34
HQTGYQTF Gctnkgt vjku {gct. K ugv qwv o{ eqookvogpv cu Gzgewvkxg Ogodgt hqt Ejknftgp cpf [qwpi Rgqrng vq qwt rqnke{ rtqrqukvkqpu< vq gpuwtg vjcv gxgt{ ejknf cpf {qwpi rgtuqp igvu vjg dguv uvctv kp nkhg. ku jgcnvj{. uchg cpf cejkgxgu vjgkt rqvgpvkcn0 Kp rctvkewnct. yg ycpv uejqqnu vq dg cv vjg jgctv qh vjgkt eqoowpkvkgu. rtqxkfkpi iqqf gfwecvkqp cpf nqecn ugtxkegu0 Vjg Gfwecvkqp Fgxgnqrogpv Rncp hqt 4227 / 4228 tghngevu vjku eqookvogpv vq vjg ejknftgp cpf {qwpi rgqrng qh Uwttg{ kp vjg ejqkeg qh cevkxkvkgu vq uwrrqtv uejqqn kortqxgogpv cpf cejkgxgogpv0 Qwt uweeguu fgrgpfu qp vjg jctf yqtm. rtqhguukqpcnkuo cpf fgfkecvkqp qh cnn qwt uejqqn uvchh. iqxgtpqtu. nqecn cwvjqtkv{ qhhkegtu cpf qwt rctvpgt qticpkucvkqpu0 K ykuj vq vcmg vjku qrrqtvwpkv{ vq vjcpm {qw cnn hqt {qwt ghhqtvu vq gpuwtg vjcv Uwttg{‚u ejknftgp. {qwpi rgqrng. vjgkt rctgpvu cpf ectgtu fq tgegkxg vjg dguv uvctv kp nkhg0 Cpftgy Etkur Gzgewvkxg Ogodgt hqt Ejknftgp cpf [qwpi Rgqrng [gct Hqwt qh qwt Gfwecvkqp Fgxgnqrogpv Rncp eqogu cv c vkog qh itgcv ejcpig. dqvj pcvkqpcnn{ cpf nqecnn{0 Ngv‚u pqv hqtigv vjqwij. vjg uweeguugu qh vjg rcuv {gct. cu ygnn cu vjg ejcnngpigu0 Uwttg{ jcu ickpgf hqwtvj rnceg kp vjg pcvkqpcn vcdngu hqt rgthqtocpeg cv Mg{ Uvcig 4. ykvj qwt dguv tguwnvu gxgt0 Vjg lqkpv xgpvwtg dgvyggp Uwttg{ Eqwpv{ Eqwpekn. Hqwt U cpf XV jcu dtqmgp pgy itqwpf kp vjg fgnkxgt{ qh jkij swcnkv{ uwrrqtv ugtxkegu hqt uejqqnu. dqvj kp Uwttg{ cpf dg{qpf0 Qwt kpvgitcvgf Ejknftgp‚u Ugtxkeg ku ujkhvkpi vjg dcncpeg qh hwpfkpi vq uwrrqtvkpi ejknftgp cpf {qwpi rgqrng cv cp gctnkgt uvcig vjtqwij kvu hqewu qp rtgxgpvcvkxg yqtm cpf gctn{ kpvgtxgpvkqp0 Uvchh kp Eqoowpkv{ Ugtxkegu ctg yqtmkpi rtqcevkxgn{ ykvj {qwpi rgqrng. vq gpuwtg vjcv vjgkt xqkegu ctg jgctf. yjgpgxgt korqtvcpv fgekukqpu ctg ocfg cdqwv vjgkt hwvwtgu0 Vjku hqwtvj Gfwecvkqp Fgxgnqrogpv Rncp ku vjg ncuv kp vjg ewttgpv e{eng. cu htqo Crtkn 4228. kv yknn dg uwduwogf kpvq vjg Ukping Rncp hqt Ejknftgp cpf [qwpi Rgqrng0 Qwt pgy rncp yknn vguvkh{ vq vjg yc{u kp yjkej yg yknn yqtm ykvj qwt rctvpgt qticpkucvkqpu vq gpuwtg vjcv qwt ejknftgp cpf {qwpi rgqrng yknn mggr jgcnvj{. uvc{ uchg. gplq{ cpf cejkgxg. ocmg c rqukvkxg eqpvtkdwvkqp cpf cejkgxg geqpqoke ygnn/dgkpi cu vjg{ ngcxg uejqqn hqt vjg yqtnf dg{qpf0 Nqqmkpi dcem qxgt vjg ncuv vjtgg {gctu. yg ecp ugg vjg korcev qh vjg yqtm qh qwt uejqqnu qp qwt ejknftgp cpf {qwpi rgqrng. uwrrqtvkpi vjgo kp cejkgxkpi vjgkt rqvgpvkcn vjtqwij vjgkt vkog kp gfwecvkqp0 Vjg Gfwecvkqp Fgxgnqrogpv Rncp jcu ocfg c ukipkhkecpv eqpvtkdwvkqp vq vjku yqtm cpf K qhhgt o{ vjcpmu vq gxgt{qpg yjq jcu dggp kpxqnxgf kp ocmkpi vjku jcrrgp0 Ft Rcwn Itc{ Gzgewvkxg Fktgevqt hqt Ejknftgp cpf [qwpi Rgqrng

Sect 1 1 Foreword + Contents · HQTGYQTF" " Gctnkgt" vjku" {gct." K" ugv" qwv" o{" eqookvogpv" cu" Gzgewvkxg" Ogodgt" hqt" Ejknftgp" cpf" [qwpi" Rgqrng" vq" qwt" rqnke{" rtqrqukvkqpu

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Page 1: Sect 1 1 Foreword + Contents · HQTGYQTF" " Gctnkgt" vjku" {gct." K" ugv" qwv" o{" eqookvogpv" cu" Gzgewvkxg" Ogodgt" hqt" Ejknftgp" cpf" [qwpi" Rgqrng" vq" qwt" rqnke{" rtqrqukvkqpu

HQTGYQTF""Gctnkgt" vjku" {gct." K" ugv" qwv" o{" eqookvogpv" cu" Gzgewvkxg"Ogodgt" hqt" Ejknftgp" cpf" [qwpi" Rgqrng" vq" qwt" rqnke{"rtqrqukvkqpu<"vq"gpuwtg"vjcv"gxgt{"ejknf"cpf"{qwpi"rgtuqp"igvu"vjg" dguv" uvctv" kp" nkhg." ku" jgcnvj{." uchg" cpf" cejkgxgu" vjgkt"rqvgpvkcn0" Kp" rctvkewnct." yg" ycpv" uejqqnu" vq" dg" cv" vjg" jgctv" qh"vjgkt"eqoowpkvkgu."rtqxkfkpi"iqqf"gfwecvkqp"cpf"nqecn"ugtxkegu0""Vjg"Gfwecvkqp"Fgxgnqrogpv"Rncp"hqt"4227"⁄"4228"tghngevu"vjku"eqookvogpv"vq"vjg"ejknftgp"cpf"{qwpi"rgqrng"qh"Uwttg{" kp"vjg"ejqkeg" qh" cevkxkvkgu" vq" uwrrqtv" uejqqn" kortqxgogpv" cpf" cejkgxgogpv0" Qwt" uweeguu"fgrgpfu" qp" vjg" jctf" yqtm." rtqhguukqpcnkuo" cpf" fgfkecvkqp" qh" cnn" qwt" uejqqn" uvchh."iqxgtpqtu." nqecn"cwvjqtkv{"qhhkegtu"cpf"qwt"rctvpgt"qticpkucvkqpu0" K"ykuj" vq" vcmg" vjku"qrrqtvwpkv{" vq" vjcpm"{qw"cnn" hqt" {qwt"ghhqtvu" vq"gpuwtg" vjcv"Uwttg{‚u" ejknftgp." {qwpi"rgqrng."vjgkt"rctgpvu"cpf"ectgtu"fq"tgegkxg"vjg"dguv"uvctv"kp"nkhg0"""""""Cpftgy"Etkur"Gzgewvkxg"Ogodgt"hqt"Ejknftgp"cpf"[qwpi"Rgqrng"""[gct"Hqwt"qh"qwt"Gfwecvkqp"Fgxgnqrogpv"Rncp"eqogu"cv"c"vkog"qh"itgcv"ejcpig."dqvj"pcvkqpcnn{"cpf"nqecnn{0""Ngv‚u"pqv"hqtigv"vjqwij."vjg"uweeguugu"qh"vjg"rcuv"{gct."cu"ygnn"cu" vjg" ejcnngpigu0" Uwttg{" jcu" ickpgf" hqwtvj" rnceg" kp" vjg"pcvkqpcn" vcdngu" hqt"rgthqtocpeg"cv"Mg{"Uvcig"4."ykvj"qwt"dguv"tguwnvu"gxgt0"Vjg"lqkpv"xgpvwtg"dgvyggp"Uwttg{"Eqwpv{"Eqwpekn."Hqwt"U"cpf"XV"jcu"dtqmgp"pgy"itqwpf" kp" vjg"fgnkxgt{"qh"jkij"swcnkv{"uwrrqtv"ugtxkegu"hqt"uejqqnu."dqvj"kp"Uwttg{"cpf"dg{qpf0"Qwt" kpvgitcvgf" Ejknftgp‚u" Ugtxkeg" ku" ujkhvkpi" vjg" dcncpeg" qh"hwpfkpi" vq" uwrrqtvkpi" ejknftgp" cpf" {qwpi"rgqrng" cv" cp" gctnkgt"uvcig" vjtqwij" kvu" hqewu" qp" rtgxgpvcvkxg" yqtm" cpf" gctn{"kpvgtxgpvkqp0"Uvchh"kp"Eqoowpkv{"Ugtxkegu"ctg"yqtmkpi"rtqcevkxgn{"ykvj"{qwpi"rgqrng."vq"gpuwtg"vjcv"vjgkt"xqkegu"ctg"jgctf."yjgpgxgt"korqtvcpv"fgekukqpu"ctg"ocfg"cdqwv"vjgkt"hwvwtgu0""Vjku"hqwtvj"Gfwecvkqp"Fgxgnqrogpv"Rncp"ku"vjg"ncuv"kp"vjg"ewttgpv"e{eng."cu"htqo"Crtkn"4228." kv"yknn"dg"uwduwogf" kpvq" vjg"Ukping"Rncp" hqt"Ejknftgp"cpf"[qwpi"Rgqrng0"Qwt"pgy"rncp"yknn"vguvkh{"vq"vjg"yc{u"kp"yjkej"yg"yknn"yqtm"ykvj"qwt"rctvpgt"qticpkucvkqpu"vq"gpuwtg"vjcv"qwt"ejknftgp"cpf"{qwpi"rgqrng"yknn"mggr"jgcnvj{."uvc{"uchg."gplq{"cpf"cejkgxg."ocmg"c"rqukvkxg"eqpvtkdwvkqp"cpf"cejkgxg"geqpqoke"ygnn/dgkpi"cu"vjg{"ngcxg"uejqqn"hqt"vjg"yqtnf"dg{qpf0"Nqqmkpi"dcem"qxgt"vjg"ncuv"vjtgg"{gctu."yg"ecp"ugg"vjg"korcev"qh"vjg"yqtm"qh"qwt"uejqqnu"qp"qwt"ejknftgp"cpf"{qwpi"rgqrng."uwrrqtvkpi"vjgo"kp" cejkgxkpi" vjgkt" rqvgpvkcn" vjtqwij" vjgkt" vkog" kp" gfwecvkqp0" Vjg" Gfwecvkqp"Fgxgnqrogpv" Rncp" jcu"ocfg" c" ukipkhkecpv" eqpvtkdwvkqp" vq" vjku" yqtm" cpf" K" qhhgt"o{"vjcpmu"vq"gxgt{qpg"yjq"jcu"dggp"kpxqnxgf"kp"ocmkpi"vjku"jcrrgp0"""""Ft"Rcwn"Itc{"Gzgewvkxg"Fktgevqt"hqt"Ejknftgp"cpf"[qwpi"Rgqrng"

Page 2: Sect 1 1 Foreword + Contents · HQTGYQTF" " Gctnkgt" vjku" {gct." K" ugv" qwv" o{" eqookvogpv" cu" Gzgewvkxg" Ogodgt" hqt" Ejknftgp" cpf" [qwpi" Rgqrng" vq" qwt" rqnke{" rtqrqukvkqpu

GFRKK"<"4224/4229""

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5" Rtqitguu"kp"vjg"Gfwecvkqp"Fgxgnqrogpv"Rncp"4225126" 5"/"38"" " "

6" Rquv"QhUVGF"Cevkqp"Rncp<"Rtqitguu"Tgrqtv"hqt"Octej"4226" 39"/"3;" " "

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Rknnct"C000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 rcig" 3"Rknnct"D000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 rcig" 34"Rknnct"E 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 rcig" 53"Rknnct"F 00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 rcig" 6;"Rknnct"G000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 rcig" 79"

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qwt"nqecn"rgthqtocpeg"qdlgevkxgu"6"/"8"

" "Crrgpfkz"E" Dtgcmfqyp"qh"hqtocn"tgurqpug"vq"Eqpuwnvcvkqp"4224" 9"/":"" "Crrgpfkz"F" Equvkpiu"flCv"c"Incpeg‚<"[gct"6"422718" ;"" "Crrgpfkz"G" Yjq‚u"yjqA"

Cnn"vjqug"ectt{kpi"c"flngcf"tgurqpukdknkv{‚"qt"vq"yjqo"tghgtgpeg"ku"ocfg"kp"vjg"Rncp"

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Page 3: Sect 1 1 Foreword + Contents · HQTGYQTF" " Gctnkgt" vjku" {gct." K" ugv" qwv" o{" eqookvogpv" cu" Gzgewvkxg" Ogodgt" hqt" Ejknftgp" cpf" [qwpi" Rgqrng" vq" qwt" rqnke{" rtqrqukvkqpu

GFRKK<"[gct"6" *k+" "

KPVTQFWEVKQP""Vjg" cppwcn" wrfcvkpi" qh" qwt" Gfwecvkqp"Rncp" rtqxkfgu" vjg" qrrqtvwpkv{" vq" tgxkgy" qwt"rgthqtocpeg" cickpuv" pcvkqpcn" cpf" nqecn" rtkqtkvkgu" cpf" oqfkh{" qwt" cevkxkv{" vq" oggv"ejcpikpi"ektewouvcpegu"yjknuv" tg/chhktokpi" vjg" nqpi/vgto"qwveqogu"yg"ycpv" vq"ugg"hqt"gxgt{"ejknf"cpf"{qwpi"rgtuqp0"""Kp" vjg" cwvwop" qh" 4226." vjg"Eqwpv{"Eqwpekn" wpfgtygpv" c" rtqeguu" qh" tgfghkpkpi" vjg"Ogfkwo"Vgto"Uvtcvgi{" hqt"Uwttg{0" Vjg"rqnke{"rtqrqukvkqpu" hqt"Ejknftgp" cpf"[qwpi"Rgqrng"chhkto"qwt"eqookvogpv"vq"vjg"ygnn/dgkpi"qh"cnn"qwt"ngctpgtu<"" Yg"ycpv"gxgt{"ejknf"cpf"{qwpi"rgtuqp"vq"igv"vjg"dguv"rquukdng"uvctv"kp"nkhg."vq"dg"jgcnvj{"cpf"uchg"cpf"cejkgxg"vjgkt"rqvgpvkcn0"

" Yg" ycpv" uejqqnu" vq" dg" cv" vjg" jgctv" qh" vjgkt" eqoowpkvkgu." rtqxkfkpi" iqqf"gfwecvkqp"cpf"nqecn"ugtxkegu0"

" Yg" ycpv" gxgt{qpg" vq" dgpghkv" htqo" kortqxgf" eqoowpkv{" nkhg" vjtqwij" vjg"fgxgnqrogpv"qh" nkdtctkgu."cevkxkvkgu"cpf"cfxkeg"hqt"{qwpi"rgqrng."urqtv."cpf"cfwnv"cpf"eqoowpkv{"ngctpkpi0"

""Vjku" {gct‚u" rncp" hqnnqyu" vjg" ucog" rcvvgtp" cu" rtgxkqwu" {gctu." ykvj" vjg" oclqtkv{" qh"cevkxkvkgu"fgukipgf"vq"oggv"vjg"nqecn"pggfu"qh"Uwttg{‚u"uejqqnu."ykvjkp"vjg"htcogyqtm"ugv" fqyp" d{" vjg" iqxgtpogpv0" Vjg" cevkxkvkgu" jcxg" dggp" tgxkgygf" cickpuv" vjg" ftchv"rqnke{"rtqrqukvkqpu"hqt"Uwttg{"Eqwpekn"Eqwpekn‚u"Ogfkwo"Vgto"Uvtcvgi{"cpf"vjg{"cnuq"tghngev" vjg"iqxgtpogpv"xkukqp" hqt" vjg"pgzv" hkxg"{gctu"cpf" vjg"gorjcuku"qp" vjg"ygnn/dgkpi"qh"ejknftgp"cpf"{qwpi"rgqrng"kp"vjg"Ejknftgp"Cev0""Kp"cffkvkqp."vjg"GFR"hqt"4227"⁄"4228"jcu"dggp"eqpuvtwevgf"ykvj"cp"cyctgpguu"qh"vjg"ewttgpv" hkpcpekcn" eqpvgzv" qh" vjg" Eqwpekn0" Vjg" eqookvogpv" vq" kppqxcvg" kp" qtfgt" vq"oczkokug"tguqwtegu"vq"uejqqnu"jcu"dggp"ockpvckpgf."cnqpiukfg"vjg"tgswktgogpv"hqt"ghhkekgpe{" ucxkpiu" uqwijv" vjtqwij" Uwttg{" Eqwpv{" Eqwpekn‚u" Rqnke{" cpf" Rtqfwevkxkv{"Tgxkgy0"Vjg"uejqqnu"jcxg"tgegkxgf"cp"kortqxgf"hkpcpekcn"ugvvngogpv" kp"eqorctkuqp"vq" vjg" NGC0" Eqwpekn" hwpfkpi" hqt" uejqqn" kortqxgogpv" jcu" dggp" eqpuvtckpgf" d{"iqxgtpogpv" tgiwncvkqpu" cpf" vjg" tgswktgogpv" hqt" nqecn" eqwpeknu" vq" ugewtg" itgcvgt"ghhkekgpe{"ucxkpiu"jcu"cnuq" korcevgf"qp"qwt"fgekukqpu" vjku"{gct0"Hqt" vjku" tgcuqp."c"eqpuwnvcvkqp"gzgtekug"ycu"ecttkgf"qwv"ykvj"cnn"uejqqnu"qp"vjgkt"rtkqtkvkgu"hqt"rtqlgevu"vq"dg"hwpfgf"htqo"uejqqn"kortqxgogpv"hwpfkpi0"Fgvcknu"qh"vjku"eqpuwnvcvkqp"ctg"rtqxkfgf"kp"Cppgz"70""""RQNKE["FGXGNQROGPVU""Vjg" rcuv" {gct" jcu" uggp" ukipkhkecpv" fgxgnqrogpvu." dqvj" qp" vjg" pcvkqpcn" uegpg" cpf"nqecnn{"yjkej"yknn"korcev"qp"vjg"hqewu"cpf"ueqrg"qh"uwrrqtv"hqt"uejqqnu"kp"Uwttg{0"Vjg"iqxgtpogpv‚u" Hkxg/{gct" Uvtcvgi{" hqt" Ejknftgp" cpf" Ngctpgtu" rncegu" ejknftgp‚u"ugtxkegu." ejknftgp." rctgpvu" cpf" ngctpgtu" egpvtg/uvcig0" C" ›pgy" tgncvkqpujkr" ykvj"uejqqnufi" ku" fgukipgf" vq" ewv" vjg" tgf" vcrg" kpxqnxgf" kp" ceeqwpvcdknkv{0" Vjgtg" ku" c"eqookvogpv"vq"kpetgcugf"ecrkvcn"hwpfkpi"hqt"tgdwknfkpi"cpf"uwrrqtv"hqt"vjg"gzrcpukqp"qh"rqrwnct"uejqqnu0"Vjg"uvtcvgi{"uwrrqtvu"vjg"eqpegrv"qh"›Hqwpfcvkqp"rctvpgtujkrufi."yjgtg"uejqqnu"yqtm"vqigvjgt"vq"vcmg"qp"ykfgt"tgurqpukdknkvkgu0""

Page 4: Sect 1 1 Foreword + Contents · HQTGYQTF" " Gctnkgt" vjku" {gct." K" ugv" qwv" o{" eqookvogpv" cu" Gzgewvkxg" Ogodgt" hqt" Ejknftgp" cpf" [qwpi" Rgqrng" vq" qwt" rqnke{" rtqrqukvkqpu

GFRKK<"[gct"6" *kk+" "

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"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3"The primary admissions scheme will not involve co-ordination between other LEAs."

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"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""4"This refers to governor vacancies on 11 Feb 2005, as opposed to the academic year 2003/4."

Page 7: Sect 1 1 Foreword + Contents · HQTGYQTF" " Gctnkgt" vjku" {gct." K" ugv" qwv" o{" eqookvogpv" cu" Gzgewvkxg" Ogodgt" hqt" Ejknftgp" cpf" [qwpi" Rgqrng" vq" qwt" rqnke{" rtqrqukvkqpu

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Yqtmhqteg"Tgoqfgnnkpi""Tgoqfgnnkpi" ku" c" pcvkqpcn" ejcpig" rtqitcoog" vjcv" ckou" vq" kortqxg" cvvckpogpv" qh"rwrknu" vjtqwij" tgfwekpi" vjg" yqtmnqcf" qh" vgcejgtu0" Vjku" tgfwevkqp" kp" yqtmnqcf" ku"kpvgpfgf" vjtqwij" ejcpikpi" vjg" dcuku" qp"yjkej" uwrrqtv" uvchh"oc{"dg"fgrnq{gf"ykvj"tgurgev"vq"vgcejkpi"cpf"ngctpkpi0"Wpfgt"pgy"tgiwncvkqpu."uwrrqtv"uvchh"oc{"wpfgtvcmg"urgekhkgf"yqtm."kpenwfkpi"Rncppkpi."Cuuguukpi."Fgnkxgtkpi"cpf"Tgrqtvkpi0""Igpwkpg" eqpegtpu" cdqwv" tgoqfgnnkpi" ctg" dgkpi" tckugf" d{" uqog" jgcfvgcejgtu" cpf"iqxgtpqtu0"Vjgug"kpenwfg<"kpuwhhkekgpv"dwfigv="c"tgnwevcpeg"vq"fgrnq{"uwrrqtv"uvchh"hqt"yjqng" encuu" fgnkxgt{" cu" c" uvtcvgi{" hqt" rtqxkfkpi" Rncppkpi." Rtgrctcvkqp" cpf"Cuuguuogpv" vkog=" eqpegtp" cv" yjgvjgt" tgoqfgnnkpi" cpf"yqtmhqteg" tghqto"yknn" tgcnn{"tckug" uvcpfctfu" qh" vgcejkpi" cpf" ngctpkpi=" cpf" ncem" qh" uwkvcdng" yqtmurceg" hqt"vgcejgtu0" Kp" rctvkewnct." uocnn" uejqqnu" ctg" hkpfkpi" uqog" curgevu" qh" tgoqfgnnkpi" cpf"korngogpvcvkqp"qh"vjg"pcvkqpcn"citggogpv"fkhhkewnv0""""NQQMKPI"CJGCF""Vjg"GFR." vjqwij" korqtvcpv." ku" pqv" fgnkxgtgf" kp" c" xcewwo0" Kv" ku" kphnwgpegf" d{." cpf"kphnwgpegu." dqvj" qwt" eqwpv{ykfg" eqoowpkv{" rncppkpi" ykvj" rctvpgtu." qwt" Eqwpv{"Eqwpekn" eqtrqtcvg" rncppkpi" cpf" vjg" uvtcvgike" rncppkpi" cetquu" ugtxkegu" hqt" ejknftgp"cpf"{qwpi"rgqrng0"Pgy"ejcnngpigu."cu"gxgt."gogtig0"Vjgug"tgrtgugpv"cp"korqtvcpv"cigpfc"vq"yjkej"vjg"GFR"owuv"eqpvtkdwvg0"Kv"owuv"fq"uq"kp"c"yc{"vjcv"gpvjwugu"cpf"ocmgu" ugpug" vq" uejqqnu." ugtxkegu" cpf" rctvpgtu." cpf" fgnkxgtu" kortqxgogpvu" vjcv"ejknftgp." {qwpi" rgqrng" cpf" vjgkt" hcoknkgu" xcnwg" ⁄" rquukdn{" vjg" oquv" korqtvcpv"ejcnngpig"qh"cnn0""

Page 8: Sect 1 1 Foreword + Contents · HQTGYQTF" " Gctnkgt" vjku" {gct." K" ugv" qwv" o{" eqookvogpv" cu" Gzgewvkxg" Ogodgt" hqt" Ejknftgp" cpf" [qwpi" Rgqrng" vq" qwt" rqnke{" rtqrqukvkqpu

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Page 9: Sect 1 1 Foreword + Contents · HQTGYQTF" " Gctnkgt" vjku" {gct." K" ugv" qwv" o{" eqookvogpv" cu" Gzgewvkxg" Ogodgt" hqt" Ejknftgp" cpf" [qwpi" Rgqrng" vq" qwt" rqnke{" rtqrqukvkqpu

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Page 10: Sect 1 1 Foreword + Contents · HQTGYQTF" " Gctnkgt" vjku" {gct." K" ugv" qwv" o{" eqookvogpv" cu" Gzgewvkxg" Ogodgt" hqt" Ejknftgp" cpf" [qwpi" Rgqrng" vq" qwt" rqnke{" rtqrqukvkqpu

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qh"Rncppkpi" hqt" Ngctpkpi0" Kv" jqnfu" vjg" tgurqpukdknkv{" hqt" etquu/ugtxkeg" ngcfgtujkr"cpf"eq/qtfkpcvkqp" kp" vjg"ctgcu"qh" hkpcpeg."rgthqtocpeg"cpf"fgxgnqrogpv."rqnke{"cpf"rncppkpi0"Yqtmkpi"ykvj"eqnngciwgu."vjg"Wpkv"yknn" ngcf"qp"vjg"fgxgnqrogpv"qh"vjg"Ukping"Rncp"hqt"Ejknftgp"cpf"[qwpi"Rgqrng."yjkej"yknn"hqewu"qp"qwveqogu"hqt"ejknftgp."uejqqnu"cpf"eqoowpkvkgu0"

"4" Vjg"Uejqqnu‚"Ngcfgtujkr"Ugtxkeg"ycu"cnuq"hqtogf"htqo"vjg"fkxkukqp"qh"Rncppkpi"

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"6" Vjg"Ejknftgp‚u"Ugtxkeg" dtkpiu" vqigvjgt" ugtxkegu" hqt" ejknftgp" cpf" {qwpi" rgqrng"

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"7" Eqoowpkv{" Ugtxkegu" rtqxkfgu" guugpvkcn" eqoowpkv{" hqewugf" ngctpkpi" qrrqt/

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"Cnn"hkxg"ugtxkegu"ctg"nkpmgf"ykvj"gcej"qvjgt."qvjgt"Eqwpv{"Eqwpekn"ugtxkegu"cpf"xcnwgf"rctvpgtu"uwej"cu" vjg"Ngctpkpi"cpf"Umknnu"Eqwpekn0"Vjku"rtqxkfgu"cnn" ejknftgp." {qwpi"rgqrng" cpf" cfwnvu" ykvj" c" eqjgukxg" cpf" fkxgtug" tcpig" qh" jkij" swcnkv{" uwrrqtv" cpf"ngctpkpi"ejqkegu"vq"cejkgxg"oczkowo"kpfgrgpfgpeg"kp"nkhg0"""

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Page 12: Sect 1 1 Foreword + Contents · HQTGYQTF" " Gctnkgt" vjku" {gct." K" ugv" qwv" o{" eqookvogpv" cu" Gzgewvkxg" Ogodgt" hqt" Ejknftgp" cpf" [qwpi" Rgqrng" vq" qwt" rqnke{" rtqrqukvkqpu

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Page 18: Sect 1 1 Foreword + Contents · HQTGYQTF" " Gctnkgt" vjku" {gct." K" ugv" qwv" o{" eqookvogpv" cu" Gzgewvkxg" Ogodgt" hqt" Ejknftgp" cpf" [qwpi" Rgqrng" vq" qwt" rqnke{" rtqrqukvkqpu

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GFRKK<"[gct"6" 33" "

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GFRKK<"[gct"6" 34" "

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GFRKK<"[gct"6" 35" "

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GFRKK<"[gct"6" 36" "

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GFRKK<"[gct"6" 37" "

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GFRKK<"[gct"6" 38" "

G4<""Kpfwevkqp"cpf"Tgvgpvkqp"qh"Pgyn{"Swcnkhkgf"Vgcejgtu"Mg{"Qdlgevkxg<Vq"cejkgxg"cv"ngcuv";7'"uweeguu"tcvg"qh"PSVu"ucvkuhcevqtkn{"eqorngvkpi"vjgkt"kpfwevkqp"rgtkqf0"Cv"ngcuv":7'"qh"ucvkuhcevqt{"PSVu"tgockp"kp"gornq{ogpv"kp"Uwttg{"uejqqnu"kp"vjgkt"ugeqpf"{gct"kp"vgcejkpi""Qxgt"72'"qh"PSVu"cvvgpfgf"ygneqog"oggvkpiu"cpf" vjgtg"ycu"322'"uweeguu" tcvg"hqt" PSVu" eqorngvkpi" vjgkt" kpfwevkqp" rgtkqf0" Cnn" pgyn{" tgikuvgtgf" PSVu" ygtg"ygneqogf" kpvq" Uwttg{0" Gfkvkqp" 7" qh" vjg" PSV" Rgtuqpcn" Fgxgnqrogpv" Rqtvhqnkq" jcu"dggp"rwdnkujgf." tghngevkpi" vjg"wrfcvgf"Pcvkqpcn"Uvcpfctfu" hqt" Kpfwevkqp0"Vjgtg"jcu"dggp"gzegnngpv"hggfdcem"htqo"vjg"Vgcejgt"Vtckpkpi"Cigpe{"yjq"pqy"fkuugokpcvg"vjg"fqewogpv" cu" cp" gzgornct" qh" iqqf" rtcevkeg0" Vjg" uwooct{" hkpfkpiu" qh" vjg" swcnkv{"cuuwtcpeg"rtqitcoog"jcxg"dggp"fkuugokpcvgf"vq"uejqqnu0"""G5<""Ngcfgtujkr"cpf"Ocpcigogpv"Mg{"Qdlgevkxg<""Vq"gpuwtg"vjcv"c"uvtwevwtgf."eqjgtgpv"htcogyqtm"qh"rtqhguukqpcn"fgxgnqrogpv"uwrrqtvu"vjg"tgetwkvogpv1tgvgpvkqp"qh"jgcfvgcejgtu1ugpkqt"ngcfgtu"kp"cnn"rjcugu""Cnn" pgy" jgcfvgcejgtu" ygtg" kpxqnxgf" kp" vjg" pgy" pcvkqpcn" Jgcfvgcejgt" Kpfwevkqp"Rtqitcoog"*JKR+0"Vjg"Pcvkqpcn"Eqnngig"qh"Uejqqn"Ngcfgtujkr" kpkvkcvkxg"qp"Pgvyqtm"Ngctpkpi" Eqoowpkvkgu" ycu" fgnc{gf" dwv" ku" pqy" wpfgtyc{" hqt" ugxgp" UNF" uejqqnu0"Vjg"Rwrkn"Tghgttcn"Wpkvu"Ngcfgtujkr"Rtqitcoog" ku"wpfgt"fgxgnqrogpv0"Uwrrqtv" hqt"uejqqn" ngcfgtu"jcu"dggp"rtqoqvgf"cpf"crrnkecvkqpu" vq" vjg"PRSJ"rtqitcoog"jcxg"dggp"uwrrqtvgf0"Gzgornctu"qh"iqqf"rtcevkeg"jcxg"dggp"ektewncvgf"vjtqwij"ERF"eq/qtfkpcvqt" pgvyqtmu" cpf" vjg" pgyn{" hqtogf" ERF" Uvtcvgi{" itqwr0" Vjg" Gzgewvkxg"Jgcfvgcejgt"rtqitcoog"vqqm"rnceg"kp"vjg"cwvwop"vgto"ykvj";7'"ucvkuhcevkqp"ueqtgu"htqo"rctvkekrcpvu0""G6<""Eqpvkpwkpi"Rtqhguukqpcn"Fgxgnqrogpv"cpf"Rgthqtocpeg"Ocpcigogpv"Uvtcvgike"Fgxgnqrogpv"Htcogyqtm"Mg{"Qdlgevkxg<"Vq"uwrrqtv"cpf"ejcnngpig"uejqqnu"kp"gxqnxkpi"c"eqjgtgpv"crrtqcej"vq"ERF"vjcv"korcevu"qp"uejqqn"kortqxgogpv"cpf"gpjcpegu"rtqhguukqpcn"fgxgnqrogpv"cpf"gzrgtvkug0"Vq"hwtvjgt"fgxgnqr"c"eqortgjgpukxg"ngcfkpi"gfig"tcpig"qh"ERF"qrrqtvwpkvkgu"vjcv"rtqoqvg"eqjgtgpeg."ceetgfkvcvkqp"cpf"ectggt"rtqitguukqp0""C"ERF"uvcmgjqnfgt"itqwr"ku"yqtmkpi"enqugn{"ykvj"vjg"NGC"vq"fgxgnqr"c"pgy"gzekvkpi"uvtcvgike" fktgevkqp" hqt"ERF" kp" nkpg"ykvj" ejcpikpi" uejqqn" rgturgevkxgu0" Vjg" uvtcvgi{"hqewugu" qp" cnn" curgevu" qh" ERF." cpf" rtqlgevu" uwej" cu" vjg" ugeqpf" gfkvkqp" qh" vjg"Rgtuqpcn" Fgxgnqrogpv" Rqtvhqnkq" jcu" dggp" uwduwogf" kpvq" vjg" yqtm" qh" vjg" itqwr0"Vjtgg" Dguv" Rtcevkeg" Uejqnctujkru" ygtg" cyctfgf" cpf" dguv" rtcevkeg" gzgornctu" ctg"dgkpi" fgxgnqrgf0" Cnn" uejqqnu" tgswguvkpi" uwrrqtv" hqt" Cfxcpegf" Umknnu" Vgcejgt"fgxgnqrogpv"ygtg"qhhgtgf"cfxkeg"cpf"uwrrqtv0"""G7<""Uejqqn"Yqtmhqteg"Fgxgnqrogpv"Uvtcvgi{"Mg{"Qdlgevkxg<""Vq"uwrrqtv"cpf"ejcnngpig"uejqqnu"kp"gxqnxkpi"c"eqjgtgpv"crrtqcej"vq"vjg"fgxgnqrogpv"qh"vjgkt"yqtm"hqteg"vgcou0"Vq"kortqxg"vjg"swcnkv{"cpf"cxckncdknkv{"qh"vtckpkpi"cpf"fgxgnqrogpv"hqt"uejqqn"uwrrqtv"uvchh0""Gzvgpukxg" eqpuwnvcvkqp" ykvj" uejqqnu." rtqhguukqpcn" cuuqekcvkqpu" cpf" wpkqpu" jcu"gpuwtgf"ghhgevkxg"fkuugokpcvkqp"qh"vjg"Yqtmhqteg"Tgoqfgnnkpi"kpkvkcvkxgu"vjtqwij"vjg"ygdukvg" cpf" c" tcpig" qh" hceg/vq/hceg" gxgpvu0" Kpfwevkqp" eqwtugu" hqt" pgy" vgcejkpi"cuukuvcpvu"*VCu+"cpf"ceetgfkvgf"vtckpkpi"hqt"gzrgtkgpegf"VCu"ygtg"ygnn"tgegkxgf"cpf"vjg"gzrgtkgpegu"jkijn{"xcnwgf0"Cnn"urgekcnkuv"vgcejgt"vtckpkpi"hqt"eqnngciwgu"htqo"vjg"Rj{ukecn" cpf" Ugpuqt{" Uwrrqtv" Ugtxkeg" ku" qp" vctigv" hqt" uweeguuhwn" eqorngvkqp0"Urgekcnkuv" vtckpkpi"qrrqtvwpkvkgu"jcxg"dggp"fgxgnqrgf" vq" ecvgt" hqt" vjg"fgxgnqrogpv"pggfu"qh"uejqqn"vgejpkekcpu0"

Page 25: Sect 1 1 Foreword + Contents · HQTGYQTF" " Gctnkgt" vjku" {gct." K" ugv" qwv" o{" eqookvogpv" cu" Gzgewvkxg" Ogodgt" hqt" Ejknftgp" cpf" [qwpi" Rgqrng" vq" qwt" rqnke{" rtqrqukvkqpu

GFRKK<"[gct"6" 39" "

RQUV"QHUVGF"CEVKQP"RNCP<"RTQITGUU"TGRQTV"HQT"OCTEJ"4226""Vjg"kpurgevkqp"qh"vjg"NGC"kp"Lcpwct{"4225"eqphktogf"vjg"Eqwpekn‚u"uvcvwu"cu"c"jkij"rgthqtokpi"cpf"gzvtgogn{"kppqxcvkxg"nqecn"gfwecvkqp"cwvjqtkv{."yjkej"ku"oggvkpi"cnn"qh"kvu" uvcvwvqt{" tgswktgogpvu0"Vjg" tgrqtv" uvcvgf." ›vjg"NGC"mpqyu" kvugnh" cpf" kvu" uejqqnu"ygnn" cpf" ku" c" iqqf" NGCfi0" Kvu" eqoogpfcvkqp" tghngevu" vjg" uweeguu" qh" vjg" Eqwpv{"Eqwpekn‚u" Eqortgjgpukxg" Rgthqtocpeg" Cuuguuogpv" ecttkgf" qwv" d{" vjg" Cwfkv"Eqookuukqp" kp" yjkej" vjg" Eqwpekn" ycu" cyctfgf" c" vjtgg" uvct" tcvkpi" *vjg" jkijguv"ecvgiqt{+"hqt"vjg"rgthqtocpeg"qh"kvu"gfwecvkqp"ugtxkeg"cpf"kvu"ecrcekv{"vq"kortqxg0"""Vjg" QhUVGF" tgrqtv" rtckugf" Uwttg{‚u" uwrrqtv" hqt" kvu" uejqqnu." rctvkewnctn{" hqt" vjqug"ecwukpi" eqpegtp." kvu" wug" qh" rgthqtocpeg" fcvc." yqtm" qp" uwrrqtvkpi" uejqqn"kortqxgogpv"cpf"vjg"ngcfgtujkr"qh"kvu"ugpkqt"qhhkegtu0"Kv"cnuq"eqoogpfgf"vjg"NGC"cu"fgoqpuvtcvkpi" uqog" qh" vjg" xgt{" dguv" crrtqcejgu" vq" eqjgtgpv" rctvpgtujkr"yqtm" hqt"gfwecvkqp" cpf" chhktogf" ›c" iqqf" rctvpgtujkr" ykvj" vjg" eqwpv{‚u" uejqqnu" ku" vjg"hqwpfcvkqp"qh"vjku"uweeguufi0""Vjg"kpurgevqtu"jkijnkijvgf"ukz"ctgcu"hqt"hwtvjgt"fgxgnqrogpv<"

• Uvtgpivjgp"uwrrqtv"hqt"uejqqnu"kp"eqodcvkpi"tcekuo"• Urgekh{"vjg"rqukvkqp"qp"uqekcn"kpenwukqp"• Ocmg"hwnn"wug"qh"fcvc"cv"Mg{"Uvcig"5"vq"kfgpvkh{"cpf"cfftguu"cvvckpogpv"kuuwgu"

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uvtcvgi{"• Uvtgpivjgp"uwrrqtv"hqt"ikhvgf"cpf"vcngpvgf"rwrknu"• Oqpkvqt"vjg"pgy"rtqrgtv{"ocpcigogpv"eqpvtcev"vq"gpuwtg"kortqxgf"swcnkv{"kp"

vjg"ugtxkegu"rtqxkfgf"hqt"uejqqnu0"

Vjg"Uwttg{"Rquv"QhUVGF"Cevkqp"Rncp"ycu"ytkvvgp"kp"Cwiwuv"4225."kp"tgurqpug"vq"vjg"ukz"ctgcu"hqt"fgxgnqrogpv"kfgpvkhkgf"kp"vjg"NGC"Kpurgevkqp"qh"Lcpwct{"42250"Vjg"rncp"ugv" qwv" kp" fgvckn" vjg" cevkxkvkgu." uweeguu" etkvgtkc" cpf" oknguvqpgu" cnqpi" ykvj" vjg"uvtcvgikgu" hqt" oqpkvqtkpi" cpf" gxcnwcvkqp" hqt" gcej" tgeqoogpfcvkqp0" Vjku" tgrqtv"qwvnkpgu"vjg"rtqitguu"ocfg"qp"gcej"tgeqoogpfcvkqp"kp"vjg"hktuv"ugxgp"oqpvju"qh"vjg"rncp0"Qh"vjg"42"oknguvqpgu."yjkej"ctg"tgrqtvgf"jgtg."32"jcxg"dggp"hwnn{"ogv."ugxgp"rctvkcnn{"ogv."cpf"vjtgg"jcf"pqv"dggp"ogv"d{"Octej"42260""Tgeqoogpfcvkqp"3<"Eqodcvkpi"tcekuo"QhUVGF"pqvgf"vjcv"›vjg"NGC"jcf"ocfg"tgegpv"rtqitguu"kp"kvu"yqtm"vq"eqodcv"tcekuo"cpf"rtqxkukqp" ku"ucvkuhcevqt{0"Jqygxgt." vjg"cwvjqtkv{"ycu"unqy"vq"cfftguu"vjku" kuuwg"cpf"owej"uvknn"pggfu"vq"dg"fqpg"vq"vcemng"uqog"ukipkhkecpv"ujqtveqokpiu0fi""""Vjku"tgrqtv"vguvkhkgu"vq"vjg"coqwpv"qh"cevkxkv{"dgkpi"wpfgtvcmgp"ewttgpvn{"vq"oggv"vjgug"eqpegtpu"cpf"uvtcvgikgu"ctg"kp"rnceg"vq"oggv"cp{"rctvkcnn{"cejkgxgf"oknguvqpgu"d{"vjg"gpf"qh" vjku" {gct0"Iwkfcpeg" hqt" uejqqnu" qp" vcemnkpi" cpf" tgrqtvkpi" tcekuv" kpekfgpvu" ku"pqy"kp"rnceg."gpcdnkpi"vjg"eqwpekn"vq"oggv"vjg"tgeqoogpfcvkqpu"qh"vjg"Ocerjgtuqp"tgrqtv"kpvq"vjg"fgcvj"qh"Uvgrjgp"Ncytgpeg0"""

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GFRKK<"[gct"6" 3:" "

Tgeqoogpfcvkqp"4<"Uqekcn"Kpenwukqp"QhUVGF" tgrqtvgf" ›vjg"NGC"jcu"cp"wpgswkxqecn" uvcpeg"qp"uqekcn" kpenwukqp0" Kv" ikxgu"engct"oguucigu" vq" kvu" uejqqnu" vjtqwij" kvu" citggf" htcogyqtm" qp"yc{u" qh"yqtmkpi0fi0"Vjg"tgrqtv"pqvgf"vjcv"vjgtg"ku"pq"qxgtctejkpi"rqnke{"uvcvgogpv."yjkej"rwnnu"vqigvjgt"cpf"ocmgu" gzrnkekv" vjg" NGC‚u" gzrgevcvkqpu."ykvj" vjg" tguwnv" vjcv" uqog" uejqqnu" vcmg"kpcrrtqrtkcvg"cevkqp."hqt"gzcorng"tgictfkpi"cfokuukqpu0""""Kp" tgurqpug" vq" vjku" tgeqoogpfcvkqp." c" uvggtkpi" itqwr" jcu" ftchvgf" c" uvcvgogpv."ftcykpi"qp"vjg"gzrgtvkug"qh"c"ykfg"tcpig"qh"uvcmgjqnfgtu0"Rncpu"hqt"eqpuwnvcvkqp"yknn"dg" fgekfgf" kp" Lwpg." cpf" kv" ku" cpvkekrcvgf" vjcv" vjg" ugeqpf" oknguvqpg" hqt" vjku"tgeqoogpfcvkqp"yknn"dg"cejkgxgf"kp"Ugrvgodgt"42260""Tgeqoogpfcvkqp"5<"Mg{"Uvcig"5"QhUVGF" pqvgf" vjcv" ›vjg" NGC‚u" ewttgpv" Mg{" Uvcig" 5" ugnh/gxcnwcvkqp" rtqegfwtgu" hqt"uejqqnu" hqewu" crrtqrtkcvgn{" qp" cvvgpfcpeg" cpf" gzenwukqp" kuuwgu0"Jqygxgt." fcvc" ku"pqv"wvknkugf" hwnn{" vq" kfgpvkh{" tgncvgf"cvvckpogpv"eqpegtpu0"Cnvjqwij" vjg"cvvgpfcpeg"qh"rwrknu" kp" ugeqpfct{" uejqqnu" ku" cdqxg" vjg" pcvkqpcn" cxgtcig." vjgtg" ku" eqpukfgtcdng"xctkcvkqp" kp"[gct";" hkiwtgu"”"gswcnn{."cnvjqwij"rgtocpgpv"gzenwukqpu" kp"ugeqpfct{"uejqqnu"ctg"kp"nkpg"ykvj"pcvkqpcn"cxgtcigu."nqecn"fcvc"kpfkecvg"c"tkug"kp"4223/4224"kp"vjtgg"qh"vjg"hqwt"ctgcu"qh"vjg"eqwpv{0fi""Rtqitguu"jcu"dggp"ocfg"kp"vjg"wug"qh"cvvgpfcpeg"cpf"gzenwukqp"fcvc"cu"c"hcevqt"kp"ecvgiqtkukpi" vjg" ngxgn" qh" kpvgtxgpvkqp" cpf" uwrrqtv" rtqxkfgf" hqt" gcej" ugeqpfct{"uejqqn0" Vjg" guvcdnkujogpv" qh" etquu" ugtxkeg" uejqqn" kortqxgogpv" vgcou" cpf"pgvyqtmkpi" dgvyggp" Dgjcxkqwt" cpf" Cvvgpfcpeg" eqpuwnvcpvu" kp" Hqwt" U" cpf" vjg"Gfwecvkqp" Ygnhctg" Vgcou." jcu" rtqxkfgf" qrrqtvwpkvkgu" hqt" rtqhguukqpcnu" vq" ujctg"gzrgtvkug0" Fgekukqpu" uvknn" jcxg" vq" dg"ocfg" cdqwv" vjg" dguv" yc{" qh" ujctkpi" tgngxcpv"fcvc"cetquu"vjg"ugtxkegu0"""Tgeqoogpfcvkqp"6<"Tgetwkvogpv"cpf"Tgvgpvkqp"QhUVGF"tgrqtvgf"vjcv"yqtm"vq"cuuwtg"vjg"uwrrn{"cpf"swcnkv{"qh"vgcejgtu"kp"vjg"ujqtv"vgto"ycu" iqqf" dwv" pqvgf" vjcv" eqtrqtcvg" fgxgnqrogpvu" jcf" dggp" unqy" vq" gogtig0"›Vjg" cdugpeg" qh" eqtrqtcvg" rncpu" vq" cfftguu" ykfgt" gornq{ogpv" kuuwgu." uwej" cu"chhqtfcdng"jqwukpi"cpf"vtcpurqtv."jkpfgt"gpjcpegf"fgxgnqrogpv"qh"vjg"NGC‚u"yqtm"vq"tgvckp"jkij"swcnkv{"uejqqn"uvchh0fi""Vjku"{gct."vjg"Eqwpekn"jcu"kpvtqfwegf"cp"kppqxcvkxg"uejgog"hqt"uwdukfkugf"tgpvcn"cpf"ujctgf" gswkv{" jqwukpi." vq" qrgtcvg" cnqpiukfg" vjg" pcvkqpcn" Mg{" Yqtmgt" Jqwukpi"uejgog0" Vjku." eqodkpgf" ykvj" Hqwt" U" uwrrqtv" hqt" uejqqnu." vjqwij" vjg" Itcfwcvg"Vgcejgt"Uejgog"cpf"Yqtmhqteg"Tgoqfgnnkpi"jcu"tguwnvgf"kp"c"fgetgcug"kp"vgcejkpi"uvchh"vwtpqxgt"qh"50:'0"""Tgeqoogpfcvkqp"7<"Ikhvgf"cpf"Vcngpvgf"QhUVGF" pqvgf" vjcv." yjkng" vjg" uwrrqtv" hqt" ikhvgf" cpf" vcngpvgf" rwrknu" ycu" jkijn{"ucvkuhcevqt{."vjg"ukz"eqpuwnvcpvu"hqt"oqtg"cdng"uwrrqtv"jcf"cffkvkqpcn"tgurqpukdknkvkgu."ykvj" vjg" tguwnv" vjcv" kpuwhhkekgpv" vkog" ycu" dgkpi" ikxgp" vq" kpkvkcvkxgu" hqt" ikhvgf" cpf"vcngpvgf"rwrknu0"""Kp"tgurqpug."c"Ikhvgf"cpf"Vcngpvgf"Rtqlgev"Ocpcigt"jcu"dggp"crrqkpvgf"htqo"Crtkn"42260"C"dtqcf"tcpig"qh"cevkxkvkgu"ctg"wpfgtyc{" vq"uwrrqtv"uejqqnu."dwv" vjg"cwfkv"qh"rtqxkukqp." *oknguvqpg" 4+" cpf" vjg" fkuugokpcvkqp" qh" qrrqtvwpkvkgu" hqt"I(V" rwrknu" jcu"dggp" fgnc{gf." wpvkn" vjg" pgy" crrqkpvogpv" ycu" ocfg0" Vjku" oknguvqpg" yknn" dg"korngogpvgf"dgvyggp"Ugrvgodgt"4226"cpf"Octej"42270"""

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GFRKK<"[gct"6" 3;" "

Tgeqoogpfcvkqp"8<"Rtqrgtv{"Ugtxkegu"QhUVGF" ygtg" cyctg" vjcv" cnvjqwij" rtqrgtv{" ugtxkegu" jcf" kortqxgf" ukpeg" vjg" ncuv"kpurgevkqp." vjgtg" ygtg" uvknn" uqog" tgockpkpi" cpf" ukipkhkecpv" nkokvcvkqpu" vq" dg"cfftguugf."cpf"uejqqnu‚"xkgyu"uvknn" kpfkecvgf"fkuucvkuhcevkqp0"Vjg"tgrqtv"pqvgf"vjcv"c"pgy"eqpvtcev"jcf"dggp"citggf"ykvj"cp"cnvgtpcvkxg"eqpuwnvcpv."ykvj"c"itgcvgt"hqewu"qp"swcnkv{."rgthqtocpeg"ocpcigogpv"cpf"fgxgnqrogpv0""Ewuvqogt" ucvkuhcevkqp" uwtxg{u" kpfkecvg" vjcv" :7'" qh" ewuvqogtu" pqy" tgictf" vjg"fgnkxgt{" qh" rncppgf"ockpvgpcpeg" cpf"okpqt" yqtmu" rtqlgevu" cu" gzegnngpv." cpf" 94'"uejqqnu"hggn"vjcv"ugtxkeg"jcu"kortqxgf0"Vjg"Korngogpvcvkqp"Rncp"htqo"vjg"Dguv"Xcnwg"tgxkgy" qh" Rtqrgtv{" Ugtxkegu" yknn" tqnn" qwv" kp" gctn{" 4227." cpf" ku" kpvgpfgf" vq" ugewtg"kpvgitcvkqp"dgvyggp"vjg"xctkqwu"rctvu"qh"vjg"ugtxkeg"ykvj"vjg"vtcpuhgt"qh"vjg"rtqrgtv{"ocpcigogpv"hwpevkqp"htqo"E[R"vq"Rtqrgtv{"Ugtxkegu0"""Tguqwtegu""•82.222"ycu"cnnqecvgf"hqt"vjg"korngogpvcvkqp"qh"vjg"Cevkqp"Rncp"kp"4225142260"""Htqo" Crtkn" 4226." vjg" tgswktgogpvu" qh" vjg" Cevkqp" Rncp" jcxg" dggp" tghngevgf" kp" vjg"tgngxcpv" uvtcvgike" NGC" rncpu." gpuwtkpi" vjcv" vjg" tgeqoogpfcvkqpu" ctg" kpvgitcvgf"ykvjkp"qwt"qxgtctejkpi"uvtcvgikgu"hqt"eqpvkpwqwu"kortqxgogpv0"""Gxcnwcvkqp""Kp" cffkvkqp" vq" c" hqtocn" tgrqtv" kp" Octej" 4227." kv" ku" kpvgpfgf" vjcv" rtqitguu" yknn" dg"oqpkvqtgf"vjtqwij"tgiwnct"tgrqtvu."cpcn{uku"qh"fcvc"cpf"ewuvqogt"uwtxg{u."cu"ugv"qwv"kp"oqtg"fgvckn"kp"vjg"Rquv"QhUVGF"Cevkqp"Rncp"Cwiwuv"42250"""""

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GFRKK<"[gct"6" 42" "

QXGTXKGY"QH"RGTHQTOCPEG"CETQUU"MG["UVCIGU"4225126""Vjtqwij"vjg"korngogpvcvkqp"qh"vjg"Pcvkqpcn"Uvtcvgikgu."vjg"jkij"uvcpfctfu"rtgxkqwun{"cejkgxgf"d{"Uwttg{" uejqqnu" jcxg." kp" igpgtcn." dggp" uwuvckpgf"cpf" kortqxgf" kp" vjg"422516" cecfgoke" {gct" hqt" Mg{" Uvcigu" 3." 4" cpf" 50" Mg{" Uvcig" 6" jcu" uggp" c"fkucrrqkpvkpi"{gct."dwv"ykvj"vjg"gzrcpukqp"qh"vjg"Mg{"Uvcig"5"Pcvkqpcn"Uvtcvgi{"cpf"vjg"ykfgt"crrnkecvkqp"qh"kvu"vgejpkswgu."tguwnvu"ujqwnf"dgikp"vq"ugg"cp"wr/vwtp0""Tguwnvu"ctg"eqorctgf"cickpuv" ncuv"{gct‚u"cejkgxgogpvu."pcvkqpcn/ngxgn"uvcvkuvkeu"cpf"uvcvwvqt{" cpf" nqecn" vctigvu0" Vjg" vcdngu" dgnqy" cnuq" kpfkecvg" vjg" fkuvcpeg" dgvyggp"cevwcn"rwrkn"rgthqtocpeg"cpf"vjg"vctigvu"vjcv"ygtg"ugv"hqt"42260"Vjg"NGC"ku"okpfhwn"qh" vjg" rgthqtocpeg" qh" kvu" uejqqnu" cickpuv" vctigvu" cpf" ku" eqpvkpwcnn{" tghkpkpi" kvu"rtqeguugu"vq"gpcdng"uejqqnu" vq"yqtm" vqyctfu"vctigvu" vjcv"ctg"ugpukdng"dwv"ockpvckp"cp"gngogpv"qh"ejcnngpig0"Kp"qtfgt"vq"jgnr"enctkh{"vjg"cpcn{ugu."vjg"hqnnqykpi"u{odqnu"jcxg"dggp"wugf<"""Vcdng"<""Mg{"vq"ujqy"fgitgg"qh"kortqxgogpv"Ngxgn"qh"Kortqxgogpv" Fgitgg"qh"ejcpig"Kortqxgogpv"kp"gzeguu"qh"7'" "Kortqxgogpv"wpfgt"7'" "Kfgpvkecn"rgthqtocpeg"vq"ncuv"{gct" "Fgenkpg."wpfgt"7'" "Fgenkpg."kp"gzeguu"qh"7'" ""Cddtgxkcvkqpu"jcxg"dggp"wugf" vq" kpfkecvg" uqog"qh" vjg"uvcpfctf"ogcuwtgu"wugf" kp"vjg"rgthqtocpeg"vcdngu"kuuwgf"d{"vjg"FhGU0"Hqt"kpuvcpeg." fl'"Ngxgn"4-‚"tghgtu"vq"vjg"rgtegpvcig"qh"rwrknu"cvvckpkpi"Ngxgn"4"cpf"cdqxg" kp"c"pcvkqpcn"ewttkewnwo" vguv0"Vjg"iqxgtpogpv"fggou"vjcv."kfgcnn{."cu"ocp{"ejknftgp"cu"rquukdng"ujqwnf"tgcej"Ngxgn"4-"cv"Mg{"Uvcig"3."ujqwnf"tgcej"Ngxgn"6-"cv"Mg{"Uvcig"4."cpf"ujqwnf"tgcej"Ngxgn"7-"cv"Mg{"Uvcig"50""Hqwpfcvkqp"Uvcig"Rtqhkng"Uejqqnu"jcf"c"uvcvwvqt{"fwv{"vq"tgrqtv"qp"vjg"Hqwpfcvkqp"Uvcig"Rtqhkng"cv"vjg"gpf"qh"vjg"Tgegrvkqp"{gct"hqt"vjg"ugeqpf"vkog"kp"Lwpg"42260"Vjku"cuuguuogpv"rtqeguu"ku"kp"vjg"xgt{"gctn{"uvcigu"qh"korngogpvcvkqp"cpf"kv"ku"c"xgt{"fkhhgtgpv"cuuguuogpv"htqo"vjg"rtgxkqwu"›Uwttg{"Dcugnkpg"Cuuguuogpvfi0"Cu"c"tguwnv"cpcn{uku" ku" nkokvgf."cpf"kv" ku"pqv"rquukdng"{gv"vq"fq"c"tqdwuv"{gct⁄qp/{gct"eqorctkuqp."gkvjgt"pcvkqpcnn{"qt"kp"Uwttg{0"""C"hwtvjgt"eqornkecvkqp"hqt"4226"jcu"dggp"pcvkqpcn"kuuwgu"ykvj"vjg"eqnngevkqp"qh"fcvc="ykvj"eqnngevkqp"dgkpi"fgnc{gf"wpvkn"vjg"gpf"qh"Pqxgodgt0"Kpfkecvkqpu"ctg"vjcv"uejqqnu"ctg" hkpfkpi" vjg"fcvc"jgnrhwn" kp"cuuguukpi"ejknftgp"cickpuv" vjg"Gctn{"Ngctpkpi"Iqcnu"cpf"ctg"wukpi"vjg"kphqtocvkqp"vq"kphqto"ngctpkpi"cpf"vgcejkpi"kp"[gct"30""

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GFRKK<"[gct"6" 43" "

Mg{"Uvcig"3""Vjg" qxgtcnn" rkevwtg" cv" Mg{" Uvcig" 3" ku" gzvtgogn{" rqukvkxg0" Yjgp" eqorctgf" vq" ncuv"{gct‚u"hkiwtgu."Uwttg{"rwrknu"ujqy"kortqxgogpv"cetquu"cnn"uwdlgevu"htqo"c"jkij"dcug0"Kp" cffkvkqp."Uwttg{" rwrknu" rgthqto"cdqxg" vjg" pcvkqpcn" cxgtcig" hqt" cnn" uwdlgevu0" Vjg"qpn{"vctigvu"pqv"cejkgxgf"ygtg"tgcfkpi"cpf"ytkvkpi"cv"Ngxgn"40""Vcdng<""Mg{"Uvcig"3"Tguwnvu"Qxgtxkgy"hqt"4226"

Cvvckpogpv"ngxgn" Uwdlgev"

Eqorctgf"vq"Ncuv"[gct"

Eqorctgf"vq"vjg"Pcvkqpcn"Cxgtcig"

Fkhhgtgpeg"vq"nqecn"vctigv"

Tgcfkpi" "*-209'+" *-605'+" " */403'+"

Ytkvkpi" "*-20;'+" *-60;'+" " */405'+"

Ocvjgocvkeu" "*-205'+" *-502'+" "*-302'+"'"Ngxgn"4"-"

Uekgpeg" "*-207'+" *-50:'+" P1C"

Tgcfkpi" "*-405'+" *-3408'+" P1C"

Ytkvkpi" "*-303'+" *-904'+" P1C"

Ocvjgocvkeu" "*-503'+" *-707'+" P1C"'"Ngxgn"4D"-"

Uekgpeg" P1C" P1C" P1C"

Tgcfkpi" "*-306'+" *-;03'+" "*-60;'+"

Ytkvkpi" "*-506'+" *-505'+" "*-604'+"

Ocvjgocvkeu" "*-20;'+" *-:0:'+" *-906'+"'"Ngxgn"5"-"

Uekgpeg" "*-407'+" *-;0:'+" P1C"Source: PAIC aggregated data from FOUR S data feed. National data from DfES Key Stage 1 2004 Statistical First Release. ""Mg{"Uvcig"4"Cickp." vjg"qxgtcnn" rkevwtg"cv"Mg{"Uvcig"4" ku"gzvtgogn{"rqukvkxg0"Yjgp"eqorctgf" vq"ncuv" {gct‚u" hkiwtgu." Uwttg{" rwrknu" ujqy" kortqxgogpv" cetquu" cnn" uwdlgevu." ykvj" vjg"gzegrvkqp" qh" uekgpeg" cv" Ngxgn" 6-0" Kp" cffkvkqp." Uwttg{" rwrknu" rgthqto" cdqxg" vjg"pcvkqpcn"cxgtcig"hqt"cnn"uwdlgevu0"Kp"vgtou"qh"vctigvu."pqpg"jcxg"dggp"ogv"tghngevkpi"vjg"jkij"ngxgn"qh"ejcnngpig"kp"vjg"vctigvu"ugv"hqt"Uwttg{"d{"vjg"FhGU0""Vcdng<""Mg{"Uvcig"4"Tguwnvu"Qxgtxkgy"hqt"4226"

Cvvckpogpv"ngxgn" Uwdlgev"

Eqorctgf"vq"Ncuv"[gct"

Eqorctgf"vq"vjg"Pcvkqpcn"Cxgtcig"

Fkhhgtgpeg"vq"FhGU"vctigv"

Gpinkuj" "*-506'+" *-:'+" *2'+"

Ocvjgocvkeu" "*-303'+" *-8'+" */6'+"'"Ngxgn"6"-"

Uekgpeg" "*/207'+" *-7'+" P1C"

Gpinkuj" "*-509'+" *-32'+" */7'+"

Ocvjgocvkeu" "*-408'+" *-9'+" */4'+"'"Ngxgn"7-"

Uekgpeg" "*-405'+" *-32'+" P1C"Source: DfES Key Stage 2 Statistical First Release (Revised) ""

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GFRKK<"[gct"6" 44" "

Mg{"Uvcig"5"Cv"Mg{"Uvcig"5."cickp"vjg"oclqtkv{"qh"uwdlgevu"jcxg"ujqyp"cp"kpetgcug"tgncvkxg"vq"ncuv"{gct."ykvj"vjg"gzegrvkqp"qh"uekgpeg0"Vjg"ftqr"kp"uekgpeg"tguwnvu"oc{"dg"ecwugf"d{"c"ejcpig" kp" swguvkqp" uv{ng." ykvj" c" ujkhv" htqo" tgecnn" vq" fgfwevkqp" qh" kphqtocvkqp0"Eqorctgf"vq"vjg"pcvkqpcn"cxgtcig."cnn"uwdlgevu"rgthqto"cdqxg"vjku0"Cickp."kp"vgtou"qh"vctigvu."pqpg"jcxg"dggp"ogv"tghngevkpi"gctnkgt"eqoogpvu"qp"vjg"coqwpv"qh"ejcnngpig"kpxqnxgf0""Vcdng<""Mg{"Uvcig"5"Tguwnvu"Qxgtxkgy"hqt"4226"

Cvvckpogpv"ngxgn" Uwdlgev"

Eqorctgf"vq"Ncuv"[gct"

Eqorctgf"vq"vjg"Pcvkqpcn"Cxgtcig"

Fkhhgtgpeg"vq"FhGU"vctigv"

Gpinkuj" "*-404'+" *-:02'+" "*/602'+"

Ocvjgocvkeu" "*-305'+" *-802'+" "*/502'+"

Uekgpeg" "*/406'+" *-:02'+" "*/602'+"'"Ngxgn"7-"

KEV" "*-20;'+" *-505'+" "*/906'+"

Gpinkuj" "*-409'+" *-3202'+" P1C"

Ocvjgocvkeu" "*-505'+" *-:02'+" P1C"

Uekgpeg" "*/809'+" *-:02'+" P1C"'"Ngxgn"8-"

KEV" "*/20;'+" *202'+" P1C"Source: DfES Key Stage 3 Statistical First Release (Revised). Reading, Writing and ICT sourced from PAIC aggregated

provisional data. ""Mg{"Uvcig"6"Cv"Mg{"Uvcig"6"tguwnvu"ctg"fkucrrqkpvkpi0"Chvgt"hkxg"eqpugewvkxg"{gctu"qh"cp"kpetgcug"kp"vjg"rgtegpvcig"qh"rwrknu"ickpkpi"7-"C,/E."vjku"{gct"ucy"c"fgenkpg0"Ukoknctn{"vjgtg"ycu" c" uocnn" fgetgcug" kp" qvjgt"ogcuwtgu." ykvj" vjg" pqvcdng" gzegrvkqp" qh" 3-" C,/I30"Yjkng" vjg" Uwttg{" tguwnvu" tgockp" cdqxg" vjg" pcvkqpcn" cxgtcig." uwej" c" fgenkpg" ku" c"ecwug"hqt"eqpegtp"cpf"vjg"hwvwtg"gzrcpukqp"qh"vjg"Mg{"Uvcig"5"Pcvkqpcn"Uvtcvgi{"vq"c"Ugeqpfct{"Pcvkqpcn"Uvtcvgi{"oc{"jgnr" vctigv" uwrrqtv" cpf" hwpfkpi" vq"Mg{"Uvcig"60"Ugv"cickpuv"vjku"ku"vjg"ygneqog"kpetgcug"kp"vjg"ngxgn"qh"cejkgxgogpv"kp"ocvjgocvkeu0"Qvjgt" uwdlgevu" vjcv" jcxg" cnuq" ujqyp" cp" kpetgcug" kp" tguwnvu" kpenwfg" rj{ukecn"gfwecvkqp."owuke."ftcoc"cpf"vjgcvtg"uvwfkgu"cpf"ctv"cpf"fgukip0""Vcdng<""Mg{"Uvcig"6"Tguwnvu"Qxgtxkgy"hqt"4226""

IEUG"'"

Uwttg{"Eqorctgf"vq"Ncuv"[gct"

Eqorctgf"vq"vjg"Pcvkqpcn"Cxgtcig"

Fkhhgtgpeg"vq"FhGU"vctigv"

'"7-"C,/E" 7:08" "*/20:'+" "*-808'+" "*/706'+"'"7-"C,/I" ;304" "*/203'+" "*-308'+" P1C"'"7-"C,/I" kpenwfkpi"Gpinkuj"cpf"ocvju"

:;04" "*/305'+" "*-308'+" "*/90:'+"

'"3-"C,/I" ;807" "*-205'+" "*-205'+" P1C"Source: DfES Key Stage 4 Statistical First Release. ""

"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3"Pqvg<""Vjg"Mg{"Uvcig"6"tguwnvu"vjku"{gct"kpenwfgf"c"ykfgt"tcpig"qh"IEUG"gswkxcngpv"swcnkhkecvkqpu"vjcp"rtgxkqwu"{gctu."cu"oqtg"xqecvkqpcn"uwdlgevu"ygtg"kpenwfgf0"

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GFRKK<"[gct"6" 45" "

Rquv"38"Vjg" cxgtcig" WECU" rqkpvu" ueqtg" hqt" uvwfgpvu" kp" {gct" 34." 35" qt" 36" gpvgtgf" hqt"IEG1XEG"C1CU"Ngxgn"5"swcnkhkecvkqpu" kp"Uwttg{"ockpvckpgf"uejqqnu"cpf"eqnngigu" ku"488080" Vjku" eqorctgu" vq" vjg" pcvkqpcn"ockpvckpgf" ugevqt" cxgtcig" qh" 47807" cpf" ncuv"{gct‚u" Uwttg{" cxgtcig" qh" 4790:0" Vjku" ku" 3203" rqkpvu" *50;'+" cdqxg" vjg" pcvkqpcn"cxgtcig"cpf"cp"kortqxgogpv"qh":0:"rqkpvu"*506'+"qp"ncuv"{gct0"""Vjg" cxgtcig" rqkpvu" ueqtg" rgt" gpvt{" hqt"IEG1XEG"C1CU" Ngxgn" 5" swcnkhkecvkqpu" jcu"cnuq" kpetgcugf" htqo" 9906" " *WECU" rqkpvu+" vq" 9:020" Vjku" eqorctgu" vq" vjg" pcvkqpcn"ockpvckpgf"ugevqt"cxgtcig"qh"970:0"Vjgug"tguwnvu"tgrtgugpv"c"hwtvjgt"kortqxgogpv"qp"ncuv" {gct" cpf" ctg" vjg" dguv" gxgt" tguwnv" hqt" Uwttg{" uejqqnu" cpf" eqnngigu" kp" vjg"ockpvckpgf"ugevqt0"""Oqtg" fgvckngf" kphqtocvkqp" cdqwv" rwrkn" cvvckpogpv" ku" rtqxkfgf" kp" vjg" Uejqqn"Rgthqtocpeg"Tgrqtv"hqt"4226."vq"dg"rwdnkujgf"kp"Crtkn"42270"""Cvvgpfcpeg""Rtkoct{"Uejqqnu<"""Fwtkpi" 4225126" yg" jcxg" uggp" c" oclqt" kortqxgogpv" kp" qxgtcnn" cvvgpfcpeg." ykvj"Rtkoct{" Uejqqnu" cejkgxkpi" ;60:7'" cvvgpfcpeg" cpf" c" 2045" rgtegpvcig" rqkpvu"tgfwevkqp" kp" cdugpeg."yjkej" tgrtgugpvu" vjg" itgcvguv" kortqxgogpv" kp" cvvgpfcpeg" kp"vjg" rcuv" hqwt" {gctu0" Cwvjqtkugf" cdugpeg" tgfwegf" d{" 203;" rgtegpvcig" rqkpvu" cpf"wpcwvjqtkugf"cdugpeg"d{"207"rgtegpvcig"rqkpvu0""Kortqxgogpvu"kp"cvvgpfcpeg"kp"Rtkoct{"Uejqqnu"oc{"kp"rctv"dg"fwg"vq"egpvtcn"hwpfkpi"vq" rtqxkfg" tgyctfu" cpf" kpegpvkxgu0" Vjg" uejqqnu" kpxqnxgf" citggf" vq" fkurnc{" vjgkt"uejqqn‚u" cvvgpfcpeg" vctigv" cpf" itcrju" vq" ogcuwtg" rtqitguu0" Vjg{" cnuq" citggf" vq"godgf"vjg"rtcevkeg"ykvjkp"vjgkt"uejqqn‚u"Cvvgpfcpeg"Rqnke{0"Ukipkhkecpv"kortqxgogpvu"kp" cvvgpfcpeg" ygtg" ugewtgf" ykvj" c" 2058" rgtegpvcig" kortqxgogpv" kp" cvvgpfcpeg"eqorctgf"vq"c"203;'"rgtegpvcig"kortqxgogpv"kp"uejqqnu"yjq"fkf"pqv"rctvkekrcvg"kp"vjg"uejgog0"

"Urgekcn"Uejqqnu<"""Oclqt" kortqxgogpvu" kp" cvvgpfcpeg"ygtg" cnuq" ugewtgf" kp" qwt" Urgekcn" Uejqqnu" ykvj"cvvgpfcpeg"kp"4225126"qh";2027'."cp"kpetgcug"kp"cvvgpfcpeg"qh"209"rgtegpvcig"rqkpvu"htqo"42241250"Cwvjqtkugf"cdugpeg"tgfwegf"d{"207"rgtegpvcig"rqkpvu"htqo"42241250"Cwvjqtkugf" cdugpeg" tgfwegf" d{" 207" rgtegpvcig" rqkpvu" cpf" wpcwvjqtkugf" d{" 2043"rgtegpvcig" rqkpvu0" Vjku" tgrtgugpvu" vjg" itgcvguv" kortqxgogpv" kp" cvvgpfcpeg" kp" vjg"rcuv"hqwt"{gctu0""Urgekcn" Uejqqnu" cnuq" rctvkekrcvgf" kp" vjg" tgyctfu" cpf" kpegpvkxgu" uejgog" fgvckngf"cdqxg."cpf"vjku."cnqpiukfg"vjg"vctigvgf"uwrrqtv"qh"vyq"fgfkecvgf"Ygnhctg"Qhhkegtu"hqt"Urgekcn"Uejqqnu."eqpvtkdwvgf"vq"vjg"209'"kpetgcug"kp"cvvgpfcpeg0"

"Ugeqpfct{"Uejqqnu<"""Wphqtvwpcvgn{" c" ukoknct" vtgpf" jcu" pqv" dggp" cejkgxgf" kp" Ugeqpfct{" Uejqqnu" yjgtg";4029'" cvvgpfcpeg" ycu" cejkgxgf." tgrtgugpvkpi" c" tgfwevkqp" kp" cvvgpfcpeg" qh" 203;"rgtegpvcig"rqkpvu" htqo"42241250"Vjku" ku" vjg"itgcvguv" tgfwevkqp" kp"cvvgpfcpeg" kp" vjg"rcuv"vjtgg"{gctu0""Kp" Ugeqpfct{" Uejqqnu" vjg" rtqrqtvkqp" qh" uejqqnu" ceeguukpi" vjg" tgyctfu" cpf"kpegpvkxgu" hwpfkpi" ycu" ukipkhkecpvn{" nguu." cpf" yjknuv" pq" qxgtcnn" kortqxgogpvu" kp"cvvgpfcpeg"ygtg"ugewtgf."qxgtcnn"cvvgpfcpeg"kp"uejqqnu"rctvkekrcvkpi"kp"vjg"uejgog"tgfwegf"d{"2035'"rgtegpvcig"rqkpvu"eqorctgf"vq"205'"rgtegpvcig"rqkpvu"tgfwevkqp"kp"uejqqnu"yjq"fkf"pqv"rctvkekrcvg0""

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GFRKK<"[gct"6" 46" "

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GFRKK<"[gct"6" 47" "

QWT"UVTCVGI["HQT"UEJQQN"KORTQXGOGPV""Vjg"Tqng"qh"Cvvcejgf"Eqpuwnvcpvu"*Hqwt"U+""Rtqlgev"C03"kp"vjg"GFR""Vjg" NGC" jcu" c" uvcvwvqt{" fwv{" vq" oqpkvqt." uwrrqtv." ejcnngpig" cpf" kpvgtxgpg" kp" kvu"uejqqnu0" Vjg" cvvcejgf" eqpuwnvcpvu" rtqxkfg" vjg" eqpfwkv" hqt" vjgug" hwpevkqpu" vjtqwij"vjgkt"vgton{"xkukvu."cpf"yjkej"kphqto"vjg"vgton{"uwoocvkxg"tgrqtvu0"Uwej"mpqyngfig"qh"uejqqnu" vjgp" cnnqyu" vjg" NGC" vq" ecvgiqtkug" vjgkt" uejqqnu" *wukpi" c" eqortgjgpukxg."etquu"ugtxkeg"ugv"qh"kpfkecvqtu+"cpf"rtqxkfg"uwrrqtv"qt"hwtvjgt"ejcnngpig"ceeqtfkpi"vq"pggf"cpf"kp"nkpg"ykvj"vjg"FhGU"Eqfg"qh"Rtcevkeg"qp"kpxgtug"rtqrqtvkqpcnkv{0""Cvvcejgf" eqpuwnvcpvu‚" xkukvu" ctg" ocvejgf" vq" vjg" pggf" qh" vjg" uejqqn0" Uejqqnu" hkpf"vjgug" xkukvu" xgt{" wughwn" *ugg" GFR" 4227/28" eqpuwnvcvkqp" tguwnvu+0" Vjg" cvvcejgf"eqpuwnvcpv" rtqxkfgu" vjg" nkpm" dgvyggp" vjg" uejqqn" cpf" cnn" ugtxkegu" qh" vjg" NGC" cpf"Hqwt"U0"Vjg"iqxgtpogpv"ku"uwiiguvkpi"cnn"uejqqnu"jcxg"uejqqn"kortqxgogpv"rctvpgtu"*UKRu+"⁄"Uwttg{"jcu" vjku"cntgcf{" kp"rnceg" vjtqwij" vjg"cvvcejgf"eqpuwnvcpv" tqng"cpf"jcu"wugf"rtcevkukpi"ugeqpfct{"jgcfvgcejgtu"hqt"ocp{"{gctu"pqy0""Kp" rtkoct{" cpf" urgekcn" uejqqnu" xkukvu" ctg" vgton{" cpf" jcnh" fc{" *vjtgg" jqwtu+=" kp"ugeqpfct{" vjgtg" ctg" " jcnh" fc{" xkukvu" kp" vjg" cwvwop" cpf" urtkpi" cpf" c" ucorng" qh"uejqqnu"ctg"xkukvgf"kp"vjg"uwoogt"vgto0"Vjg"nqygt"vjg"ecvgiqt{"vjg"oqtg"vkog"yknn"dg"ceeqtfgf"vq"uwrrqtv" vjg"uejqqn"gi0"Ecvgiqt{"C"uejqqnu"ctg"kp"cp"QhUVGF"ecvgiqt{"cpf"tgegkxg"oqtg"vkog"cpf"Ecvgiqt{"G"uejqqnu"ctg"nkijv"vqwej"tgegkxkpi"vjg"okpkowo"ukz"vq"pkpg"jqwtu"rgt"cppwo0""Vjg" xkukvu" qh" vjg" ugeqpfct{" eqpuwnvcpvu" gpcdng" iqqf" rtcevkeg" vq" dg" kfgpvkhkgf." cpf"vjgp"fkuugokpcvgf"vjtqwij"rwdnkujgf"uwooctkgu."uwej"cu"xkukvu"kp"vjg"ncuv"vyq"{gctu"hqewukpi"qp"vjg"wug"qh"fcvc"cpf"qp"jqy"uejqqnu"fgcn"ykvj"xctkcvkqpu"kp"fgrctvogpvcn"rgthqtocpeg0"Tgegpv" xkukvu" jcxg"cnuq" gpcdngf" vjg" NGC" vq"oqpkvqt" eqornkcpeg"ykvj"uvcvwvqt{" tgswktgogpvu" hqt" tceg"gswcnkv{0"Ecvgiqtkucvkqp"xkukvu"fgvgtokpg" vjg" ngxgn"qh"uwrrqtv" vjcv" yknn" dg" rtqxkfgf" vq" vjg" uejqqn0" Vjku" gpuwtgu" uecteg" tguqwtegu" ctg"vctigvgf"qp"ctgcu"qh"pggf0""Vjg"hkgnf"mpqyngfig"qh"uejqqnu‚"ngcfgtujkr"("ocpcigogpv"ecrcdknkv{"cpf"ewttkewnwo"eqorgvgpeg" ickpgf" vjtqwij" vjg"yqtm" qh" cvvcejgf" eqpuwnvcpvu" kphqtou"ocp{" qh" vjg"fgekukqpu"ocfg"cetquu"E([R"cdqwv"vjg"ghhgevkxg"cpf"ghhkekgpv"wug"qh"tguqwtegu0""Tgxkgy" qh" Uejqqn" Fgxgnqrogpv1Kortqxgogpv" Rncpu" vjtqwij" cvvcejgf" eqpuwnvcpe{"yqtm"eqphktou" vjcv" kpetgcukpin{" vjg{" tghngev" vjg"cevkxkvkgu" kp" vjg"GFR0"Iwkfcpeg"jcu"dggp"rtqxkfgf" hqt" uejqqnu" vjcv"gorjcukugu" vjg" korqtvcpeg"qh" vjku" nkpmcig"dgvyggp"pcvkqpcn" rtkqtkvkgu." Eqwpv{" rncpu" cpf" uejqqnu‚" rncpu" hqt" rtkqtkv{" eqpitwgpeg" cpf"tguqwteg" ocvejkpi0" Kp" 4224" cnn" 43" Dgceqp" uejqqnu‚" urgekcnkuv" dguv" rtcevkeg"rtqitcoogu" tghngevgf"c"jkij"qt"ogfkwo"ocvej"ykvj"cnn"66"cevkxkvkgu" kp" vjg"GFR" hqt"42241250""Vjg"Tckukpi"Cejkgxgogpv" kp"Uwttg{"Uejqqnu"Itqwr" *TCUUI+" ku" c" mg{" eqpuwnvcvkxg"pgvyqtm"vjcv"cppwcnn{"tgxkgyu"vjg"rtkqtkvkgu"cpf"cevkxkvkgu"ykvjkp"vjg"GFR"cpf"ku"wugf"vq"jgnr"ujcrg"vjg"GFR"kp"uwdugswgpv"{gctu0"Qvjgt"korqtvcpv"kprwv"kpvq"vjg"rtqeguu"qh"fgvgtokpkpi"vjg"ujcrg"qh" vjg"GFR"ku"vjcv" htqo"vjg"Ugngev"Eqookvvgg"hqt"Ejknftgp"("[qwpi"Rgqrng"yjkej"cppwcnn{"tgxkgygf"vjg"cevkxkvkgu"kp"cpf"rtqitguu"qh"vjg"cevkxkvkgu"ykvjkp"vjg"GFR0"""

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GFRKK<"[gct"6" 48" "

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