SEBAGAI SOLUSI Masalah yg terus ada Kemiskinan masih ...old.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Publications/files/... · Masalah yg terus ada ååää ... Pohon dalam lahan pertanian : Dari

Prosiding Seminar Nasional Agroforestri 2013 1

Iman Santoso

Kepala Badan Penelitian danPengembangan Kehutanan

AGROFORESTRY SEBAGAI SOLUSI

Masalah yg terus ada ……..

• Populasi dan tekanan terhadap lahan

• Deforestasi dan degradasi

• Kemiskinan masih tinggi

• Ketidak adilan akses

2 Prosiding Seminar Nasional Agroforestri 2013

Hal-hal yang nyata …..

• Persaingan sektor: keterlanjuran

• Perubahan iklim kinerja sektor pertanian

• Globalisasi yang lemah tertekan dan kalah

• Biaya semakin tinggi, investasi kurang menarik

Agroforestry Sebagai Solusi ……. ?

Optimalisasipenggunaan lahan antarruang dan waktu

Aneka produks barangdan jasa

Teknik produksi dankonservasi yang telahada

Penghormatan pada hak-hak yang telah ada

Masalah aktual dan yang terusada:

• Deforestasi dan degradasi• Keterjangkauan pangan dan

energi• Perubahan iklim• Kemiskinan• Investasi yg kurang menarik• Populasi , Tekanan pd Lahan

dan SDA• Persaingan antar sektor• Globalisasi dan• Ketida adilan akses


Arah AGROFORESTRYPohon dalam lahan pertanian:Dari tahap subsiten subsiten dengan jaringpengaman pertanian pra-komersial pertanianyang lebih menguntungkan pertanian yang lestari

Budidaya non hutan pada areal/kawasan hutan:

Dari tahap pemanfaatan potensi sosial utkpembangunan hutan tanaman pemberian aksesproduksi kepada masyarakat keuntungan bersamabisnis hutan dan pangan

Mengapa AF Masih Sulit Berkembang

• Keberpihakan yang masih kurang

• Keraguan: teknis/finansial/pasar maupun sosial

• Tidak adanya ketentuan hukum yang mengikat

• Tujuan jangka pendek vs jangka panjang


Upaya Strategis

Debottlenecking:• Kebijakan dan peraturan yang menjadi penghalang• Keberpihakan pada masyarakat• Kontrak-kontrak lama yang menjadi penghambat

Creating enabling condition:• Kebijakan yang mendukung sisi legal, teknis, dan finansial• Peningkatan kapasitas: masyarakat, pendamping,

pemerintah, lembaga terkait• Pendampingan masyarakat• Dukungan pasar

LITBANG AF ke depan

• Berorientasi pada hasil langsung dan bermanfaat

• Menjawab masalah: a) kemiskinan, b) ketahananpangan, air dan energi, c) ketidak adilan akses keSDA, d) pemulihan lingkungan dan SDA, e) mitigasidan adaptasi perubahan iklim

• Bersifat action research: a) partisipatory dantransparan, b) bersifat terapan, c) learning process


Perubahan Paradigma PengelolaanSumber Daya Alam

Hutan Produksi:• Optimalisasi penggunaan lahan: kendala biofisik, sosial

dan pasar• Hutan sebagai production supporting system• Multi-actors dan bundle of rights (tenures)

Lahan Pertanian:• Bukan maksimalisasi tapi optimalisasi produk secara

lestari• Market and profit oriented

PENUTUP

Indonesia saat ini (Dino Pati Jalal, 2013) : major democracy,

emerging economy,

pivotal state,

next Asian Giant

environmental power

Agroforestry akan menyumbang pada prestasi ini


Agroforestry as buffer to livelihoods in a green economy: reflections from

20 years ICRAF Indonesia

19

78

-20

13

: 35

ye

ar

Meine van Noordwijk – with thanks to Sonya Dewi, Beria Leimona, Betha Lusiana, Atiek Widayati, Ujjwal Pradhan dll

21 May 2013 -- Malang Seminar Nasional Agroforestri



• 100 // 35 // 20 year celebrations

• AF = Farmers + Trees + Forests

What happened to Indonesia’s forests and AF?

• A global research agenda on ecological intensi-fication, agroforestry & buffer are key elements

• Landscapes as institutional interface

• Climate change increases need for buffering

• How to green the Indonesian economy?


Beekman, 1st

Director in 1913

Ten Oever, 1931

Inspector Forests

1931 Governor-General

Opens Gn Batu office

Iman Hadi Daryanto

http://scholar.google.com/citations?

user=fC9LOngAAAAJ&hl=en

http://www.worldagroforestry.or

g/downloads/publications/PDFs

/B01036.PDF

http://w

ww

.worldagro

f

ore

str

y.org

/dow

nlo

ad

s/p

ublic

atio

ns/P

DF

s/

B14409.P

DF

http://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=

en&user=KfXtvFUAAAAJ


Analysis based on 317 publications

with >50 citations each per 1/5/2013

2001 Dennis farewell Now


Time

Enough on the celebrations,what happened to Indonesia’s

forests, trees and agroforestry?

Nu

mb

er

of

fore

str

y g

rad

ua

tes

Fo

rest co

ve

r In

do

ne

sia

Time

# o

f a

gro

fore

str

y g

rad

ua

tes

Ag

rofo

rests

in

In

do

ne

sia

Ag

rofo

restr

y in

In

do

ne

sia



Agricultural “trees

outside forest” in

Indonesia, accor-

ding to FAOSTAT:

at least 9.4 + 5 Mha

Oilpalm fruit 5.000Coconuts 2.950Natural rubber 2.898Cocoa beans 0.990Coffee 0.977Cloves 0.312Cashewnuts, with shell 0.308Fruit,tropical 0.207Mangoes,mangosteens, guavas 0.185Kapok Fruit 0.133Arecanuts 0.126Tea 0.107Cinnamon(canella) 0.081Nutmeg, mace and cardamoms 0.075Oranges 0.064Avocados 0.020

14.432

Remote sensing + ground truthing information about quantity, quality, spatial

pattern and temporal dynamics of tree cover across landscape positions

Land use plans and

institutional status ~

laws & policy

Community

organizations, socio-

economic status


Which trees are part of “forest”, which ones part of the “agroforest”, or “agriculture”?

Log

Large increase in human population

density + average wellfare

Almost same relationship between

log(PopDens) and forest cover

Substantial loss of

forest cover

Remarkable decrease

in forest footprint

Environmental impact =

Human population density *

Wellfare

Footprint/unit wellfareSustainable development requires

footprint to decrease faster than

growth in population and wellfare


1. Undisturbed natural forest 2. Undisturbed + sust. logged natural forest 3. Closed canopy undisturbed + logged forest 4A. as 3 + agroforest 4B. as 3 + timber plantations 4C. as 3 + agroforest + timber plant’s + estate crops 4D as 4C + shrub

Rainforest foundation

Conservation agency

Modis data

Ministry of Forestry

Forest ecologist

UNFCCC definition

Stakeholder:

19

Spatial analysis: classification of 450 districts in Indonesia according to 7 tree cover transition stages (Dewi et al., in prep.)

“Forest transition” as spatial pattern.

‘chronosequence’?












Old-growth

Tree cover transitions as uni-fying concept for livelihoods, landscape and governance aspects

http://www.cifor.org/es/crp6/research-portfolio.html

Forest and tree cover transitions: a unifying concept across CRP6

Temporal pattern, X-

axis

Spatial pattern, X-axis

Institutional challenge at turning point

X-linkage of actions in landscape

Core

Choice of Y-axis

1

2 3 4 5

6











Geological history, pat-terns & current activity

Global climate systems

based on oceans, land

& atmosphere

Flora and fauna and its biogeography

Land forms,vegetation,ecosystems,hydrology

A.Initial human land use

B.Late-stage hu-man land use

Land use is predictable from ‘reading the landscape’

Land use dominates over original terrain features

C. The tran-

sition is

predictable


Landscape Space

People

Land Use Systems

Institutions

Functions, services

GeologyLand forms

Climate

VegetationFlora&fauna

Hydrology

Value chains Landscape -

Planning, Incentives

mu

ltif

un

ctio

na

lity

Ten

ure











9 May 2013 was the first whole day above 400

ppm at Mauna Loa Observatory (Hawaii)

Over the last 800,000 years, CO2 has

ranged from roughly 180 ppm to 280 ppm

Second 40 ppm

took 30 years

Third 40 ppm

took 20

years

1992 UNFCCC agreement to slow

down emissions

First 40 ppm increase during first 10,000 years

of agriculture and associated deforestation +

first 100 years of industrial revolution

Annual amplitude

due to N. hemisphe-

re summer vegeta-

tion growth & winter

decomposition +

heating did not

change

Emission

„rights‟, but

ΣLama < Nama

ΣNama < Gama

Polluter pay

Principle

Doha COP

Adapta-tion

Mitiga-tion

Reducing GHG emissions, enhancing GHG sink strengthsLong term focus on avoiding future impactsGlobal-scale cross-sectoral effort needed for effectiveness, withLocal/(sub)national nesting and collaboration

Reducing vulnerability, enhancing adaptive capacityStart with focus on current variabilityLocal-scale cross-sectoral effort needed for effectiveness, with(Sub)National/global collaboration

C-trade does not redu-

ce global emissions

Mitig-adap-tation

Miti-gation

Adap-tation


Macro climate variation & change

Meso-climate .

Micro-climate .

CropsTreesLivestock

Fieldlevel in-

teractions

CropsTreesLivestock

Fieldlevel in-

teractions

Landscapemosaicinteractions

Waterbalance

Carbonbalance

Nitrogenbalance

Biophysical - environmental

Pest & diseaserisk & buffer

Fish & forest products

Temperature, Humidity, Wind speed at level of crop, livestock

Regional & landscape level tree cover

pre

cip

itat

ion

Biodi-versity

Harvested products

Farm management:Spatially explicit land useLabourKnowledgeInputs

Household assets:Land access & rightsLabourKnowledgeCapital/credit

Social networks:Land access & rightsLabourKnowledgeCapital/credit

Local con-sumption

Markets

Food & energysecurity

Exogenous econo-mic risks & endo-geous buffers

Demographic &social change // LU policies

Non-food expenditure & asset building

Socio-economic conditions

Harvested products

Policy levers

Remit-tances

Aid

Food exchange

Food systems

Infr

astr

uct

ure

&

mar

ket

acce

ss

Knowledge sharing & exchange


Macro climate variation & change

Meso-climate .

Micro-climate .

CropsTreesLivestock

Fieldlevel in-

teractions

CropsTreesLivestock

Fieldlevel in-

teractions

Landscapemosaicinteractions

Waterbalance

Carbonbalance

Nitrogenbalance

Biophysical - environmental

Pest & diseaserisk & buffer

Farm management:Spatially explicit land useLabourKnowledgeInputs

Household assets:Land access & rightsLabourKnowledgeCapital/credit

Social networks:Land access & rightsLabourKnowledgeCapital/credit

Local con-sumption

Markets

Food & energysecurity

Exogenous econo-mic risks & endo-geous buffers

Demographic &social change // LU policies

Non-food expenditure & asset building

Socio-economic conditions

Harvested products

Fish & forest products

Policy levers

Remit-tances

Aid

Food exchange

Temperature, Humidity, Wind speed at level of crop, livestock

Food systems

Infr

astr

uct

ure

&

mar

ket

acce

ss

Knowledge sharing & exchange

Regional & landscape level tree cover

pre

cip

itat

ion

Biodi-versity

Land with diverse tree cover and carbon-rich soil

Adaptive mana-gement capacity of empowered local

communities

Enhanced carbon sinks, avoided

losses

Sustainable fo-rest management

Avoidance of soil C loss (peat & mineral soils)

Increased A & F productivity

(Agro)biodiversity conservation

Agroforestry

Afforestation, reforestation

Soil and waterconservation

Ecosystem service value realization

Decentralization of NRM decisions

Centralization of NRM decisions

Increased efficiency of Ag input use

Rules need to evolve from

„additionality’ tests on separate

funding streams via

‘complementarity‟

to full „synergy‟

Mitiga-daptation











Land use zoning, use and property rights

Human popula-tion & Δ

Mar-ket access, tax,subs.

Management& behavioural

choices of land users

Food, fibre, income Harvestable products

Provisioning services

Regulating, supporting & cultural services

Land use practices in a landscape

context

Human & environmental health&well-being

Commodity-product- ser-vice value chains, x-border trade

Waterflows (quality,quantity, regularity)

Macro-&me-so climateBiodiversity

Happiness monitoring

Economic development planning

Environmental & wellfare targeted planning

GDP, national econo-mic growth or decline

Natural ca-pital ac-counting

Sust

ain

ab

le d

evel

op

men

t m

etri

cs

AgTech

New green economy, integrated rural-urban development coalitions…


Conclusions & way forward

• We need good empirical evidence of tree cover transitions (quantity, quality, pattern) and their Ecosystem Service (ES) consequences

• We need a smooth institutional landscape inter-face between Forests and People ~ ES evidence

• Climate change uncertainty + globalizationmeans an increased need for buffering

• AF can provide much of the buffering needed

• Green Growth (7/42) is feasible, but requires paradigm shift in ambitions

Lesser short-nosed fruit bat,

Cynopterus cf brachyotis

Selamat ulang tahun FORDA dan ICRAF, ayo, tanam

pohon duren…

Documents

SEBAGAI SOLUSI Masalah yg terus ada Kemiskinan masih ...old.worldagroforestry.org/sea/Publications/files/... · Masalah yg terus ada ååää ... Pohon dalam lahan pertanian : Dari