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12 q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif; woufwmrSwfwrf ;ES ifh tawG;tac:rsm; yxrydkif; uREkfyf\rSwfwrf; vlwa,mufonf pkHaxmufrif;BuD;xH tvkyfavQmufxm;onfhtcg rif;BuD;onf xdkvl\ Oy"d&kyfudk oabmusonfESifh 4if;\t&nftcsif;udk prf;oyfí oifhawmfvQif &mxl;cefUxm;vdkaomtBuHjzpf\/ okdUjzpfí rif;BuD;onf rdrdoddvd kaom yk*¾dKvfwOD;\trnf? ae&yfESifh tvkyftudkifwkdU udkajymjyNyD;vQif xdkyk*¾dKvftm; rsufpd atmufrS taysmufrcHyJ aeUa&mnyg t&dyfozG,f wG,fuyfvkdufygvsuf 4if;ajymorQ vkyforQ tvkH;pkHudk rdrd xHodk U tpD&ifcHpm wifydkU&rnfhtaMumif; ajymjyav\/ tvkyfavQmuf xm;aomvlonf rif;BuD;odvdkaom yk*¾dKvfES ifh rdwfaqGvnf;r[kwf? &efol vnf;r[kwfav&um; xdkyk*¾dKvfajymorQ vkyforQwkdUudk rdrdjrif&onfh twdkif;? Mum;&onfhtwdkif; wdusrSefuefpGma&;om; tpD&ifcH&ayvdrfh rnf/ raumif;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;udk zkH;zdjcif;vnf;r&Sd? aumif;aomtcsif;t&m rsm;udk csHUxGifjcif;vnf;rjyK? csD;ajrSmufjcif ;vnf;rjyK? acsmufwGef;jcif ;vnf; r&Sd? rdrd\ tjriftMum;twdkif ; &dk;om;pGm tpD&ifcHayvdrfhrnf/ xdkenf;wlpGm uREkffyfrSmvnf; rdrdtaMumif;udk a&;om;&mwGif txufyg pkHaxmufavmif;uJUodkU oabmxm;í tom;vnf;r,l? &Sufvnf; r&Suf? [kwfrSeforQudk ]t&if;wdkif;} a&;om;azmfjy&efBuH&G,fyg onf/

Sayagyi Shwe Oo Daung

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Sayagyi Shwe Oo Daung

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  • 12

    q&mBuD;a&TOa'gif;

    woufwmrSwfwrf;ESifh tawG;tac:rsm;

    yxrydkif;

    uREkfyf\rSwfwrf;

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    prf;oyf oifhawmfvQif &mxl;cefUxm;vdkaomtBuHjzpf\/ okdUjzpf

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    udkajymjyNyD;vQif xdkyk*dKvftm; rsufpdatmufrS taysmufrcHyJ aeUa&mnyg

    t&dyfozG,f wG,fuyfvkdufygvsuf 4if;ajymorQ vkyforQ tvkH;pkHudk

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    xm;aomvlonf rif;BuD;odvdkaom yk*dKvfESifh rdwfaqGvnf;r[kwf? &efol

    vnf;r[kwfav&um; xdkyk*dKvfajymorQ vkyforQwkdUudk rdrdjrif&onfh

    twdkif;? Mum;&onfhtwdkif; wdusrSefuefpGma&;om; tpD&ifcH&ayvdrfhrnf/

    raumif;aom tcsif;t&mrsm;udk zkH;zdjcif;vnf;r&Sd? aumif;aomtcsif;t&m

    rsm;udk csHUxGifjcif;vnf;rjyK? csD;ajrSmufjcif;vnf;rjyK? acsmufwGef;jcif;vnf;

    r&Sd? rdrd\ tjriftMum;twdkif; &dk;om;pGm tpD&ifcHayvdrfhrnf/

    xdkenf;wlpGm uREkffyfrSmvnf; rdrdtaMumif;udk a&;om;&mwGif

    txufyg pkHaxmufavmif;uJUodkU oabmxm; tom;vnf;r,l? &Sufvnf;

    r&Suf? [kwfrSeforQudk ]t&if;wdkif;} a&;om;azmfjy&efBuH&G,fyg onf/

  • 13

    pkHaxmufavmif;onf xdkyk*dKvf\ pdwftBuHrsm;udk odEdkifcGifh &Sdrnfr[kwf

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    ppfaq;vkdufonfhtcg taumif;csnf;vnf; rjzpfEdkif/ tqdk;csnf;vnf;

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    awGU&ayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyfudk,fvnf; enf;twl taumif;ESifhtqdk;

    a&maESmvsuf &Sd&rnfomjzpf&m aumif;aomtcsuftvufrsm;udk azmfjyonfh

    tvSnfhwGif ]*kPf,lonf} odkUr[kwf ]

  • 14

    ypKyefb0\ jyKjyifrI jzpfonfqkdjcif;udk (OmPfrSDoavmuf) ydkif;jcm;a0zef

    wifjyvdkjcif;jzpfygonf/ vdk&if;tcsKyf uREkfyftaMumif;udk uREkfyfa&;om;

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    uif; ruif;udkrl pmzwfolwkdU qkH;jzwfMu&ef jzpfygonf/

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    onfjzpfaomaMumifh tjzpftysufoufoufrQru tawG;tac:rsm;vnf;

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    rsm;rSmvnf; (rSefuefjcif;? rrSefuefjcif;udk tyxm;) tpOftvm

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    obm0us rusudk pmzwfolwkdU pOf;pm;p&m &Sdjcif;tm;jzifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,f

    jzpfvdrfhrnf[k arQmfvifhygonf/

    a&S;OD;pGm rSwfrdaomt&m

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    tcsif;t&mrSm ar;aphuGJ woufywfvkH; xif&Sm;aom trSwftom;wck

    jzpf&avmufatmif trm&Gwf xifjcif;taMumif;udk a&;om;cJUbl;&m

    xdkUaemufwGif xyfrH aphaphawG;jyefaomtcg 4if;xuf tvsifusaom

    tjzpftysufwckudk owd&rdygonf/ uREkfyfrSm om;OD;jzpf 'kwd,

    arG;zGm;onfh uREkfyf\ESronf uREkfyfxufokH;ESpfcefUi,f&m taemufwdkif;

  • 15

    jynfrsm; 7v? 10vrQom rdcifEdkUudk wkdufauR;Muonfqdk aomfvnf;

    uREkfyfrSm ESpfESpfausmfrQ EdkUpdkUcGifh&ygvsufESifhyif rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm;

    ]EdkUrsufom;}uav;[kqdkum txl;*&kpdkuf taumif;qkH;qdkaom

    pm;p&mrsm;udk auR;arG;Muonf/ (xdkpOfu EdkUAl;wdkufaom tavhtx

    &SdMuao;[ef rwlay/) ykpGefwkyfaMumf? 0ufom;uif? MuufaygifaMumf paom

    pm;p&mrsm;onf uREkfyftwGufjzpf rdbrsm;rlum; Muuf&dk;ESifh 0ufqD

    0ufacgufavmufom pm;Muonf/ zcif\ESrrsm;? rdcif\nDrrsm;

    onfuREkfyfwkdUaetdrfodkU wa,mufwvSnfhvma&muf uREkfyftm;xdef;&ef

    twGuf twlwuG aexdkifMu&m tdrfwGif uREkfyf\ t&D;wa,mufa,muf

    jzpfap? ta':wa,mufa,mufjzpfap b,ftcgrQ jywfawmhonfr&Sdacs/

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    0g;cGHaomt&D;rsm; ta':rsm;udk oabmrusawmhyJ rdcifcGHU&rnf[k wpmpm

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    olUt&D;awG ta':awG cGHUwmudkrBudKufbl; igudkf,fwdkif 0g;cGHU&w,f?

    [kwfvJ [kwfrSmaygh? aumif;rav;awGuawmh 0g;NyD; tcsKd&nftcsKdUudk

    rsKdcsMurSmudk;? tpm;taomufrsm;awmh i,fuwnf;u 'Davmuf

    em;vnfwJU taumifyJ}}[k ajymbl;&Smonf/ uREkfyfonf tcsKd&nf rsKdcsjcif;

    twGufaMumifh t&omnHUoGm;jcif;[l i,fpOfu rodaomfvnf; rdcif

    0g;cGHUjcif;ESifh t&D;rsm; 0g;cGHUjcif;wkdU\ jcm;em;jcif;udk i,fi,fuwnf;u

    odaMumif; rSwfrdao;onf/ uREfkyfpOf;pm;rdonfum; ]vQm}onf t&mom

  • 16

    odjcif;ESifh pum;ajymjcif;wnf;[laom tvkyfESpfrsKd; vkyfwwf&mwGif

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    tao;pdwfodwwf\/ taemufwdkif;jynfrsm; 0dkfift&uf ukrPDBuD;rsm;

    onf]vQm} tpGrf;xufaom vlrsm;udk t&ufNrD;orm; (Wine Taster)

    tjzpfESifh vcaxmifaomif;ay; iSm;xm;Muonfqdk&m uREkfyf\ ]vQm}

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    tzwfwifvsuf&SdaomaMumifh wenf;tm;jzifh ]vljzpf&IH;onf}qkd&rnfavm

    rajymwwfay/

    ywf0ef;usif\ jyKjyifrIrcH&ao;rD (toufav;ig;ESpft&G,f)

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    cspf aMumufvnf;aMumufwwf\/ zcifudkrl tcspfxuf taMumufu ydk

    rdciftm;rlum; tcspfESifhtaMumuf tnDtrQavmuf&Sdvdrhfrnf/ wa,muf

    wnf;&Sdao;aom ESruav;udkvnf; tjcm;aom armifESrrsm; cspfMujcif;

    xuf ydk tvGefMuifemonf/ (MuifemykHudk wae&m azmfjyygOD;rnf/)

    tvGef ]aqmh}csifwwf upm;azmfoli,fcsif;udk tvGefw&m cifrifwwf

    onf/ t&G,fESifh rvkdufatmif vnfcsifywfcsifwwf cspfaomoli,fcsif;

    rsm;aemufodkU waumufaumuf vdkufaewwfonf/ xkdpOfu pdwfrwdkwwf

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    (rdcifpum;twkdif;) cyfzdkifhzdkifhESifh tdtdpufpuf&Sdonf/ BuD;jyif;vmaom

    tcgrl ydefydef&Snf&Snf jzpfvmjcif;udk awGU& aq;jyif;vdyfudk ckHay:wifNyD;

  • 17

    aq;vdyfonfu vSdrfhvdkufouJUodkU udk,fvkH;avsmhNyD; t&yf&SnfxGufvm&

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    pdwfaeoabmxm;udk woufvkH;twGuf ajymif;vJoGm;ap&onf[k ,lq\/

    yxrOD;qkH;uREkfyftm; tEdkifusifhaom tdrfeD;csif; upm;azmfrSm ausmif;raerD

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    toufBuD; uREkfyfu olUtm; cspfvdkufykHrSm rdbrsm;ESifhcGJ olESifhtwl

    tdyfcGifh&vQif tdyfEdkif\/ (um; uREkfyf\tjypf[k qdk&rnfxifonf/)

    eHeufvif;vQif xdkoli,ftdrfodkU ul;oGm; pm;&kH tdyf&kHrQavmufom tdrfodkU

    jyefawmhonf/ waeUywfvkH; olUaemufrS waumufaumuf vdkufaeawmh\/

    okdUqdkvQif xkdoli,fuvnf; uREkfyftm; uREfkyfcspfovdk cspfcifwG,fwm

    jcif;&Sdygoavm? r[kwfacs/ uREkfyf pm;p&mwck&SdvQif wa,mufwnf;

    rpm;EdkifyJ olUqDodkU ,lajy;MunfjzLpGm a0pm;Muonf/ tdrf&Sdao;vQif

    vnf; olu ],lacstkH;}[k ckdif;ojzifh ckd;auR;&ao;onf/ olUpm;p&m

    &Sdaomtcgrlum; uREfkyftm; wzJUw&GJUrQray;yJ &,fumarmumESifh

    aMumifawmifMunhf pm;wwfonf/ rQavmufomqdk ygrlum; uREkfyf\

    pdwf xdcdkufjcif;r&Sdyg/ trSwfvnf;rxm;yg/ uREkfyfpm;p&m &wdkif;

    0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om ,lajy; cJGa0pm;aomufonfom jzpfygonf/ okdU&mwGif

    0rf;enf;zG,ftaumif;qkH;aom tjyKtrlrSm xdkoli,fonf uREkfyfESifh &,fum

  • 18

    armum aysmf&TifpGm upm;ae&jcif;xuf uREkfyfidk,dkae onfudkjrif&vQif

    omoabmus[ef&Sd\/ olu jrif;pD;csifonfqdkvQif uREkfyfrSm rEdkifhwEdkif

    ESifh ausmydk;&\/ ESpfa,mufpvkH; aysmfMu w[D;[D;&,f \/

    twefMumaomf xdkoli,fonf pdwfazmufjyefvm ]][JUjrif;-aES;w,fuG?

    jrefjrefajy;}}[k qdkum uREkfyf\ ajcovkH;rsm;udk ol\ajcaxmuf

    jzifhcwfav&m uREkfyfvnf; ',D;',dkifESifh wwfEdkiforQ jrefjrefajy;&\/

    txJrSyif olu tm;r&ao;yJ 0g;jcrf;wacsmif;udk qif;,l

    ausmay:odkUjyefwufNyD;vQif uREkfyf\aygifrsm;udk w&GD;&GD; &dkufav&m

    uREkfyfrSmajy;,if; [yfxdk;vJ idk&ygawmhonf/ wGifrS olu tm;&yg;&

    [uf[ufyufyuf &,farmavawmhonf/

    xdkoli,fonf uREkfyftm; txufygenf;ESifhwuG rsm;pGmaom tjcm;

    enf;rsKd;pkHwkdUjzifh tEdkifusifhavh&Sd\/ uREkfyfonf ol\ nOf;yef;

    ESdyfpufenf;ESifh wuG rdbrsm;tm; rwdkifwef;yJ Budwf cHcJU\/ tu,f

    wdkifwef;cJUaom olESifh rupm;&awmhyJ wm;jrpfvdrhfrnf[k uREkfyfodaom

    aMumifhjzpf\/ wcgw&H uREkfyf\rdcifu idkoHMum;ac:vdkuf&m olu

    ]]a[haumif rsuf&nfawG okwfoGm;uG}}[k ajymonfESifh rsuf&nfrsm;udk

    vkHcsnfjzifh okwfum rdcifa&SUodkU [efvkyf 0ifoGm;&avonf/

    waeUo xdkoli,fESifh uREkfyfonfavSum;ay:&SdpOfolonf rawmf

    wqjzpfav[efESifh uREkfyftm; avSum;ay:rS wGef;csvdkufojzifh ajrBuD;ESifh

    OD;acgif; aqmifhrdum tawmfemoGm;\/ ]]a[haumifridkeJUuG}}[k olu

    ajymaomfvnf; emusifvSaom a0'emaMumifh wtm;[pf idkvkdufrd&m

    uREkfyf\ rdcifajy;vm tjzpftysufudk ar;ojzifh ]]avSum;ay:rS

    acsmus&ygonf}}[k ajymvkdufonf/ uREkfyf\rdcifrSm zcifESifhrwl/

    pdwfwif;ol wa,mufjzpf uREkfyf\OD;acgif; 'Pf&m &Sdr&SdMunhfNyD;aemuf

  • 19

    aoG;xGufoH,dk rawGU&onfESifh ]]udk,fhzmom aqmhvdkU cdkufrdwmrsm;

    'gavmufBuD; idk&ovm;}}[kajym\/ wGif uREkfyftm; tjypfwifaom

    t"dym,foufa&mufonfESifh rcHcsifaomaMumifh ]]udk,fhbmomr[kwfbl;

    tar&JU? [dkaumifu wGef;cswm}}[k vTwfueJ ajymrdavonf/ xdktcg

    rdcifonf a'gowBuD;ESifh [dkaumif\OD;pGef;zkwfudk qGJESDrfum ausmudk

    okH;av;csuf xkavonf/ 4if;aemufuREkfyfudkqJGac: tdrfodkUjyefvmMu

    onf/ [dkaumif\rdcifESifh tpfrrsm;rSm ig;pdrf;onfrsm;jzpf tdrfr&Sdckduf

    jzpfav&m aps;rSjyefvmMuaomtcgwGif [dkaumif\wdkifwef;csufaMumifh

    tdrfeD;csif; &efjzpfMuavawmh\/ uREkfyf\rdcifrSm eef;wGif;ol jzpfaomfvnf;

    a'goBuD;aomtrsKd;jzpf jzpfrdvQif ravQmhcsifwwfaom 0goemtwdkif;

    ig;pdrf;onf om;trdokH;a,muf (rdcifESifh orD;ESpfa,muf) wkdUtm;

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    wGef;csaomtaumifudk pdwfremyJ ac:csifaomaMumifh pdwfxJ w&G&G

    jzpfvsuf &Sdonf/ uREkfyfrSwfrdoavmufrSm uREkfyfonf [dkaumif\

    ESdyfpufjcif;udk wESpfcefUavmuf cHcJU&onf/

    oDv&Sifausmif;

    xdktcsdefrSp rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm; [dkaumifESifh raygif;rdap&ef

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    xm;onfhpmoifausmif;jzpfav&muREkfyfxuf&SpfESpfcefUBuD;aom (rdcif\nDr)

  • 20

    ta':wa,mufESifhtwl ausmif;wuf uREfkyftm;umuG,fapmifha&Smufay;

    avonf/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;teufwGif uREfkyfyif ti,fqkH;jzpf

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    ausmif;ol\umuG,frIaMumifhxkdausmif;tawmfoufomcGifh&cJUonf/okdUESifh

    yif uREkfyf\ta': ausmif;rwufaom waeU ausmif;om;BuD;rsm;onf

    uREkfyftm; 0dkifusDp,fMuonf/ rdbrsm;onf xdkacwfu cspfwwfaom

    rdbrsm;\xkH;pHtwdkif; uREkfyftm; uwDyga&TaZmowfonfh (Zmwfrif;om;

    rsm;0wfaom) abmif;bDuav;jzifh qifjyifxm;&m ausmif;om;rsm;onf

    uREkfyf\ ajymifvufaom uwDygabmif;bDudk rsufrkef;usKd;Muonfh

    vuPmESifh abmif;bDtem;uGyf a&TcsnfrQifrsm;udk qGEIwfMu\/ tcgwkdif;

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    ta':rygaom xdkaeUrl ausmif;om;tm;vkH; 0dkif Ekwf,lvdkufMuaom

    aMumifh tem;owfaom a&TcsnfwrQifrQ rusefawmhyJ uwDygabmif;bDcsnf;

    ikH;wdwdESifh tdrfodkUjyefvm&avonf/ rdzrsm;onf tvGefrcHcsi oDv&Sif

    BuD;tm; wkdifwef;av&m oDv&SifBuD;onf uREkfyfu vufnId;xkd;jyaom

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    aomausmif;om;rsm;onf uREkfyftm; &efnId;zGHUMuonfhvuPmESifh

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  • 21

    uREfkyfonf i,fpOfu tjzpftysufrsm;udk jyefajymif;qifjcifonfhtcg

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    wtDtDESifh tMumBuD; idkaewwf\/ wno uREkfyfonf

  • 22

    ESruav;idkoHaMumifh Edk;vm Munfhvkdufaomtcg uav;rSm

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    txufyg tjzpftysufudk rdcif zcifwkdUtm; vnf;aumif;? uG,fvGefoltm;

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    ,ckrS xnfha&;&jcif;rSm uREkfyf\ pdwfajymif;vJykH tjcif;t&mrsm;udk jynfhpkH

  • 23

    atmifazmfjyrnf[k azmfxkwfaMunmxm;cJUonfhtwkdif; vlUobm0udkwifjy

    vkdaomaMumifh jzpfygonf/ 1930 jynfhESpf yJcl;NrdKUivsifBuD;wGif uREkfyfwkdU\

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    ygonf/ uREkfyfajym&Jygonf/ rdbESpfyg;tay: uREkfyfpdwfemjcif;vnf;

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    MuufjzLuav;udk tvGefcspf wayGUayGUwydkufydkufESifh upm;avh&Sd\/

  • 24

    rusef;rrmNyD;cgpjzpf rdbrsm;onf uREkfyftm; aeUwdkif; EGm;EdkUt0ufom

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    atmif&Sdygonf/

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    &Sdavonf/ xdk&yfuGufom;rsm;rlum; csnfMurf;udk rJe,fqdk;aomtvkyfjzifh

  • 25

    toufarG;Mu 4if;&yfuGufrSmvnf; rJUtdk;wef;[k ac:wGifjcif;jzpfavonf/

    a&Twacsmif; urf;yg;wGif tvkyform;toD;oD;onf 0rf;bJOtkd;BuD;ESpfvkH;\

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    waeUo uREkfyfonf uREkfyfwkdU\aetdrfESifh ESpftdrfjcm;&Sdaom

  • 26

    ]t&D;}\aetdrfodkU oGm;vnf jyefvmaomtcg rdcifu ]]ighom;bmrsm;

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    tm;wa,mufu ypfay;vdkuf? wa,mufuzrf;vdkuf jyKvkyfMu&mwGif

  • 27

    rdcifrSm tonf;zdkvSonfESifh uefUuGufaomfvnf; olwkdUnDtpfudkESpfa,muf

    u ]]udpr&Sdygbl; trBuD;&,f? roum ao&kHayghAsm}}[k ajymMuavonf/

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  • 28

    wGif rsufESmxm;wrsKd;jyifvmjcif;udk uREkfyfyifod\/ rdbrsm;rSmrlum;

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    awmhacs/ tvmc&D; uREkfyftwGuf 0,fygvsuf tjyefc&D; r0,fjcif; rSm

  • 29

    ydkufqHenf;yg;aomaMumifh[k uREkfyfod&\/ okdU&mwGif blwm&kHrS rD;&xm;

    tvkyform;wa,mufESifh em;vnfrI,lxm;onf[k aemifwGif rdcifu

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    w&yfwaus; wGif vlpdrf;wa,mufESifh Mum&SnfpGmae&jcif;udk&GHUonfESifh

    tjyifodkUa&mufNyD; umrS rdcif&Sd&modkU jyefvm\/ rdcifurl uREkfyf\

    OD;acgif;udk acgufjyefoGm; ckdif;ojzifh xGufvmjyef\/ aemufwBudrf

    jyefoGm;&m cyfemem acgufvTwf vdkufjyef\/ wwd,tBudrfrlum; rdcif

    emBuD;pGm acgufvTwfvkdufav&m uREkfyfrSm OD;acgif;udkyGwfowf&if;

    udk,fhrdcifxHodkU udk,foGm;rdjcif;twGuf tacgufcH&onfrSm em;rvnfEdkif

    atmif jzpf ]b,fhES,f[mygvdrfh? b,fvkdygvdrfh} ponfjzifh tBuD;tus,f

    pdwf&Ijcif;aMumifh uREkfyf\obm0 ql;wacsmif;aygufvmcJUjyefavNyD/

    taMumif;udk BuD;jyif;vmaomtcg rdciftm; uREkfyfuajymjy&mwGif

    rdcifrSm rsuf&nfrsm; 0dkif;vmonfhtxJrS &,farmvsuf ]]ighom;ES,f

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    uREkfyfuvnf; ]]uRefawmfutarhudkpdwfremygbl;? avmuBuD;[mw,fNyD;

    *Gusyguvm;vdkU pdwf&IyfrdwmygyJtar&JU}}[k ajym&bl;avonf/

  • 30

    zcifa&mufvmjcif;

    rEav;odkU uREkfyfwkdU om;trdokH;a,mufjyefa&muf (rdcif\pum;

    t&) wvwdwd jynfhaomaeU zcifjyefa&mufvmojzifh tvGef0rf;omMu

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    0rf;omrIenf;yg;ykHudk &Sif;jyzdkU vkdayvdrfhrnf/

    tcsKdUaom rdcifrsm;onf pD;yGm;a&;tajctaet& usqif;aom

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    om;trdokH;a,mufonf tnHHUqHk;aom [if;rsm;udkom pm;Mu&aomfvnf;

    rdcifonf uREkfyfwkdUarmifESrtay:a&S;uxuf ydkMuifemonf/ rkefUyJom;

    a&pmponfrsm;udkvnf;awmif;wdkif; 0,fauR;onf/ xdkUxuf ta&;BuD;onf

    rSmum; uREkfyftm;vnf; ([dkaumifESifh aygif;jcif;rSwyg;) vGwfvyfjcif;

    ay;xm; t&yfxJwGif vnfcsifwkdif;vnfywfcGifh&onf/ oDv&Sifausmif;

    rSvnf; EkwfvdkufNyDjzpf uREkfyfrSwfrdorQ uav;b0wGif taysmfqkH;aom

    uvm tpdwftydkif;wckjzpfavonf/ zcifjyefa&mufvm aom tcgrlum;

    txufyg tcGifhta&;rsm; qkH;&IH;&acsawmhrnf[k uREkfyfodaomaMumifh

    uRwfuRwfvGwfvGwf 0rf;omjcif;r&SdaMumif;udk uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/

  • 31

    tvkyf&kHa&GUjcif;

    rsm;rMumrDzcifonf tvkyform;rsm;udkjyefpk ydef;wef;zdeyftvkyfudk

    jyefaumuf\/ odkU&mwGif rJtdk;wef;t&yfrSm aps;csKdjzifh tawmfvSrf;

    tjcm;aomzdeyfaxmifq&mrsm;vnf; t&yfxJwGif wOD;rQr&Sdav&um;

    aps;csKdxJ zdeyfqdkifxGufaom qdkif&Sifrsm;onf t&yfodkU rvmvdkMuyJ

    jzpfaeMuojzifh ta&mif;yg;vS\/ okdUjzpf zcifonf aps;csKdtaemufbuf

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    tdrf tdyf±&NyD; yJykyfwef;tdrfcef;rSm tvkyf&kHtwGuf oufoufjzpfav

    onf/ zcifESifhtvkyform;rsm;onf xrif;udkeHeufapmapm pm;oGm;Mu

    ae0ifvkeD;umrS rJtdk;wef;aetdrfodkU jyefvmMu\/ tvkyform; okH;av;

    a,mufwkdUrSm rJtdk;wef;&yfuGufwGif aeMuolrsm;jzpfavonf/

    vlausmif;odkUa&mufjcif;

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    qkdaom rdef;rBuD;wa,mufonf (touf 30 cefUrQom &Sdao;ojzifh

    ,cktjriftm;jzifh rdef;rwa,muf[k ac:&rnfjzpfaomfvnf; xdkpOfu

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    waeUwjcm;BuD;BuD; oGm;ykHudkvnf; azmfjyygrnf/) uREkfyfwkdUaetdrfodkU

    tvnftywf vmav&m ausmif;olt&G,frdef;uav;wa,mufvnf; ygvm

    avonf/ rdcifwkdUpum;ajymvsuf&SdMupOf uREkfyfESifhrdef;uav;onf

  • 32

    upm;azmfjzpfvmMu tawmfcifrifvsuf &SdMuavNyD/ rdef;uav;rSm

    uREkfyfxuf okH;ESpfavmufBuD;vdrfhrnfxifonf/ {nfhonfrdef;rBuD;onf

    rdcifESifh pum;ajym&mrSm uREkfyf\taMumif;udkar;onfwGif rdcifu i,fvGef;

    aomaMumifh oDv&Sifausmif; tprf;xm;NyD;rS Ekwfxm;&aMumif;ajym\/

    (rdef;rBuD;rSm tysKd;BuD;jzpf ausmif;axmifpm;onf[kod&onf/) xdktcg

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    tm;olUausmif;xm;vQif zcifESifhtwl vdkufvmnaewGifvnf; zcifESifh

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    ausmoyf&ifoyfjzifh csKdompGmacsmharmh,if; pum;ajymav\/ uREkfyfonf

    q&mr\ MuifemykH&aomtjyKtrludk oabmusonfwaMumif;? if;ESifhtwl

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    aMumifh rdcifuar;aomtcg ]]ausmif;aeygr,f}}[k tajzay;vdkufav\/

    ESpfoufvSaomypnf;

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    rsm; csKyfMuNyD;vQif oyf&yfatmifjyifqif ausmif;okdUtyfMuavonf/ rJtdk;

    wef;ESifh tdrfawmf&mbk&m;rSm ig;ESpfom;ausmfausmfrQom&Sdao;aom uREkfyf

    tzdkU&m aeUpOftoGm;tjyef c&D;jzpfaomaMumifh awmfawmanmif;ay &m

  • 33

    tjyefc&D;wGif wcgw&HzcifuwvSnfh? tvkyform;rsm;uwvSnfh yckH;ay:

    wGifxrf;wwfMuavonf/ eHeufwGif xrif;apmapmBuD;pm; zcifwkdU

    ESifhtwlvdkuf&ojzifh aeUcif;wGif tvGefqmavmifvSonfjzpf&m? rdbrsm;

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    oGm;zdkUpDrHay;Mujcif;aMumifh uREkfyfpdwfxJ 0rf;omvdkufykH? aus;Zl;wif

    vdkufykHrsm;udk ,aeUwdkif rSwfrdygao;onf/ xdkacwf oHqifhrsm;

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    oGm;Muav&m uREkfyftzdkU tkyfti,ftpm;uav; 0,fay;jcif;twGuf0rf;om

    vS tdyf&mxJrSyif wcgwcgx Munfhrdygao;onf/ rdbrsm;vnf; uREkfyf

    ESpfoufjcif;udkjrifMu oabmus&Smonf/ (uREkfyftzdkU 0,fay;aom ypnf;

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    [if;rsm;nHUvQif [if;aumif;uav; wwkH;wav xnfhay;ojzifh

    (tpm;aumif; cifrifwwfaom uREkfyftzdkU) 0rf;omvkH;qdkUrwwf aysmfvS

    aus;Zl;vnf;wifrdonf/ tdrfodkUtvnfvmpOfu ygvmaom ausmif;ol

    uav;ESifhvnf; jyefqufrdojzifh MunfEl;vSonf/ odkU&mwGifuREkfyfrSm

    wausmif;vkH;wGif ti,fqkH;vnf;jzpf ta0;qkH;aom t&yfrS vm&aom

    ausmif;om;uav;vnf;jzpfonf/ &G,fwlwa,muf ESpfa,muf&Sdaomfvnf;

    ausmif;ywf0ef;usif aeMuolrsm;jzpfaomaMumifh aeUcif;acwausmif;qif;

    csdefwGif olwkdU\tdrfodkUjyef pm;aomufMu&m uREkfyfwa,mufwnf;om

  • 34

    tkyfuav;zGifh pm;&ol&SdaomaMumifh wenf;tm;jzifh pdwf0ifpm;zG,faom

    ausmif;om;uav;wa,muf[l oabmxm;avmufMuonf xifygonf/

    odkU&mwGif xdkodkUum;r[kwfacs/

    if;pmoifausmif;Esifhywfouf uREkfyfrauseyfaom taMumif;t&m

    rsm;udk razmfjyrD auseyfaom tcsufrsm;udk azmfjyygOD;rnf/ oDv&Sifausmif;

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    twGufaMumifh ausmif;wGif ]acG;0ifpm;}tjzpfESifh uREkfyf\ta':teD;wGif

    xdkifae&jcif;rQom rsm;\/ tjcm;ausmif;om;rsm; pma&;MuaomtcsdefwGif

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    ]0vkH;}rsm; a&;&jcif;udkom rSwfrdonf/ 0vkH;rS wqifhwuf&aomtcg

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    oDv&SifBuD;u ajymjcif;udkvnf; uREkfyfrSwfrdonf/ pmtHaomtcg

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    roif&ao;rD }}earmAk'g}}udk a&S;OD;pGm oifay;jcif;\ &nf&G,fcsufudk uREkfyf

    ,ckwdkif em;rvnfao;ay/

    pdwf0ifpm;aomtcsuf

    oDv&Sifausmif;rS vlausmif;odkU a&mufaomtcgrl (uBuD;) (cauG;)

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    jzpfay:vmaom tjcif;t&mwckudk rSwfrdao;onf/ uREkfyfuJUodkU (uBuD;a&;

    u) (cauG;a&c) ponfjzifh ]tH}Mu&aom uav;rsm;u wwef;? rsufESm

  • 35

    csif;qdkiftwef; (uBuD;a&uowfuuf) (cauG;a&uowfcuf) ponfjzifh

    ]tH}Mu&olrsm;&SdMu\/ ausmif;ol ausmif;om;tm;vkH;onf xdkacwfpmoif

    ausmif;rsm;\ xkH;pHtwdkif; atmftHMu&m tcsKdUuvnf; toHukef[pf

    tHMu\/ (onfrS tusifhyg ouFef;0wfNyD; pmtHaomtcg ]][meHeH?

    [meHeH}}[l tHMujcif;jzpf[ef&Sdonf/) vlausmif; uREkfyfonf q&mrBuD;

    xHodkU wkdifawmjcif;\ tusKd;r&Sdjcif;udkodvmonfjzpf uREkfyftay: ]npf}

    aomausmif;om;qdkvQif uREkfyfxuf 2 ESpf 3 ESpfavmufom toufBuD;ol

    jzpfyguzufwG,f owfavawmhonf/ npfcsifoluvnf; rsm; owfykwf

    &onfrSm aeUwdkif;vdkyif jzpfaeawmh\/ wGif q&mrBuD;onf uREkfyftm;

    cPcP&efjzpfaom aumifuav;qdkum zd&dkufawmhonf/ rdcif\

    rdwfaqGjzpf vdrmap&efqkdaom &nf&G,fcsufjzifh olwyg;xuf zd&dkufjcif;

    vnf;jzpfygvdrfhrnf/ odkU&mwGif uREkfyftzdkUrlum; vm;vm;rS rw&m;aom

    q&mrBuD;[l rausrcsrf;jzpfcJU&onf/ aemufydkif; uREkfyfpOf;pm;rdonf

    um;q&mrBuD;onf tysKdBuD;jzpf om;orD;rarG;bl;onfhtwGufaMumifh

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    rdygawmhonf/

    uREkfyf\zcif

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    azmfjyyg rS uREkfyftzdkUrSm &kyfvkH;ay:ayvdrfhrnf/ uREkfyf\zcifrSm

    a&Tbdkawmifvuf (jrif;e,f[kac:onf/) refusnf;wkH&Gmom; OD;at&mjzpf\/

    zcif\trnfrSm jrefrmjynfwGif tvGef&Sm; rMumao;rDurS emrnfwlaom

    qdkif;bkwfwckudk awGU&bl;onf/ zcifESifhemrnfwlaomaMumifh vludk,fwdkif

  • 36

    udkvnf;awGUjrifvdk apumrl ,aeUwdkifrawGU&bl;ao;ay/ a&Tbkdawmif

    vufudk ]jrif;e,f}[k ac:wGifjcif;rSm jrefrmbk&if tqufqufvufxufwGif

    jrif;trIxrf; (jrif;wyfppfom;) rsm; xGufaome,fjzpfaomaMumifh jzpf\/

    uREkfyfudk,fwkdif (jrif;yJGorm;wa,muf r[kwfaomfvnf;) jrif;0goem

    ygoljzpf jrif;ESifhywf oufaom A[kokwavhvm&mwGif if;e,fom;

    rsm;uJUodkU jrif; ]tom;us} pD;enf;taMumif;udk em;vnfol&Sm;yg;

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    &Sdaomfvnf; rif;vuf0JoE&\ Zmwdcsuf a

  • 37

    jyif aqGrsKd;rsm;rSmvnf; pm;EdkifaomufEdkif tajctae&SdMuolrsm;jzpf

    tcsKdUrSmv,fajr{u

  • 38

    vufatmufwGif trIxrf;EdkifcGifh&Sdaomfvnf; (trIxrf;olrsm;vnf;

    aemufydkif;wGif ppfuJ&mxl;txdwdk;wufMuonf/) zcif\trsKd;rsm;u

    oDaygbk&ifjyefvmvdrfhrnf[k ,kHMunfarQmfvifhMuaomaMumifh zciftm;

    t*FvdyfvufatmufwGif trIrxrf;zdkU zsufMuonf/ 1250 jynfhESpfwGif

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    q&mawmf\aus;Zl;

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    onf/ zcifonf ]vl&dk;vlaumif;BuD;}wa,mufjzpf a'goenf;onf?

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    acvSolwa,mufr[kwfay&m awmifolrd&dk;zvm tpOftvmwdkUaMumifh

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    bk&m;ESifY awGUqkH&onfwGifrS OmPfyGifhvif; (olUacwfESihfol) vlwvkH;

    olwvkH;jzpfvmcJUavonf/ (pD;yGm;a&;udkrqdkvdk? rd&dk;zvm t,ltqrsm;udk

    pGefUy,f0HUonfowd&Sdjcif;udkqdkvdkygonf/)

  • 39

    uREkfyf\rdcif

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    aygufzGm;cJUoljzpf\/ xdkacwfrl &Sifbk&if\ ]zdeyfudkif}? ]xD;rdk;}?

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    \ &xl;udktaMumif;jyK uREkfyf\rdcifrSmvnf; t&G,fa&mufaomtcgwGif

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    pmawmfzwfuav;rQom jzpfcJU&ao;aomfvnf; rdcifrSm tvGeftoHaumif;

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    &Hzef&Hcg uREkfyfwkdUom;orD;rsm;\ awmif;yefjcif;aMumifh qdkjy&Smjcif;

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    qkdwwfonfjzpf 0goemygaom rdwfaqGrsm;tay: tom;,lcJU&

    bl;ygonf/

  • 40

    a'goBuD;aomtrsKd;

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    pdwfxufjcif;? pdwfwif;jcif;? r[kwfrcHwwfjcif;? raMumufwwfjcif;paom

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    jzpf\/ uREkfyfi,fpOfurdcif\armifwa,muf (uREkfyf\OD;av;)tm;

    olUxufBuD;aom vlwa,mufu tEdkifusifhum apmfum;vdkuf&mwGif

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  • 41

    uREkfyf\zcifr&SdckdufwGif olUom;rsm; taMumif;udk rdciftm; ajymjyvsuf

    &SdpOf ]]a,musmf;qdkwmrsKd;[m rdef;rr[kwfbl;orD;&JU? ]pkH}ap&r,f? ighom;

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    ,lqMuonf/) rdbrsm;onf ]em;yg;aom} yk*dKvfrsKd;jzpf rnfonfh

  • 42

    q&mawmf\ Mo0g'jzpfygoenf;[k pkHprf;ar;jref;Mu&m 'udP0efwdkuf&Sd

    Nrdwfq&mawmfbk&m;BuD;\ Mo0g'jzpfaMumif;od&SdMu&\/ if;q&mawmf

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  • 43

    q&mawmfonf

  • 44

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  • 45

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  • 46

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  • 47

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  • 48

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  • 49

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  • 50

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  • 51

    xl;jcm;aomq&mawmf

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  • 52

    ]pmjzL} oif&awmhrnf

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  • 53

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  • 54

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  • 55

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  • 56

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    rqdkEDkifay/

  • 57

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  • 58

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  • 59

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  • 60

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  • 61

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  • 62

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  • 63

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  • 64

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  • 65

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  • 66

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  • 67

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  • 68

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  • 69

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  • 70

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  • 71

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  • 72

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  • 73

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  • 74

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