysØ NphSp-hbv∏v CXn¬ Z¿in°mw.

5.7 D]kwlmcw]m›mXy imkv{XØns‚bpw

kmt¶XnI kwkvIrXnbpsSbpwASnØd C´Xv {Kokn¬ BsW∂-Xn\v kwibw H∂pan√. hnizmkß-fpambn s]mcpØs∏SmsX hcptºmƒAhnShnsS Nne th´bmSepIƒD≠mIp∂ps≠¶nepw s]mXpthkzX{¥ Nn¥bptSXmb Hcp A¥-

imkv{X-KXn 51imkv{X-KXn 51

kqN\Iƒ[9] Staikos, K. (2000). The Great Libra-

ries: From Antiqutiy to the Renaiss-ance. Newcastle, Delaware: OakKnoll Press.

[10] ssls]jybpsS sIme]mX-IØn\v aX]cw F∂Xv IqSmsXcm{„obamb ImcWßfpwD≠mIm\p≈ km[yX D≠v.http://womenshistory.about.com/od/hypati1/a/hypatia.htm

[11] CuPn]v‰v - B{IaWØn\mbn\ntbmKn°s∏´ Aao¿ C_v≥Aem°n\v Imen^v Ham¿ C{]-Imcw Hcp ktμiw Ab®pF∂mWv ]dbs∏Sp∂Xv: ""Cu{Ko°pImcpsS {KŸßƒ ssZhhN\hpambn s]mcpØs∏Sp∂pF¶n¬ Ah kq£n®v hbv°p-∂Xn¬ A¿∞an√. s]mcpØ-s∏Sp∂ns√¶n¬ Ah kq£n®vhbv°mt\ ]mSn√. \in∏nt®aXnbmhq!'' ]t£ CXv shdpwIY BIms\ km[yXbp≈q.{][m\ ImcWw, Cu hnhcWwBZyambn shfn®w ImWp∂Xvkw`hw \S∂p A™qtdmfwsIm√w - Ign™v- ]XnΩq∂mw\q‰m≠n¬ am{Xw BsW∂p-≈XmWv. A°meØv BIs´,Ipcnip bp≤߃°v km[pX\¬Im\mbn ap…nw hntcm[wBfn°Øn°m≥ aXnbmbt{]cW D≠mbncp∂p Xm\pw.Heather Phillips: “The Great Libraryof Alexandria?” http://unllib.unl.edu/LPP/phillips.htm

[12] B¿°nanUnkns‚ G‰hpw{]kn≤amb ssk\nI hocIr-

Xyw tdma≥ I∏¬ ]Ssb Xpc-Ønb IYbmWv-. tdma≥ I∏ep-Iƒ B{Ian®t∏mƒ kndIyq-knse ]SbmfnItfmSv XßfpsSsh¶e ]cnNIƒ IÆmSnt]mse an\p°ns°m≠p Xpdap-JsØØm≥ B¿°nanUnkvBhiys∏´pht{X. tdma≥I∏¬]S AWn\ncs∂-Øn -bt∏mƒ ]SbmfnIfpsS an∂p∂]cnNIƒ {]`mX kqcys‚ Inc-W߃ H∂n®v- BZy I∏ens‚]mbbn¬ tI{μoIcn®p. \qdpI-W°n\v aSßv- s]cp°nb kqcyXm]w G‰p ]mb Xo]nSn®p;]ns∂ ASpØXv-, AXns‚ ASp-ØXv-... ]cn{`m¥cmb tdma≥I∏¬∏S Nn”`n∂ambn NnXdn]n≥hmßn. CXmWv IY. ]t£]e Ncn{XImc≥amcpw CXvAhnizkn°p∂p. kmt¶Xn-I-ambn CXv km[yw BWv- F∂v-Xs∂ ]dbWw. F¶nepwhmkvX-hØn¬ CXv \St∂mF∂v- kwibw BWv-. F¶nepw]e IÆmSnIfn¬ \n∂pwkqcycivanIsf H∂n®v - HtctI{μØnte°v {]Xn^en∏n®pD∂X Dujvamhv kr„n°p∂kwhn[m\Øn\v B¿°nan -Unb≥ kwhn[m\w F∂mWv]dbp∂Xv.

[13] kndIyqknse cmPmhmb lotdmc≠ma\v th≠n B¿°nanUokv\SØnb Cu ]co£WØns‚IY hn{{Sqhnbkv BWv- BZywtcJs∏SpØnbXv.

http: / /math.nyu.edu/~crorres/

Archimedes/Crown/CrownItnro.hml[14] http://www.varchive.org/ce/orbit/

arisam.ldw[15] tPm¿Pv tPm¨k , \yq tbm¿°v-

ssSwkv, sk]v. 24 , 2002

[16] CXns‚ ^ew BbmWv ]cº-cmKX C¥y≥ Ie≠dnsehnjp Bb taSw H∂n\p ]IcwC°meØv am¿®v 20 t\mSSpØv(ao\w 6) kqcy≥ `qa[y tcJ-bv°v apIfn¬ FØp∂Xv.

[17] “Hcp DtØmeIhpw F\n°v\n¬°m≥ Hcp ÿehpw Xcq;Rm≥ `qansb adn®nSmw'' F∂v-B¿°nanUokn\p ]dbm≥Ign™Xv Cu Adnhns‚ ss[-cyØn¬ Bbncp∂ncn°Ww.

[18] lotdm I≠p]nSn®Xv F∂v-hnizkn°s∏Sp∂ 78 b{¥ß-fpsS hnhcWw Cu ssk‰n¬hmbn°mw: http://www.history.rochester.edu/steam/hero/

[19] hn{Sqhnbk v (Marcus VtiruviusPollio) Hcp anen´dn F≥Pn\ob¿Bbncp∂p. At±lØns‚ DeArchitectura F∂ {KŸamWvAeIvkm{≠nb≥ ImeL-´Ønse bm{¥nI kwkvImc-sØ∏‰n \ap°v B[nImcnIhnhc߃ \¬Ip∂Xv.

[20] ss__nƒ IYbnse inwtim-s\ (Samson) ^nenkvXo≥Im¿X S h p I m c \ m ° n b t ∏ m ƒAt±lØns‚ Aam\pj i‡napXem°m\mbn Ah¿ sNbvXXv[m\yw s]mSn°p∂ an√v Id-°m≥

G¬∏n°pI Bbncp∂-t√m.

co£w BWv- {Koknepw AeIvkm{≠n-bbnepw \ne\n∂Xv. Acnkvs‰m´n-ens‚ temI ho£Whpw AXns\B[mcam°n tSmsfan hnIkn∏n-s®SpØ KWnX amXrIbpw P\{]nbwBbncps∂¶nepw AXns\XncmbImgvN∏mSpIfpw hyXykvXamb{]]© amXrIIfpw {]NmcØnep≠m-bncp∂p. \nco£W ]co£WßfpsSASnÿm\Øn¬ IrXyamb, Afhp-]camb, ^eßfn¬ FØp∂ coXn-°pXpS°w Ipdn°m≥ Ah¿°vIgn™p.

kmt¶XnI hnZybpsS cwKØpw]m›mXy temIØv ]n∂oSp≠mb]ptcmKXnbpsS ASnÿm\ambnh¿Øn® b{¥ LSI߃ ChnsShnIkn∏n°s∏Sp∂Xmbn \mw I≠p.Ahbv°m[mcamb XXzßfpw kn≤m-

¥ßfpw DcpØncns®Sp°m\pwCh¿°v Ign™p. A©v ASnÿm\b{¥ LSI߃ Bb DtØmeIw(lever), N{Ihpw A®pX≠pw (wheeland axle), I∏n (pulley), B∏v (wedge),]ncn (screw) F∂nhbpw {]mYanINe\ cq]ßfmb ]ncn (screw), Iymw(cam), dm®‰v (ratchet), I∏n (pulley),Knb¿ (gear) F∂nhbpw Ah¿hnIkn∏ns®SpØncp∂p. h´Ønep≈Id°sØ \ofØnep≈ Ne\wB°p∂ {Im¶v (crank) Ah¿°dnbm-ambncps∂¶nepw C∂sØ Xp∂¬b{¥Ønep≈ t]mep≈ Nhn´pN{IwAYhm s{SUn¬ (treadle) Ah¿D]tbmKn®ncp∂n√.

ckIcamb kwKXn, IuXpI-Icamb At\Iw IpkrXn b{¥ßƒAh¿ hnIkn∏ns®¶nepw Ahsb-

√mwXs∂ Ime{]hmlØn¬hnkvarXambn F∂XmWv. \ocmhnb{¥w t]mse AXy¥w km[yXIƒD≈ H∂n\pt]mepw XpS¿® D≠m-bn√. AXn\v ImcWw Ahbv-s°m∂pwkaqlØnse ssZ\wZn\ DXv]mZ\{]h¿Ø\ßtfmSv _‘-ap≠mbn√F∂XmWv. AtX kabw, Irjn,PetkN\w, `£W kwkvIcWwapXemb ASnÿm\ {]h¿Ø\ß-fpambn _‘s∏´ ]ºv, PeN{Iw,an√v , XpSßnbh AeIvkm{≠n-bbpsS ]X\Øn\p tijhpw \ne-\n¬°pIbpw bqtdm∏pIm¿ ]I¿Ønhf¿Øn P\PohnXØns‚ `mKwB°pIbpw sNbvXp.

imkv{X Ncn{XØnse Hcpkp{][m\ ]mTw BWv- ChnsS \mwImWp∂Xv.

52 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

th≠Xv Hcp

KXm-KX \bw

52

tIc-f-Øn-eqsSbp≈ bm{X-Iƒ{]tXy-In®v tdmUv bm{X-Iƒ Zp -l-ambnsIm≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. icm-icn 10% hml-\-߃ Hmtcm h¿jhpw tIc-f-Ønse \nc-Øn¬ ]pXp-Xmbn Cd-ßp-∂p-≠v. tIc-f-Øn¬ cPn-ÿ sNø-s∏-´n-´p≈ 55 e£w hml-\ßfpw a‰vkwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ cPn-ÿ sNbvXn pff12 e£w hml-\-ßfpw AS°w 67e£w hml-\-߃ 1200 In.ao. hcp∂tZiob ]mX-I-fn-eqsSbpw 21,000 In.ao.hcp∂ PWD ]mX-I-fn-eq-sSbpw Hcpe£w Intem-ao-‰dn-e-[nIw hcp∂ a‰p]mX-I-fn-eq-sSbpw HmSn-sIm-≠n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv. CXn¬ hml-\-ß-fpsS kΩ¿±wG‰hpw IqSp-X¬ Df-fXv tZiob ]mX-

th≠Xv Hcp

KXm-KX \bw

I-fnepw PWD tdmUp-I-fn-ep-amWv F∂v{]tXyIw ]d-tb-≠-Xn-√-t√m. C{X-b-[nIw hml-\-ßsf Dƒs°m-f-fm≥\ΩpsS tZiob ]mX-Iƒ°pw PWDtdmUp-Iƒ°pw Ign-bm-Ø-Xp-sIm≠vtIc-f-Øn-eqsS bm{X sNøp-∂-h¿°ve`n-°p∂ icm-icn thKX 30 In.an/aWn-°qdn¬ Xmsg-bmWv. CXv ag-°meamIp-∂-tXmsS 20 In.an/aWn-°q¿Bbn amdp-∂p. C\n tdmUp-I-fpsSÿnXn ]d-tb-≠-Xp-an-√. s]m´n-s]m-fn™ tdmUp-I-fn-eq-sS-bp≈ bm{XIƒ,bm{X sNøp-∂-h-scbpw hml-\-ß-sfbpw Htc t]mse Zpcn-X-Øn-em-°p-I-bm-Wv. Hcp hiØv P\-ß-fp-sSbpw Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb Nc-°p-I-

fp-sSbpw aqhvsa‚ v h¿[n-°pIbpwAtXm-sSm∏w hml\ km{μ-Xbpwh¿[n-°p-tºmƒ adp-h-iØv tdmUpI-fpsS \ofhpw KpW-\n-e-hm-chpw h¿[n-°p-∂n-√ F∂v am{X-a√ a‰p am¿K-ß-fn-eqsSbp≈ k©m-c-ku-Icyw hnI-kn-°p-∂p-an-√. tdmUp KXm-K-X-Øns‚ ]qc-I-ß-fmWv sdbn¬ KXm-KXw, Pe KXm-K-Xw, thyma-K-Xm-KXw F∂n-h.

sdbn¬ KXm-KXØn\v {]mY-anI\nt£]w IqSp-X¬ Bh-iy-amWvF¶n¬ IqSn G‰hpw Bh¿Ø\sNehv Ipd-™Xpw ]mcn-ÿn-XnI\miw Ipd-™Xpw G‰hpw Ipdhvÿeam-h-iy-am-b-Xpw, G‰hpw IqSp-X¬P\-ß-sf-bpw Nc°nt\bpw Dƒs°m-

KXm-KXwAUz. sI.-]n. chn-{]-Imiv

tIc-f-Øns‚ kpÿn-chpw \oXn-]q¿hhp-amb hnI-k-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb HcpKXm-KX \bw AXm-bn-cn-°Ww \ΩpsS e£yw. Hmt´m samss_¬ hnI-k-\-Øn¬ e£y-an- p≈ hnI-k\w sNe-th-dn-b-Xpw, ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-a-√m-Ø-Xpw, \oXn-bp-‡-a-√m-Ø-Xpw, kpÿnc hnI-k-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-c-a-√m-ØXpwBWv. AXp-sIm≠v sNehv Ipd™, kpÿn-c-Xmbp≈, s]mXp-kw-hn-[m\-Øn¬ Du∂nb KXm-KX\b-amWv \ap°v Bhiyw.

imkv{X-KXn 53imkv{X-KXn 53

≈m≥ Ignbp∂-Xp-amb bm{Xm-kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv. Ign™ A©v h¿j-Øn-\p-≈n¬ tdmUv KXm-KX Nm¿Pv Cc- n-bm-b-t∏mƒ sdbn¬ KXm-KX Nm¿Pv Hcpss]k-t]mepw Db¿∂n-´n√ F∂Xv{]tXyIw Nn¥n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. 1947 \vtijw sdbn¬ KXm-KX cwKØv Imcy-amb hnI-k-\-sam∂pw \ΩpsS kwÿm-\Øv D≠m-bn- n-√. BsI 10000 In.anam{X-amWv cmPy-ØmsI kzmX{¥ye_v[n°p tijw D≠mb ]pXnb]mX. Nne sdbn¬ sse\p-I-fpsS Cc-´n-∏n-°epw Ce-Iv{Sn- n-t°-j-\pw am{X-amWv tIc-f-Øn¬ sdbn¬th hnI-k\cwKØv D≠m-bn- p-≈Xv. Ct∏mgpw 1148In.ao. am{X-amWv \ΩpsS sdbn¬sse\ns‚ \ofw. 100e[nIw Hmh¿{_nUvPp-Iƒ C\nbpw ]Wn-tb-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Bfn-√mØ sdbn¬ t{Imkn-eq-sS-bp≈ A]-ISw \ap°v C√m-Xm-°m≥ Ign-™n-´n-√. Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkn·¬ knÃw F∂ kwhn-[m\w D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn ]c-am-h[n Xoh-≠n-IƒHmSn-bv°m≥ Bhp-∂n-√. F∂m¬sdbn¬sh bm{X sNehp Ipd-™XpwkuIcy{]Z-hp-am-I-bm¬ bm{X-°m-cpsSFÆw Zn\w {]Xn h¿[n®psIm≠n-cn-°p-I-bpam-Wv. sIm®n≥ C‚¿ \mj-W¬ sS¿an-\-ens‚ {]h¿Ø\w ]q¿W-am-Ip-∂-tXmsS Hcp Znhkw G‰hpwNpcp-ßn-bXv 18 Nc°p s{Sbn-\p-IƒChnsS \n∂p Nc-°p-ambn \otß≠nhcpw F∂mWv IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.

tIcfw Pe kar-≤-am-Wv, 41 \Zn-Ifpw ]›n-a-L- hpw Ad-_n-°-SepwAS-ßnb AXn-hn-]p-e-amb, hn`hkar≤amb Bhmk hyhÿ \ap°vkz¥-ambn D≠v. F∂m¬ CXv D]-tbmKs∏Sp-Øn-s°m≠p≈ Pe KXm-KX hnI-k-\-Øn¬ \Ωƒ Gsd ]nd-In-emWv F∂ Imcyw ]d-bmsX hø.ap≥]v sdbn¬sh hnI-k-\-Øns‚Imcy-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n -®Xpt]mseG‰hpw Npcp-ßnb sNe-hn¬, ]mcn-ÿn-XnI BLm-X-߃ C√m-sX, Npcp-ßnbC‘-\-s®ethm-sSbpw ÿew Gs‰-Sp-°¬ C√m-sXbpw IqSp-X¬ kpc-£n-X-Xz-tØm-sSbpw Hcp°m≥ Ign-bp∂bm{Xm-kw-hn-[m-\-amWv Pe-K-Xm-K-Xw.{][m-\-ambpw c≠v Un∏m¿ vsa‚p-IƒBWv \ΩpsS Pe-K-Xm-KXw ssIImcywsNøp-∂-Xv. H∂v P\-ß-fpsS bm{X

ssIImcyw sNøp-∂p. State WaterTransport Department. as‰m∂v Nc°vKXm-KXw \S-Øp-∂p.Kerala Shippingand Inland Navigation CorporationLtd. CXn¬ SWTD Ah-cpsS 47t_m´pI-fn-eq-sS-bmbn 877 {Sn∏p-I-fmWv\S-Øp-∂-Xv. 6733 km Pe-]mX Ch¿D]tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. C\n sI. Fkv.sF.- F≥. kn bpsS Imcyw t\m°p-I-bmWv F¶n¬ Ah¿ 20,000 Intem ao‰¿Pe-]mX D]-tbm-Kn®v 2 P¶m-dn-eqsSbpffNc°v KXm-KXw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p.kzImcy taJ-e-bn¬ Ipd®v Sqdnkwt_m´p-Iƒ BWv \ap°v Df-fXv. 10 km/hr BWv \ΩpsS Pe-K-Xm-K-X-Øns‚]c-am-h[n thKX. \ΩpsS {]Jym-]nXPe-]m-X-bpsS \ofw 1895 km BWv.C∂v Xncp -h -\ -¥-]pcw apX¬Imk¿tKmUv hsc Pe-]m-X-bn-eqsSam{Xw bm{X-sN-øm≥ DX-Ip∂ ]mX

\ap°v D≠v. ]s£ D]-tbmKs∏Sp-Øp-∂n√ F∂v am{Xw. th≠{X {i≤bpwZo¿L-ho-£-Whpw C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬\ΩpsS Pe-]m-X-Isf D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn-s°m-≠p≈ KXm-K-X-Øns‚ hf¿®apc-Sn-®n-cn-°p-I-bm-Wv.

thyma-K-Xm-K-X-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬BWv \ap°v Ipd®v hf¿® t\Sm-\m-bn -´p -≈-Xv . AXv A¥m-cmjv{Ssk¿hokns‚ Imcy-Øn¬ BWv. tIc-f-Øns‚ Dffn¬ Xs∂-bp≈ hnam-\-Øm-h-fßsf _‘n-∏n®psIm≠p≈ sUma-ÃnIv B`y-¥c KXm-KX kwhn-[m\w\ma-am-{X-am-Wv. tIc-f-Ønse kº-Øp-≈ BfpI-fpsS FÆw h¿[n-®n- p≠vAh-cpsS ssI]n-Sn-bn¬ HXp-ßm-hp∂hn[-Øn¬ D≈ Xt±-iob thyma-K-Xm-KXw C\nbpw D≠mbn htc-≠-Xp-≠v.

Npcp-°-Øn¬ tIc-f-Ønse KXm-KX {]iv\-ßsf \ap°v Cßs\ hne-bn-cp-Ømw.

1. P\-ß-fpsS bm{X Bh-iy-߃A\p-Zn\w h¿[n-°p-tºmgpw ASn-ÿm\hnI-k\w AX-\p-k-cn®v h¿[n-°p-∂n-√.

2. 1970 ¬ 78000 hml-\-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-SØv 2010 ¬ 53-.98 e£w hml-

tdmU-]-I-S-߃

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

A]-ISw 41647 39971 37263 35433 35046

acWw 3589 3778 3901 3831 3922

]cn-°p-]-‰n-b-h¿ 44881 48246 43857 41401 41207

Hcp S¨˛ Intem-ao-‰¿ Nc°v sIm≠p-t]mIp-tºmƒD≠m-Ip∂ aen-\o-I-c-Ww ({Km-an¬)

aen-\o-I-cWw tdmUv Pew

Im¿_¨ tamtWm-IvsskUv .92 .25

kƒ^¿ U-tbm-IvsskUv .32 0.06

ss\{S-P≥ HmIvsskUv 2.84 .27

Im¿_¨ ssU-tbm-IvsskUv 2.23 0.45

NATPAC ]T\w

54 HIvtSm-_¿ 201154

\-߃ Bbnh¿[n -®p. F∂m¬tdmUns‚ BsI\ofw 73,000 In.an‰dn¬\n∂v 151,000-In.an Bbn am{X-amWv h¿[n-®Xv.

3. ]©m-bØv tdmUp-Iƒ°v 8 ao‰¿hoXnbpw Pn√m tdmUp-Iƒ°v 12 ao‰¿hoXnbpw kwÿm\ ]mX-Iƒ°v 15apX¬ 20 ao‰¿ hoXnbpw tZiob ]mX-Iƒ°v 30 ao‰¿ apX¬ 45 ao‰¿ hoXnbpwthW-sa∂v \njvI¿jn-°p-tºmƒ tZio-b-]m-X-Iƒ t]mepw Cu \ne-hm-c-Øn¬]Wn-bm≥ \ap-°m-bn- n√.

4. tdmU-]-I-S-ß-fn¬ Hcp Znhkw10 t]¿ acn-°p-Ibpw 100 t]¿°v ]cn-°p-]‰p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

5. tdmUv kpc-£bv°v (Road Safety)Hcp AtXm-dn‰n Xs∂ \ΩpsS kwÿm-\Øv D≠v. ]s£ tdmUv kpc£Dd∏phcp-Øp-∂-Xn¬ \Ωƒ Gsd ]nd-In¬ BWv.

6. tdmUp-I-fnse kn·¬ kwhn-[m-\-߃ Ip‰-a-‰Xm°p∂ Imcy-Øn¬bmsXmcp {i≤bpw ImWn-°p-∂n-√.

7. ]m¿iz-ß-fnse ]c-ky-t_m¿Up-Iƒ \nb-{¥n-°p-∂-Xn\v bmsXmcp kwhn-[m-\hpw C√.

8. Im¬ \S-°m¿°pw, ssk°nƒbm{X-°m¿°pw F¥n\v Ccp-N-{I-hm-l-\-°m¿°pw tdmUv kpc-£n-Xta A√.

9. tdmUnse bm{Xm hml-\-ß-fp-sSbpw Nc°v hml-\-ß-fp-sSbpwFÆhpw hÆ-hpw(100 MT hln-°p∂Nc°v hml-\-߃ hsc Ct∏mƒtdmUn-eqsS t]mIp-∂p-≠v) h¿[n-°p-tºmgpw tdmUns‚ ASn -ÿm\w]pXp°n KpW-\n-e-hmcw h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v ]Icw Hm -bS-°¬ ]cn-]m-Sn-bmWv A[n-Ihpw \S-°p-∂-Xv. CXv

{]iv\w IqSp-X¬ hj-fm-°p-∂p.

10. ]n.-Uªnbp Un Icm¿ coXnCt∏mgpw ]gb ]Sn Xs∂ \n¬°p-∂p. kmaqly BUn‰v C√. CXv Agn-aXn h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂p. F∂p am{X-a-√.tdmUns‚ KpW-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\v klm-b-I-c-am-Ipt∂ C√. kvs]kn-^n-t°-j≥ Imem-\p-kr-X-ambn ]pXp-°n-bn- n-√.

11. kzImcy hml-\-߃ h¿[n-°p-Ibpw s]mXp-bm{Xm kwhn-[m-\-߃Zp¿_-e-s∏-Sp--Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXv{]iv\-ßsf IqSp-X¬ hj-fm-°p-∂p.

12. 1680 In.ao Pe-]mX \ap°v D≠v.CXv tZiob Pe-]m-X-bpsS 12% hcpw]s£ Pe-]m-X-bn¬ \Ωƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv 20% am{Xw.

13. tdmUn¬ 150 In.{Kmw Nc°v \o°p-∂-Xns‚ sNe-hn\v Xpey-amWv sdbn-en-eqsS 500 In.{Kmw sIm≠p t]mIp-∂XpwPe-Øn-eqsS 4000 In.{Kmw sIm≠pt]mIp-∂-Xpw. F∂n pw Pe-]m-X-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ Nc°v KXm-KXw tdmUv KXm-K-X-Øns‚ Hcp iX-am\w am{Xw.

14. tdmUv hgn-bp≈ KXm-K-X-Øns‚40% am{X-amWv Pe-]m-X-h-gn-bp≈ KXm-K-X-Øn\v sNehv hcp-∂-Xv.

15. aen-\o-I-c-W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øns‚Bbmepw sNe-hns‚ Imcy-Øn¬Bbm-epw, A]-I-S-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn¬Bbm-epw, tijn-bpsS Imcy-Øn¬Bbmeqw tdmUv KXm-KXØnt\-°mƒsdbn -en\pw Pe-]m-X-bv°p-amWvap≥Xq°w sImSp-t°-≠-Xv.

16. sdbn¬ KXm-KX hnI-k-\-Øn\pw Pe-K-Xm-KX hnI-k-\-Øn\pwImcy-amb Hcp {i≤bpw `cW IqSw\¬Ip-∂n-√.

17. Hmt´m-sam-ss_¬ cwKsØkzImcy aqe-[\ Xmev]-cy-ßsft{]m’m-ln-∏n®psIm≠p≈ KXm-KXhnI-k-\-\bw km[m-cW P\-ß-fpsSPohnX sNehv h¿[n-∏n°p∂Xpw, A]-ISw \nd™Xpw, ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-a-√m-ØXpw, kpÿncX C√m-ØXpw,Agn-aXn h¿[n-∏n-°p-∂Xpw BWv F∂Xncn-®-dnhv C√.

18. tdmUpIsf kzImcyhXvI-cn-°p∂ KXm-KX \bw {]iv\sØ IqSp-X¬ h-j-fm-°p-I-bmWv sNøp-I.

19. 60 iX-am\w t]cpw Im¬ \S-°m-cpw, ssk°nƒ bm{X-°mcpw Ccp-N-{I-hm -l-\-°mcpw BWv F∂bmYm¿∞yw \ne-\n¬°p-tºmƒ Ah-cpsS kpc-£n-X-amb bm{X Dd-∏m-°p-∂-Xn\v bmsXmcp {i≤bpw C√.

20. hml-\-ß-fpsS FÆw s]cp-∏n-°msX P\-ß-fpsS KXm-K-Xm-h-iy-߃Dd-∏m-°p-∂ \bw \ap°v C√.

C\nbpw {]iv-\-ß-fpsS FÆw\ap°v A°-an v \nc-Øm≥ Ign-bpw.Cu {]iv\-߃°v ]cn-lmcw Is≠Øn\S-∏n-em°m\p≈ C—m-i-‡n-bmWv{][m-\w.

s]t{Smƒ, Uo-k¬ t]mep≈t^mkn¬ C‘-\-ßsf B{i-bn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ KXm-KX \bw Zo¿L-Im-e-tØ°v A`n-Im-ay-a√ F∂ ImcywGh¿°pw t_m[y-am-bn- p-≠v. Uok¬D]-t`m-K-Øns‚ 80% hpw s]t{SmƒD]t`mKØns‚ 98% hpw Ct∏mƒ Xs∂tdmUv KXm-K-X-Øn\v BWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. Imem-hÿm hyXn-bm-\-Øns‚ Hcp {][m\ Imc-Ww tdmUvKXm-KXw hgn-bp≈ aen-\o-I-c-W-am-Wv. Cu kml-N-cy-Øn¬ tIc-f-Øn\v

imkv{X-KXn 55imkv{X-KXn 55

A\p-tbm-Py-amb Hcp KXm-KX \bwD≠mhpI F∂-XmWv {][m-\w.

tIc-f-Øn\v Iptd ]mcn-ÿn-XnIkhn-ti-j-X-Iƒ D≠v. ae-\mS,v CS-\mSv,Xoc-{]-tZiw F∂nh Dƒs°m-≈p-∂-XmWv \ΩpsS \mSv. 6 amkw ag s]øp∂{]tZ-i-am-Wv. 60%˛70% t]¿ a[y-h¿KPohnX kuIcyw Df-fhcm -Wv.sXmgn¬]c-ambpw A√m-sXbpw Ne-\m-fl-IX (Mobility) IqSp-X¬ BWv.hoXn-Ip-d™Xpw \of-Øn¬ InS-°p-∂Xpw P\-km-{μXtbdn-b-Xp-am-WvtIcfw. CXn-s\ms° ]qc-I-am-bn- p-≈-Xm-hWw tIc-f-Øns‚ KXm-K-X-\-bw.Aßs\ hcp-tºmƒ, sdbn¬ KXm-KXwtdmUv KXm-K-Xw, Pe-K-Xm-KXw, thyma-K-Xm-KXw F∂n-hsb ka-\z-bn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp KXm-K-X-\bw BWv \ap°vA`n-Im-ayw. Npcp-ßn-bXv ]Øp h¿j-tØ-°p≈ Hcp KXm-K-X-\bw Bhn-jv°-cn®v \S-∏n-em-°-Ww. AXn\v Xmsg]d-bp∂ ]e LS-I-߃ D≠m-I-Ww.

1. tdmUv KXm-K-Xhpw sdbn¬ KXm-K-Xhpw ka-\z-bn-∏n®v ao≥ap≈v coXn-bn¬ D≈ Hcp hnI-k-\-X{¥w \S-∏m-°p-I. s{Sbn≥ Cd-ßn-bm¬ sXm -SpØtI{μ-Øn-te°v _ n¬ t]mIm-\p≈kuI-cy-߃ Dd-∏m-°p-I. sdbn¬thtÃj-\p-I-fn¬ kzIm-cy-hm-l-\-߃]m¿°p sNøm-\p≈ kuIcyw h¿[n-∏n-°p-I.

2. \ne-hn-ep≈ seh¬ t{Imkp-Iƒapgp-h≥ ta¬]mew \n¿an®v AutomaticSignal kwhn-[m-\-Øn-eqsS s{Sbn-\p-I-fpsS thKXbpw Imcy-£-a-Xbpw h¿[n-∏n-°p-I.

3. Ct∏mƒ Df-f U_nƒsebnt\msSm∏w Hcp sebn\pw IqSn-\n¿an®v MEMU kwhn-[m-\-Øn-eqsSk_¿_≥ ss{Sbn-\p-Iƒ HmSn-°p-I.]me-°m-Sv- -tIm-gn-t°m-Sv, Xriq¿- -tIm-gn-t°m-Sv, tImgn-t°m-Sv IÆq¿, IÆq¿˛Imk¿tKm-Uv, Xriq¿- -F-d-Wm-Ipfw, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw˛ Be-∏p-g, Fd-Wm-Ip-fw- -tIm--bw, tIm -bw˛ Imbw-Ip-fw, Imbw-Ip-fw--Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Be-∏p-g˛ sIm√w,

sIm√w˛ Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw- -\m-K¿tIm-hn¬. CØ-c-Øn¬ D≈k_¿_≥ s{Sbn-\p-Iƒ°v e£-°-W-°n\v Imdp-Isf tdmUn¬ \n∂pw C√m-Xm-°m≥ Ignbpw. 5000 tImSn-tb-°mƒaXn∏v sNehv hcp∂ sIm®n≥ sat{Sm-tb-°mƒ Ipd™ sNeth CXn\v hcq.CXv Bbn-c-°-W-°n\v Bfp-Iƒ°vkpc-£nX bm{X-mkw-hn-[m\w Dd∏v hcp-Øpw. ]s£ k¿°m-dn\v kzImcy ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS ]Wn-bm≥ BWv Xmev]-cyw. thWw F∂v hnNm-cn-®m¬ 5˛6h¿jw sIm≠v ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-

bp∂ ]≤-Xn-bmWv CXv. 48 amkwsIm≠v sIm¶¨ ]≤-Xn- bm-Ym¿∞-am-°nb \ap°v CXv \n m-c-amWv F∂v]d-bm≥ Ign-bpw.

4. Fd-Wm-Ipfw sslt°mSXnPMvj\n¬ D≈ sdbn¬sh-bpsS hIÿeØv sdbn¬th tÃ-j≥ \n¿an®vk_¿_≥ s{Sbn\ns‚ tÃj≥ Ahn-tS°v B°n-bm¬ Iptd-tbsd {]iv\-߃°v ]cn-lmcw ImWm≥ Ign-bpw.

5. L´w-L- -ambn AXn-thK s{Sbn-\p-Iƒ sIm≠p hcnI F∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww e£yw.

6. hml-\-ß-fpsS s]cp∏w Ipdt®Xocq. kzImcy hml-\-߃°v oa-amb\nIpXn Npa-Ømw. Uok¬ Imdp-Iƒ°v\nIpXn Iq -Ww. SmIvkn hml-\-ß-fpsS\nIp-Xnbpw Ah-bpsS C‘\ hne-bnepw Ipdhv hcp-Ø-Ww.

7. amkv {Sm≥t]m¿t -j≥ knÃwF∂-Xm-bn-cn-°Ww \bw. sjb¿Hmt´m, sjb¿ SmIvkn, sjb¿ sStºmF∂n-hbv°v ssek≥kv \evI-Ww.

8. Zo¿L Zqc hml-\-߃ {][m\SuWn-te°v Ib-dmsX ss_]mkvkwhn-[m\w D≠m-°-Ww.

9. tZio-b-]m-X-I-fpsS hoXn 30 ao‰¿apX¬ 45 ao‰¿ F∂pw kwÿm\ ]mX-I-fpsS hoXn 15 ao‰¿ apX¬ 20 ao‰¿F∂pw Pn√m-]m-X-I-fpsS hoXn 12 ao‰¿F∂pw ]©m-bØv tdmUp-I-fpsS hoXn8 ao‰¿ F∂p-ap≈ C¥y≥ tdmUvkvtIm¨{K v ip]m¿i \n¿_-‘am°Ww.

10. {Sm^n°v kn·-ep-Iƒ F√m-h¿°pw ImWm-hp∂ coXn-bn¬ {]Z¿in-∏n-®n-cn-°-Ww. ssk≥t_m¿Up-IƒbmsXmcp Imc-W-h-imepw ad-bv°-s∏-S-cp-Xv.

k_¿_≥ s{Sbn-\p-Iƒ°v e£-°-W-°n\vImdp-Isf tdmUn¬\n∂pw C√m-Xm-°m≥Ignbpw. 5000 tImSn-tb-°mƒ aXn∏v sNehvhcp∂ sIm®n≥ sat{Sm-tb-°mƒ Ipd™sNeth CXn\v hcq. CXvBbn-c-°-W-°n\v Bfp-Iƒ°v kpc-£nX bm{X-mkw-hn-[m\w Dd∏v hcp-Øpw. ]s£ k¿°m-dn\vkzImcy ]¶m-fn-Ø-tØmsS ]Wn-bm≥BWv Xmev]-cyw. thWwF∂v hnNm-cn-®m¬ 5˛6h¿jw sIm≠v ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp∂ ]≤-Xn-bmWv CXv. 48 amkwsIm≠v sIm¶¨ ]≤-Xn-bm-Ym¿∞-am-°nb\ap°v CXv \n m-c-amWvF∂v ]d-bm≥ Ign-bpw.

56 HIvtSm-_¿ 2011

11. B[p-\nI kwhn-[m-\-߃D]tbm-Kn®v {Sm^n°v \nb-a-ew-L\wIs≠-Øm\pw \nba ewL\w \S-Øp-∂-h¿°v FXnsc I¿i-\-amb \S-]-Sn-Ifpw I\Ø ]ngbpw Npa-Øm\pw Ign-b-Ww.

12. {Sm^nIv \nb-a-ew-L-\-Øn-s\-Xnsc {]tXyI tImS-Xn-Iƒ ÿm]n®vDS≥ Xo¿∏m-°¬ ]≤Xn D≠m-I-Ww.

13. Ip‰w sNbvX-h¿°v FXnscssek≥kv d±m-°¬ XpS-ßnb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ D≠m-I-Ww.

14. tdmU-cn-In¬ henb ]c-ky-t_m¿Up-Iƒ ÿm]n-°p-∂Xv \ntcm-[n-°-Ww.

15. Im¬ \S-°m¿°pw, ssk°nƒbm{X-°m¿°pw {]tXyI ]mX F√mtdmUnepw Dd∏p hcp-Ø-Ww.

16. tdmUn¬ Bh-iy-amb shfn-®w,kv]oUv enan-‰v, {]mY-anI Bh-iy-߃°v Df-f kuI-cy-߃ F∂nhD≠m-°-Ww.

17. Hmtcm ]mXbpw Zo¿L-I-me-tØ°v Bkq-{XWw sNøp-Ibpw AXn-\-\p-k-cn-®p≈ ÿnc-amb LS\ D≠m-hp-Ibpw thWw.

18. ]pXnb C‘-\-Øn-\m-bp≈At\z-j-W-Øn\pw ]co-£-W-Øn\pwap≥K-W\ \¬IWw. kutcm¿P-hm-l-\-߃°v k_vknUn \¬I-Ww.

19. Pe-K-Xm-K-X-Øns‚ 1% km[yXam{X-amWv Ct∏mƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv.1998se NAT PAC ]T-\-{]-Imcw tIc-f-Ønse Nc°v \o°Øns‚ 24% hscPe-]m-X-bn-te°v am‰m≥ Ignbpw F∂-XmWv Is≠-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

20. Ct∏mƒ D≈ Pe-]m-X-Iƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-SpØn Hcp amÿ πm≥ D≠m-°-Ww.

21. IqSp-X¬ thK-Øn¬ bm{XsNøm≥ Ignbpw hn[w D≈ t_m´p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v hm´¿ {Sm≥kvt]m¿ vkwhn-[m\w Hcp-°-Ww.

22. Be∏p-g, Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-I-fn¬ City Water Transport XpSßm≥ Ign-b-Ww.

23. Ic-K-Xm-K-X-tØmSv _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bp≈ hm´¿ {Sm≥kvt]m¿ v \ΩpsSASn-b-¥nc e£y-am-°-Ww.

24. PWD t]mse Water Transport \pwHcp kmt¶-XnI hn`mKw D≠m-°-Ww.

25. thyma-K-Xm-KXw D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ tijn-bp≈ Ip-td-t]¿ D≈kwÿm-\-amWv \Ωp-tS-Xv. sNehpIpd™ {]mtZ-inI thyma-K-Xm-KXw]co-£n-°Ww.

26. Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw ˛ sIm®n,sIm®n ˛ tImgn-t°mSv, tImgn-t°mSv ˛IÆq¿ dq´p-I-fn¬ Fb¿ _kv kwhn-[m\w D]-tbmKs∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

27. a‰p Pn√-I-fnepw DomesticTerminant Iƒ ÿm]n®v i‡-amb HcpDomestic Air Transport System D≠m°nFSp-°-Ww.

28. {]iv\ ]cn-lm-c-Øn\v Ffp-∏-hgn kzIm-cy-hXvI-cWw F∂ Nn¥-bn-te°mWv k¿°mcpIƒ t]mbns°m-≠n-cn-°p-∂-Xv, CXv A]-I-S-I-c-amWv. adn®vASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy--hn-I-k\w \n¿_-‘-ambpw s]mXp-ta-J-e-bn¬ Xs∂BhWw. AXn-\m-h-iy-amb kºØvhnhn[ \nIpXnIƒ cqt]W CuSm-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ BWv th≠-Xv.k¿°m-cns‚ ssIøn¬ Bh-iy-Øn\vss]k C√m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw P\-ß-fpsSssIøn¬ ]Ww D≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøpIF∂Xv Hcp \b sshI-ey-Øns‚krjvSn-bmWv F∂v a\- n-em-°-Ww. P\-ß-fpsS ssIønse ss]k-bpsS\s√mcp iX-am\w k¿°m-cn¬ h∂ptN¿∂mte kpÿn-chpw \oXn-]q¿h-hp-amb hnI-k\w km[y-am-Iq.

tIc-f-Øns‚ kpÿn-chpw \oXn-]q¿hhp-amb hnI-k-\-Øn\v Bh-iy-amb Hcp KXm-KX \bw AXm-bn-cn-°Ww \ΩpsS e£yw. Hmt´msamss_¬ hnI-k-\-Øn¬ e£y-an-´p≈ hnI-k\w sNe-th-dn-b-Xpw, ]cn-ÿnXn kulr-Z-a-√m-Ø-Xpw, \oXn-bp-‡-a-√m-Ø-Xpw, kpÿnc hnI-k-\-Øn\v klm-b-I-c-a-√m-ØXpw BWv.AXp-sIm≠v sNehv Ipd™, kpÿn-c-Xmbp≈, s]mXp-kw-hn-[m\-Øn¬Du∂nb KXm-KX\b-amWv \ap°vBhiyw.

ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy--hn-I-k\w \n¿_-‘-ambpws]mXp-ta-J-e-bn¬ Xs∂BhWw. AXn-\m-h-iy-amb kºØv hnhn[\nIpXnIƒ cqt]WCuSm-°m-\p≈ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ BWv th≠-Xv.k¿°m-cns‚ ssIøn¬Bh-iy-Øn\v ss]kC√m-Xn-cn-°p-Ibpw P\-ß-fpsS ssIøn¬ ]WwD≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøpIF∂Xv Hcp \b sshI-ey-Øns‚ krjvSn-bmWvF∂v a\- n-em-°-Ww.P\-ß-fpsS ssIønsess]k-bpsS \s√mcpiX-am\w k¿°m-cn¬h∂p tN¿∂mtekpÿn-chpw \oXn-]q¿h-hp-amb hnI-k\w km[y-am-Iq.

imkv{X-KXn 57

lc-W-^ew sI. kXojv

Printed & Published by T.P. Sreesankar on behalf of Kerala Sasthrasahithya Parishad & Printed at A-One Offset Printers, Ramanattukara, Calicut-1and published at Parishad Bhavan, Chalappuram, Calicut - 673 002. Editor-R.V.G. Menon. Approved by CSIR for financial support

Volume 47 No.4, Sasthragathy 2011 October, 60 Pages

imkv{Xhm¿Ø- Xøm-dm-°n-bXv : tUm. Fw. B¿. kpZ¿i\ Ipam¿

Aaqey teml-ß-fpsSt{kmXkvZi-e-£-°-W-°n\v h¿j-߃°p-apºv `qan-bn¬ ]Xn® D¬°m-in-e-I-fmWv sh≈n,]vfm‰n\w F∂o Aaqey teml-ß-fpsS t{kmX-sk∂v {_nà k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse imkv{X-⁄¿ sk]vXw-_¿ 8˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse ‘Na-ture’ tP¿W-en¬ dnt∏m¿´v sNbvXp.

(www.sciencenews.org)

hr°-tcmKw t\c-sØ-b-dn-bm≥]pXnb am¿KwsImf-tdmtUm k¿h-I-em-im-e-bnseimkv{X-⁄¿ hr°-tcm -K -ap -≈-hsct\csØ Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ klm-bn-°p∂tlm¿tam-Wns\ Xncn-®-dn-™p. tcmKn-I-fpsSc‡ πmkva-bn-e-S-ßnb tlm¿am-Wmb Fi-broblast Growth Factor-23 (FGF-23) InUv\n-bpsS {]h¿Ø\w Ipd-bp-tºmƒ IqSp-∂-Xmbn imkv{X-⁄¿ Is≠-Øn. ico-c-Ønse t^mkv^-d-kns‚ Afhv \nb-{¥n-°p-∂Xv FSG-23 bmWv. c‡-Ønset^mkv -d-kns‚ Afhv IqSp-∂-Xn\pap-ºp-Xs∂ FSG-23 bpsS Afhv IqSp-∂-Xn-\m¬t\csØ Xs∂ hr°-bpsS XI-cmdv a\-kn-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw \nb-{¥W hnt[-b-am-°p-∂-Xn\pw ]pXnb am¿K-Øn-eqsS Ign-bp-sa∂v imkv{X⁄¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. Journal of the American Society ofNephrology bnemWv Cu Kth-j-W- ew {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.

(www.eurekalert.org)

AZriy {KlsØ Is≠ØnA©v an\n´p Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv \ap°v Nne-t∏mƒ ]eXpw \jvS-s∏-Sm-\n-S-bm-°pw. ]t£ Hcp {Klw {`a-W-k-a-b-Øn¬ A©p-an-\n´p Xma-kn-®m¬ tPymXn imkv{X-⁄¿°Xv kt¥m-j-I-c-amb Imcy-am-Wv.as‰mcp {Klw ASp-Øp-≈-Xns‚ kqN-\-bm-W-Xv. \mk-bpsS sI]vf¿_ln-cm-Imi t]SIw H∂n-S-hn´v t\c-sØbpw Xma-kn®pw k©-cn-°p∂ {KlsØ Is≠-Øn-bXv Cu {Kl-Øns‚ ]pd-In¬ as‰mcpAZr-iy-{K-l-ap-≈-Xns‚ kqN-\-bm-sW∂v imkv{X-⁄¿ Icp-Xp-∂p.Hc-Zr-iy-{K-lsØ Cu coXn-bn¬ Is≠-Øp∂XnXm-Zy-am-bn- m-Wv.

`qan-bn¬\n∂pw 650 {]Im-i-h¿j-a-I-se-bp≈ Lyra \£-{X-hyq-l-Øn-ep≈ Kepler-19 F∂ kqcy-k-am-\-amb \£-{XsØ Kepler-19bF∂ {Klw 9 Znh-khpw 7 aWn-°qdpw sIm≠mWv {`aWw sNøp-∂-Xv. \£-{X-hp-ambn 8.4 Zi-e£w ssa¬ Zqc-ØmWv {Klw. qan-bpsSCc´n hen∏w Cu {Kl-Øn-\p-≠v. Kepler-19b H‰-bv°m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶n¬AXv IrXy-amb ka-b-\njvT ]men-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Kepler-19b Nne-t∏mƒ A©p an\n-´p, t\c-sØbpw Nne-t∏mƒ A©p-an-\n´vXma-kn®pw k©-cn-°mw. as‰mcp {Kl-Øns‚ BI¿jW he-b-Øn-em-Ip-∂-XmWv thKX IqSm\pw Ipd-bm\pw Imc-W-am-Ip-∂-sX∂vimkv{X-⁄¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. kuc-bq-Y-Ønse s\]vSyqsW Is≠-Øn-

bXpw CtX coXn-bn-em-Wv. bpdm-\-kns‚ {`aW ka-b-Øn-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰w ]T\ hnt[-b-am-°nb imkv{X-⁄¿ s\]vSyq-sW Is≠-Øp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p.]pXnb {Kl-ßsf Is≠-Øp-hm≥ Cu am¿Kw klm-b-I-c-am-Ip-sa∂v imkv{X-⁄¿ A`n-{]m-b-s∏-´p. Ct∏mƒ AZr-iy-amb “Kepler-19c” °mbn \ap°pImØn-cn°mw!

(www.esciencenews.com)

Pe-Øn¬\n∂pw amen-\y-ßsf BKn-cWw sNøm≥Ign-hp≈ ]pXnb ]Zm¿∞w

Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw alm-flm-Km‘n tImtf-Pnse ck-X-{¥-hn-`mKw A≤ym-]-I-\mWv teJ-I≥

Pe-Øn¬\n∂pw s\K-‰ohv Nm¿-Pp≈ amen-\y-ßsf BKn -cWw sNøm≥ Ign -hp≈]pXnbXcw ]Zm¿∞sØ Imen-t^m¿Wnbk¿h-I-em-im-e-bnse imkv{X-⁄¿ hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Øp. ‘SLUG-26’ F∂mWv Cu ]Zm¿∞sØimkv{X-⁄¿ \ma-I-cWw sNbvX-Xv. tIm∏¿sslt{Um-IvsskUv CussY≥ ssU kƒs^m-tW‰v F∂mWv SLUG-26s‚ cmk-\m-aw.Angewandte Chemie F∂ tP¿W-en¬ Scott oliverDw Honghen Fei bpw Kth-j-W- ew Hm¨sse-\mbn {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. ]pXnb ]Zm¿∞sØtdUntbm BIvSohv amen-\y-amb sSIv\o-jysØ\n¿am¿P\w sNøp-hm-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°m-\m Ip-tam-sb∂v imkv{X-⁄¿ ]cn-tim-[n®p hcn-I-bm-Wv.

(www.sciencedaily.com)