Sci Olympiad Presentation

8/14/2019 Sci Olympiad Presentation

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AnatomyAnatomySkeletal

and

muscular system

By

Architha Sudhakar

7th

Grade


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Skeletal SystemSkeletal System


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CrossCross--section of the Bonesection of the Boney There are concentric units called

osteons that run parallel to the longaxis of the bone, each one having a

central Haversian Canal. This canal

contains blood vessels and nerves.y Concentric rings are called as

lamellae


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BoneBoney Epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis

y Bone marrow- Red and Yellow


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Bone ClassificationsBone Classificationsy Long Bones (ex. Femur)

y

Short Bones (ex.C

arpal)y Irregular Bones (ex. Hip Bones)

y Flat Bones (ex. Skull)

y Sesamoid Bones (ex. Patella)


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AxialAxialSkeletonSkeleton

y Skull (22 bones)

y Hyoid Bone (1 bone)

y

Vertebral Column (26 bones)y Ribs (24 bones)

y Sternum (1 bone)

y

Auditory Bones (6 bones)


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AppendicularAppendicular SkeletonSkeletony Arms (62 bones)

y

Legs- (60 bones)y Pectoral Girdle clavicle and scapula (4 bones)

y Pelvic Girdle hip bones (3 bones)

y Grand Total(Axial + Appendicular) = 206 Bones


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VertebraeVertebraey Cervical is located at the neck

area of the spinal cord. There

are 12 sections.

y Thorax is located in the chest

area of the spinal cord. There

are 7 sectionsy Lumbar is located at the lower

back area of the spinal cord.

There are 5 sections.

y Sacrum is located at the end

of the spinal cord. There are 5

sections


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Joint TypesJoint Typesy Ball-and-socket joint (ex. Shoulder joint)

The ball-and-socket joint allows a full range of movement

y Hinge Joint (ex. thumb joint)

The hinge joint allows flexion/extension movementy Pivot Joint (ex. Neck joint)

The pivot joint allows rotational movement


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Joint TypesJoint Typesy Saddle Joint (ex. Thumb joint)

The saddle joint allows two-directional movement

between the thumb and the carpaly Ellipsoidal Joint (ex. Wrist joint)

The ellipsoidal joint allows back-forth movement

y Gliding Joint (ex. Between Carpals)

The Gliding joint allows side-side/back-forth movement


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Types Of FracturesTypes Of Fracturesy Closed (simple)- bone has not broken through skin

y

Open (compound)- bone has broken through skiny Partial- break is incomplete

y Complete- break is complete


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Types Of FracturesTypes Of Fracturesy Comminuted- bone has splintered (small fragments

are scattered near breakage point)

y Greenstick- a type of partial fracture where one

side of the bone is broken and the other is bent

y Spiral- bone is twisted apart


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Effects Of Exercise On TheEffects Of Exercise On The

BoneBoney Mild exercise such as walking can

increase a persons-y Bone mass

y Bone strength


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Bone Diseases And DisordersBone Diseases And Disordersy Osteoarthritis (bone cartilage wears out and the

bones rub against each other-mostly seen in

seniors)

y Scoliosis (vertebral column looses its curve)

y Osteoporosis (bone mass decreases, therefore

resulting in porous bones)y Herniated Discs (pinches spinal column causing

serious pain)

y

Fractures (a break in the bone)


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Muscular SystemMuscular System


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Different Types Of MusclesDifferent Types Of Musclesy Smooth Muscles-no striations, one nucleus, lines

any hollow or tubular structure (ex. blood vessels,

intestines, etc.)

y Skeletal Muscles-connected to the bones through

tendons (ex. Arms, legs, etc.)

y Cardiac Muscles-muscles of the heart


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Effects of Exercise on theEffects of Exercise on the

Muscular SystemMuscular Systemy Strengthens the muscles

y Helps build muscle massy Helps with blood circulation


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Strains and SprainsStrains and SprainsyA sprain is the tearing of ligaments-

common locations are ankles andknees

yA strain is the stretching or tearing of a

muscle or tendon- ex. Hamstring andback injuries


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Diseases of the MuscleDiseases of the Muscley Poliomyelitis: virus, attacks central nervous

system

y Muscular Dystrophies: weakens themuscle, loss of muscle tissue (genetic)

y Myasthenia gravis: a neuromuscular

disorder, weakens voluntary muscles, chronicautoimmune disease, usually affects menover 60 and women below 40, death causedby respiratory failure


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BibliographyBibliographyy Books-

Grays Anatomy

Principles Of Anatomy by Tortora and

Grabowski

y Websites-Mayo Clinic

y Google Images

Documents

Sci Olympiad Presentation