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Saurashtra University Re – Accredited Grade ‘B’ by NAAC (CGPA 2.93)
Kanzariya, Chetankumar M ., 2005, ધોરણ સાતના જીવિવજ્ઞાનના અ યાપનમા ંિવિડયો, િનદશર્ન અને વઅ યયન સાિહ યની અસરકારકતા, thesis PhD, Saurashtra University
http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu/id/eprint/19 Copyright and moral rights for this thesis are retained by the author A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This thesis cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the Author. The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the Author When referring to this work, full bibliographic details including the author, title, awarding institution and date of the thesis must be given.
Saurashtra University Theses Service http://etheses.saurashtrauniversity.edu
© The Author
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
This thesis, directed and surpervised by the
Candidate's guide has been accepted by the
Faculty of Education, Saurashtra University,
Rajkot, in the fulfilment of te requirements
for the degree of
DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY(EDUCATION)
Tital :
Candidate :
STATEMENT UNDER UNIVERSITY PH.D. RULES
ORD PH. 7
I hereby declare that
(A) The recearch work embodied in this thesis on
'The Effectiveness of Video, Demonstration and Self
Learning material in teaching of Biology of
Standard Seven' Submitted for Ph.D. Degree has
not been submitted for my other degree of this on
any other University on any previous occasion.
(B) To the best of my knowledge no work of this type has
been reported on the above subject. Since I have
discovered new relation of facts, this work can be
considered to be contribution to the advancement of
knowledge on Psychology and Education.
(C) All the work presented in the thesis is original and
where ever reference have been made to the work of
others, it has been clearly indicated as such and the
sources of informaion included in the bibliography.
5°õ[y[ k¬ip¡^_ lj®_u gpNZu kp\¡ kp¥ â\d fS|> L$fy¬ Ry>¬.
M|bS> DÐkpl - fk`|h®L$ klp_yc|r[\u dpN®]$i®_ `|fy¬ `pX$u
k¬ip¡^_dp¬ Arhf[`Z¡ q]$ipk|Q_ L$f_pf âõ[y[ k¬ip¡^__p
dpN®]$i®L$ X$pµ. l¬kpbl¡_ ipl_p¡ ù]$e ̀ |h®L$ F>Z õhuL$pf L$fy¬ Ry>¬.
X$pµ. A¡Q.Ap¡.Å¡ju, X$pµ. A¡d.ku._¬]$pZu, X$pµ. q]$_¡iQ¬Ö
k¡S>`pg, âp. ârhZcpB cpg, X$pµ. Ar_g A¬bpkZp hN¡f¡A¡
S>ê$qfep[ kde¡ ep¡Áe dpN®]$i®_ A_¡ dygpL$p[ `|fp¬ `pX$ep¬ R>¡. X$pµ.
d_lfcpB W$pL$f, X$pµ. A¡_.A¡k.]$p¢Np, X$pµ. A¡d.A¡k. dp¡rgep, X$pµ.
Nufpb¡_ ipl, X$pµ. L¡$.A¡k.rgrMep [\p X$pµ. bmh¬[cpB ìepk¡
L$pe®dp¬ ArhõdfZue klL$pf Apàep¡ R>¡.
âõ[y[ k¬ip¡̂ _ dpV¡$ ×íe-îpìe L¡$k¡V$ [¡dS> r_]$i®__p
kp^_p¡ A_¡ k¬ip¡^__p âep¡Ndp¬ X$pµ. _f¡ÞÖLy$dpf fphg,
S>N]$uicpB L$ZTfuep, L$_ycpB âÅ`r[, cpBgpgcpB NyS>®f¡
A¬N[ gpNZuAp¡\u klL$pf Ap`u dpfp¡ DÐkpl h^pep£ R>¡.
îu A¡Q.L¡$.Ly$dpf ipmp gvbX$u, _Nf `prgL$p ipmp _¬. 1
gvbX$u, ̀ Npf L¡$ÞÖ ipmp c©Ny`yf A_¡ âp\rdL$ ipmp L$pfp¡g [¡dS>
[¡ ipmp_p ApQpep£, rinL$p¡ A_¡ rhÛp\wAp¡_p DÐkpl_p L$pfZ¡
dpfy¬ L$pe® kfm bÞey¬ R>¡.
âõ[y[ k¬ip¡^_dp¬ âÐen - `fp¡n klL$pf Ap`_pf [dpd
A_Dëg¡rM[ ìeqL$[Ap¡ dpV¡$ `Z A¬[:L$fZ`|h®L$ Apcpf_u
gpNZu ìeL$[ L$fy¬ Ry>¬.
F>Z õhuL$pf
" Nu[p¬iy k]$_ '36, NpeÓu kp¡kpeV$u,_hp bk õV¡$ÞX$ kpd¡,gvbX$u.
(Q¡[_ A¡d. L$ZTqfep)
A_yædqZL$p A_yædqZL$p A_yædqZL$p A_yædqZL$p A_yædqZL$p
‚L$fZ rhN[ `©ÛW$ ædp¨L$
ædp¨L$
11111 kdıep L$\_kdıep L$\_kdıep L$\_kdıep L$\_kdıep L$\_
1.1 c|rdL$p
1.2 kdıep L$\_
1.3 AÊepk_p l°[yAp°
1.4 AÊepkdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Qgp°
1.` D–L$Î`_p
1.6 iÂ]$p°_u Ïehlpfy ÏepøepAp°
1.7 AÊepk_y¨ dl“h
1.8 AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp°
1.9 lh° `R>u_p ‚L$fZp°_u Í$`f°Mp
22222 k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunpk¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunpk¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunpk¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunpk¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunp
2.0 ‚pı[prhL$
2.1 kdunp_p l°[yAp°
2.2 kdunp dpV°$ _d|_p `k¨]$Nu
2.3 kdunp dpV°$ rhÔg°jZ `Ÿr[
2.4 k¨ip°^_p°_u k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ Ap^pfrigpAp°
2.4.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ (◊Ìe-ÓpÏe) A_° r_]$iÆ_
kpdN∞u_p° k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z
2.4.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_y¨ dl“h
2.4.3 r_]$iÆ__y¨ dl“h
2.4.4 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p° k¨L$Î`_p“dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z
2.5 AÊepk k¨b¨^u `|h£ \e°gp k¨ip°^_p°_u kdunp
2.5.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p k¨ip°^_p°
2.5.1.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p `uA°Q.X$u. L$np_p
k¨ip°^_p°
1 \u 12
01
02
02
03
06
09
10
11
12
13 \u 63
13
13
14
15
15
15
16
17
18
25
26
27
‚L$fZ rhN[ `©ÛW$ ædp¨L$
ædp¨L$
2.5.1.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p A°d.A°Xπ$. L$np_p
k¨ip°^_p°
2.5.1.3 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p ıh[¨” k¨ip°^_p°
2.5.2 r_]$iÆ_ A¨N°_p k¨ip°^_p°
2.5.2.1 r_]$iÆ_$ A¨N°_p `uA°Q.X$u. L$np_p
k¨ip°^_p°
2.5.2.2 r_]$iÆ_$ A¨N°_p A°d.A°Xπ$. L$np_p
k¨ip°^_p°
2.5.2.3 r_]$iÆ_ A¨N°_p ıh[¨” L$np_p k¨ip°^_p°
2.5.3.1 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A¨N°_p `uA°Q.X$u.
L$np_p k¨ip°^_p°
2.5.3.2 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e$ A¨N°_p A°d.A°Xπ$.
L$np_p k¨ip°^_p°
2.6 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_u rhriÛV$[p
33333 k¨ip°^__u Ap^pfrigp A_° k¨ip°^_ ep°S>_pk¨ip°^__u Ap^pfrigp A_° k¨ip°^_ ep°S>_pk¨ip°^__u Ap^pfrigp A_° k¨ip°^_ ep°S>_pk¨ip°^__u Ap^pfrigp A_° k¨ip°^_ ep°S>_pk¨ip°^__u Ap^pfrigp A_° k¨ip°^_ ep°S>_p
3.0 kdıep_p° D]π$Nd
3.1 Ïep`rh
3.2 _d|_p `k¨]$Nu
3.3 k¨ip°^_ `Ÿr[
3.4 ‚pep°rNL$ k¨ip°^_
3.5 ‚pep°rNL$ k¨ip°^__u gpnrZL$[pAp°
3.6 ‚pep°rNL$ ep°S>_pAp°
3.7 ‚ı[y[ k¨ip°^__u ‚pep°rNL$ ep°S>_pAp°
3.8 ‚p‡[ dprl[u_p `©\L$L$fZ_u fu[
44444 D`L$fZp°_u k¨fQ_pD`L$fZp°_u k¨fQ_pD`L$fZp°_u k¨fQ_pD`L$fZp°_u k¨fQ_pD`L$fZp°_u k¨fQ_p
4.1 ‚ı[ph_p
35
38
44
45
45
46
48
51
62
64 \u 77
64
65
66
67
68
71
74
76
77
78 \u 112
78
‚L$fZ rhN[ `©ÛW$ ædp¨L$
ædp¨L$
4.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e krl[_u
`Ÿr[_u `k¨]$Nu
4.3 rhrX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ ‚eyqL$[ dpV°$
rhjehı[y_u `k¨]$Nu
4.4 D`L$fZ k¨fQ_p
4.4.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_u k¨fQ_p
4.4.f r_]$iÆ__p kp^_p°_u k¨fQ_p
4.4.3 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_u k¨fQ_p
4.4.3.1 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_y¨ ıhÍ$`
4.4.3.2 fQpe°g ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_y¨ ıhÍ$`
A_° `qfQe
4.4.5 ‚r[cph NyZp¨L$_ `”L$
4.4.6 D—f L$kp°V$u
4.5 fQpe°g kp^_p° A_° kprl–e_p D`ep°N A¨N° dpNÆ]$iÆL$
k|Q_p°
4.5.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_p D`ep°N A¨N° rinL$p° dpV°$ dpNÆ]$iÆL
bpb[p°
4.5.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_p A¬ep`_L$peÆ ]$fÁep_ rh¤p\wAp°
dpV°$ dpNÆ]$iÆL$ bpb[p°
4.5.3 r_]$iÆ_ A¨N° rinL$p° dpV°$ dpNÆ]$iÆL$ bpb[p°
4.5.4 r_]$iÆ_ ]$fÁep_ rh¤p\wAp° dpV°$ dpNÆ]$iÆL$ bpb[p°
4.5.5 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p D`ep°N A¨N° rinL$p° dpV°$
dpNÆ]$iÆL$ bpb[p°
4.5.6 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p D`ep°N A¨N° rh¤p\uÆAp°
dpV°$ dpNÆ]$iÆL$ bpb[p°
4.6 ‚ı[y[ AÊepk_u ‚ep°N ep°S>_p_u gpnrZL$[pAp°
4.6.1 Ap¨[qfL$ e\pÆ[[p
4.6.2 bp¸ e\pÆ\[p
79
79
81
81
83
88
92
93
94
95
98
99
99
100
101
101
102
102
103
104
‚L$fZ rhN[ `©ÛW$ ædp¨L$
ædp¨L$
4.7 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ__p kp^_p° A_° ıh-A¬ee_
kprl–e_p° ‚ep°Np–dL$ Adg
4.7.1 ipmp `k¨]$Nu A_° S|>\ fQ_p
4.7.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e
‹pfp ‚pep°rNL$ L$peÆ_y¨ Apep°S>_
4.7.3 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp rinZ
4.7.4 r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp rinZ
4.7.5 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp rinZ
4.8 A¬ep`_ l°[y_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ Apep°S>_
`̀̀̀̀ dprl[u_u fS|>Ap[, `©\L$L$fZ A_° A\ÆOV$_dprl[u_u fS|>Ap[, `©\L$L$fZ A_° A\ÆOV$_dprl[u_u fS|>Ap[, `©\L$L$fZ A_° A\ÆOV$_dprl[u_u fS|>Ap[, `©\L$L$fZ A_° A\ÆOV$_dprl[u_u fS|>Ap[, `©\L$L$fZ A_° A\ÆOV$_
5.1 ‚pı[prhL$
5.2 ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°gp L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p° `f ‚ep°N_u
Akf
5.2.1 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u `f
`∞ep°N_u Akf
5.2.2 il°fu L$fiepAp°_p ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u
`f `∞ep°N_u Akf
5.2.3 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u `f
`∞ep°N_u Akf
5.2.4 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u
`f `∞ep°N_u Akf
5.3 ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p° `f `∞ep°N_u Akf
5.3.1 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u `f
`∞ep°N_u Akf
5.3.2 il°fu L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u `f
`∞ep°N_u Akf
105
106
108
108
110
110
111
113 \u 163
113
115
115
117
119
120
122
122
124
‚L$fZ rhN[ `©ÛW$ ædp¨L$
ædp¨L$
5.3.3 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u `f
`∞ep°N_u Akf
5.3.4 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u `f
`∞ep°N_u Akf
5.4 ‚r[cphp°_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p° `f `∞ep°N_u Akf
5.4.1 il°fu L$ydpfp°_p ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°
`f `∞ep°N_u Akf
5.4.2 il°fu L$fiepAp°_p ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g
‚r[cphp° `f `∞ep°N_u Akf
5.4.3 N∞pÁe L$ydpfp°_p ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°
`f `∞ep°N_u Akf
5.4.4 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g
‚r[cphp° `f `∞ep°N_u Akf
5.5 ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p° A_° ‚r[cphp°_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^
5.6 rhı[pf_p k¨]$c£ ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p°
h√Q°_p° [aph[
66666 kpfp¨i, [pfZp°, i•nrZL$ arg[p\p£ A_° cgpdZp°kpfp¨i, [pfZp°, i•nrZL$ arg[p\p£ A_° cgpdZp°kpfp¨i, [pfZp°, i•nrZL$ arg[p\p£ A_° cgpdZp°kpfp¨i, [pfZp°, i•nrZL$ arg[p\p£ A_° cgpdZp°kpfp¨i, [pfZp°, i•nrZL$ arg[p\p£ A_° cgpdZp°
6.1 kpfp¨i
6.2 [pfZp°
6.3 i•nrZL$ arg[p\p°Æ
6.4 cpqh k¨ip°^__ A¨N°_u cgpdZp°
k¨]$cÆ k|rQk¨]$cÆ k|rQk¨]$cÆ k|rQk¨]$cÆ k|rQk¨]$cÆ k|rQ
`qfriÛV$ k|rQ`qfriÛV$ k|rQ`qfriÛV$ k|rQ`qfriÛV$ k|rQ`qfriÛV$ k|rQ
`qfriÛV$-1 Arc‚pephrg
126
128
130
130
132
134
136
138
151
164 \u 201
164
184
199
200
202 \u 213
214
‚L$fZ rhN[ `©ÛW$ ædp¨L$
ædp¨L$
`qfriÛV$-2 [S>πop° A_° rinL$p°_u k|rQ
`qfriÛV$-3 rhqXep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e
b_phhp A¨N°_p Arc‚pep°dp¨ d°mh°g NyZ A_°
æd_u kpfZu
`qfriÛV$-4 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_u qıæ‡V$
`qfriÛV$-5 h°bkpBV$ ‹pfp d°mh°g r_]$iÆ_ A¨N°_u dprl[u
`qfriÛV$-6 r_]$iÆ__p kp^_p°_u ep]$u
`qfriÛV$-7 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ krl[_u `Ÿr[ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp
rinZL$peÆ dpV°$_p `pW$ Apep°S>__u Í$`f°Mp
`qfriÛV$-8 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_u QL$pkZu dpV°$ S>°d_°
dp°L$g°g [° [S>πop° A_° rhje r_ÛZp[p°_u k|rQ
`qfriÛV$-9 rhje r_ÛZp[p° A_° [S>πop°_° ıh-A¬ee_
kprl–e_u QL$pkZu dpV°$ gMhpdp¨ Aph°g `”_u
_L$g
`qfriÛV$-10 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e
`qfriÛV$-11 ‚r[cph NyZp¨L$_ `”L$
`qfriÛV$-12 ‚\d L$kp°V$u
`qfriÛV$-13 q‹[ue L$kp°V$u
`qfriÛV$-14 [©[ue L$kp°V$u
`qfriÛV$-15 ipmp A_° [pfuMhpf A¬ee_ - A¬ep`_ L$peÆ_y¨
kde`”L$
`qfriÛV$-16 il°fu Ly$dpf, il°fu L$fiep, N∞pÁe Ly$dpf A_° N∞pÁe
L$fiepAp°_p ‚\d L$kp°V$u_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-1,2,3
_p NyZ
`qfriÛV$-17 il°fu Ly$dpf, il°fu L$fiep, N∞pÁe Ly$dpf A_° N∞pÁe
L$fiepAp°_p q‹[ue L$kp°V$u_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-1,2,3
_p NyZ
216
218
219
272
277
283
308
309
310
444
445
448
450
454
456
457
‚L$fZ rhN[ `©ÛW$ ædp¨L$
ædp¨L$
`qfriÛV$-18 il°fu Ly$dpf, il°fu L$fiep, N∞pÁe Ly$dpf A_° N∞pÁe
L$fiepAp°_p [©[ue L$kp°V$u_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-1,2,3
_p NyZ
`qfriÛV$-19 il°fu Ly$dpf, il°fu L$fiep, N∞pÁe Ly$dpf A_° N∞pÁe
L$fiepAp°_p ‚ep°N ]$fÁep_ ‚r[cph_p ‚pep°rNL$
S|>\ - 1,2,3 _p NyZ
458
459
kpfZu k|rQkpfZu k|rQkpfZu k|rQkpfZu k|rQkpfZu k|rQ æd kpfZu kpfZu_y¨ _pd `©ÛW$ ædp¨L$
ædp¨L$
1 2.1 kdunp dpV°$ _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ k¨ip°^_p°.
2 2.2 ]$f°L$ L$npA° \e°g k¨ip°^_p°_u rhN[ ]$ipÆh[u kpfZu
3 2.3 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p `uA°Q.X$u L$np_p k¨ip°^_p°_y¨
kdunp–dL$ `qfZpd
4 2.4 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p A°d.A°X$π. L$np_p k¨ip°^_p°_y¨
kdunp–dL$ `qfZpd
5 2.5 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p ıh[¨” k¨ip°^_p°_y¨ kdunp–dL$
`qfZpd
6 2.6 r_]$iÆ_ A¨N°_p `uA°Q.X$u., A°d.A°Xπ$. A_° ıh[¨” L$np_p
k¨ip°^_p°_y¨ kdunp–dL$ `qfZpd
7 2.7 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A¨N°_p `uA°Q.X$u. L$np_p
k¨ip°^_p°_y¨ kdunp–dL$ `qfZpd
8 2.8 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A¨N°_p A°d.A°Xπ$. L$np_p k¨ip°^_p°_y¨
kdunp–dL$ `qfZpd
9 3.1 rhı[pf A_° ≈r[ dyS>b k¨øepAp° ]$ipÆh[u kpfZu
10 5.1 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p rhQfZ A¨N°_u kpfZu
11 5.2 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p kfpkfu_p [aph[_u kpfZu
12 5.3 il°fu L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p rhQfZ A¨N°_u kpfZu
13 5.4 il°fu LfiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p kfpkfu_p [aph[_u kpfZu
14 5.5 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p rhQfZ A¨N°_u kpfZu
15 5.6 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p kfpkfu_p [aph[_u kpfZu
14
25
33
37
43
47
50
60
66
115
116
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120
æd kpfZu kpfZu_y¨ _pd `©ÛW$ ædp¨L$
ædp¨L$
16 5.7 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p rhQfZ A¨N°_u kpfZu
17 5.8 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p kfpkfu_p [aph[_u kpfZu
18 5.9 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
rhQfZ A¨N°_u kpfZu
19 5.10 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
kfpkfu_p [aph[_u kpfZu
20 5.11 il°fu L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
rhQfZ A¨N°_u kpfZu
21 5.12 il°fu L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
kfpkfu_p [aph[_u kpfZu
22 5.13 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
rhQfZ A¨N°_u kpfZu
23 5.14 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
kfpkfu_p [aph[_u kpfZu
24 5.15 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
rhQfZ A¨N°_u kpfZu
25 5.16 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
kfpkfu_p [aph[_u kpfZu
26 5.17 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p rhQfZ A¨N°_u kpfZu
27 5.18 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p kfpkfu_p [aph[_u kpfZu
28 5.19 il°fu L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p rhQfZ A¨N°_u kpfZu
29 5.20 il°fu L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p kfpkfu_p [aph[_u kpfZu
121
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125
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127
128
129
130
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134
æd kpfZu kpfZu_y¨ _pd `©ÛW$ ædp¨L$
ædp¨L$
30 5.21 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p rhQfZ A¨N°_u kpfZu
31 5.22 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p kfpkfu_p [aph[_u kpfZu
32 5.23 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p rhQfZ A¨N°_u kpfZu
33 5.24 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_u ‚ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g ‚r[cphp°_p
‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p kfpkfu_p [aph[_u kpfZu
34 5.25 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-1 _p Lkp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p° A_°
‚r[cphp°_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°\u dm°g æd
35 5.26 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-2 _p Lkp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p° A_°
‚r[cphp°_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°\u dm°g æd
36 5.27 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-3 _p Lkp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p° A_°
‚r[cphp°_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°\u dm°g æd
37 5.28 il°fu L$fiepAp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-1 _p Lkp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°
A_° ‚r[cphp°_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°\u dm°g æd
38 5.29 il°fu L$fiepAp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-2 _p Lkp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°
A_° ‚r[cphp°_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°\u dm°g æd
39 5.30 il°fu L$fiepAp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-3 _p Lkp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°
A_° ‚r[cphp°_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°\u dm°g æd
40 5.31 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-1 _p Lkp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p° A_°
‚r[cphp°_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°\u dm°g æd
41 5.32 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-2 _p Lkp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p° A_°
‚r[cphp°_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°\u dm°g æd
42 5.33 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-3 _p Lkp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p° A_°
‚r[cphp°_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°\u dm°g æd
43 5.34 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-1 _p Lkp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°
A_° ‚r[cphp°_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°\u dm°g æd
135
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141
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æd kpfZu kpfZu_y¨ _pd `©ÛW$ ædp¨L$
ædp¨L$
44 5.35 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-2 _p Lkp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°
A_° ‚r[cphp°_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°\u dm°g æd
45 5.36 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p ‚pep°rNL$ S|>\-3 _p Lkp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°
A_° ‚r[cphp°_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°\u dm°g æd
46 5.37 il°fu Ly$dpf A_° N∞pÁe Ly$dpf_p rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ `f_p
‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f
A¨N°_u kpfZu
47 5.38 il°fu L$fiep A_° N∞pÁe L$fiep_p rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ `f_p
‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f
A¨N°_u kpfZu
48 5.39 il°fu Ly$dpf A_° N∞pÁe Ly$dpf_p r_]$iÆ_$ `f_p ‚ep°Npfi[°
g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u kpfZu
49 5.40 il°fu L$fiep A_° N∞pÁe L$fiep_p r_]$iÆ_ `f_p ‚ep°Npfi[°
g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u
kpfZu
50 5.41 il°fu Ly$dpf A_° N∞pÁe Ly$dpf_p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e$ `f_p
‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f
A¨N°_u kpfZu
51 5.42 il°fu L$fiep A_° N∞pÁe L$fiep_p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e `f_p
‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f
A¨N°_u kpfZu
52 5.43 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp
rinZL$peÆ_p ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u kpfZu
53 5.44 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\°_p
rinZL$peÆ_p ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u kpfZu
149
150
151
151
152
153
153
154
155
155
æd kpfZu kpfZu_y¨ _pd `©ÛW$ ædp¨L$
ædp¨L$
54 5.45 il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp
rinZL$peÆ_p ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u kpfZu
55 5.46 il°fu L$fiepAp°_p rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp
rinZL$peÆ_p ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u kpfZu
56 5.47 il°fu L$fiepAp°_p r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\°_p
rinZL$peÆ_p ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u kpfZu
57 5.48 il°fu L$fiepAp°_p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$
‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u kpfZu
58 5.49 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp
rinZL$peÆ_p ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u kpfZu
59 5.50 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\°_p
rinZL$peÆ_p ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u kpfZu
60 5.51 N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp
rinZL$peÆ_p ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u kpfZu
61 5.52 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp
rinZL$peÆ_p ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u kpfZu
62 5.53 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\°_p
rinZL$peÆ_p ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u kpfZu
156
157
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159
160
160
161
162
æd kpfZu kpfZu_y¨ _pd `©ÛW$ ædp¨L$
ædp¨L$
63 5.54 N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$
‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p ‚ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p
æp¨r[L$ NyZp°—f A¨N°_u kpfZu
162
1
`∞L$fZ - 1 `∞L$fZ - 1 `∞L$fZ - 1 `∞L$fZ - 1 `∞L$fZ - 1
kdıepL$\_ kdıepL$\_ kdıepL$\_ kdıepL$\_ kdıepL$\_
1.11.11.11.11.1 c|rdL$pc|rdL$pc|rdL$pc|rdL$pc|rdL$p
]$f°L$ eyN_u ]$f°L$ `m k¨æpsfi[_u S> lp°e R>°. kdpS>_u kp\° rinZ_u A_°rinZ_p bm° kdpS>_u rnr[≈° l¨d°ip¨ rhı[f[u ≈e R>°.
d_yÛe `∞pL©$r[L$ Ahı\pdp¨ l[p° –epf° `∞L©$r[_y¨ r_funZ L$f[p° Nep°, `∞L©$r[A_° [°_p r_edp°_° kdS>[p° Nep°, rhQpf[p° Nep° _° kyk¨ıL©$[ [\p kpdprS>L$ bfiep°.dp_hdp¨ fl°gu rS>opkph©q— A° Ly$]$f[_p¨ flıep°_p° [pN d°mhhp_p° `∞e–_ L$ep£ _°`qfh[Æ__p° ̀ h_ a|̈L$pep°. kpdprS>L$, fpS>L$ue n°”° ̀ qfh[Æ_ \eÿ _° S|>_u dpfie[pAp°S>X$d|m\u ^fpipeu \B NB. æpsfi[_p Ap L$pmdp¨ rinZ bpL$p[ flu iL°$ Mfy¨ ?_p, rinZ° `Z L$fhV$ b]$gu_° Apd|g `qfh[Æ__° h^phu gu^y¨, `°ıV°$gp°TuA° L$¸y¨R>° L°$ “ dp_h_u S>fid≈[ iqL$[Ap°_p° Ly$]$f[u, kyk¨N[ A_° ̀ ∞pNr[L$ rhL$pk A°V$g°rinZ ” 1
fhufi÷_p\ V$pNp°f, Np¨^u∆, rNSy>cpB b^°L$p A_° ‚. q”h°]$u S>°hpL°$mhZuL$pfp°A° rinZdp¨ bpmL$_° dl“h_y¨ NŒey¨ R>°. rinL$L°$fi÷u A¬ep`_rh¤p\wL°$fi÷u bfiey¨ R>°. `∞. q”h°]$uA° L$¸y¨ R>° L°$ ‘ bpmL$ q]$Ïe[p_p° `∞r[r_r^ R>°,bpmL$ rS>opkp_u ∆h¨[ Q•[fied|r[Æ R>°. ’ bpmL$_u rS>opkp_° ∆h¨[ fpMhp_ÿ QfdA_° `fd L$peÆ ipmp A_° rinL$_y¨ R>° . Ap`Zu d|mc|[ af≈°dp¨ h•opr_L$ dp_k,dp_h[php]$, rS>opkp [\p ky^pfZp_u cph_p L°$mhhp_u ]$f°L$ _pNqfL$_u afS>
`f cpf d|L$ep° R>°. Apd afS>dp¨ `Z h•opq_L$ ArcNd, ip°^ A_° ky^pfZp_uhp[ R>°. rinZ_y¨ L°$fi÷rbfi]y$ [p° rhQpfArcÏeqL$[ R>°. ip°^, _hu_ rhQpf A_°kŷ pfZp_° A¨[° _hu_[p, ̀ ∞Nr[ A_° Ap ŷr_L$[p S>fid° R>°, S>° ÏeqL$[ [\p kdpS>_°∆h¨[ fpM° R>°.
ipmp `Z kdpS>_° ∆h¨[ fpM_pf A°L$ dl“h_y¨ `qfbm R>°, Ap\urinZdp¨ `Z _hu_ `∞ep°Np° A_° k¨ip°^_p° \[p¨ fl° R>°. `∞–e°L$ nZ° k≈Æ[p¨ op_A_° dprl[uA° rinZ_° _hy¨ S> ıhÍ` bˇey¨ R>°. rhop_ A_° V°$Lπ_p°gp°rS>_p rhL$pk°lfZapm cfu R>° _° ]$f°L$ n°”dp¨ ̀ N °̀kpfp° L$ep£ R>°. rinZ ̀ Z V°$Lπ_p°gp°rS>_u d]$]$\uh^pf° AkfL$pfL$ A_° fk`∞]$ bfiey¨ R>°. A¬ep`__° A¤[_[p_p° Ap°` Ap‡ep° R>°
1
dp°[ucpB d. `V°$g, rinZ_u Asıd[p, ‚\d Aph©r[, `pgX$u,
Ad]$php]$, d°kkÆ bu.A°k.ipl,2001, `©ÛW$-4.
2
rhrh^ `Ÿr[Ap° A_° `∞eyqL$[Ap°A°, Ap\u $`∞ep°S>L°$ `Ÿr[Ap° A_° `∞eyqL$[Ap°\uA¬ep`_ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° [p° [°_u AkfL$pfL$[p h^° L°$ L°$d [° QL$pkhp `∞ı[y[ `∞ep°Nlp\ ^ep£ l[p°.
1.21.21.21.21.2 kdıepL$\_kdıepL$\_kdıepL$\_kdıepL$\_kdıepL$\_
dl]π A¨i° Ap`Z° –ep¨ bp•sŸL$ A_° [pqLÆ$L$ bpb[p°_° rhi°j dl“h Ap`hpdp¨Aph° R>°. rh¤p\wAp°_u ArcÏeqL$[ A_° [°Ap°_p k¨ip°^_p–dL$ rhL$pk [fa ]y$gÆnk°hp[y¨ lp°e [°d gpN° R>°. rinZdp¨ A_° Mpk L$fu_° rhop_rinZdp¨ rh¤p\w_pk¨ip°^_p–dL$ rhL$pk_° h^y dl“h A`phy¨ ≈°BA°; [° dpV$° [gı`iw `Ÿr[Ap°A`_phhu ≈°BA°. Ap`Zp hNÆrinZ_u$ i•nrZL$ ̀ Ÿr[Ap° A_° ̀ ∞eyqL$[Ap° A¨N°Ap`Zu ≈N©r[ A_° r_ÛW$p Ap°R>u `X$[u lp°e [°d gpN° R>°. Aphp rhQpfp°_° L$pfZ°kdıep kyf°M, ı`ÛV$ b_[u NB.
`∞ep°S>L°$ `p°[p_u kdıep_° Ap `∞dpZ° iÂ]$ıhÍ` Ap`°g l[y¨ :
“ ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop__p A¬ep`_dp¨ rhqX$ep°, r_]$iÆ_ A_°ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_u AkfL$pfL$[p. ”
1.31.31.31.31.3 AÊepk_p l°[yAp°AÊepk_p l°[yAp°AÊepk_p l°[yAp°AÊepk_p l°[yAp°AÊepk_p l°[yAp°
`∞ı[y[ AÊepk_p dyøe l°[yAp° Ap `∞dpZ° l[p :
1. NyS>fp[ fpS>e_p ^p°fZ kp[_p `∞h[Ædp_ `pW$e`yı[L$_p ∆hrhop__pA°L$dp°dp¨\u rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e [•epf \BiL°$ [°hp A°L$dp° A¨N° Arc`∞pep° d°mhhp.
2. rhop__p [Sπ>op° ‹pfp d°mh°gp Arc`∞pep°_p Ap^pf° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$,r_]iÆ__p¨ kp^_p° A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_u fQ_p L$fhu.
3. rhqX$ep° L°$k°V, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_u AkfL$pfL$[p_p° ̀ ∞ep°N]$frdep_ A_° `∞ep°Npfi[° AÊepk L$fhp°.
4. `∞ep°N ]$fÁep_ rh¤p\wAp°_p rinL$p° ‹pfp `∞ep°N `f–h°_p `∞r[cphp°≈Zhp dpV°$ `∞r[cph NyZp¨L$_ `”L$_u fQ_p L$fhu.
5. `∞ep°N ]$fÁep_ rinL$p° ‹pfp `∞r[cphp° ≈Zhp.6. rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e Ap ”Z°e `Ÿr[Ap°_u
AkfL$pfL$[p_p° AÊepk ‚ep°Npfi[° dm°g ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p° D`ep°N L$fu_°rhı[pf A_° ≈[ue[p_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ L$fhp°.
7. rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e Ap ”Z°e `Ÿr[Ap°_u
3
`pfı`qfL$ AkfL$pfL$[p_p° AÊepk ‚ep°Npfi[° dm°g ‚p‡[p¨L$p°_p° D`ep°NL$fu_° rhı[pf A_° ≈[ue[p_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ L$fhp°.
1.41.41.41.41.4 AÊepkdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Qgp°AÊepkdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Qgp°AÊepkdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Qgp°AÊepkdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Qgp°AÊepkdp¨ kdprhÛV$ Qgp°
D`eyÆL$[ l°[yAp°_p k¨]$c£ `∞ı[y[ k¨ip°^_dp¨ _uQ° dyS>b_p `p¨Q `∞L$pf_pQgp° Aphfu g°hpep l[p :
1.1.1.1.1. ıh[¨” Qgıh[¨” Qgıh[¨” Qgıh[¨” Qgıh[¨” Qg
S>° Qg Afie Qgp° `f Akf L$f° R>°, [° AkfL$[pÆ Qg_° ıh[¨” Qg L$l° R>°.`∞ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ rhrh^ A¬ep`_ `Ÿr[Ap°_u ^p°fZ kp[_p
rh¤p\wAp°_u rhop_ rhje_u i•nrZL$ rkrŸ `f AkfL$pfL$[p QL$pkhpdp¨ Aphul[u. Ap\u, `∞ep°S>L°$ ıh[¨” Qg [fuL°$ rhrh^ A¬ep`_ `Ÿr[Ap° ıhuL$pfu l[u.
ıh[¨” Qg A¬ep`_ `Ÿr[_u ”Z L$npAp° Ap `∞dpZ° l[u :
L$np : 1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ krl[_u `Ÿr[L$np : 2 r_]$iÆ_L$np : 3 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e
2.2.2.2.2. `f[¨” Qg`f[¨” Qg`f[¨” Qg`f[¨” Qg`f[¨” Qg
ıh[¨” Qg_p° Adg L$fhp\u L°$ [°dp¨ a°fapf L$fhp\u S>° Qgdp¨ a°fapf \pe R>°[° Akf `pd_pf Qg_° `f[¨” Qg L$l° R>°.
A¬ep`_ `Ÿr[Ap°_u ^p°fZ kp[_p rh¤p\wAp°_u rhop_ rhje_ui•nrZL$ rkrŸ `f \[u Akf [`pku l[u. Ap\u `∞ep°S>L°$ rhop_ rhje `f_urh¤p\wAp°_u i•nrZL$ rkrŸ_° `f[¨” Qg [fuL°$ ıhuL$pf°g.
3.3.3.3.3. `qfh[ÆL$ Qg`qfh[ÆL$ Qg`qfh[ÆL$ Qg`qfh[ÆL$ Qg`qfh[ÆL$ Qg
ıh[¨” Qg A_° ̀ f[¨” Qg h√Q°_p k¨b¨^ ̀ f Akf L$f[p Qg_° ̀ qfh[ÆL$Qg L$l° R>°.
`∞ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ A¬ep`_ `Ÿr[Ap°_u AkfL$pfL$[p [`pkhp dpV°$_p`∞ep°Ndp¨ b° Qgp°_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ `y_fph[Æ_ lp\ ^eyØ l[y¨. Ap b° Qgp°dp¨ ≈[ue[pA_° rhı[pf_u L$np ¬ep_dp¨ gu^p¨ l[p¨. [°\u `∞ep°S>L°$ `qfh[ÆL$ Qg [fuL°$ b° Qgp°≈[ue[p A_° rhı[pf_° ıhuL$pepÆ l[p. [°d_u L$npAp° Ap `∞dpZ° l[u :
4
µ ^p°fZ (`qfh[ÆL$ Qg-1)L$np : ^p°fZ kp[
µ rhje (`qfh[ÆL$ Qg-2)∆hrhop__p¨ `∞L$fZ 12,13,14,15,19,20
µ rhı[pf (`qfh[ÆL$ Qg-3)L$np : 1 il°fuL$np : 2 N∞pÁe
µ ≈[ue[p (`qfh[ÆL$ Qg-4)L$np : 1 Ly$dpfp°L$np : 2 L$fiepAp°
4.4.4.4.4. A¨Ly$ri[ QgA¨Ly$ri[ QgA¨Ly$ri[ QgA¨Ly$ri[ QgA¨Ly$ri[ Qg
`∞ep°N ]$fÁep_ ıh[¨” Qg rkhpe_p Afie Qgp°_u `f[¨” Qg `f \[uAkf_° [V$ı\ L°$ r_e¨q”[ b_ph° R>°, [°hp Qgp°_° A¨Ly$ri[ Qgp° L$l° R>°.
A¬ep`_ `Ÿr[Ap°_u AkfL$pfL$[p [`pkhp_p `∞ep°Ndp¨ A¨Ly$ri[ Qgp°Ap `∞dpZ° l[p :
1. ^p°fZ2. rhje3. A°L$d4. rinZ dp¬ed`. ipmp `epÆhfZ6. rhı[pf7. `∞ep°N L$peÆ_p° kdeNpmp°
5.5.5.5.5. Ap¨[fh[w QgAp¨[fh[w QgAp¨[fh[w QgAp¨[fh[w QgAp¨[fh[w Qg
ıh[¨” Qg_p Adg ]$fÁep_ L°$V$gpL$ Qgp°_u `f[¨”Qg `f Akf \[ulp°e R>°. [°hp `f[¨” Qg `f Akf L$f[p `f¨[y S>°_y¨ r_funZ _ \B iL°$ L°$ S>°_° dp`u_ iL$pe, aL$[ [°_u ^pfZp L$fu iL$pe [°hp Qg_° Ap¨[fh[w Qg L$l° R>°.
`∞ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ kdpe°gp Ap¨[fh[w Qgp° Ap `∞dpZ°_p ıhuL$pepÆ l[p.1. AÊepkdp¨ rhje `f–h° fk A_° D–kpl2. rhqX$ep°, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e L$peÆæd_u _hu_[p3. Afie ‹pfp dm[u d]$]$4. rh¤p\w_p Of_y¨ `epÆhfZ5. S|>\p° h√Q° \[u Ap¨[fræep
6. rinL$_u A¬ep`_nd[p
5
6
1.51.51.51.51.5 D–L$Î`_pD–L$Î`_pD–L$Î`_pD–L$Î`_pD–L$Î`_p
`∞ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ l°[yAp°_° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu D–L$Î`_pAp° fQhpdp¨ Aphu S>°
_uQ° `∞dpZ° R>° :
1. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p`∞ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[ _lvlp°e.
f. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ ̀ pd°g il°fu L$fiepAp°_p`∞ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[ _lvlp°e.
3. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g N∞pÁe L$ydpfp°_p`∞ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[ _lvlp°e.
4. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ ̀ pd°g N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p`∞ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[ _lvlp°e.
5. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.
6. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ ̀ pd°g il°fu L$fiepAp°_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.
7. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g N∞pÁe L$ydpfp°_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.
8. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ ̀ pd°g N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.
9. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p`∞ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[_lv lp°e.
10. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,
7
r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ ̀ pd°g il°fu L$fiepAp°_p`∞ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[_lv lp°e.
11. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g N∞pÁe L$ydpfp°_p`∞ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[_lv lp°e.
12. ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop_ rhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$d dpV°$ rhqX$ep° L$°k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ep`_ ̀ pd°g N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p`∞ep°N ]$frdep_ g°hpe°g `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° A\Æk|QL$ [aph[_lv lp°e.
13. il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°gL$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lv lp°e.
14. il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p, r_]$iÆ_$ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p`∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lv lp°e.
15. il°fu Ly$dpfp°_p, ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lvlp°e.
16. il°fu L$fiepAp°_p, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°gL$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lv lp°e.
17. il°fu L$fiepAp°_p, r_]$iÆ_$ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p`∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lv lp°e.
18. il°fu L$fiepAp°_p, ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lvlp°e.
19. N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°gL$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lv lp°e.
20. N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p, r_]$iÆ_$ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p`∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lv lp°e.
21. N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p, ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lvlp°e.
22. N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°gL$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lv lp°e.
23. N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°°_p, r_]$iÆ_$ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p`∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lv lp°e.
24. N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p, ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° A_° `∞r[cphp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q° k¨b¨^ _lvlp°e.
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25. rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g il°fu Ly$dpfp° A_° N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.
26. rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g il°fu L$fiepAp° A_° N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.
27. r_]$iÆ_$ ‹pfp A¬ep`_ ̀ pd°g il°fu Ly$dpfp° A_° N∞pÁe Ly$dpfp°_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.
28. r_]$iÆ_$ ‹pfp A¬ep`_ `pd°g il°fu L$fiepAp° A_° N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.
29. ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ee_ `pd°g il°fu Ly$dpfp° A_° N∞pÁeLy$dpfp°_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lvlp°e.
30. ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp A¬ee_ `pd°g il°fu L$fiepAp° A_° N∞pÁeL$fiepAp°_p `∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[_lv lp°e.
31. il°fu L$ydpfp°_p, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.
32. il°fu L$ydpfp°_p, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\°_p rinZL$peÆ_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.
33. il°fu L$ydpfp°_p, ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ ‹pfp qinZL$peÆ_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.
34. il°fu L$fiepAp°_p, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.
35. il°fu L$fiepAp°_p, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\°_prinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[_lv lp°e.
36. il°fu L$fiepAp°_p, ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_° rhqX$ep° L° $k°V$ ‹pfprinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[_lv lp°e.
37. N∞pÁe L$ydpfp°_p, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p `∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.
38. N∞pÁe L$ydpfp°_p, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\°_p rinZL$peÆ_p`∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.
39. N∞pÁe L$ ydpfp ° °_p, ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_° rhqX$ep° L ° $k°V$ ‹pfpqinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[_lv lp°e.
40. N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[°g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[ _lv lp°e.
41. N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\°_prinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[
9
_lv lp°e.42. N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°_p, ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_° rhqX$ep° L° $k°V$ ‹pfp
rinZL$peÆ_p ̀ ∞ep°Npfi[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$u_p kf°fpip¨L$p° h√Q° kp\ÆL$ [aph[
_lv lp°e.
1.61.61.61.61.6 iÂ]$p°_u Ïehlpfy ÏepøepAp°iÂ]$p°_u Ïehlpfy ÏepøepAp°iÂ]$p°_u Ïehlpfy ÏepøepAp°iÂ]$p°_u Ïehlpfy ÏepøepAp°iÂ]$p°_u Ïehlpfy ÏepøepAp°
∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°
NyS>fp[ fpS>e ipmp `pW$e `yı[L$ d¨X$m ‹pfp B.k.1999 dp¨ `∞L$pri[
^p°fZ kp[ dpV°$_p rhop__p `yı[L$dp¨ Aph[p ∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°.
A¬ep`_A¬ep`_A¬ep`_A¬ep`_A¬ep`_
r_L$p°]≤$p°h_p d[° A¬ep`_ L$peÆ A°V$g° rh¤p\wAp° ‹pfp \[p A¬ee__°klpeL$ A°hu rinL$ A_° rh¤p\wAp°_u `∞h©r—Ap°_p° kd|l.
rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$
kp¨cmu A_° ≈°B iL$pe [°hu ¬hq_dyq]≤$[ A_° ◊Ìedyq]≤$[ L°$k°V.$ `∞ep°S>L°$≈[° ∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°_p ◊Ìedy]≤$Z A_° ¬hq_dy]≤$Z L$f°gu rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$.
r_]$iÆ_$r_]$iÆ_$r_]$iÆ_$r_]$iÆ_$r_]$iÆ_$
S>° A¬ep`_ L$peÆdp¨ QpVÆ$, dp°X°$g, `∞ep°N, rQ”, _d|_pAp°_p° dyøe–h°D`ep°N (r_]$iÆ_) lp°e A_° L$\_, QQpÆ, `∞Òp°—fu_p° klpeÍ` D`ep°N lp°e [°hpA¬ep`__° r_]$iÆ_ NZhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°.
ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–eıh-A¬ee_ kprl–eıh-A¬ee_ kprl–eıh-A¬ee_ kprl–eıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e
_p_p-_p_p dy]$pAp°dp¨ rhcprS>[ L$f°g A_° kfm fu[° kd∆ iL$pe [°hukfm cpjpdp¨ fS|> L$fpe°g, krQ” [\p g°rM[ A¬ee_ kprl–e S>°_u d]$]$\urh¤p\wAp° rinL$_u d]$]$ hNf, Ap` d°m° ıhNr[A° A¬ee_ L$fu iL°$ [°hÿ A¬ee_kprl–e.AkfL$pfL$[pAkfL$pfL$[pAkfL$pfL$[pAkfL$pfL$[pAkfL$pfL$[p
rhrcfi_ iÂ]$L$p°j_p Ap^pf° A\Æ ≈°[p¨ AkfL$pfL$[p cphhpQL$ k¨op R>°.
10
d|m k¨op Akf, hı[y_p° kpfp° L°$ dpW$p° `∞cph L°$ R>p` A°V$g° AkfL$pfL$[p. ApdL$p°B`Z hı[y_p `∞cph_y¨ `∞dpZ.
`∞ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ AkfL$pfL[p A°V$g° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_u ^p°fZ kp[_p rh¤p\wAp°_u i•nrZL$ qkqŸ D`f_u Akf_y¨`∞dpZ.
`∞ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨, rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_pD`ep°N\u L$f°g i•nrZL$ `∞ep°N_p A¨[° g°hpe°g L$kp°V$uAp°_p `∞p‡[p¨L$p° h√Q°_p°
[aph[.
1.71.71.71.71.7 AÊepk_y¨ dl“hAÊepk_y¨ dl“hAÊepk_y¨ dl“hAÊepk_y¨ dl“hAÊepk_y¨ dl“h
`∞ı[y[ AÊepk rhop_ rhje_p ∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°_u rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$,r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_u AkfL$pfL$[p [`pk[p° lp°hp\u hNÆrinZ_uAkfL$pfL$[p dpV°$ _p¢^`p” R>°. rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e‹pfp rhi°j A¬ep`_ L$peÆ \B iL°$ S>°dp¨ bpmL$p°_u d|mc|[ h©r—Ap°_y¨ E¬hwL$fZL$fu iL$pe R>°.
A¬ee_ `∞qæep_° AkfL$pfL$ b_phhp dpV°$ ApS>° i•nrZL$ V°$Lπ$_p°gp°rS>_pD`ep°N_y¨ `∞dpZ h¬e¨y R>°. “ A°S>eyL°$i_ V°$Lπ$_p°gp°rS> ÏephlpqfL$ ep `∞ep°Np–dL$A¬ee_ R>°. S>°_p° Dÿ°i, `pW$e`yı[L$, rinZkpdN∞u, rinZrhr^, i•nrZL$hp[phfZ, rh¤p\uÆ-rinL$_p¨ h[Æ_ Ïehlpf [\p [°d_u h√Q°_p A_yep°N_°r_e¨q”[ L$fu h^ydp¨ h^y i•nrZL$ `∞cph `p\fhp_p° R>°.” 2
D`fp°L$[ bpb[p° ≈°[p¨ hNÆrinZdp¨ ∆hrhop__p A°L$dp° dpV°$ rhqX$ep°L°$k°V,$ kp^_p°_y¨ r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e S>°hu ̀ ∞eyqL$[Ap° Ar[ D`eyL$[NZphu iL$pe. [°\u `∞ı[y[ AÊepk Ap ◊qÛV$A° dl“h_p° b_u fl° R>°. k¨n°`dp¨AÊepk_y¨ dl“h Ap dyS>b R>° :
1. ApS>° S>epf° rhop_ rinZ _ufk, iyÛL$ A_° r_∆Æh b_u Ney¨ R>° –epf°rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e krl[_p° `∞ep°N rhop_rinZ_° k-fk A_° ∆h¨[ b_phu iL$i°.
2. rh¤p\wAp°_u A\ÆN∞lZnd[pdp¨ h^pfp° L$fhp dpV°$ k¨ip°^_p–dL$ Ap^pf`|fp° `pX$hpdp¨ `∞ı[y[ AÊepk A–e¨[ D`ep°Nu \i°.
3. rhop_ rhje_p ∆hrhop_ A°L$dp°dp¨ L¨$V$pmpS>_L$ rhjep¨Np°_° fk ∞̀]$ A_°
2
iiuL$p¨[ Ace¨L$f A_° Afie, i•nqZL$ V°$L$π_p°gp°rS>_p° hNÆM¨X$dp¨ rhr_ep°N,
(‚\d Aph©r—, rbgudp°fp, Óu f¨N rinZ dlprh¤pge, 1991) `©-7.
11
kfm b_phhp dpV°$ `∞eyqL$[Ap° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ `∞ı[y[ AÊepk klpeÍ`\i°.
4. ^p°fZ kp[_p rhop_ `pW$e`yı[L$_p L°$V$gpL$ ∆hrhop__p A°L$dp°_urhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ__p¨ kp^_p° A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e D`L$fZ Í`°D`gÂ^ \i°.
5. rinL$_u N°flpS>fu L°$ L$p°B Ar_√R>_ue b_php° il°fdp¨ b_° –epf° ApQpeÆipmpdp¨ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp ^p°fZ kp[_p°∆hrhop__p° AÊepkæd Qpgy fpMu iL$i°.
6. `∞ı[y[ AÊepk kqæe A_° D–kplu rinL$p°_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A_°r_]$iÆ_ dpV°$_p¨ kp^_p°_u fQ_p dpV°$ dprl[u `|fu `pX$u iL$i°.
7. AÊepk_° A¨[° `∞p‡[ \[p¨ `qfZpdp° `f\u L$B `Ÿr[ L°$V$gu AkfL$pfL$ R>°[° ≈Zu iL$pi°. [° `qfZpdp°_° Ap^pf° rinL$ [\p ApQpeÆ [° `Ÿr[_pAdg ‹pfp kpfp¨ `qfZpdp° `∞p‡[ L$fu iL$i°.
8. AÊepk_° A¨[° `∞p‡[ \[p `qfZpdp° `f\u ^p°fZ kp[_p rh¤p\wAp°_udpV°$ L$B `Ÿr[ AkfL$pfL$ R>° [° ≈Zu iL$pi° [°_p Ap^pf° ^p°fZ kp[dp¨ep°¡e A¬ee_ `Ÿr[_p° Adg L$fu kpfp¨ `qfZpdp° ‚p‡[ \B iL$i°.
9. ipmp_p k¨QpgL$p°_° ̀ p°[p_u ipmpdp¨ ̂ p°fZ kp[_p rh¤p\wAp° dpV°$ ep°¡e`Ÿr[_p AdguL$fZ dpV$° Ap AÊepk_p¨ `qfZpdp° d]$]$Í` b_i°.
1.81.81.81.81.8 AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp°AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp°AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp°AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp°AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp°
`∞–e°L$ k¨ip°^__p¨ `qfZpdp° ]$f°L$ `qfsı\r[dp¨ gpNy `pX$u iL$p[p¨ _\u.–epf° AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp° ≈Zhu Ar_hpeÆ b_° R>°.
Qp°Ωk l°[y `f ¬ep_ L°$qfi÷[ L$fhp dpV°$ AÊepk_u depÆ]$pAp° _Ωu L$fpeR>°. X$pµ. A°Q.∆.]°$kpB `Z k¨ip°^__u depÆ]$p ıhuL$pf[p¨ S>Zph° R>° L°$ “ L$p°B`Zk¨ip°^_ khpØN k¨`|ZÆ b_u iL°$ _lv, AÊepk_y¨ n°” kurd[ b_phhpdp¨ _p_`_\u.” 3
`∞ı[y[ AÊepk_p L$peÆn°”_u depÆ]$pAp° Ap `∞dpZ° l[u :
1. `∞ı[y[ AÊepk ^p°fZ kp[_p ∆hrhop__p¨ R> `∞L$fZp° `|f[p° depÆq]$[l[p°.
2. ∞̀ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ kyf°fi÷_Nf rS>Îgp_u kl°[yL$ ̀ k¨]$Nu ̀ pd°g ipmpAp°_p°
3
lfucpB Ny. ]°$kpB A_° L©$ÛZL$p¨[ Np°. ]°$kpB, k¨ip°^_ `Ÿr[Ap° A_°
‚rhr^Ap°, (bu∆ Aph©r—, Ad]$php]$, eyr_hrkÆV$u N∞¨\ r_dpÆZ bp°XÆ$, 1979)
`©.-304.
12
kdph°i L$ep£ l[p°. Ap\u Ap AÊepk_p¨ `qfZpdp° b^u S> ipmpAp°_°khpØi° gpNy `pX$u iL$pi° _lv.
3. `∞ep°N dpV°$ NyS>fp[u dp¬ed_u ipmpAp° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu l[u Ap\uAp ̀ ∞ep°N_p¨ ̀ qfZpdp° Afie dp¬ed_u ipmpAp° dpV°$ D`ep°Ndp¨ gB iL$pi°_lv.
4. ∞̀ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ ̀ f[¨” Qg_p dp`_ dpV°$ rinL$ frQ[ L$kp°V$u_p° D`ep°NL$ep£ l[p°.
5. ∞̀ı[y[ AÊepk i•nrZL$ hjÆ 2004 dp¨ lp\ ̂ ep£ l[p°. [°\u [°_p¨ ̀ qfZpdp°crhÛedp¨ \_pfp AÊepk_p¨ `rfZpdp°\u rcfi_ lp°B iL°$.
6. ]$f°L$ S|>\_° AÊepk dpV°$ kdp_ kde apmhhpdp¨ ApÏep° _ l[p°.
1.91.91.91.91.9 lh° `R>u_p¨ `∞L$fZp°_u Í`f°Mplh° `R>u_p¨ `∞L$fZp°_u Í`f°Mplh° `R>u_p¨ `∞L$fZp°_u Í`f°Mplh° `R>u_p¨ `∞L$fZp°_u Í`f°Mplh° `R>u_p¨ `∞L$fZp°_u Í`f°Mp
`∞ı[y[ AÊepk R> `∞L$fZp°dp¨ fS|> L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.
bu≈ `∞L$fZdp¨ AÊepk_u kdıep_p ı`ÛV$uL$fZdp¨, AÊepk_uD–L$Î`_pAp°_u k¨fQ_pdp¨ A_° k¨ip°^_ep°S>_p_p r_dpÆZdp¨ dpNÆ]$iÆ_ d°mhhpdpV°$ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ kp^_p° A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e rhjeL$ k¨ip°̂ _p°_ukdunp [\p Afie k¨b¨r^[ kprl–e_u kdunp bu≈ `∞L$fZdp¨ fS|> L$fhpdp¨ AphuR>°.
”u≈ `∞L$fZdp¨ AÊepk_u k¨ip°^_ ep°S>_p_y¨ hZÆ_ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ R>°.AÊepk_p¨ `p”p°_u `k¨]$Nu, dprl[u A°L$”uL$fZ_u `∞rhr^ A_° dprl[u_p`©\LL$$fZ_u fu[ hN°°f° `pkp¨Ap°_y¨ hZÆ_ k¨ip°^__u ep°S>_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$ L$fhpdp¨ApÏey¨ R>°.
Qp°\p `∞L$fZdp¨ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ__p¨ kp^_p° A_° ıh-A¬ee_kprl–e_p¨ D`L$fZp°_u k¨fQ_p_u `∞qæep [°dS> `∞ep°N_p AdguL$fZ_u `∞qæeprhN[° ]$ipÆhhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.
`p¨Qdp `∞L$fZdp¨ `∞ep°N_p A¨[° `∞p‡e Ap¨L$X$pL$ue dprl[u_u fS|>Ap[, [°dprl[u_y¨ `©\LL$$fZ A_° A\ÆOV$_ fS|> L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.
R>Ãp `∞L$fZdp¨ AÊepk_° A¨[° `∞p‡[ \e°g `qfZpdp° [pfZp° ıhÍ`° fS|>L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°. Ap ̀ ∞L$fZdp¨ AÊepk_p° kpf, ̀ qfZpdp°_p A\ÆOV$_\u dm[p¨[pfZp° A_° [°_p D`f\u cprh k¨ip°^L$p° dpV°$ L$fhp ep°¡e k¨ip°^_p°_u cgpdZp°_p°kdph°i L$f°g R>°.
13
`∞L$fZ - 2 `∞L$fZ - 2 `∞L$fZ - 2 `∞L$fZ - 2 `∞L$fZ - 2
k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunp k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunp k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunp k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunp k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_u kdunp
2.02.02.02.02.0 `∞pı[pqhL$ :`∞pı[pqhL$ :`∞pı[pqhL$ :`∞pı[pqhL$ :`∞pı[pqhL$ :
`∞ep°S>L$°$ k¨ip°^_L$peÆ lp\ ^f[p¨ `l°gp¨ c|[L$pmdp¨ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°^_p°_p°
AÊepk L$fhp° ≈°BA°. `|h£ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°^_p°_p AÊepk\u L$ep `∞L$pf_p¨ L°$V$gp¨
k¨ip°^_p° \ep¨ R>°, Ap k¨ip°^_p°dp¨ Ïep`rh, _d|_p`k¨]$Nu, D`ep°Ndp¨ gu^°gp
Qg, D`L$fZp°, dprl[u_y¨ A°L$”uL$fZ, `©\L$πL$fZ A_° A\Æ^V$_, k¨ip°^_p°_u
gpnrZL$[pAp°, `qfZpdp° A_° [pfZp° A¨N°_u D`ep°Nu dprl[u `∞ep°S>L$_° dmu
fl° R>°. k¨b¨r^[ kprl–e_p° AÊepk k¨ip°^__u Qp°Ωk q]$ip, hp¨Q_ A_° k|rQ[
Al°hpg [°dS> Arc`∞pep° Ap`° R>°. `|h£ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°^_p°_p¨ [pfZp° `f\u L$B L$B
bpb[p° M|V°$ R>°, [°_° ]|$f L$fhp_p l°[y\u L$ep rhjep° `f k¨ip°^_L$peÆ L$fhp_u
AphÌeL$[p R>° hN°f° bpb[p° ≈Zu iL$pe R>°. lqfcpB ∆. ]°$kpB A_° L°$.∆.]°$kpB
gM° R>° L°$ “ kdıep_p rhL$pk A_° k¨ip°̂ __u ep°S>_p_u k|T dpV°$ kprl–e_u kdunp
A–e¨[ S>Ífu b_° R>°. kprl–e_u kdunp rhfpV$ lp°hu ≈°BA° A_° [°dp¨ kdıep_p¨
b^p¨ ̀ pkp¨ kdpB S>hp¨ ≈°BA°. Alv dp” \B Ne°gp¨ k¨ip°^_p°_u _p¢^ g°hp_u _\u
`f¨[y AÊepkp°_y¨ d|Îep¨L$_ `Z fS|> \hy¨ ≈°BA°; k¨]$cÆ kprl–e_p k¨`|ZÆ r_ÛL$jÆ
‹pfp kdıep_u `|hÆc|rdL$p ı`ÛV$ \hu ≈°BA°. ” 1
c|[L$pmdp¨ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°^_p°_p° AÊepk h[Ædp_ A_° crhÛe dpV°$ ◊qÛV$
`∞]$p_ L$f° R>°. Aphp AÊepkp°_u rhriÛV$[pAp° A_° depÆ]$pAp°_y¨ op_ kp¨`∞[
AÊepk_° AN–e_u q]$ip k|Qhu iL°$. c|[L$pgu_ k¨ip°^_p°_y¨ A¬ee_ D–kplu
`∞ep°S>L$_° _hp n°”dp¨ L$pd L$fhp_u k|T, AphX$[ A_° L$p•iÎe bn° R>°. `∞ep°S>L_°
h•opr_L$ ◊qÛV$ Ap`u `∞ep°Niug b_ph° R>°. Apd kdıep`k¨]$Nu A_° [°_p rhL$pk
dpV$° kprl–e_u kdunp A–e¨[ S>Ífu R>°. `∞ı[y[ `∞L$fZdp¨ k¨b¨r^[ kprl–e_u
kdunp_u kp\°kp\° k¨ip°^__u k•Ÿp¨r[L$ k¨L$Î`_p `Z ı`ÛV$ L$fhpdp¨ Aphu R>°.
2.1 kdunp_p l°[yAp°2.1 kdunp_p l°[yAp°2.1 kdunp_p l°[yAp°2.1 kdunp_p l°[yAp°2.1 kdunp_p l°[yAp°
k¨ip°^__u kdunp_y¨ ̀ Ÿr[ipı” r_qÚ[ _ lp°hp\u ̀ ∞ep°S>L$ ‹pfp L$fhpdp¨
1
lqfcpB ∆. ]°$kpB A_° L°$.∆.]°$kpB, k¨ip°^_ `Ÿr[Ap° A_° ‚rhr^Ap°,Ad]$php]$ ([©[ue k¨ip°r^[ Aph©r—), eyq_hrkÆV$u N∞¨\r_dpÆZ bp°XÆ$, NyS>fp[fpS>e, 1985, `©. 305-6.
14
Aph[u kdunpAp°dp¨ h•rh¬e ≈°hp dm° R>°. `∞ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ kdunp_p S>° l°[yAp°
_Ωu L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p [° Ap `∞dpZ° R>° :
1. k¨ip°̂ __u k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ Ap^pfrigp ≈Zhu A_° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_
A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_° æddp¨ fS|> L$fhp¨.
2. rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ kp^_p° A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e D`f cpf[dp¨
\e°gp¨ k¨ip°^_p°_p° AÊepk L$fhp°.
3. Ap n°”dp¨ NyS>fp[dp¨ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°^_p°_p° AÊepk L$fhp°.
4. `|h£ k¨ip°^L$p°A° `p°[p_p¨ k¨ip°^_p°dp¨ D`ep°Ndp¨ gu^°gu _d|_p `k¨]$Nu,
`Ÿr[Ap°, dprl[u ‚pq‡[ dpV°$ D`ep°Ndp¨ gu^°gp¨ D`L$fZp° dprl[u
‚pq‡[_u rhr^Ap°, ‚p‡[ dprl[u_p rhÔg°jZ dpV°$_u Ap¨L$X$pipı”ue
‚eyqL$[Ap° [\p dprl[u_p¨ A\ÆOV$_ [\p [pfZp°_p° AÊepk L$fhp°.
2.2 kdunp dpV°$ _d|_p`k¨]$Nu2.2 kdunp dpV°$ _d|_p`k¨]$Nu2.2 kdunp dpV°$ _d|_p`k¨]$Nu2.2 kdunp dpV°$ _d|_p`k¨]$Nu2.2 kdunp dpV°$ _d|_p`k¨]$Nu
`k¨]$ L$f°gu kdıep_° klpeÍ` \pe A° l°[y\u kdıep_° A_yÍ` kpdreL$p°,
k¨ip°^_Al°hpgp°, ip°^r_b¨^p°, dlpr_b¨^p° A_° X$pµ. A°d.bu.byQ_p¨ k¨ip°^_
kh°ÆnZp° hN°f° D`gÂ^ kprl–e_p° ̀ ∞ep°S>L°$ AÊepk L$ep£ l[p° S>°d_p° k¨]$cÆk|rQdp¨
e\pı\p_° DÎg°M L$ep£ R>°.
rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e kp\° k¨b¨r^[ S>°
k¨ip°̂ _p° A¨N° dprl[u ̀ ∞p‡[ \e°g [° Ly$g k¨ip°̂ _p° A¨N°_u rhcprS>[ dprl[u kpfZu
2.1 dp¨ fS|> L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.
kpfZu 2.1 _y¨ Ahgp°L$_ ]$ipÆh° R>° L°$ kdunp dpV°$_p _d|_pdp¨ kdprhÛV$
n¡Ó
qhqX$ep¡ L$¡k¡V$
kpfZu- 2.1
kdunp dpV$¡$ _d|_pdp¬ kdpqhóV$ k¬ip¡̂ _p¡
q_]$i®_
õh-AÂee_ kpqlÐe
k¬ip¡^__u k¬¿ep
26
04
23
15
k¨ip°^_p°dp¨\u 26 k¨ip°^_p° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_° gN[p¨ l[p¨, 04 k¨ip°^_p° r_]$iÆ_
A¨N°_p¨ l[p¨ S>epf° 23 k¨ip°^_p° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p¨ ≈°hp dm°g.
2.32.32.32.32.3 kdunp dpV$° rhÔg°jZ `Ÿr[kdunp dpV$° rhÔg°jZ `Ÿr[kdunp dpV$° rhÔg°jZ `Ÿr[kdunp dpV$° rhÔg°jZ `Ÿr[kdunp dpV$° rhÔg°jZ `Ÿr[
kdunp dpV°$ ̀ k¨]$ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°̂ _p°_u gpnrZL$[pAp° _p¢̂ hpdp¨ Aphu. ]f°L$
k¨ip°^_dp¨\u _d|_p_y¨ L$]$, ıhÍ`, D`L$fZp°, rhÔg°jZ_u fu[ A_° `qfZpdp°_u
gpnrZL$[p _p¢^hpdp¨ Aphu. ]$f°L$ k¨ip°^__p¨ `qfZpdp°_y ¨ A\ÆOV$_ Ap
gpnrZL$[pAp°_p Ap^pf° L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨.
2.42.42.42.42.4 k¨ip°^__u k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ Ap^pfrigpAp°k¨ip°^__u k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ Ap^pfrigpAp°k¨ip°^__u k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ Ap^pfrigpAp°k¨ip°^__u k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ Ap^pfrigpAp°k¨ip°^__u k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ Ap^pfrigpAp°
`∞ı[y[ `∞L$fZ b° rhcpNdp¨ rhcprS>[ R>°.
1. AÊepk_p QphuÍ` iÂ]$p° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_
kprl–e_p° k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z.
2. [–k¨b¨^u `|h£ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°^_p°_u kdunp.
2.4.12.4.12.4.12.4.12.4.1 qhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ (◊Ìe-ÓpÏe A_° r_]$iÆ_ kpdN∞u) _p°qhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ (◊Ìe-ÓpÏe A_° r_]$iÆ_ kpdN∞u) _p°qhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ (◊Ìe-ÓpÏe A_° r_]$iÆ_ kpdN∞u) _p°qhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ (◊Ìe-ÓpÏe A_° r_]$iÆ_ kpdN∞u) _p°qhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ (◊Ìe-ÓpÏe A_° r_]$iÆ_ kpdN∞u) _p°
k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Zk¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Zk¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Zk¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Zk¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z
rinL$ A°V$g° L$gpL$pf. rinL$_u ArcÏeqL$[ A° S> A°_u L$gp R>°. rinL$_u
ArcÏeqL$[ S>°V$gu L$gp–dL$ [°V$gu [°_u AkfL$pfL$[p h^y. rhje A_° rhjep¨N_°
A_yÍ` A_° hNÆM¨X$_u depÆ]$pAp° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu_° D`ep°Ndp¨ g°hpdp¨ Aph[u ̀ Ÿr[
A_° `∞eyqL$[dp¨ S> rinL$_u kpQu L$kp°V$u R>°. Aphu AkfL$pfL$ A_°L$ `∞eyqL$[Ap°dp¨
rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A_° r_]$iÆ_ dp°Mf° R>°.
◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kp^_p°_u Ïepøep L$f[p¨ ^ufS>gpg cphkpf S>Zph° R>° L°$ “ S>°
L$p°B kp^_p°_° ≈°hp\u op_ dm[y¨ lp°e [° kp^_ ◊Ìe kp^_ L$l°hpe R>°; S>° L$p°B
kp^_\u kp¨cmu_° op_ dm[ÿ lp°e [°_° ÓpÏe kp^_ L$l°hpe R>° A°V$g° L°$ S>° kp^_\u
≈°B_° [\p kp¨cmu_° b¨_° `∞qæep ‹pfp op_ dm[y¨ lp°e [°_° ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kp^_
L$l°hpe R>°. ” 2
2
^ufS>gpg cphkpf, ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe rinZ, (A_X$p byL$ X$u`p°, Ad]$php]$,
1965), `©ÛW$ 31.
16
◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kp^_p°dp¨ V$u.hu., rhqX$ep° V°$` A_° QgrQ” dyøe R>°.
Alv ̀ ∞ep°S>L°$ A¬ep`_L$peÆdp¨ QpVÆ$, dp°X°$g, ̀ ∞ep°N, rQ” A_° _d|_pAp°_p°
dyøe–h° D`ep°N (r_]$iÆ_) lp°e A_° L$\_, QQpÆ, `∞Òp—fu_p° klpeÍ` D`ep°N
lp°e [°hp A¬ep`__° r_]$iÆ_ NZ°g R>°.
rh¤p\w_p dp_k D`f S>epf° _hu_ ̀ ∞qæepAp° ≈°hp_u rS>opkp khpf \pe
A_° A_°L$ Ly[|lgp° Ecp¨ \pe [°hy¨ hp[phfZ \pe, –epf° A° kpQu r_]$iÆ_`Ÿr[
NZpe. `f¨[y ≈° r_]$iÆ__° L°$fi÷dp¨ fpMu `∞Òp°—fu, QpVÆ_p° D`ep°N, ApL©$r[fQ_p
hN°f° kp\° L$\_ lp°e [p° [° r_]$iÆ_ R>°. L°$V$gp¨L$ `Ÿr[L$pfp°_y¨ d¨[Ïe A°hy R>° L°$ QpVÆ$,
rQ”p°, qaÎd hN°°f° b[phhp¨ A° `Z q_]$iÆ_ S> R>°.
hNÆM¨X$dp¨ rh¤p\w_u Jdf kp^_p° hp`fhp S>°V$gu L°$ b_phhp S>°V$gu
`qf`L$h _ lp°e A\hp b^p rh¤p\wAp°_° Ap`u iL$pe A°V$gp¨ `|f[p¨ kp^_p° _
lp°e A\hp ≈°MdL$pfL$ lp°e –epf° rinL$ r_]$iÆ__p° Apifp° g° R>°. rinL$ L$\_,
`∞Òp°—fu_u kp\°kp\° kp^_p° b[ph[p ≈e, [°_u QQpÆ L$f[p ≈e A_° kp\° S>Ífu
`∞ep°N `p°[° S> L$f[p ≈e –epf° rinL$ r_]$iÆ_`Ÿr[_p° D`ep°N L$fu f¸p R>° A°d
L$l°hpe ̀ f¨[y \[p r_]$iÆ__° L°$fi÷dp¨ fpMu ̀ ∞Òp°—fu L$f°, QpVÆ$_p° D`ep°N L$f°, qæep–dL$
L°$ kp]y$¨ dp°X°$g b[phu_° kd≈h° –epf° [° r_]$iÆ_`Ÿr[_p° Apifp° g° R>° A°d L$l°hpe.
r_]$iÆ__p¨ kp^_p° ag°i L$pXÆ, rQ”p°, dp°X°$Îk, ıgpBX$πT, QpVÆ$, _d|fippAp°,
QpL$agL$ hN°f°.
2.4.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_y¨ dl“h2.4.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_y¨ dl“h2.4.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_y¨ dl“h2.4.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_y¨ dl“h2.4.2 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_y¨ dl“h
kpfÿ rinZ A° L$p°B`Z i•nrZL$ Apep°S>__u Ap^pfrigp R>°, S>epf° ◊Ìe-
ÓpÏe kp^_p°_u [pgud A_° [°_p¨ D`L$fZp° A° Ap^pfrigp_p dl“h_p cpNp° R>°.
hNÆM¨X$dp¨ i¨•nrZL$ L$peÆ ]$frdep_ `∞–en i•nrZL$ A_ychp° Ap`hpdp¨
rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_p dl“h_° L$p°B _L$pfu iL°$ [°d _\u.
µ hNÆM¨X$dp¨ rh¤p\wAp°_° `∞–en A_ych `|fp `pX$hpdp¨ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$
dl“h_u c|rdL$p cS>h° R>°.
µ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$\u A`p[ÿ rinZ L$Z£rfi÷e A_° _°”°qfi÷e A°d b¨_° fu[° dNS>
17
ky^u `lp¢Q° R>°, Ap\u Aphu fu[° `∞p‡[ L$f°gy op_ rQf¨∆hu b_° R>°.
µ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$\u rinL$_p L$\_dp¨ OV$pX$p° gphu iL$pe R>° [°dS> Ap°R>p L$\_\u
h^y AkfL$pfL$ rinZ \B iL°$ R>°; hmu rinL$ `pk° hpL$πQp[yeÆ L°$ L$\_
iqL$[ _ lp°e [p° [°_u depÆ]$p_° ]|$f L$fu iL$pe R>°.
µ hNÆhp[phfZ ∆h¨[ b_° R>°; rh¤p\wAp°_° D–kpl`|hÆL$ hNÆQQpÆdp¨ ≈°X$u
iL$pe R>°. Mpk L$fu_° hNÆdp¨ kpdpfie [\p d¨]$byr¬^_p¨ bpmL$p°_° kqæe
b_phhpdp¨ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A°L$ ApiuhpÆ]$ b_u fl° R>°.
µ S>epf° rinL$_y¨ L$\_ L$p°B dyÿp° kd≈hhpdp¨ V|¨$Ly$¨ `X°$ –epf° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ Ap
depÆ]$p ]|$f L$fu rhQpfp°dp¨ kp[–e ≈mhu fpM° R>° [°dS> Ap°R>p kdedp¨ h^y
i•nrZL$ `∞h©r— Ap`u iL$pe R>°.
µ rinL$ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_u d]$]$\u Of°qX$ep rinZdp¨\u blpf Aphu h•rh¬e |̀ZÆ
rinZL$peÆ L$fu iL°$ R>° [°\u rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ ]$bpe°gp fkp° ≈N©[ \pe R>° [°dS>
rh¤p\wAp° D–kpl`|hÆL$ QQpÆdp¨ cpNu]$pf b_° R>°.
µ “ ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kp^_p°dp¨\u ıh-A¬ee_ `Z iL$e b_° R>° S>°\u rinL$_u
Ah°∆dp¨ L°$ azfk]$_p kdedp¨ rh¤p\wAp° h^y op_ A_° dprl[u `∞p‡[ L$fu
iL°$ R>° S>°dp¨ Ap^yr_L ep¨r”L$ kp^_p° M|b S> D`ep°Nu b_° R>°.$ ”$ 3
2.4.3 r_]$iÆ__y¨ dl“h2.4.3 r_]$iÆ__y¨ dl“h2.4.3 r_]$iÆ__y¨ dl“h2.4.3 r_]$iÆ__y¨ dl“h2.4.3 r_]$iÆ__y¨ dl“h
hNÆM¨X$dp¨ i¨•nrZL$ L$peÆ ]$frdep_ `∞–en i•nrZL$ A_ychp° Ap`hpdp¨
r_]$iÆ__p¨ kp^_p°_p dl“h_° L$p°B _L$pfu iL°$ [°d _\u.
µ hNÆM¨X$dp¨ rh¤p\wAp°_° `∞–en A_ych `|fp `pX$hpdp¨ r_]$iÆ__p¨ kp^_p°
dl“h_u c|rdL$p cS>h° R>°.
µ hNÆM¨X$dp ¨ h^[u S>[u rh¤p\w_u k¨øep, A`|f[p¨ kp^_p° A_°
`∞ep°Nipmp_p° Acph [°dS> ]$f°L$ rhjep¨N_° `|f[p° fiepe Ap`hp b^p S>
rh¤p\wAp°_° blpf gB S>hp iL$e _\u –epf° r_]$iÆ_ ‹pfp rh¤p\wAp°_°
A°L$kfMp i•nrZL$ A_ychp° `|fp `pX$u iL$pe R>°.
µ r_]$iÆ_ rinL$L°$fi÷u `Ÿr[ R>° `f¨[y `∞qæepdp¨ rh¤p\wAp°_p klL$pf ‹pfp
3
S>e°fi÷ ]$h° A_° Afie, k¨ıL©$[ A¬ep`_ `qfiug_ (bu∆ Aph©r—,
Ad]$php]$, bu. A°k. ipl `∞L$pi_, 1992-93) rhcpN - 2, `©. 44.
18
[°_° dlπ]$ A¨i° rh¤p\wL°$fi÷u b_phu iL$pe R>° [°\u Ap `Ÿr[ d_p°h•opr_L$
R>°.
µ hNÆhp[phfZ ∆h¨[ b_° R>°. rh¤p\wAp°_° D–kpl`|hÆL$ hNÆQQpÆdp¨ ≈°X$u
iL$pe R>°. Mpk L$fu_° hNÆdp¨ kpdpfie [\p d¨]$bys¬^_p¨ bpmL$p°_° kqæe
b_phhpdp¨ r_]$iÆ__p¨ kp^_p° ApiuhpÆ]$Í` b_u fl° R>°.
µ S>epf° rinL$_ÿ L$\_ L$p°B dyÿp° kd≈hhpdp¨ V|̈$Lÿ$ ̀ X°$ –epf° r_]$iÆ__p¨ kp^_p°
depÆ]$p ]|$f L$fu rhQpfp°dp¨ kp[–e ≈mhu fpM° R>° [°dS> Ap°R>p kdedp¨ h^y
i•nrZL$ `∞h©r— Ap`u iL$pe R>°.
µ rinL$ r_]$iÆ_kp^_p°_u d]$]$\u Of°qX$ep rinZdp¨\u blpf Aphu
h•rh¬e |̀ZÆ rinZL$peÆ L$fu iL°$ R>°. [°\u rh¤p\wAp°dp¨ ]$bpe°gp fkp° ≈N©[
\pe R>° [°dS> rh¤p\wAp° D–kpl`|hÆL$ _hu_ kp^_p° b_phhp `∞°fpe R>°
A_° QQpÆdp¨ cpNu]$pf b_° R>°.
µ “ qæep ‹pfp rinZdp¨ rh¤p\w L$p°B ̀ ∞h©r—, ̀ ∞ep°N L°$ A_ych ‹pfp dprl[u
∞̀p‡[ L$f° R>°. ̀ ¨Q°rfi÷ep° ‹pfp k©qÛV$_p¨ rhrh^ ̀ ]$p\p£ A_° OV$_pAp°_ÿ ̀ ∞–en
op_ d°mhhy¨ A° A¬ee__u Ó°ÛW$ `Ÿr[ R>°. e\p\Æhp]$ h•opr_L$ `Ÿr[\u
rhQpfhy¨, Ahgp°L$_ L$fhy¨, r_ZÆe [pfhhp° A° A¬ee_A¬ep`_ ̀ Ÿr[_u
Dd]$p fu[ NZ° R>°. ” 4
2.4.4 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p° k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z2.4.4 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p° k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z2.4.4 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p° k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z2.4.4 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p° k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z2.4.4 ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p° k¨L$Î`_p–dL$ ◊qÛV$L$p°Z
iuMhÿ A_° iuMhhp_p° D]$πch ÏeqL$[Ap° h√Q° op__u Ap`-g° ‹pfp \ep°
[°d dp_hpdp¨ Aph° R>°. Ap op__y¨ ıh$Í` dp•rML$ l[y¨. Nyfy-riÛe ̀ ∞Zpgu l[u. ̀ f¨[y
op__p rhı[fZ_u kp\° op_ g°rM[ ıhÍ`dp¨ ̀ yı[L$_p AprhcpÆh_y¨ L$pfZ bfiey¨.
op__p rhıap°V$_u kp\° dp_huA° [Lπ$q_L$u n°”° `∞Nr[ kp^u. ApS>°
rinZ_p n°”dp¨ `Z [Lπ$q_L$p°_p° `∞h°i \B Q|L$ep° R>°, S>°_° Ap`Z° i•nrZL$
V$°Lπ$_p°gp°rS>_p _pd° Ap°mMuA° R>uA°.
4
`V°$g, `|hp£L$[, `©. 49.
19
V$°Lπ$_p°gp°rS>_p° NyS>fp[udp¨ ̀ epÆe ‘ ̀ ∞rh¤p ’ R>°. Technology iÂ]$ N∞uL$_p
[Lπ$q_ (Techne) 5f\u [L$q_L$p°T (Technikos) iÂ]$ `f\u g°hpdp¨ ApÏep°.
S>°_p° A\Æ R>° ‘ >A°L$ L$gp ’. A°_¨y g°qV$_ ıhÍ` V°$L$nf (Texere) R>°. S>°_p° A\Æ \pe
R>° hZhy¨ (To Weave) , r_dpÆZ L$fhy¨ (To construct) 5 .
L°$r_\ qfed¨X$_p d[° i•nrZL$ V°$L$π_p°gp°rS> A°V$g° “ rinZ A_° ̀ ∞rinZ_p
l°[yAp°_° ¬ep_dp¨ fpMu A¬ep`__u Ó°ÛW$ `∞rhr^_p° D`ep°N L$fu ep°¡e
A¬ee_k¨≈°Np°_y¨ r_dpÆZ L$fhy¨. ” 6
B.k. 1960 _p kdeNpmp ]$fÁep_ i•nrZL$ ̀ ∞p•^p°rNL$u_p° ̀ ∞h°i b° dpNp£
‹pfp ædi: \ep° : (1) ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe rinZ A°V$g° L°$ i•nrZL$ kp^_p°_p° D`ep°N
A_° (2) ıh-A¬ee_ A°V$g° Arcærd[ A¬ee_ kprl–e [\p ıh-A¬ee_
kprl–e. 7
X$g°_p 8 A_ych r`fprdX$dp¨ _S>f _pM[p¨ iprÂ]$L$ `Ÿr[Ap°_° Ap°R>pdp¨
Ap°R>u AkfL$pfL$ [\p ıh-A¬ee_ `Ÿr[Ap° A_° qæep ‹pfp rinZ`Ÿr[Ap°_°
h^ydp¨ h^y AkfL$pfL$ i•nrZL$ V°$Lπ$_p°gp°rS> [fuL°$ ıhuL$pfu R>°.
`∞L©$r[hp]$u Íkp° 9 dp_° R>° L°$ b_° –ep¨ ky^u bpmL_° qæep ‹pfp S> iuMhhy¨
≈°BA°. iÂ]$p°_p° Apifp° [p° Ar_hpeÆ lp°e A_° qæep ‹pfp rinZ iL$e _ lp°e
–epf° S> g°hp° ≈°BA°. rinZ_u `∞qæepdp¨ `∞–en op__y¨ Oœ¨ dl“h R>°.
5
]$ur`L$p bu. ipl, i•nqZL$ `∞p°¤p°rNL$u, eyr_hrkÆV$u N∞¨\r_dpÆZ bp°XÆ$,
NyS>fp[ fpS>e, Ad]$php]$, `∞\d Aph©r— : 1993, `©. 14.
6
A°Q. Ap°. ≈°ju., `V°$g, ]$h°, ipl, i•nrZL$ V°$Lπ$_p°gp°rS> , bu. A°k. ipl
`∞L$pi_, Ad]$php]$, `∞\d Aph©r— : 1987-88
7
ipl, `|hp£L$[, `©. 9.
8
X$pµ. bpbpkpl°b Ap¨b°X$L$f Ap°`_ eyr_hrkÆV$u, rhop_ A¬ep`_ `Ÿr[,
NyS>fp[ fpS>e, 1996, `©. 14.
9
rh_p°]$ `V°$g, [“h ]$iÆ_ A_° rinZ, fiey _p°bg r`∞fiV$kÆ, kyf[, 1996,
`©. 108.
20
]|$fh[w AÊepkp°, rinZdp¨ L$p°Á‡eyV$f_p° D`ep°N, dprl[u_u rhı[f[u
kudp [\p k‡V°$Ábf 1985 \u iÍ \e°gu Brfi]$fp Np¨^u _°i_g Ap°`_ eyr_hrkÆV$u
S>°hu ipmp [\p dlpipmpAp°_° L$pfZ° ıh-A¬ee_ `Ÿr[Ap° [\p `∞eyqL$[Ap°A°
rinZ V°$L$π_p°gp°rS>dp¨ `p°[p_y¨ ApNhy¨ ı\p_ b_pÏey¨ R>°.
i•nrZL$ V°$L$π_p°gp°rS>_u Qp°\u A_° `p¨Qdu `°Yu_p¨ kp^_p° A_° dp¬edp°A°
A°hÿ ıhÍ` ̂ pfZ L$eyØ R>° L°$ [°_p° D`ep°N rinL$ iuMhhp dpV°$ L$fu iL°$ [°dS> rh¤p\w
≈[° iuMhp dpV°$ ̀ Z L$fu iL°$. Apd, A–epf_u i•nrZL$ V°L$π_p°gp°rS> dp” rinL$_°
iuMhhp dpV°$ D`ep°Ndp¨ g°hp_p¨ kp^_p° ̀ |fp¨ _\u ̀ pX$[u, ̀ f¨[y iuM_pf_° ̀ p°[p_u
≈[° iuMhpdp¨ `Z d]$]$ L$f° R>°. 10
ıh-A¬ee_ A°V$g°, The presentation of contents is such that
one can understand without the help of a teacher is called self
instruction. 11
d°X$d dp°fiV°$kfu_p iÂ]$p°dp¨ ≈°BA°[p° Self education is the best edu-
cational method by which the child learns in his own way and at
his own rate. 12
10
A°_. A°k. ]$p¢Np, A¬ep`_ d_p°rhop_, `∞\d Aph©r—, r_S>S>_ kpBL$p°
k°fiV$f, fpS>L$p°V$, 1995, `©. 256.
11 R. C. Das, Educational Technology, A basic text, Ster-
ling Publishers private limited, New Delhi, 1993, P.5, P.239.12K. L.Kumar, Educational Technology : New age inter-
national (P) limited, Publishers, New Delhi P. 22.
21
ıh-A¬ee_ `∞eyqL$[Ap° OZu R>°. [°dp¨\u L°$V$guL$ Ap `∞dpZ° R>°.
ıh-A¬ee_ `Ÿr[ A° rinZ_u A°L$ A°hu `∞qæep R>°, S>°dp¨ rhjehı[y_u
Np°W$hZu _p_p¨-_p_p¨ `Ngp¨_u lpfdpmp ‹pfp kp]$u, kfm A_° ı`ÛV$ cpjpdp¨
L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [°\u rh¤p\wAp° `p°[p_u ≈[° Ap kprl–e_p° D`ep°N L$fu op[\u
Aop[ [fa S>B _hu A_° AOfu bpb[p° iuM° R>°. ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e A° i•nrZL$
kp^_ L°$ L$kp°V$u _\u [° A¬ep`__u A°L$ `Ÿr[ R>°. 13
A¬ee_ hı[y A°hp ıhÍ`dp¨ [•epf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° L°$ S>°_° kdS>hp dpV°$
rinL$_u d]$]$ S>Ífu _ lp°e, A¬e°[p ıh[¨” fu[° ̀ p°[p_u A_yL|$m[p ̀ ∞dpZ° ̀ p°[p_u
TX$`° A¬ee_ L$fu iL°$ [°hp A¬ee_ hı[y_p ıhÍ`_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e
L$l°hpe. 14
ApS>° rhrh^ ̀ ∞L$pf_p¨ ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e D`gÂ^ R>°. [°d_u fQ_p A°hu
fu[° L$f°gu lp°e R>° L°$ S>°\u rh¤p\w ≈[° kprl–e_p° D`ep°N L$fu iL°$. ıh-A¬ee_
qinZe¬Ó
dp¡X$e|g
õh-AÂee_
`°qhq^Ap¡
õhpÂepe
`Ùq[
hL$®$L$pX$®$`Ùq[
cpj
p`°e
p¡Ni
pmp
Aqc
¾qd[
AÂe
e_
kfmAÂee_kpqlÐe
13S>e¨r[gpg L°$. fpW$p°X$, ‘ ̂ p°fZ kp[_p rhop__p ̀ ∞L$pi_ÿ ̀ fph[Æ_ A°L$d_p
A¬ep`_ dpV°$_u ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e `Ÿr[, `∞pep°rNL$ `Ÿr[ A_° Ïepøep_`Ÿr[_u AkfL$pfL$[p_p° [yg_p–dL$ AÊepk ’ : gOyip°̂ r_b¨̂ , fpS>L$p°V$, kp•fpÛV≤$eyr_hrkÆV$u, 1995, `©. 57-58.
14]$p¢Np, `|hp£L$[, `©. 271-76.
22
kprl–e_y¨ hNwL$fZ b° cpNdp¨ L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
(1) rinL$ L°$ Afie L$p°B_u d]$]$ hNf D`ep°Ndp¨ gB iL$pe [°hy¨ kprl–e.
(2) rinL$ L°$ Afie L$p°B_u \p°X$u `Z d]$]$_u S>Íf `X°$ [°hy¨ kprl–e.
`l°gp¨ `∞L$pf_p kprl–edp¨ Made simple series _p¨ `yı[L$p°, Teach
your self, Hand books, Manual, Arcædp°, ̀ funp_p A¨r[d [bLL$p dpV°$_p¨
kprl–e S>°hp¨ L°$, rhop_ b° q]$hkdp¨, A`°rn[ `∞Òk¨N∞lp°, A°L$gÏe L©$[ L$kp°V$u
`”p°, A¬ee_ k¨`yV$p°, L.M.R. (Last Minute Revision) hN°f°_p° kdph°i
\pe R>°. Apdp¨_p¨ ̀ funpgnu ̀ ∞L$pi_p° kı[u gp°L$r ∞̀e[p A_° Apr\ÆL$ gpc d°mhhp
dpV°$ [•epf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [°dp¨_p rhjehı[y_u rhÔhk_ue[p rhi° ̀ Z i¨L$p fl°
R>°. L°$V$gÿL$ kprl–e ̀ ∞dpZdp¨ kpfÿ lp°e R>° A_° AdyL$ rhjehı[y iuMhp dpV°$ ̀ pep_u
bpb[p° kfmÍ`° kd≈hhp_p° `∞e–_ L$f°gp° lp°e R>°. h[Æ_-`qfh[Æ__p k¨]$cÆdp¨
Aphy¨ kprl–e cp¡e° S> [•epf \[y¨ lp°e R>°.
bu≈ `∞L$pf_p kprl–edp¨ `”Ïehlpf_p AÊepkædp° dpV°$_p¨ kprl–e
(lesson), AÊepk dpNÆ]$riÆL$p (Study guide) A_° Distance education
dpV°$ D`ep°Ndp¨ Aph[p¨ eyr_V$p°_p° kdph°i \pe R>°. Aphp `∞L$pf_p¨ kprl–ep°
rh¤p\wAp°_u L$np, S>Íqfep[p°, kdıepAp°, byqŸ ... hN°f° S>°hu bpb[p°_° ¬ep_dp¨
fpMu [•epf L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. rh¤p\wAp° Ap kprl–e_p° D`ep°N ≈[° L$fu iL°$ [°_y¨
¬ep_ fpMhpdp¨ Aph° R>°. [°d R>[p¨ S>Íf S>Zpe –ep¨ rh¤p\w Afie_u d]$]$ gB iL°$
R>°. Ap dpV°$ rh¤p\w, rinL$p°, k¨]$cÆ kprl–e, ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kp^_p° L°$ kl`pW$uAp°_u
\p°X$u d]$]$ d°mhu iL°$ R>°.
bu≈ `∞L$pf_p kprl–e_u fQ_p L$f[u hM[° kyÏehsı\[ Apep°S>_ L$f°gy¨
lp°e R>°. l°[yAp° h[Æ_-`qfh[Æ__p k¨]$cÆdp¨ _LL$u L$epÆ bp]$ kprl–e_u h•opr_L$ Yb°
fQ_p L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>°.
kpfp ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p¨ gnZp° Ap `∞dpZ°_p lp°e R>° :
1. A°L$d_u k¨`|ZÆ kdS> A_° S>Ífu rhjehı[y_p° kdph°i lp°hp° ≈°BA°.
2. Apep°S>_ dyS>b_u fS|>Ap[ [°dS> [pqLÆ$L$[p_u `|fu kphQ°[u ≈mhhu
≈°BA°.
3. `∞r[`p°jZ_u Ïehı\p lp°hu ≈°BA°.
23
4. AÊepkdp¨ ApNm h^hp dpV°$ S>Ífu kgpl A_° k|Q_p°_p° kdph°i lp°hp°
≈°BA°.
5. rinZ_p A¬ee_ rkŸp¨[p°_p° kdph°i \[p° lp°hp° ≈°BA° S>°hp L°$,
µ rhriÛV$ \u kpdpfie
µ kfm \u L$qW$_
µ `pep\u rhL$pkiug[p [fa
µ kp]$u bpb[p°\u S>qV$g[p [fa
µ op[\u Aop[ [fa 15
r_f¨[f rinZhpmp Bsfi]$fp Np¨^u fpÛV≤$ue dyL[ rh¤pgedp¨ rhjehı[y_u
fS|>Ap[ ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e ‹pfp L$fhpdp¨ Aph° R>° S>°dp¨ ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_y¨
dpmMy¨ Ap `∞dpZ° lp°e R>°. 16
µ AÊepk A¨N° dpNÆ]$iÆ_
µ A°L$d_y¨ iujÆL$
µ Í`f°Mp
Ø l°[yAp°
Ø A°L$d_p° `qfQe
Ø `°V$p A°L$dp°
Ø kpfp¨i
Ø ıhp¬epe
Ø [dpfu `∞Nr[ QL$pkp°
Ø D`ep°Nu `yı[L$p°, k¨]$cp°Æ
Ø ıhp¬epe_p `∞Òp°_p S>hpbp°
15
fpW$p°X$, `|hp£L$[, `©. 58-60.
16
“ Aplpf S|>\, `p°jL$ OV$L$p° A_° [°d_p¨ L$pep£ ”, Bsfi]$fp Np¨^u fpÛV≤$ue dyL$[
rhÔh rh¤pge, _hu q]$Îlu, 1993.
24
ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_y¨ A°L$ dpmMy¨ Ap `∞dpZ° `Z k|Qhpe R>°. 17
ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e_p A°L$ `∞L$fZ_y¨ dpmMy¨.
A°L$d - 1 A°L$d_y¨ iujÆL$
1.1 A°L$d_y¨ b¨^pfZ
1.2 A°L$d_p l°[yAp°
1.3 A°L$d_p° `∞p\rdL$ `qfQe
1.4 A°L$d_p AÊepk A¨N° dpNÆ]$iÆ_
1.5 A°L$d_p° Afie A°L$dp° kp\°_p° k¨b¨^
1.6 `°V$p A°L$d - 1
1.6.1 `°V$p A°L$d - 1 _p° i•nrZL$ dyÿp° - 1
1.6.2 `°V$p A°L$d - 1 _p° i•nrZL$ dyÿp° - 2
1.7 `°V$p A°L$d - 2
1.7.1 `°V$p A°L$d - 2 _p° i•nrZL$ dyyÿp° - 1
1.7.1 `°V$p A°L$d - 2 _p° i•nrZL$ dyyÿp° - 2
[dpfu `∞Nr[ QL$pkp°
1 X kpfp¨i
2 Y ıhp¬epe
3 Z Ap]$iÆ D—fp°
Apd, ApS>_p° rinL$ rhop_ A_° V°$Lπ$_p°gp°∆_p eyNdp¨ L$peÆ L$fu f¸p° R>°.
V°$L$π_p°gp°∆_u `∞Nr[_p `qfZpd ıhÍ` rinZL$peÆ dpV°$ A_°L$ `∞L$pf_u kpdN∞uAp°
D`gÂ^ R>°. `f¨[y i•nrZL$ l°[y_u `∞pq‡[ dpV°$ ep°¡e DrQ[ kpdN∞u_u `k¨]$Nu
AN–e_u b_° R>°.
17
]$p¢Np$, `|hp£L$[, `©. 274.
25
2.52.52.52.52.5 AÊepk k¨b¨^u `|h£ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°^__u kdunpAÊepk k¨b¨^u `|h£ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°^__u kdunpAÊepk k¨b¨^u `|h£ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°^__u kdunpAÊepk k¨b¨^u `|h£ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°^__u kdunpAÊepk k¨b¨^u `|h£ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°^__u kdunp
`∞ep°S>L°$ `p°[p_p k¨ip°^__° kdS>hp dpV°$ A_° [° `p°[p_p k¨ip°^__u
rhriÛV$[pAp°_° AgN [pfhhp dpV°$ `|h£ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°^_p°_p° AÊepk L$fhp° S>Ífu
R>°. ̀ |h£ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°̂ _p°_u kdunp L$fhp_p l°[ykf ̀ ∞ep°S>L°$ Ap ̀ ∞dpZ°_p ̀ ∞Òp° [•epf
L$epÆ l[p :
(1) k¨ip°^L°$ L$ep hjÆdp¨ k¨ip°^_ lp\ ^eyØ l[y¨ ?
(2) k¨ip°^L$ A_° [°_u k¨ı\p L$B l[u ?
(3) Ó°Zu A_° rhje L$ep `k¨]$ L$epØ l[p¨ ?
(4) AÊepk_p L$ep A°L$dp° kdprhÛV$ l[p¨ ?
(5) _d|_p_y¨ L$]$ L°$V$gy¨ g°hpdp¨ ApÏey¨ l[y¨ ?
(6) `∞pep°rNL$ ep°S>_p L$B ¬ep_dp¨ gu^u l[u ?
(7) ıh[¨” Qg [fuL°$ L$B `Ÿr[Ap° `k¨]$ L$fu l[u ?
(8) D`ep°Ndp¨ L$ep¨ D`L$fZp° gu^p¨ l[p¨ ?
(9) `©\L$L$fZ `∞eyqL$[ [fuL°$ L$B A¨L$ipı”u `∞eyqL$[ D`ep°Ndp¨ gu^u l[u ?
(10) kdıep_p A¨[° L$ep¨ [pfZp° `∞p‡[ \e°g l[p¨ ?
∞̀ı[y[ AÊepk rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$, r_]$iÆ_ A_° ıh-A¬ee_ kprl–e krl[_u
`Ÿr[_u AkfL$pfL$[p [`pkhp_p° lp°hp\u Ap A¨N°_p¨ `|h£ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°^_p°_p°
AÊepk A_° kdunp L$fhp¨ S>Ífu b_° R>°. `|h£ \e°gp¨ k¨ip°^_p°_° kpfZu - 2.2
‚dpZ° hNwL©$[ L$fu AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g.
A°d.A°X$π. L$np_p rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p 04, ıh-A¬ee_ `Ÿr[_p 19,
r_]$iÆ__p 02 dmu Ly$g 25 k¨ip°^_p°_p° AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g.
M.Ed
Ph.D
26
`uA°Q.X$u. L$npA° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p 09, ıh-A¬ee_ `Ÿr[_p 04
A_° r_]$iÆ__p 01 dmu Ly$g 14 k¨ip°^_p°_p° AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g.
Afie k¨ip°^_p°dp¨ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_p 13, r_]$iÆ__y¨ 01 k¨ip°^_ dmu Ly$g
14 k¨ip°^_p°_p° AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g. Ap fu[° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$_p Ly$g 26, ıh-
A¬ee_ `Ÿr[_p Ly$g 23 A_° r_]$iÆ_ `Ÿr[_p 04 k¨ip°^_p° dmu kdN∞ 53
k¨ip°^_p°_p° AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°.
1. `uA°Q.X$u L$np_p¨ k¨ip°^_p°
2. A°d.A°X$π. L$np_p¨ k¨ip°^_p°
3. ıh[¨” k¨ip°^_p°
∞̀ep°S>L°$ k¨b¨r^[ kprl–e_u kdunp L$f[u hM[° X$pµ. A°d.bu.byQ _p ̀ ∞\d,
q‹[ue, [©[ue, Q[y\Æ A_° `p¨Qdp k¨ip°^_ kh£nZ_p° AÊepk L$ep£ l[p° [°dS>
A°fikpBL$gp°r`X$uep Ap°a A°S>eyL°$i_g rfkQÆ_p° `Z AÊepk L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep°.
2.5.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ k¨ip°^_p°2.5.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ k¨ip°^_p°2.5.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ k¨ip°^_p°2.5.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ k¨ip°^_p°2.5.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ k¨ip°^_p°
`∞ı[y[ AÊepkdp¨ rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ krl[_u `Ÿr[_u AkL$pfL$[p [`pkhp
dpV°$ ̀ ∞pep°rNL$ S|>\-1 _° rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ b[phu rhqX$ep°g°k_ ̀ Ÿr[ ‹pfp rinZL$peÆ
L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g [°\u Alv rhqX$ep°g°k_ A\hp V$u.hu. ‹pfp A¬ep`_L$peÆ_u
AkfL$pfL$[p A¨N°_p¨ S>° S>° k¨ip°^_p° \ep¨ lp°e [°_p° DÎg°M L$fhpdp¨ Aph°g R>°.
R> °Îgp¨ L° $V$gp¨L$ hjp£dp¨ _p¢^`p” k¨øepdp¨ i•nrZL$ V° $rgrhT__u
AkfL$pfL$[p D`f_p¨ k¨ip°̂ _p° \ep¨ R>°. Ad°fuL$p_u ipmpdp¨ ̀ ∞\d hM[ V°$qgrhT_
1940 dp¨ fS|> L$fhpdp¨ ApÏey¨. ‰pfik A_° rb∞V$_dp¨ 1950 dp¨ V°$qgrhT_ rinZ
n°”° `∞h°Ìey¨. fiey q]$Îlu Mp[° 1956 dp¨ `yı[L$p°_u S>_fg L$p°fiaffik° cpf[dp¨
rinZ_p dp¬ed [fuL°$ V$u.hu. _p° `∞ı[ph d|L$ep° l[p°. cpf[dp¨ 1960 _p
≈fieyApfudp¨ kp• `∞\d Ap°g BsfiX$ep f°qX$ep° (AIR) A° bpmL$p° dpV°$ i•nrZL$
V°$qgrhT_ qaÎd b_phu ]$f d¨Nmhpf° b`p°f° 3-00 \u 4-00 `∞p°N∞pd V°$qgL$pıV$
L$epÆ l[p.
1. `uA°Q.X$u L$np_p¨ k¨ip°^_p°
2. A°d.A°X$π. L$np_p¨ k¨ip°^_p°
3. ıh[¨” k¨ip°^_p°
27
2.5.1.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ `uA°Q.X$u L$np_p¨ k¨ip°^_p°2.5.1.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ `uA°Q.X$u L$np_p¨ k¨ip°^_p°2.5.1.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ `uA°Q.X$u L$np_p¨ k¨ip°^_p°2.5.1.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ `uA°Q.X$u L$np_p¨ k¨ip°^_p°2.5.1.1 rhqX$ep° L°$k°V$ A¨N°_p¨ `uA°Q.X$u L$np_p¨ k¨ip°^_p°
(1) i°W°$ 18 Arcærd[ A¬ee_ kprl–e_u Akf kp\° ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe
kp^_p°_u Akf_° kfMphu R>°. [°dZ° kudgp il°f_u A¨N∞°∆ dp¬erdL$ ipmpdp¨
^p°fZ-10 dp¨ 180 R>p°L$fp A_° R>p°L$fuAp°_p° _d|_p° gB_° A¨N∞°∆ ı`°tgN_p
rinZ_p° `∞ep°N L$f°g.
AÊepk_p A¨[° A° [pfZ d˝e¨y L°$ A¨N∞°∆ dp¬ed_u ipmp_p ^p°fZ-10
_p A¨N∞°∆_p¨ ÓpÏe kp^_p°_u h ŷ QqX$ep[u Akf ≈°hp dmu. D—f L$kp°V$u_p ]°$Mph
`f ÓpÏe fS|>Ap[_u Akf h^pf° AkfL$pfL$ ≈°hp dmu. i°W°$ kde [\p ≈r[ kp\°
ÓpÏe kp^_p°_u kp\ÆL$[p [`pkhp `Z `∞epk L$f°g.
(2) S>eQ¨÷_° 19 qaÎdqıV≤`_u AkfL$pfL$[p [`pkhp d÷pk_u _h
ipmpAp°dp¨\u [pqdg dp¬edhpmu `p¨Q L$y$dpf ipmp A_° Qpf L$fiepipmpAp°_p°
_d|_p° `k¨]$ LepÆ° l[p°. kdN∞ _d|_p° 450 L$y$dpf A_° 315 L$fiepAp° ^fph[p° l[p°.
qh¤p\w$Ap°_° ”Z AgN qhcpNdp¨ hl°¢Qu ”Z AgN `Ÿq[Ap° kpdpfie `Ÿq[,
dp” [•epf qaÎdqıV≤` (qinL$ qh_p) A_° qaÎdqıV≤` $kql[ qinL$ kd≈$h° [°hu
`Ÿq[\u iuMhhpdp¨ ApÏey¨ l[y¨. `∞h©q— L$kp°V$u\u dpql[u A°L$q”[ L$fu `|hÆL$kp°V$u,
A¨–e L$kp°V$u [\p ıdfZiqL[_p NyZp¨L$ ̀ ∞p‡[ \ep ̀ R>u bpfg°V$_u F L$$kp°V$u S>°hu
A¨L$ipı”ue ̀ Ÿq[ ̀ ∞ep°∆ dpql[u_ÿ ̀ ©\L$L$fZ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏeÿ, S>eQ¨÷__p [pfZp°
b[ph° R>° L$°$
µ [•epf i•nqZL$ kpdN∞u_y¨ k¨L$g_ ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kp^_p° ‹pfp iL$e
b_u iL$°$ R>°.
µ qinL$ qh_p dp” qaÎdqıV≤`\u iuMhhp L$f[p¨ qinL$ kql[_u
qaÎdqıV≤` h^y AkfL$pfL$ _uhX$° R>°.$$
18A. S. Sheth, A study of programme in English Spell-
ing in Relation to visual and Auditory Presentation , Ph.D.thesis, H. P. Uni., 1976.
19 J. Jaychandran, An Experimental Study of ef-
ficacy of programmed filmstrips as a method of teach-ing history in secondary schools , Ph.D. Edu.,M.S.Uni., 1980.
28
µ kpdpfie qinZ `Ÿq[_u kp`°ndp¨ qinL$ qh_p [°dS> qinL$
kql[_u qaÎdqıV≤` ‹pfp iuMhhp_u `Ÿq[ h^y kpfu
ıdfZiqL[dp¨ `qfZd° R>°.$
(3) Ap°b°fp°e° 20 QgqQ” ]$iÆ__u A¬ep`_dp¨ AkfL$pfL$[p [`pkhp
]$pDkp (fpS>ı\p_) _u L$y$dpf [\p L$fiepAp° dpV$°$_u kfL$pfu dp¬eqdL$ ipmpAp°_p¨
^p°.8 A_° ^p°.9 _p¨ 125 qh¤p\wAp° `f `∞ep°N dpV$° `∞Qqg[ A¬ep`_ `Ÿq[,
Âg°L$ A°fiX$ ÏlpBV$ QgqQ”]$iÆ_, [°dS> f̈Nu_ QgqQ”]$iÆ_ A°d ”Z S>|\p° fpMhpdp̈
ApÏep. dpql[u A°L$q”[ L$fhp S>gp°V$p_u dp_qkL$ nd[p kd|lL$kp°V$u, Óuhpı[h
_p° kpdprS>L$-Apq\ÆL$ ı\p_ (ıV°$V$k) dp`]$¨$X$, d|Îe ̀ qfdpZ L$kp°V$u, qh¤p\wAp°_°
dp•qML$ L$kp°V$u qinL$p°_° Ap`hpdp¨ Aph°gu, `∞Òphqg, A°L$pN∞[p d|Îep¨L$_ _p°
D`ep°N L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep°. T-L$kp°V$u, F-L$kp°V$u\u d°mh°gp¨ Óu Ap°b°fp°e_p¨ [pfZp°
b[ph° R>° L$°,
µ `∞Qqg[ A¬ep`_ `Ÿq[hpmp¨ S>|\p° L$f[p¨ QgqQ” ]$iÆ_hpmp¨
S>|\p°A° _p°¢^`p” D√Q kf°fpi NyZ `∞p‡[ L$epÆ.
µ Âg°L$ A°fiX$ ÏlpBV$ QgqQ” ]$iÆ_hpmp¨ S>|\p°A° `∞Qqg[ A¬ep`_
`Ÿq[hpmp¨ S>|\p° L$f[p¨ _p°¢^`p” fu[° D√Q kf°fpi NyZ d°mÏep.
µ f¨Nu_ QgqQ” ]$iÆ_hpmp¨ S>|\p°A° Afie S>|\p° L$f[p¨ _p°¢^`p” fu[°
D√Q kf°fpi NyZp¨L$ d°mÏep l[p.
(4) L$p_pX$ ° $ 21 N∞pÁe ipmp_p¨ bpmL$p°_p h[Æ_ D`f i•nqZL$
V$°qgqhT__u Akf D`f_p° A°L$ AÊepk L$ep°£ l[p°. [°dZ° V$°qgqhT_hpmu A_°
V$°qgqhT_ qh_p_u ipmpdp¨\u 216 bpmL$p°_p° _d|_p° gu^p° l[p°. [°dZ° D—f L$kp°V$u
dp” q_e¨q”[ S>|\ qXTpB__p° D`ep°N L$ep°£ l[p°. ‚ep°N_p A¨[° [°d_° ≈°hp d˝e¨y L$°$
L$°V$gpL$ ̀ ∞dpZdp¨ V$u.hu. h[Æ_ D`f fQ_p–dL$ Akf L$f[ÿ l[ÿ. cpjp_u ̀ ∞hpql[pdp¨
20N. Oberoi, Development and Evaluation of Radio Vi-
sion on an instruction system, Ph.D. Edu., S. G. Uni., 1981.21H. M. Kanade, A study of the Impact of instructional
televison on the behavior of the rural school children,Ph.D. thesis, M. S. Uni., Baroda, 1982.
29
ky^pfZp _p°¢^u l[u `f¨[y cpjp_u kyfyqQdp¨ _lv. `∞ep°N_p A¨[° bpmL$p°A° ipmp
[fa_y¨ qh^°ep–dL$ hgZ ]$ipÆh°g `Z `∞°fZp Akflu_ flu l[u.
(5) Np°gpZu 22 A° ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kp^_p°_u D`ep°qN[p_p k¨]$cÆdp¨
\pZ° rS>Îgp_u dp. ipmpAp° _d|_p [fuL$°$ gu^u l[u. `∞h[Ædp_ `qfqı\q[_°
A_ygnu_° ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kpdN∞u_u `qfsı\r[, rinL$p° ApQpep£_p ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe
kpdN∞u kql[_ÿ qinZ ̀ |fÿ ̀ pX$ep AN̈° Aqc ∞̀pep°, qinZ dpV$°$ ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kpdN∞u
[•epf L$fhp k¨ip°^L$°$ `∞Òphqg, D`gÂ^ kp^_p° A_° D`ep°qN[p A¨N°_p qinL$
ApQpeÆ_p A¨]$p≈°, dygpL$p[p°, Ahgp°L$_ [\p dp•qML$ L$kp°V$u_p° dpql[u d°mhhp
D`ep°N L$ep°£ l[p°. Np°gpZu_p¨ [pfZp° b[ph° R>° L$°$
µ il°fu qhı[pfp°_u Apq\ÆL$ k¬^f ipmpAp° ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kpdN∞u
^fph[u l[u.
µ blz S> \p°X$p qinL$p°A° ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kpdN∞u_p° D`ep°N L$ep°£ l[p°.
kp^_p° qbıdpf lpg[dp¨ l[p¨ A_° D`ep°qN[p_u [pgudhpmp
qinL$p° _ l[p.
µ ep°¡e kp°aV$h°f_p Acph° lpX$Æ$h°f Mfu]$°gp `X$ep l[p.
µ ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kpdN∞u qinZL$peÆdp¨ D`ep°Nu qkŸ \B l[u.
(6) Bfi]$y$ i°W$°$ 23 `∞p\qdL$ L$np_p¨ bpmL$p°_p i•nqZL$ qhL$pk D`f
i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT__u AkfL$pfL$[p_p° AÊepk L$ep°£ l[p°. AÊepk_p l°[yAp° Ap
`∞dpZ° l[p :
1. cpjpqhL$pk, i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT_ L$peÆæd_u k¨g¡_ dpql[u_y¨
k῭ p]$_ [\p ipmpL$ue qkqŸ_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ ̀ ∞p\qdL$ L$np_p¨ bpmL$p°_p
i•nqZL$ qhL$pk D`f i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT__u Akf_p° AÊepk
L$fhp°.
22T. P. Golani, The use of Audio-visual Aids in the sec-
ondary schools of District Thane, Ph.D. Edu. Poona Uni.,1982.
23 Indu Sheth, A study of the Effectiveness of Educa-
tional Television on the Educational Development of Pri-mary school children, Ph.D. thesis,M. S. Uni., Baroda, 1983.
30
2. cpjpqhL$pk, i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT_ L$peÆæd_u k¨g¡_ dpql[u_y¨
k¨`p]$_ [\p ipmpL$ue qkqŸ_p k¨]$cÆdp¨ `∞p\qdL$ ipmp_p¨
bpmL$p°_p i•nqZL$ qhL$pk D`f i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT__u kp\°
qinL$p° ‹pfp k¨Qpqg[ `|hÆ A_° D—f `∞kpfZ `∞h©q—Ap°_p
k¨cpjZ L$peÆæd_u Akf_p° AÊepk L$fhp°.
3. i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT_ L$peÆæd_p S>y]$p S>y]$p ◊qÛV$L$p°Z° hluhV$L$[pÆAp°
A_° q_dpÆ[pAp°_° `∞q[`p°jZ `|fy¨ `pX$hy¨.
i°W$°$ q]$Îlu_u 18 ̀ ∞p\qdL$ ipmp_p¨, ̂ p°fZ-5 _p¨ 447 qh¤p\wAp°
_d|_p [fuL$°$ gu °̂gp l[p. ”Z S>y]$u S>y]$u ̀ Ÿq[Ap° (L$peÆæd) dp¨ [°Ap°_° ”Z S>|\dp¨
qhcprS>[ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep l[p.
µ `∞\d S>|\_° k¨cpjZ L$peÆæd qh_p i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT_ L$peÆæd
b[phhp_p°.
µ bu≈ S>|\_° k¨cpjZ L$peÆæd kp\° i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT_ L$peÆæd
b[phhp_p°. `∞kpfZ_u `l°gp A_° `R>u `∞h©q—Ap° Í`° QQpÆ
L$fhp_u.
µ ”uS>ÿ S>|\ [° q_e¨q”[ S>|\ S>°_° qb_ i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT_ L$peÆædhpmy
S>|\ L$¸y$¨.
1. qhop__u qkqŸ L$kp°V$u, 2. i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT_ L$peÆæd `f Ap^pqf[
L$kp°V$u, 3. qinL$p° dpV$°$ dpNÆ]$iÆ_ _p°¢^-S>°hp¨ ”Z D`L$fZp°_u fQ_p L$fhpdp¨
Aphu l[u.
AÊepk_p¨ [pfZp° Ap `∞dpZ° l[p¨ :
(1) i•nqZL$ V$°qgqhT_ L$peÆæd ≈°_pfp¨ bpmL$p°_p° cpjpqhL$pk ETV
_ ≈°_pfp¨ bpmL$p° L$f[p¨ KQp° l[p°.
(2) ETV _u kp\° k¨cpjZ L$peÆæd ≈°_pfp¨ bpmL$p°_p° cpjpqhL$pk,
k¨cpjZ L$peÆæd qh_p A_° ETV _ ≈°_pfp¨ bpmL$p° L$f[p¨ KQp°
l[p°.
(3) ETV _p L$peÆæd_u dpql[u k¨`p]$_dp¨ ETV S>|\ q_e¨q”[ S>|\
L$f[p¨ QqXep[y¨ kpqb[ \ey¨.
(4) ETV S>|\>A_° q_e¨q”[ S>|\ L$f[p¨ k¨cpjZ L$peÆæd_u kp\°
31
ETVS>|\_p¨ bpmL$p°_u qh¤pL$ue qkqŸ KQu l[u. cpjp A_°
qhop__u qkqŸdp¨ ETV S>|\_y¨ `qfZpd qh^°ep–dL$ q]$ip [fa
l[ÿ ̀ f¨[y kdpS>qh¤pdp¨ _ l[ÿ. ipmp_p _h qhjep°dp¨\u dp” ̀ p¨Q
qhjep° kp\ÆL$ L$npA° `lp°¢√ep l[p.
(7) cÀ° 24 ̀ p°[p_p ̀ uA°Q.X$u. k¨ip°̂ _L$peÆdp¨ ̂ p°fZ-9 _p qhop_
qhje_p ̀ k¨q]$[ A°L$dp°_p qinZdp¨ ”Z ̀ Ÿq[Ap°_u AkfL$pfL$[p_p° [yg_p–dL$
AÊepk L$ep°£ l[p°. [°dZ° 1. qhqX$ep° g°k_ `Ÿq[, 2. `∞ep°N q_]$iÆ_ `Ÿq[ [\p
3. Ïepøep_ A_° QQpÆ ̀ Ÿq[_p° D`ep°N L$ep°£ l[p°. Adf°gu qS>Îgp_p hqX$ep Npd_u
b° ı\pq_L$ dp¬eqdL$ ipmp_p ̂ p°fZ _h _p Qpf hNp°£_p 149 L$ydpfp° A_° b° hNp°£_u
79 L$fiepAp° dmu_° L$yg 228 _p° _d|_p° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ Aph°gp° l[p°. ]$i A°L$dp°_u
qhqX$ep°L$°$k°V$, D—fL$kp°V$u [\p Aqc`∞pephqg S>°hp¨ D`L$fZp°_p° D`ep°N L$fhpdp¨
Aph°g. `∞ep°N A¨[° [pfZp° Ap `∞dpZ°_p `∞p‡[ \ep¨ :
µ Afie b° ̀ Ÿq[Ap° L$f[p¨ qhqX$ep°g°k__u i•nqZL$ qkqŸ KQu l[u.
µ L$ydpf L$°$ L$fiep ≈q[dp¨ i•nqZL$ qkqŸ_u bpb[dp¨ L$p°B [aph[ ≈°hp
_ d˝ep°.
µ qhop__p qhqh^ A°L$dp° dpV$°$_u ”Z°e `Ÿq[Ap°dp¨ L$p°B kp\ÆL$
[aph[ ≈°hp _ d˝ep°.
µ Aqc`∞pephqg ‹pfp ≈Zhp d˝ey¨ L$°$ qh¤p\wAp°dp¨ V$°qgqhT_ dpV$°$
lL$pfp–dL$ hgZ l[y¨.
(8) ]$°$kpBA° 25 `p°[p_p k¨ip°^_L$peÆdp¨ ^p°fZ ApW$_p NyS>fp[u
qhje_p `k¨q]$[ A°L$dp°_p qinZdp¨ _pV$euL$fZ_u AkfL$pfL$[p dpV$°$ (1)
kpdpfie qinZ `Ÿq[, (f) _pV$euL$fZ `∞eyqL[ A_° (3) qhqX$ep° L$°k°V$ g°k__p°
D`ep°N L$ep°£ l[p°. ≈d_Nf il°f_u [\p N∞pÁe qhı[pf_u dp¬eqdL$ ipmp_p ̂ p°.8
_p¨ 210 L$ydpfp° A_° 165 L$fiepAp°_p° _d|_p° `k¨]$ L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°, qhqX$ep°
24P. N. Bhatt, A Comparative Study of the Effectivness
of three Different models of teaching selected topics ofscience on the achivement of the students, Ph.D. thesis,Saurashtra University, Rajkot,1987.
25L°$. S>°.]°$kpB, dp¬erdL$ ipmpdp¨ NyS>fp[u kprl–e L©$r[Ap°_p A¬ep`_
L$peÆdp¨ _pV$euL$fZ_u AkfL$pfL$[p, ̀ uA°Q.X$u. dlpr_b¨̂ , kp•fpÛV≤$ eyr_hrkÆV$u,fpS>L$p°V$, 1994.
32
L$°k°V$, D—f L$kp°V$u, Aqc`∞pephqg S>°hp¨ D`L$fZp°_p° D`ep°N L$fhpdp¨ ApÏep° l[p°.
`∞ep°N_p A¨[° [pfZp° Ap `∞dpZ° `∞p‡[ \ep¨ l[p¨ :
µ il°fu L$ydpfp° A_° N∞pÁe L$fiepAp°dp¨ kpdpfie A¬ep`_ ̀ Ÿq[ L$f[p
_pV$euL$fZ _° qhqX$ep°g°k_ `Ÿq[ AkfL$pfL$ flu.
µ N∞pÁe L$ydpfp°dp¨ kpdpfie A¬ep`_ `Ÿq[ L$f[p¨ _pVπ$euL$fZ_°
AkfL$pfL$[p h^y flu S>epf° qhqX$ep°g°k__u AkfL$pfL$[p Ap°R>u
flu.
µ il°fu L$fiepAp° dpV$°$ L$p°B A°L$ `Ÿq[ AkfL$pfL$ _ dpg|d `X$u.
(9) fphg° 26 `p°[p_p `uA°Q.X$u k¨ip°^_L$peÆdp¨ ^p°fZ-8 _p
NyS>fp[u rhje_p `k¨q]$[ L$pÏep°_p rinZdp¨ ”Z `Ÿr[Ap°_u AkfL$pfL$[p_p°
[yg_p–dL$ AÊepk L$ep£ l[p°. 1. ÓpÏe kp^_ 2. ◊Ìe-ÓpÏe kp^_ A_° 3.
kpdpfi