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LML I
^CHDMOSJSMH
Acrmdm|mh fmhsrim tchtmh` ~c|fmrmjmomh jih`ash`mh di tih`amt
`jelmj lm|s
tc|kmdi lclc|m~m dcamdc tc|maoi| mlmd * dch`mh dcfiaimh osasf
jih`ash`mh
fc|s~mamh lidmh` ijfs ymh` tc|`ejeh` fmrio fsdm( Tm~i rclchm|hym
~mhkmh`
~chdcahym rckm|mo ~c|acflmh`mh osasf jih`ash`mh tc|`mhtsh` dm|i
bm|m
~mhdmh` tc|omdm~ m~m ymh` dirclst osasf jih`ash`mh its rchdi|i(
Rc~c|ti ymh`
dish`am~amh ^|eg( Aecrhmdi Om|dkmrecfmht|i dmjmf lsashym Osasf
Tmtm
Jih`ash`mh ;
M~mlijm ~c|mts|mh tchtmh` ~c|sfmomh tc|fmrsa di dmjmfhym*
fmam
Bedc eg Omffs|mli dm|i rcaimh mlmd rclcjsf Fmrcoi fc|s~mamh
~c|mts|mh
~c|shdmh`&shdmh`mh di lidmh` jih`ash`mh oids~ dch`mh
actchtsmhhym ymh`
fchymtmamh* lmopm rmhari ~idmhm diachmamh ac~mdm rcrce|mh`
m~mlijm im
fcflmh`sh |sfmo rcdcfiaimh `c`mlmohym rcoih``m |shtso
dmhfchyclmlamh bcdc|mhym e|mh` jmih=)
Dch`mh dcfiaimh* osasf jih`ash mh rsdmo mdm rckma {mfmh
rclcjsf
Fmrcoi* hmfsh rclmtmr ~c|mts|mh&~c|mts|mh rcdc|omhm ymh`
lcjsf fchkmh`ams
rmf~mi tih`amt `jelmj(
Rckma ditcfsamhhym Fcrih Sm~ ejco Kmfcr Pmtt ~mdm tmosh =073
fmam
tc|kmdi ~c|slmomh ymh` rmh`mt d|mrtir dmjmf ~c|mdmlmh fmhsrim(
^cac|kmmh ymh`
fsjm&fsjm diac|kmamh ejco tmh`mh fmhsrim di`mhti ejco fcrih(
Acfsdimh
=) Aecrhmdi Om|dkmrecfmht|i(Osasf Tmtm Jih`ash mh* omj(27
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lc|fshbsjmh ~c|srmomh&~c|srmomh lcrm| dmh fcjsm~hym
ihdsrt|imjirmri* dmh
ihijmo ymh` fchkmdi mpmj ymh` acfsdimh dirclst rclm`mi \cwejsri
Ihdsrt|i(
Dch`mh dcfiaimh shtsa ac~chtih`mh ~c|tsflsomh ihdsrt|i di
hc`m|m&hc`m|m
dshim ~c|tmfm mtms hc`m|m&hc`m|m ymh` tcjmo fmks
ihdsrt|ihym* rcfchtm|m
~c|rcdimmh rsflc| dmym mjmf di hc`m|m&hc`m|m dshim ~c|tmfm
rcfmaih tc|lmtmr
fmam dimdmamhjmo ~chmajsamh dmh ~ch`c|samh rsflc| dmym mjmf di
hc`m|m&
hc`m|m dshim acti`m fcjmjsi ihwmhri hc`m|m&hc`m|m C|e~m ac
Mrim dmh Mg|iam(
^mdm fmrm its hc`m|m&hc`m|m ymh` tcjmo fch`mjmfi ~|ercr
ihdsrt|imjirmri
tcjmo lmhyma dimdmamh ~c|mts|mh ymh` ditsksamh ac~mdm mhtiri~mri
tc|omdm~
diacjsm|amhhym mrm~ ymh` lc|jcliomh lmia dmjmf
~c|shdmh`&shdmh`mh fms~sh
lc|dmrm|amh ac~stsrmh&ac~stsrmh omaif(
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LML II
^CFLMOMRMH
^mdm tmosh =97
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hmriehmj ~c|jihdsh`mh jih`ash`mh di Mfc|iam Rc|iamt
/HC^M&Hmtiehmj
Chwi|ehfchtmj ^|etcbtieh Mbt) ~mdm tmosh =979(2) Rs~|imdi* R(O*
F(Osf(Osasf Jih`ash`mh di Ihdehcrim(( omj( 34
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`c|mamh Dmrmpm|rm ^cflmh`shmh Dshim ac&=
/=97>&=90>) `shm
fc|sfsramh rt|mtc`iDmrmpm|rm ^cflmh`shmh Dshim ac&<
/=90>&=9?>)(4
Maoi|hym tmh``mj 3&=7 Kshi =90< dijmarmhmamh Aehgc|chri
^LL
fch`chmi Jih`ash`mh Oids~ dmh Fmhsrim di Rtebaoejf* Rpcdim
ymh`
diiasti ejco ==2 hc`m|m dmh lclc|m~m ~sjso ~chihkms( Aehgc|chri
tc|rclst
dipm|hmi dch`mh mari leiaet dm|i Shi Rewyct dmh
hc`m|m&hc`m|m C|e~m Tifs|
rclm`mi ~|etcr tc|omdm~ actchtsmh ymh` fchyclmlamh lclc|m~m
hc`m|m tidma
dishdmh` dch`mh acdsdsamh ymh` rmfm dch`mh ~crc|tm jmih(
Dmjmf
aehgc|chri ihijmo tmh``mj >3 Kshi ditctm~amh rclm`mi Om|i
Jih`ash`mh
Oids~ Rcdshim fcjmjsi rclsmo |crejsri aosrsr(
Ac~mjm Hc`m|m dmh
Ac~mjm ^cfc|ihtmomh rcjs|so dshim(
4) Aecrhmdi Om|dkmrecfmht|i( E~(Bit( omj 7
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Rc~c|ti ymh` diasti~ dm|i Lsas am|ym H(O(T Rimommh* R(O* F(O
ymh`
lc|ksdsj Osasf Jih`ash`mh dmh Caeje`i ^cflmh`shmh* Omrij
ymh`
dibm~mi dmjmf ATT Lsfi di \ie mdmjmo ;
m( Dcajm|mri \ie /tc|di|i dm|i
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~c|tcfsmh tc|rclst dirclst Aehgc|chri ^m|m ^ioma ymh` jclio
~ejsjc| diachmj
dch`mh Be^ /Behgc|chbc eg ^m|ticr)( Aehgc|chri ^m|m ^ioma mdmjmo
lmdmh
tc|tih``i aehwchri ymh` fcfijiai pcpchmh` fcflsmt ac~stsrmh(
Jcflm`m
ihi fc|s~mamh mrerimri ^m|m ^ioma ymh` fc|mtigiamri aehwchri(
Be^
dircjch``m|mamh rctmosh rcamji* acbsmji dmjmf aehdiri tc|tchts
kiam ^m|m
^ioma fchchtsamh jmih(0)
Be^&= dijmarmhmamh di Lc|jih* Kc|fmh ~mdm tmosh =993
ymh`
fch`omrijamh Fmhdmtc Lc|jih* Be^&< dijmarmhmamh di
@chcwm* Rpirr ~mdm
tmosh =997 ymh` fch`omrijamh @chcwm Dcbjm|mtieh( Acfsdimh dmjmf
Be^&
2 ymh` dijmarmhmamh >= => Dcrcflc| di Ayete* Kc~mh`*
diomrijamh m~m
ymh` dirclst ^|eteaej Ayete( Hmfm |crfi ~c|rctsksmh ihi mdmjmo
Ayete
^|etebej te toc Shitcd Hmtiehr G|mfcpe|a Behwchtieh eh Bjifmtc
Bomh`c(
Be^&2 diomdi|i rclmhyma =>(>>> dcjc`mri*
~ch`mfmt* pm|tmpmh* dmh
~c|tcfsmh ihi fchkmdi ~c|tcfsmh tc|lcrm| rc~mhkmh` rckm|mo
~c|kmhkimh
ihtc|hmriehmj tchtmh` jih`ash`mh(
Hc`m|m&hc`m|m ymh` fc|mtigiamri ~|eteaej ihi lc|aefitfch
fch`s|mh`i
cfiri @mr \sfmo Ambm mtms lcac|km rmfm dmjmf ~c|dm`mh`mh cfiri
kiam
fc|cam fchkm`m mtms fchmflmo ksfjmo cfiri `mr&`mr tc|rclst*
ymh` tcjmo
diamitamh dch mh ~cfmhmrmh `jelmj( Kiam rsarcr dilc|jmasamh*
^|eteaej
0) Dmhicj Fs|diym|re( Rc~sjso Tmosh ^c|kmjmhmh Hc`eirmri
Aehwchri ^c|slmomh Iajif(
^chc|lit Lsas Aef~mr* Kmam|tm* >2* omj(
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Ayete di~c|cdiari mamh fch`s|mh`i |mtm&|mtm bsmbm `jelmj
mhtm|m >*>B dmh
>*
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~c|slmomh iajif( Ac~stsrmh tc|rclst fcjshbs|amh rclsmo
~|ercr
aef~|cochrig shtsa fcfmrtiamh lmopm ~c|mts|mh dmjmf SHGBBB
dijmarmhmamh ~mdm rmmt ihi* oih``m dmh rctcjmo =9* dmh
fchymf~miamh omrij ac|kmhym ymh` mamh dimde~ri ~mdm BE^ =3
di
Ae~chom`ch* Dchfm|a(
7( Aehgc|chri c|slmomh Iajif di Be~chom`ch* Dchfm|a tmosh
>9
Aehgc|chri ihi fc|s~mamh Be^&=3 ymh` dijmarmhmamh di
Ae~chom`ch*
Dchfm|a ~mdm tmh``mj >0&=< Dcrcflc| >9( Ts`mr stmfm
aehgc|chri
Ae~chom`ch mdmjmo fcflsmt |chbmhm |ihbi lm|s shtsa
fch``mhtiamh
^|eteaej Ayete* ymh` mamh lc|maoi| tmosh =
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Ctoie~im* Rsdmh* Mjkm{mi|* Jcretoe* @|chmdm* Lmh`jmdcro*
Fmjdiwcr*Aejeflim* Boihm* Ihdim* L|m{ij* Mg|iam Rcjmtmh*
Rmsdi
M|mlim*Ihdehcrim* Rpcdim* Ih``|ir* ^c|mhbir* Kc|fmh* R~mhyej*
MR*
\srim*Msrt|mjim* He|pc im* Kc~mh * Ae|cm Rcjmtmh* Fcxibe*
@mleh*dmh
^m~sm Hs`ihi(
D|mgt ac~stsrmh tc|rclst jclio lmia dilmhdih`amh ,Lmji Mbtieh
^jmh,
ymits tcjmo fchyclstamh mh`am lc|s~m ~chmh`mhmh dmf~ma ~c|slmomh
iajif
om|sr lirm fchmomh tcf~c|mts| `jelmj dilmpmo dsm dc|mkmt bcjbisr
~mdm
dmh ksfjmo dmhm rmf~mi =>> fijim| dejm| MR ~mdm shtsa
~chmh`mhmh
dmf~ma ~c|slmomh iajif(=>)
0( Ac|kmrmfm Ihdehcrim He|pc im
Ihdehcrim dmh He|pc im rc~mamt shtsa lc|rmfm&rmfm
fch`omdm~i
tmhtmh`mh ~c|slmomh iajif fcjmjsi ac|kmrmfm ~ch`s|mh`mh cfiri
`mr |sfmo
ambm dm|i ~c|srmaamh dmh ~ch``shdsjmh ostmh /\CDD!)( Omj ihi
ditc`mramh
^|cridch Rsrije Lmflmh` Ysdoeyehe dmh ^c|dmhm Fchtc|i He|pc`im
Kchr
Rtejtchlc|` dmjmf ~c|tcfsmh lijmtc|mj \I&He|pc`im ymh`
lc|jmh`rsh` di
Erje* (
=>) Fm|ty Hmtmjc`mpm Be~chom`ch Mbbe|d Ditc|ifm Rclm`mi
Ac~stsrmh Tma Fch`iamt(
Mhtm|m Hcpr tmh``mj =9 Dcrcflc| >9( di~sljiamriamh fcjmjsi
pclritc |crfi Ge|sf Fmrym|mamt
Ri~ij Ihdehcrim Shtsa Acmdijmh Iajifppp(brege|sf(hctdimarcr
tmh``mj =3 Dcrcflc| =>
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Rc~c|ti ~chsjir asti~ dm|i pclritc |crfi Acfcht|imh Jsm|
Hc`c|i
\c~sljia Ihdehcrim lmopm acdsm Ac~mjm ^cfc|ihtmomh fchc`mramh
lmopm
~chmhdmtmh`mhmh Jcttc| Eg Ihtchr /JeI) fchshksaamh aefitfch
acdsm
hc`m|m shtsa rchmhtimrm lcac|kmrmfm dmjmf ac|mh`am \CDD! fcjmjsi
ti`m
tmom~ ymits ; tmom~ ~ch`cflmh`mh am~mritmr `shm fcf~c|rim~mh
rirtcf
~ch`mpmrmh dmh cwmjsmri* if~jcfchtmri rirtcf tc|rclst
fcjmjsi~ijet |c`ieh
dmh ~c|psksdmh rirtcf ymh` hmtiehpidc dch`mh fchymjs|amh dmhm
lmhtsmh
He|pc`im fcjmjsi lmdmh acsmh`mh( Shtsa its* ^cfc|ihtmo He|pc`im
mamh
fcflmhts Ihdehcrim rclcrm| SRD = fijym|* dmjmf lchtsa oilmo(
^|cridch \I
fch``m|irlmpmoi lmopm ac|kmrmfm dmjmf fch`omdm~i `jelmj pm|fih`
ihi
dm~mt fchkmdi fedcj ymh` a|cmtig dmh ihewmtig mhtm|m hc`m|m fmks
dmh
hc`m|m lc|acflmh ( Fchs|st ^F He|pc im* JeI fcflc|iamh
~chkcjmrmh
fch`chmi tmom~mh&tmom~mh ac|kmrmfm fchsks ~mdm s~mym acdsm
hc`m|m
fcfc|mh`i `jelmj pm|fih`(==
LML III
^CHSTS^
==)Ac|kmrmfm \I&He|pc`im ymh` diasti~ dm|i pclritc |crfi
Acfcht|imh Jsm| Hc`c|i Ihdehcrim
di ppp(dc~js(`e(iddimarcr tmh``mj =3 Dcrcflc| =>
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Dm|i S|mimh Lml = dmh Lml II* fmam dm~mt dirif~sjamh lmopm
rckm|mo
~c|acflmh`mh osasf jih ash`mh mdmjmo
=( Dcajm|mri Rtebaoejf ~mdm tmh``mj >3 Kshi =90< di
Rtebaoejf* Rpcdim
=&=>
Dcrcflc| di Ayete* Kc~mh`
4( Aehgc|chri Tih`amt Tih``i ^cflmh`shmh Lc|acjmhkstmh ~mdm
tmh``mj 0 di Lmji*
Ihdehcrim
7( Aehgc|chri ^c|slmomh Iajif di Be~chom`ch* Dchfm|a ~mdm
tmh``mj 0&=4
Dcrcflc| >9
0( Ac|kmrmfm Ihdehcrim He|pc im* ~chmhdmtmh`mhmh ac|kmrmfm
mhtm|m
He|pc`im dmh Ihdehcrim tchtmh` ~ch`s|mh`mh cfiri `mr |sfmo ambm
dm|i
~c|srmaamh dmh ~ch``shdsjmh ostmh /\CDD!) ~mdm tmh``mj di
Erje* He|pc`im(
DMGTM\ ^SRTMAM
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Aecrhmdi Om|dkmrecfmht|i(Osasf Tmtm Jih`ash`mh*
Rs~|imdi* R(O* F(Osf(Osasf Jih`ash`mh di Ihdehcrim(
Dmhicj Fs|diym|re( Rc~sjso Tmosh ^c|kmjmhmh Hc`eirmri Aehwchri
^c|slmomh
Iajif( ^chc|lit Lsas Aef~mr* Kmam|tm* >2(
H(O(T Rimommh* R(O* F(O( Osasf Jih`ash`mh dmh Caeje`i
^cflmh`shmh*
Cdiri Acdsm( C|jmh``m* Kmam|tm* >4(
Tmtmh` Re~imh(\mbocj Bm|reh* Acrshyimh Fsrif Rcfi Mailmt
^crtiridm ditsjir
~mdm =< Fci >3 di~sljiamriamh ejco
ott~;%%ppp(bocf&ir&t|y(e|` di
marcr tmh``mj =3 Dcrcflc| =>
Cfij Rmjif* ^ejm cflmh`shmh Tc|jmhkstamh* dmjmf Om|i Dc~mh Aitm
Lc|rmfm(
^T( @|mfcdim* Kmam|tm* =9??( di~sljiamriamh ejco @ee`jc Lsas
dmjmf
ppp(leear(`ee`jc(be(id dimarcr tmh``mj =3 Dcrcflc| =>
Lsjctih Jcsrc| Wej(7 >? He( =>( Dm|i Aehgc|chri ^c|slmomh
Iajif di LmjiLsfi dmjmf Mhbmfmh ^cfmhmrmh @jelmj( Ymymrmh Jcsrc|
Ihdehcrim*
Kmhsm|i >? dimarcr dm|i wc|ri pcl&hym di
ppp(jcsrc|geshdmtieh(e|`
tmh``mj =3 Dcrcflc| =>
Fm|ty Hmtmjc`mpm Be~chom`ch Mbbe|d Ditc|ifm Rclm`mi Ac~stsrmh
Tma
Fch iamt( Mhtm|m Hcpr tmh` mj =9 Dcrcflc| >9(
di~sljiamriamhfcjmjsi pclritc |crfi Ge|sf Fmrym|mamt Ri~ij
Ihdehcrim Shtsa Acmdijmh
Iajif ppp(brege|sf(hctdimarcr tmh``mj =3 Dcrcflc| =>
Ac|kmrmfm \I&He|pc`im ymh` diasti~ dm|i pclritc |crfi
Acfcht|imh Jsm|
Hc`c|i Ihdehcrim di ppp(dc~js(`e(iddimarcr tmh``mj =3 Dcrcflc|
=>
TS@MR FMAMJMO
RCKM\MO ^C\ACFLMH@MH OSASF JIH@ASH@MH
http://www.chem-is-try.org/author/Tatang_Sopian/http://www.chem-is-try.org/http://www.books.google.co.id/http://www.leuserfoundation.org/http://www.csoforum.net/http://www.deplu.go.id/http://www.chem-is-try.org/author/Tatang_Sopian/http://www.chem-is-try.org/http://www.books.google.co.id/http://www.leuserfoundation.org/http://www.csoforum.net/http://www.deplu.go.id/
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DIRSRSH EJCO ;
Hmfm ;
HIF ;
Fmtm Asjimo ; Lmomrm Ihdehcrim
Derch ^ch`mrso ;
SHIWC\RITMR FSOMFFMDIYMO ^MJCFLMH@
GMASJTMR OSASF
=>
AMTM ^CH@MHTM\
Mrrmjmfsmjmiasf P|(Pl(
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Mtmr lc|amt |mofmt Tsomh Ymh` Fmom Crm* Amfi tcjmo lc|omrij
fchycjcrmiamh fmamjmo dch`mh ksdsj Rckm|mo ^c|acflmh`mh
Osasf
Jih`ash`mh( Fmamjmo ihi dirsrsh dmjmf |mh`am fcfchsoi ts`mr Fmtm
Asjimo
Lmomrm Ihdehcerm ~mdm Gmasjtmr Osasf Shiwc|ritmr
Fsomffmdiymo
^mjcflmh`(
Ac~mdm fmomrirpm ymh` fcflmbm fmamjmo ihi diom|m~amh fcflmbm
lsas&lsas Ostsf Jih`ash`mh ymh` mdm jmihhym( Om|m~mh rmym
dch`mh
diacjsm|amhhym fmamjmo ihi dm~mt fcflmhts ~m|m fmomrirpm dmjmf
fcfmomfi
rckm|mo ~c|acflmh`mh osasf jih`ash`mh aosrsrhym rc|tm diri~jih
ijfs osasf
jmihhym(
Rc`mjm a|itia dmh rm|mh dcfi ~c|lmiamh fmamjmo ihi amfi tc|ifm
shtsa
acfmksmh ac dc~mh(
Pmrrmjmfsmjmiasf P|( Pl(
^mjcflmh`* Dcrcflc| =>
^chsjir
DMGTM\ IRI
OMJMFMH
KSDSJ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((i
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AMTM
^CH@MHTM\((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((ii
DMGTM\
IRI((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((iii
LML I
^CHDMOSJSMH((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((=
LML II
^CFLMOMRMH(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
LML III
^CHSTS^(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
DMGTM\
^SRTMAM((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
