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Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab Searching for a Higgs Boson & Faster Than Light Neutrinos Mike Cooke & Dave Schmitz Fermilab January 12, 2012 1

Searching for a Higgs Boson & Faster Than Light Neutrinos

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Searching for a Higgs Boson & Faster Than Light Neutrinos. Mike Cooke & Dave Schmitz Fermilab. Inside an Atom. The Standard Model. Explains 3 of 4 forces: Electromagnetism ( γ ) Weak force (W & Z) Strong force (g) Not gravity! - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 1

Searching for a Higgs Boson&

Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Mike Cooke & Dave SchmitzFermilab

January 12, 2012

Page 2: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 2

Inside an Atom

January 12, 2012

Page 3: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 3

The Standard Model

• Explains 3 of 4forces:– Electromagnetism (γ)– Weak force (W & Z)– Strong force (g)– Not gravity!

• The matter you are familiar with ismade from the 3 circled particles

January 12, 2012

Page 4: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 4

The Higgs Boson

• Original problem: Standard Model particles are massless?!

• In 1964, Peter Higgs (and others!) invented a way toadd mass to SM particles– Must add one extra particle,

the “Higgs boson”• Current problem:

We haven’t seen it!January 12, 2012

Page 5: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 5

Making a Higgs Boson• We create new

matter using: E=mc2

p p_

Fermilab Tevatron

CERN Large Hadron Collider

January 12, 2012

Page 6: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 6

Looking for the Higgs Boson

• Fermilab’s Tevatron just finished a 10 year run:Proton-antiproton collisions: 634,000,000,000,000Higgs bosons potentially made: 11,000

• Hard to separatefrom backgroundthat looks verysimilar

January 12, 2012

Page 7: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 7

How Can We Find the Higgs?• Look everywhere!

January 12, 2012

Page 8: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 8

How Can We Find the Higgs?• Use all of the information we have!– Create a special variable that answers the question:

Does this event look like a Higgs or the background?

January 12, 2012

Page 9: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 9

Latest Results• LHC sees some extra events, but not enough to

claim they see a Higgs boson

January 12, 2012

Page 10: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 10

Expect Excitement in 2012!

• Tevatron (CDF & D0) will share final results!• LHC should have enough data to exclude a

Higgs if it doesn’t exist or observe it if it does!– Finding it means we have observed all SM

particles & we’ll begin to study the Higgs in detail– No Higgs means the LHC might make huge

discoveries over the next few years, since something must give particles mass!

January 12, 2012

Page 11: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 11

The Standard Model

January 12, 2012

Neutrinos

Page 12: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 12January 12, 2012

Fermi National Accelerator Laboratoryproton beams neutrino beams

Page 13: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 13January 12, 2012

protons neutrons electrons

It was once thought the entire Universe was made of these three particles?

NOT EVEN CLOSE!!In fact, we now know that for

every proton, neutron or electron, the Universe contains

A BILLION neutrinos!* *Not to mention dark matter and dark energy

Page 14: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 14January 12, 2012

In every cubic foot of space in the Universe,there are 10,000,000 neutrinos which were

created in the Big Bang and are still zooming around!

10,000,000

neutrinos

“Relic” Neutrinos

Page 15: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 15January 12, 2012

Whenever a star explodes as a Supernova, the most powerful explosions in the Universe, 99% of the energy is carried off by neutrinos!

Supernova 1994D

Page 16: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 16January 12, 2012

In fact, every star is an incredible neutrino factory throughout its lifetime,

including our star, the Sun.

Page 17: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 17January 12, 2012

Working on my neutrino

tan

2 sec. 3,400,000,000,0004 sec. 6,800,000,000,0006 sec. 10,200,000,000,0008 sec. 13,600,000,000,00010 sec. 17,000,000,000,000

2in x 2in square

93 million miles

8 minutes

0 sec. 0How many neutrinos in 10 seconds?

Page 18: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 18January 12, 2012

You don’t have to look to the cosmos to find neutrinos. For example:

A banana emits about 1 million neutrinos/day from decays of the small number of naturally occurring radioactive potassium atoms they

contain!

Page 19: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 19January 12, 2012

energetic protons delivered

by the accelerator

impinge upon a fixed metal target

creates short-livedcharged particles quickly decay

into neutrinos

which are focused forward by a strong magnetic field

nm

nm

nm

nm

nm

nm

Turns out that you can use an intense beam of protons

to create an intense beam of neutrinos

Page 20: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 20January 12, 2012

University of Chicago HEP Seminar – January 31, 2011

350 ft

170 ft~ 1 mile

protons from accelerator

target

1/3 mile decay pipe

neutrino detectors

NuMI Beam Line

Page 21: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 21January 12, 2012

Where are all those neutrinos headed?

And they make the journey

from Fermilab to northern

Minnesota in 1/400th of a

second!

456 miles

6 miles

5,400 tons, 2,300 ft

MINOS

Page 22: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 22January 12, 2012

The OPERA Experiment

A very similar setup to the Fermilab neutrino

beam They installed some additional

state-of-the-art devices for doing precise timing measurements at

CERN and in Italy

450 miles

Page 23: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 23January 12, 2012

The OPERA Neutrino Velocity Measurement

~1012 protons

In these beams, trillions of protons hit the target together spread over about 10 microseconds and you don’t know which proton made the neutrino you observed in your detector. So, how can you measure a 60 nanosecond difference?

Page 24: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 24January 12, 2012

These proton “bunches” hit the target twice every 6 seconds for years and

years…… so, many millions of times

About 15,000 of those “bunches” made a neutrino that was seen in the OPERA

detector The red line is the average pulse shape of the 1012

protons that hit the target together every 6 seconds

The black points are the measured time of the neutrino interactions – (speed of light)*(distance from CERN to

OPERA)

The remaining difference of 1043.4 nanoseconds

is mostly offsets caused by electronics(1 ft. of cable ≈ 1 ns)

The OPERA Neutrino Velocity Measurement

Page 25: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 25January 12, 2012

The OPERA Neutrino Velocity Measurement

Critical to carefully map out all the timing offsets caused

by the various electronics and the detector at both

CERN and the OPERA detector

But how much exactly?What they find is 985.6 ns1043.4 ns – 985.6 ns = (57.8 ± 7.8 ± 8.3)

ns

Page 26: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 26January 12, 2012

The OPERA Neutrino Velocity Measurement

Speed of light, c = 299,792 km/s

Speed of neutrino (OPERA) = 299,800 km/s

vneutrino = c × 1.00002

Page 27: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 27January 12, 2012

What Would Einstein Say?

If confirmed, it is impossible to overstate the importance of the finding.

The impacts on our understanding of the Universe could be immense.

It is obviously critical to confirm such challenging and important measurements by multiple groups in multiple ways.

As a first step, Fermilab is currently upgrading our time measurement systems at our neutrino beam to repeat the OPERA

experiment.

Page 28: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 28January 12, 2012

extras

Page 29: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 29January 12, 2012

nmnmnmnmnm

nmnm nm

nmntnmnmnm

ntnt

nm

nm

ntntntntnt

ntnt

nt

nm

nmnmntnmnm

nmnm

nt

nt

nmnmnmnmnm

nmnm

nm

nm

Distance

And look for them to oscillate

But you need a LOT of neutrinosbecause of how feebly they

interact

Page 30: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 30January 12, 2012

This could be possible if:

The ne, nm and nt are not the only way of

looking at the neutrinos

butThere are neutrino

states that mix together to makeup

ne, nm and nt and these neutrinos

have different masses

n1

n1

n2

n2

n3

n3

ne nm

nt

Page 31: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 31January 12, 2012

wave 1

wave 2

wave 1 + wave 2

+

time (distance)

neutrino oscillations

www.scienceclarified.com

Quantum mechanicsparticle wave

mass determines frequency

If neutrinos (n e,n m,n t) are actually mixtures of multiple

waves with different frequencies (different

masses)…They can interfere like any waves and change the neutrino’s flavor!

401 Hz

400 Hz

401 Hz + 400 Hz

Page 32: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 32

t

January 12, 2012

nm

m m

nm

m

nt

nm

Page 33: Searching for a Higgs Boson &  Faster Than Light Neutrinos

Dave Schmitz & Mike Cooke, Fermilab 33January 12, 2012

So what might they tell us?Neutrinos are very very very

light

Why?

How is it that we exist, anyway?