sejarah Tato

Tato berasal dari bahasa Tahiti “tatu” yang konon artinya tanda. Walaupun bukti-bukti sejarah tato ini tidak begitu banyak, tetapi para ahli mengambil kesimpulan bahwa seni tato ini udah ada sejak 12.000 tahun SM. Jaman dahulu tato semacam ritual bagi suku-suku kuno seperti Maori, Inca, Ainu, Polynesians, dll. Menurut sejarah, bangsa Mesir-lah yang jadi biang perkembangan tato di dunia. Bangsa Mesir kan dikenal sebagai bangsa yang terkenal kuat, jadi karena ekspansi mereka terhadap bangsa-bangsa lain, seni tato ini juga ikut-ikutan menyebar luas, seperti ke daerah Yunani, Persia, dan Arab.

Apa alasan bagi suku-suku kuno di dunia membuat tato? Bangsa Yunani kuno memakai tato sebagai tanda pengenal para anggota dari badan intelijen mereka, alias mata-mata perang pada saat itu. Di sini tato menunjukan pangkat dari si mata-mata tersebut. berbeda dengan bangsa Romawi, mereka memakai tato sebagai tanda bahwa seseorang itu berasal dari golongan budak, dan Tato juga dirajahi ke setiap tubuh para tahanannya. Suku Maori di New Zealand membuat Tato berbentuk ukiran-ukiran spiral pada wajah dan pantat. Menurut mereka, ini adalah tanda bagi keturunan yang baik. Di Kepulauan Solomon, Tato ditorehkan di wajah perempuan sebagai ritus untuk menandai tahapan baru dalam kehidupan mereka. Hampir sama seperti di atas, orang-orang Suku Nuer di Sudan memakai Tato untuk menandai ritus inisiasi pada anak laki-laki. Orang-orang Indian melukis tubuh dan mengukir kulit mereka untuk menambah kecantikan atau menunjukkan status sosial tertentu.

Tato alias Wen Shen atau Rajah mulai merambahi negara Cina sekitar taon 2000 SM. Wen Shen konon artinya “akupunktur badan”. perlu diketahui, sama seperti bangsa Romawi, bangsa Cina kuno memakai tato untuk menandakan bahwa seseorang pernah dipenjara. Sementara di Tiongkok sendiri, budaya tato terdapat pada beberapa etnis minoritasnya, yang telah diwarisi oleh nenek moyang mereka, seperti etnis Drung, Dai, dan Li, namun hanya para wanita yang berasal dari etnis Li dan Drung yang memilik kebiasaan mentato wajahnya. Riwayat adat-istiadat Tato etnis Drung ini muncul sekitar akhir masa Kedinastian Kaisar Ming (sekitar 350 tahun yang lalu), ketika itu mereka diserang oleh sekelompok grup etnis lainnya dan pada saat itu mereka menangkapi beberapa wanita dari etnis Drung untuk dijadikan sebagai budak. Demi menghindari terjadinya perkosaan, para wanita tersebut kemudian mentato wajah mereka untuk membuat mereka kelihatan kurang menarik di mata sang penculik. Meskipun kini para wanita dari etnis minoritas Drung ini tidak lagi dalam keadaan terancam oleh penyerangan dari etnis minoritas lainnya, namun mereka masih terus mempertahankan adat-istiadat ini sebagai sebuah lambang kekuatan kedewasaan. Para anak gadis dari etnis minoritas Drung mentato wajahnya ketika mereka berusia antara 12 dan 13 tahun sebagai sebuah simbol pendewasaan diri. Ada beberapa penjelasan yang berbeda, mengapa para wanita tersebut mentato wajahnya. Sebagian orang mengatakan, bahwa warga etnis Drung menganggap wanita bertato terlihat lebih cantik dan para kaum Adam etnis Drung tidak akan menikahi seorang wanita yang tidak memiliki Tato di wajahnya. Di Indonesia Orang-orang Mentawai di kepulauan Mentawai, suku Dayak di Kalimantan, dan suku Sumba di NTB, sudah mengenal tato sejak jaman dulu. Bahkan bagi suku Dayak, seseorang yang berhasil “memenggal kepala” musuhnya, dia mendapat tato di tangannya. Begitu juga dengan suku Mentawai, tato-nya Tidak dibuat sembarangan. Sebelum pembuatan tato dilaksanakan, ada Panen Enegaf alias upacara inisiasi yang dilakukan di Puturkaf Uma (galeri rumah tradisional suku Mentawai). Upacara ini dipimpin oleh Sikerei (dukun). Setelah

upacara ini selesai, barulah proses Tato-nya dilaksanakan.

AWALNYA, bahan untuk membuat Tato berasal dari arang tempurung yang dicampur dengan air tebu. Alat-alat yang digunakan masih sangat tradisional. Seperti tangkai kayu, jarum dan pemukul dari batang. Orang-orang pedalaman masih menggunakan teknik manual dan dari bahan-bahan tradisional. Orang-orang Eskimo misalnya, memakai jarum yang terbuat dari tulang binatang. Di kuil-kuil Shaolin menggunakan gentong tembaga yang dipanaskan untuk mencetak gambar tato naga pada kulit tubih. Murid-murid Shaolin yang dianggap memenuhi syarat untuk mendapatkan simbol itu, dengan menempelkan kedua lengan mereka pada semacam cetakan gambar naga yang ada di kedua sisi gentong tembaga panas itu. Jauh berbeda dengan sekarang. Saat ini, terutama di kalangan masyarakat perkotaan, pembuatan Tato dilakukan dengan mesin elektrik. Mesin ini ditemukan pada tahun 1891 di Inggris. Kemudian zat pewarnanya menggunakan tinta sintetis.

SEJARAH   TATTOO

Filed under: gaya hidup — ekakj @ 1:56 am

TATTOO berasal dari bahasa Tahiti “tatu” yang konon artinya tanda. Walaupun bukti-bukti sejarah tattoo ini tidak begitu banyak, tetapi para ahli mengambil kesimpulan bahwa seni tattoo ini udah ada sejak 12.000 tahun SM. Jaman dahulu tattoo semacam ritual bagi suku-suku kuno seperti Maori, Inca, Ainu, Polynesians, dll.Kalo kamu jalan-jalan ke Mesir, coba maen-maen ke pyramids, mungkin kamu bisa menemukan tattoo tertua di sana. Karena menurut sejarah, bangsa Mesir-lah yang jadi biang tumbuh suburnya tattoo di dunia. Bangsa Mesir kan dikenal sebagai bangsa yang terkenal kuat, so gara-gara ekspansi mereka terhadap bangsa-bangsa laen, seni tattoo ini juga ikut-ikutan menyebar luas, seperti ke daerah Yunani, Persia, dan Arab.

Apa alasan bagi suku-suku kuno di dunia membuat Tattoo? Bangsa Yunani kuno memakai tattoo sebagai tanda pengenal para anggota dari badan intelijen mereka, alias mata-mata perang pada saat itu. Di sini tattoo menunjukan pangkat dari si mata-mata tersebut. berbeda dengan bangsa Romawi, mereka memakai tattoo sebagai tanda bahwa seseorang itu berasal dari golongan budak, dan Tattoo juga dirajahi ke setiap tubuh para tahanannya. Suku Maori di New Zealand membuat Tattoo berbentuk ukiran-ukiran spiral pada wajah dan pantat. Menurut mereka, ini adalah tanda bagi keturunan yang baik. Di Kepulauan Solomon, Tattoo ditorehkan di wajah perempuan sebagai ritus untuk menandai tahapan baru dalam kehidupan mereka. Hampir sama seperti di atas, orang-orang Suku Nuer di Sudan memakai Tattoo untuk menandai ritus inisiasi pada anak laki-laki. Orang-orang Indian melukis tubuh dan mengukir kulit mereka untuk menambah kecantikan atau menunjukkan status sosial tertentu.

Tattoo alias Wen Shen atau Rajah smulai merambahi negara Cina sekitar taon 2000 SM. Wen Shen konon artinya “akupunktur badan”. perlu diketahui, sama seperti bangsa Romawi, bangsa Cina kuno memakaiTtattoo untuk menandakan bahwa seseorang pernah dipenjara. Sementara di Tiongkok sendiri, budaya Tattoo terdapat pada beberapa etnis minoritasnya, yang telah diwarisi

oleh nenek moyang mereka, seperti etnis Drung, Dai, dan Li, namun hanya para wanita yang berasal dari etnis Li dan Drung yang memilik kebiasaan mentato wajahnya. Riwayat adat-istiadat Tattoo etnis Drung ini muncul sekitar akhir masa Kedinastian Kaisar Ming (sekitar 350 tahun yang lalu), ketika itu mereka diserang oleh sekelompok grup etnis lainnya dan pada saat itu mereka menangkapi beberapa wanita dari etnis Drung untuk dijadikan sebagai budak. Demi menghindari terjadinya perkosaan, para wanita tersebut kemudian mentato wajah mereka untuk membuat mereka kelihatan kurang menarik di mata sang penculik. Meskipun kini para wanita dari etnis minoritas Drung ini tidak lagi dalam keadaan terancam oleh penyerangan dari etnis minoritas lainnya, namun mereka masih terus mempertahankan adat-istiadat ini sebagai sebuah lambang kekuatan kedewasaan. Para anak gadis dari etnis minoritas Drung mentato wajahnya ketika mereka berusia antara 12 dan 13 tahun sebagai sebuah simbol pendewasaan diri. Ada beberapa penjelasan yang berbeda, mengapa para wanita tersebut mentato wajahnya. Sebagian orang mengatakan, bahwa warga etnis Drung menganggap wanita yang ber-Tattoo terlihat lebih cantik dan para kaum Adam etnis Drung tidak akan menikahi seorang wanita yang tidak memiliki Tattoo di wajahnya. Di Indonesia Orang-orang Mentawai di kepulauan Mentawai, suku Dayak di Kalimantan, dan suku Sumba di NTB, sudah mengenal tattoo sejak jaman dulu. Bahkan bagi suku Dayak, seseorang yang berhasil “memenggal kepala” musuhnya, dia mendapat tattoo di tangannya. Begitu juga dengan suku Mentawai, tattoo-nya Tidak dibuat sembarangan. Sebelum pembuatan tattoo dilaksanakan, ada Panen Enegaf alias upacara inisiasi yang dilakukan di Puturkaf Uma (galeri rumah tradisional suku mentawai). Upacara ini dipimpin oleh Sikerei (dukun). Setelah upacara ini selesai, barulah proses Tattoo-nya dilaksanakan.

AWALNYA, bahan untuk membuat Tattoo berasal dari arang tempurung yang dicampur dengan air tebu. Alat-alat yang digunakan masih sangat tradisional. Seperti tangkai kayu, jarum dan pemukul dari batang. Orang-orang pedalaman masih menggunakan teknik manual dan dari bahan-bahan tradisional. Orang-orang Eskimo misalnya, memakai jarum yang terbuat dari tulang binatang. Di kuil-kuil Shaolin menggunakan gentong tembaga yang dipanaskan untuk mencetak gambar naga pada kulit tubih. Murid-murid Shaolin yang dianggap memenuhi syarat untuk mendapatkan simbol itu, dengan menempelkan kedua lengan mereka pada semacam cetakan gambar naga yang ada di kedua sisi gentong tembaga panas itu. Jauh berbeda dengan sekarang. Saat ini, terutama di kalangan masyarakat perkotaan, pembuatan Tattoo dilakukan dengan mesin elektrik. Mesin ini ditemukan pada tahun 1891 di Inggris. Kemudian zat pewarnanya menggunakan tinta sintetis (tinta tattoo).

PETUNJUK UMUM SEBELUM MELAKUKAN PROSES TATTOO

1. Ikuti prosedur umum dan peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh Tattoo Artist anda, berkonsultasilah terlebih dahulu serta dapatkan informasi selengkap-lengkapnya seputar Tattoo yang anda inginkan. Berpikirlah secara matang menjaga agar tidak terjadi kemungkinan adanya penyesalan dikemudian hari. Bagi anda yang berumur dibawah standar ketetapan yang dikeluarkan oleh Tattoo Artist anda, diharuskan membawa surat persetujuan dari orang tua/wali sebelum anda melakukan proses Tattoo.

2. Perhatikan dengan benar alat-alat yang akan digunakan oleh Tattoo Artist anda dalam melakukan prosesnya, apakah sudah didesinfeksikan dengan bersih dan steril? tidak terkontaminasi oleh berbagai macam bentuk kuman dan bakteri, agar anda terbebas dari berbagi

macam penyakit yang cukup serius. Untuk anda yang mempunyai permasalahan serius dengan kulit yang cukup sensitif, disarankan untuk memeriksakan diri anda terlebih dahulu kepada Dokter spesialis (bila diperlukan), atau tanyakan langsung pada Tattoo Artist anda.

3. Untuk lebih mempermudah jalannya proses tattoo, usahakan kondisi dan kesehatan tubuh anda harus dalam keadaan normal dan stabil, cukup tidur dan makan, terbebas dari pengaruh Alkohol (minuman keras) dan Narkoba (obat-obatan terlarang dan sejenisnya), menjaga agar tidak terjadi permasalah yang cukup serius pada saat proses pengerjaan.

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Bat Tattoos - What Do They Mean?

Unique in the animal kingdom, the bat is the only mammal that can fly. Although this singular ability may contribute to its abundance worldwide, there is no doubt that the bat is a successful animal, since it accounts for 20% of all mammal species. It comes as no surprise, then, that the symbolism of the bat covers quite a wide spectrum as well.

Townsend's Big-eared Bat

"Chiroptera" from Ernst Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur, 1904

Although our modern conception of bats in the west has largely been a negative one, a journey back in time reveals that this was not always the case. According to the ancient Greeks, Diana was the many-breasted virgin goddess of the forest who watched over births and infancy. The Greeks also knew that bats suckle their young, the only flying creature to do so. It thus seemed natural for them to pair the two images together such that bats will sometimes accompany Diana in classical legends, where both came to symbolize motherhood. It was only a small step from the symbolism of motherhood to the symbolism of fertility and sex.

A bat's blood, too, they say, received on a flock of wool and placed beneath a woman's head, will promote sexual desire; the same being the case also with a goose's tongue, taken with the food or drink. (Pliny's Natural History, Book XXX, Chapter 49, circa 77 CE)

Elsewhere on this website, we've already discussed the Chinese Wu Fu symbols of bats that are popular in tattoos and which symbolize wealth, long life, peace, good health, and a good death. Indeed, much of the Old World is populated with these sorts of positive impressions. It wasn't until Europeans came into contact with vampire bats that the negative associations

with which we are more familiar began to be widespread.

There are only three vampire, or blood-eating, bats in the world and all are found in the tropics and subtropics of the New World. In fact, some of the Maya of Central America were well acquainted with the behavior of the vampire bat, using an upside down glyph of a bat's head to signal that a time period had come to rest and another image of a bat performing sacrifice to satisfy the blood need of the gods -- not unlike the blood need of the vampire bat itself.

Today's bat symbolism is dominated with themes of the demonic, such that even Satan, as a fallen angel, has bat's wings. Frightening creatures of the night who must avoid sunlight and seek to hide their evil activities -- á la Bram Stoker's famous invention of 1897, Dracula -- imitate the nocturnal hunting habits of most bats, vampire or not. Scenes of witches and Halloween would hardly be complete without the full moon and bats in the sky. The cave dwelling Celtic dragon is frequently shown with bat-like wings (as in these visitor contributed images here and here) as are demons of all sorts (as in this visitor example). But the world of tattoo symbolism is not always so serious, such that even the bat might simply mean that you're really more of a night person.

Bat Glyph with 18 katuns, Pomona, Tabasco

Bat Tattoos

Bat Tattoos – What Represent Bat Tattoos?

Bat Tattoos are generally associated with negative symbolism in the West and yet is a symbol of good luck and longevity in the Far East.

Bat is an exceptional specie in the kingdom mammalia, known for its ability to fly.  Its number dominates the mammal species accounting 20%.  Its vast number covers a wide range of symbolism used by many people across the globe.

The History Of Bat Tattoos                                      

Bat tattoos symbols and characteristics have been used in the ancient Greek times.  They have been identified to suckle the Greek’s young, and later have been paired to the Greek goddess Diana, a many-breasted virgin of the forest watching infancy and births.  Their symbolism of motherhood was modified as a symbol of sex and fertility soon after.  Greeks also believed that bat’s blood collectively received in wool will encourage sexual desires when placed under a woman’s head.

Bats unique features inspired many tattoo artists to create bat tattoos.  Their positive impression became popular as it symbolizes long life, wealth, peace, good death, and good health.  Not until bats was given a negative idea through the character of vampire bats or blood-eating bats. Their familiar behavior of head being upside down signals that a time period had come to rest, and performing a sacrifice for the gods – contrast to the blood needed by the vampire bat itself.

The Popularity Of Bat Tattoos

Bat tattoos became popular when  fallacy citing occurred in the modern era.  Many people associated it with demonic symbols like the Celtic dragon, a one giant creature showing a bat-like wings revealing a demonic attitude.  Satanic themes gave birth to Dracula tattoos, a terrifying creature who always avoids the sunlight, packed with evil activities, and mimicking the nocturnal hunting habits of bats.  The negative impressions are also accustomed with Halloween where it is tagged along with pumpkins, witches and full moon scenes.

Bat symbols and interpretations may form many different bat tattoos. Characteristics of bat tattoos have brought the world of tattoo in different level setting many tattoo artists to be creative, mature, and excel in their field.

a brief history of tattoos

the word tattoo is said to has two major derivations- fromthe polynesian word ‘ta’ which means striking somethingand the tahitian word ‘tatau’ which means ‘to mark something’.

the history of tattoo began over 5000 years ago and is asdiverse as the people who wear them.

tattoos are created by inserting colored materials beneaththe skins surface. the first tattoos probably were createdby accident. someone had a small wound, and rubbed itwith a hand that was dirty with soot and ashes from the fire.once the wound had healed, they saw that a mark stayedpermanently.

despite the social sciences' growing fascination with tattooing,and the immense popularity of tattoos themselves,the practice has not left much of a historical record.

---bronze agein 1991, a five thousand year old tattooed man ‘ötzi the ice man’made the headlines of newspapers all over the world whenhis frozen body was discovered on a mountain betweenaustria and italy.this is the best preserved corpse of that period ever found.the skin bears 57 tattoos: a cross on the inside of the left knee,six straight lines 15 centimeters long above the kidneys andnumerous parallel lines on the ankles.the position of the tattoo marks suggests that they were probablyapplied for therapeutic reasons (treatment of arthritis).

---pazyryk culturein 1948, 120 miles north of the border between russia andchina, russian archeologist sergei rudenko began excavatinga group of tombs, or kurgans, in the high altai mountains ofwestern and southern siberia. mummies were found that datefrom around 2400 years ago.the tattoos on their bodies represent a variety of animals.the griffins and monsters are thought to have a magicalsignificance but some elements are believed to be purelydecorative. altogether the tattoos are believed to reflect thestatus of the individual.

---egyptwritten records, physical remains, and works of art relevant toegyptian tattoo have virtually been ignored by earlier egyptologistsinfluenced by prevailing social attitudes toward the medium.

today however, we know that there have been bodies recovereddating to as early XI dynasty exhibiting the art form of tattoo.in 1891, archaeologists discovered the mummified remainsof amunet, a priestess of the goddess hathor, at thebes wholived some time between 2160 BC and 1994 BC.this female mummy displayed several lines and dots tattooedabout her body - grouping dots and/or dashes were aligned intoabstract geometric patterns. this art form was restrictedto women only, and usually these women were associatedwith ritualistic practice.the egyptians spread the practice of tattooing throughout the world.the pyramid-building third and fourth dynasties of egyptdeveloped international nations with crete, greece, persia,and arabia. by 2,000 BC the art of tattooing had stretched out all theway to southeast asia .the ainu (western asian nomads) then brought it with themas they moved to japan.

---japanthe earliest evidence of tattooing in japan is found in the formof clay figurines which have faces painted or engraved torepresent tattoo marks. the oldest figurines of this kind havebeen recovered from tombs dated 3,000 BC or older, and manyother such figurines have been found in tombs dating from thesecond and third millennia BC.these figurines served as stand-ins for living individuals whosymbolically accompanied the dead on their journey into theunknown, and it is believed that the tattoo marks had religiousor magical significance.the first written record of japanese tattooing is found in achinese dynastic history compiled in 297 AD.the japanese were interested in the art mostly for its decorativeattributes, as opposed to magical ones. the horis - the japanesetattoo artists - were the undisputed masters. their use of colors,perspective, and imaginative designs gave the practice a wholenew angle. the classic japanese tattoo, is a full body suit.

---chinafrom southern china the practice spread along the silk route.

---polynesiain pacific cultures tattooing has a huge historic significance.polynesian tattooing is considered the most intricate andskillful tattooing of the ancient world.polynesian peoples, believe that a person's mana, their spiritualpower or life force, is displayed through their tattoo.the vast majority of what we know today about these ancientarts has been passed down through legends, songs, and ritualceremonies. elaborate geometrical designs which were oftenadded to, renewed, and embellished throughout the life of theindividual until they covered the entire body.

in samoa, the tradition of applying tattoo, or ‘tatau’, by hand,has long been defined by rank and title, with chiefs and theirassistants, descending from notable families in the proper birth order.the tattooing ceremonies for young chiefs, typically conducted atthe onset of puberty, were elaborate affairs and were a key partof their ascendance to a leadership role.the permanent marks left by the tattoo artists would forevercelebrate their endurance and dedication to cultural traditions.the first europeans who set foot on samoan soil were membersof a 1787 french expedition. they got a closer look at the nativesand reported that ‘the men have their thighs painted or tattooedin such a way that one would think them clothed,although they are almost naked’. the mythological origins ofsamoan tattooing and the extraordinary cross-cultural historyof tatau has been transported to the migrant communities ofnew zealand, and later disseminated into various internationalsubcultures from auckland to the netherlands.

the hawaiian people had their traditional tattoo art,known as ‘kakau’. it served them not only for ornamentationand distinction, but to guard their health and spiritual well-being.intricate patterns, mimicking woven reeds or other natural forms,graced men's arms, legs, torso and face.women were generally tattooed on the hand, fingers, wristsand sometimes on their tongue.

the arrival of western missionaries forced this unique art forminto decline as tattooing has been discouraged or forbidden bymost christian churches throughout history.

---new zealandthe maori of new zealand had created one of the most impressivecultures of all polynesia. their tattoo, called ‘moko’, reflected theirrefined artistry - using their woodcarving skills to carve skin.the full-face moko was a mark of distinction, which communicatedtheir status, lines of descent and tribal affiliations. it recalled theirwearer's exploits in war and other great events of their life.

---indonesiaborneo is one of the few places in the world where traditionaltribal tattooing is still practiced today just as it has been forthousands of years. until recently many of the inland tribes hadlittle contact with the outside world.as a result, they have preserved many aspects of their traditionalway of life, including tattooing.borneo designs have gone all around the world to form thebasis of what the western people call ‘tribal’.

---india / thailandhanuman in india was a popular symbol of strength onarms and legs. the mythical monk is still today one of themost popular creations in thailand and myanmar.they are put on the human body by monks who incorporatemagical powers to the design while tattooing.women are excluded because monks are not allowed to betouched by them and because thais believe women do notneed the extra boost as they are already strong enough ontheir own.

---africain africa, where people have dark skin, it is difficult to makecoloured tattoos as we know them.but they want to be tattooed anyway, so they have developedanother technique - they make scarifications (this is not reallytattooing, but it is related to tattooing). made by lifting the skin a little,and making a cut with a knife or some other sharp thingspecial sands or ashes were rubbed in to make raised scars

in patterns on the body, it can be felt like braille lettering...these patterns often follow local traditions.

---ancient greece and romethe greeks learnt tattooing from the persians.their woman were fascinated by the idea of tattoos asexotic beauty marks.the romans adopted tattooing from the greeks.roman writers such as virgil, seneca, and galenus reported thatmany slaves and criminals were tattooed.a legal inscription from ephesus indicates that during the earlyroman empire all slaves exported to asia were tattooed with thewords ‘tax paid’.greeks and romans also used tattooing as a punishment.early in the fourth century, when constantine became roman emperorand rescinded the prohibition on christianity, he also banned tattooingon face, which was common for convicts, soldiers, and gladiators.constantine believed that the human face was a representation of theimage of god and should not be disfigured or defiled.

---the celtswere a tribal people who moved across western europe in timesaround 1200 and 700 B.C. they reached the british Isles around400 B.C. and most of what has survived from their culture is inthe areas now known as ireland, wales and scotland.celtic culture was full of body art.permanent body painting was done with woad, which left a bluedesign on the skin. spirals are very common, and they can be single,doubled or tripled. knotwork is probably the most recognized formof celtic art, with lines forming complex braids which then weaveacross themselves. these symbolise the connection of all life.step or key patterns, like those found in early labyrinth designs,are seen both in simple borders and full complex mazes.much in the way that labyrinths are walked, these designs aresymbolic of the various paths that life’s journey can take.

---central and south americain peru, tattooed inca mummies dating to the 11th centuryhave been found. 16th century spanish accounts of mayan tattooing

in mexico and central americareveal tattoos to be a sign of courage.when cortez and his conquistadors arrived on the coast of mexicoin 1519 they were horrified to discover that the nativesnot only worshipped devils in the form of statues and idols,but had somehow managed to imprint indelible images of theseidols on their skin. the spaniards, who had never heard of tattooing,recognized it at once as the work of satan.the sixteenth century spanish historians who chronicled theadventures of cortez and his conquistadors reported that tattooingwas widely practiced by the natives of central america.

---north americaearly jesuit accounts testify to the widespread practice oftattooing among native americans.among the chickasaw, outstanding warriors were recognisedby their tattoos. among the ontario iroquoians, elaboratetattoos reflected high status. in north-west america,inuit women's chins were tattooed to indicate marital statusand group identity.the first permanent tattoo shop in new york city was settled upin 1846 and began a tradition by tattooing military servicemenfrom both sides of the civil war. samuel o'reilly invented the electrictattooing machine in 1891.

---middle-eastduring the time of the old testament, much of the pagan worldwas practicing the art of tattooing as a means of deity worship.a passage in leviticus reads:‘ye shall not make any cuttings on your flesh for the dead norprint any marks upon you’. (19:28)this has been cited as biblical authority to support the church'sposition. biblical scholar m.w. thomson suggests, however, thatmoses favored tattoos. moses introduced tattoos as a way tocommemorate the deliverance of the jews from slavery in egypt.

---vikingsit is very likely that the vikings were tattooed.at around year 1100 the arab ibn fadlan described ameeting with some vikings. he thought them very rude, dirty

- and covered with pictures.

---englandexplorers returned home with tattooed polynesiansto exhibit at fairs, in lecture halls and in dime museums,to demonstrate the height of european civilization comparedto the ‘primitive natives’.after captain cook returned from his voyage to polynesiatattooing became a tradition in the british navy.by the middle of the 18th century most british ports hadat least one professional tattoo artist in residence.in 1862, the prince of wales, later to become king edward VII,received his first tattoo - a jerusalem cross - on his arm.he started a tattoo fad among the aristocracy when he wastattooed before ascending to the throne.in 1882, his sons, the duke of clarence and the duke of yorkwere tattooed by the japanese master tattooist, hori chiyo.

---francein the 18th century, many french sailors returning from voyagesin the south pacific had been tattooed.in 1861, french naval surgeon, maurice berchon, published a studyon the medical complications of tattooing.after this, the navy and army banned tattooing within their ranks.

stereotypical and sensationalised association of tattoo design-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------sailorsailors on their ships returned home with their own tattoos...usually of a very basic style that only uses a minimum amountof details making the tattoos look quite two dimensional and flat.this often gives a cartoonish feeling and typical motifs would be flowers,hearts, mermaids, ships, anchors, snakes, birds, and names.

criminalityfor a long time, tattooing was the preserve of sailors and...criminals!in prison, the tattoo - professionally done and homemade-indelibly imprint on their bodies what these men desire in their

souls: autonomy and identity.the ultimate symbol for gang members are their gang tattoos,getting a permanent mark is a sign of showing total commitment tothe gang. these tattoos can reveal lots of things, like,who you are/what gang you're in/ what your beliefs are (racist etc..),what you have done, where you have been, how many yearsyou have been in jail (also referred to as ‘dead time’) and eventhings like how many you have killed.known symbols include teardrops under the eye as well as spiderwebs on the elbows to symbolize people killed.

circusthe popularity of tattooing during the latter part of the nineteenthcentury and the first half of the twentieth century owed much tothe circus. when circuses prospered, tattooing prospered.for over 70 years every major circus employed several completelytattooed people. some were exhibited in sideshows;others performed traditional circus acts such as juggling andsword swallowing.

---------------tattoo flashas with other artistic mediums and cultural developments,vocabulary continually evolves, reflecting the depth and potentialof body marking and of the contemporary imagination.in recent years tattooing has emerged to the forefront of popularconsciousness. today a tattoo ‘flash’, is a folder of tattoo-artwork bytattoo artists. styles range from the traditional and vernacular tothe sacred and innovative.

---more info and creditshttp://www.exn.ca/mummies/story.asp?id=1999041653http://www.tattoos.comhttp://www.tattoo.dkhttp://lyletuttle.com/flash.htm

http://www.designboom.com/history/tattoo_history.html

---

see furniture design tattoo

---

'tatu-tattoo’a tattoo exhibition in brussels, belgium

tahiti man

tattooed hawaian female hula dancer,

samoan tattoo

maori man with a distinctive moko of new zealand,william hodges, 1771, drawn during james cook's second voyage

maori chiefs, circa 1910

dots tattoo

japanese tattoo

these images are taken from postcards from 1910 ofgerman circus performers. (right) the globe and the backgroundof this card suggest that the performer got his symmetricaltattoos in distant and exotic lands.(collection of johnny fox's freakatorium, NYC)

german circus, tattoo woman

the german Annie Frank 1911, postcard

coca cola advert, 1944, life magazine

flash from the past

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