Semdeg - Open Society Georgia Foundation · Sesavali sityva: giorgi margvelaSvili saqarTvelos prezidenti 20 weli gavida mas Semdeg, rac damoukideblobaaRdgenilma qarTvelma erma 1995

s a q a r T v e l o s

k o n s t i tu c i a

20S e m d e g

978-9941-0-8806-3

საქართველო

ს კონსტიტუ

ცია 20 წლის შ

ემდეგ

s a q a r T v e l o s

k o n s t i tu c i a

wlis

S e m d e g

krebuli momzadda fond “Ria sazogadoeba saqarTvelos”

mxardaWeriT.

krebulSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi SesaZloa, ar asaxavdes fond

“Ria sazogadoeba saqarTvelos” pozicias. Sesabamisad, fondi ar

aris pasuxismgebeli mis Sinaarsze.

redaqtorebi: vaxtang nacvliSvili, daviT zedelaSvili

daxmarebisTvis madloba vuxdiT elene samadbegiSvils, marita

mazaniSvilsa, ana jabaursa da irakli xvadagians

yvela ufleba daculia © 2016

winaTqma 7

Sesavali sityva daviT usufaSvili 11giorgi margvelaSvili 14 giorgi papuaSvili 17

saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia oci wlis Semdeg:

miRwevebi, gamowvevebi, momavlis xedvebi volfgang babeki 23

1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstituciis biografia avTandil demetraSvili 30

saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia rogorc damfuZnebeli dokumenti:

qarTuli konstituciuri wesrigis subieqtis identoba da

konstituciuri patriotizmis SesaZlebloba daviT zedelaSvili 44

konstitucia da konstitucionalizmi saqarTvelos

politikur sistemaSi gia nodia 81

Zalauflebis konstituciuri balansi gia xubua 103

Zalauflebis moTviniereba - konstituciis uZlureba da revolucia

vaxuSti menabde 118

saqarTvelo sekularizaciis gzaze merab RaRaniZe 145

Tavisufleba konstituciis farglebSi da Tavad konstituciis

gaazrebis Tavisufleba qeTevan eremaZe 163

saqarTvelos konstitucia da Tavisufleba: Tavisufleba saxelmwifosgan

Tu Tavisufleba sazogadoebaSi? ekaterine lomTaTiZe 175

konstitucia da socialuri samarTlianoba:socialuri saxelmwifos

deklarirebuli principis Sinaarsis ZiebaSi Tamar cxadaZe 194

saqarTvelos kostitucia - erovnuli saxelmwifo da imperiuli memkvidreoba

giorgi maisuraZe 214

konstitucia da fundamenturi wesrigi. konstituciis kulturuli

winapirobebi zaal andronikaSvili 223

სარჩევი

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7

winaTqma

saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia oci wlis Semdeg:

miRwevebi, gamowvevebi, momavlis xedvebi

saqarTvelom 2015 wels konstituciis 20 wlis iubile aRniSna.

SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom sajaro dRis wesrigma es, erTi SexedviT,

mniSvnelovani TariRi gamotova. ar daiwyo diskusia, rogor movi-

da dRemde, ra miRwevebi aqvs da ra gamowvevebis winaSe dgas qvey-

nis umTavresi samarTlebrivi dokumenti da mis mier nagulisxmevi

wesrigi.

saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia, rogorc modernuli

konstituciebis umravlesoba, werilobiTi samarTlebrivi doku-

mentia. misi Sefasebisas iuridiul-formalisturi, teqstiT Se-

boWili midgoma sWarbobs. es midgoma konstituciis teqsts kon-

stituciuri wesrigisgan ganyenebulad aRiqvams da aviwroebs im

areals, saidanac konstituciis Sefasebis masStabebis aReba Sei-

Zleba. amdenad, TvalSisacemia simwire da calmxrivoba im akademi-

uri komentarisa, romelic saqarTvelos konstituciaze arsebobs.

saqarTvelos konstituciis analizisas, qarTul akademiur

komentarebSi, ZiriTadad, teqstis interpretacias misdeven, Se-

fasebis masStabi ki SedarebiTi politikis resursebia, romlebic

dasavluri konstituciuri reJimebis aRwerilobiT klasifika-

ciebs (saparlamento, saprezidento, Sereuli) gvaZleven. bolo

8

20 wlis ganmavlobaSi, konstituciuri transformaciebisa da re-

formebis kvaldakval, ar wydeba kamaTi imaze, am aRwerilobiTi

klasifikaciidan romels miekuTvneba/unda miekuTvnebodes saqa-

rTvelos konstitucia. am debatebisas, SedarebiT naklebi dro

eTmoba ama Tu im instituciuri modelis normatiul gamarTle-

bas, aseve ufro farTo politikuri, socialuri Tu istoriuli

konteqstis analizs. imisaTvis, rom saqarTvelos konstituciis

warmateba Tu warumatebloba, mis mier dafuZnebuli wesrigisa da

saxelisuflebo institutebis simyare mxolod masSi ganxorciele-

buli cvlilebebis sixSiriTa da raodenobiT ar Sefasdes, saWiroa,

uari vTqvaT arsebul konceptualur CarCoze da meTodologiaze.

winamdebare krebuli, romelic fondi “Ria sazogadeoba saqa-

rTvelos” mier momzadda, aris mcdeloba, kidev ufro gaafarTo-

vos konstituciis Sefasebis areali da masStabi. krebulis Teo-

riuli CarCo konstituciaSi moiazrebs ara mxolod konstituciis

teqsts, aramed im konstituciur da saxelisuflebo wesrigsac,

romelic am teqstis safuZvelze dafuZnda da ganviTarda. konsti-

tuciuri wesrigis analizi SeuZlebelia im sazogadoebrivi wesri-

gis gagebis gareSec, romelic konstituciuri wesrigis pirobebSi

masTan Tanaarsebobs. sabolood ki, mniSvnelovania adamianis, in-

dividis, subieqtis adgili, misi mimarTeba rogorc konstituci-

ur, ise sazogadoebriv wesrigTan. es Teoriuli CarCo metwilad

modernulia da umTavresad ganmanaTleblobis inteleqtualur

horizontSia moqceuli.

didad gadaWarbebuli ar iqneba imis Tqma, rom konstitucia

modernuli politikuri proeqtia. modernuli konstitucia ki

ramdenime mniSvnelovan normatiul mizans emsaxureba da Sesabam-

isi funqcionaluri datvirTva aqvs. es normatiuli miznebi da

funqciebi, TiToeuli, qarTuli konstituciuri proeqtis miRwev-

is an Cavardnis sazomad gamodgeba.

modernuli konstituciebis erT-erTi upirvelesi funqcia

religiuri da tradiciuli legitimaciis rRvevis Semdeg xeli-

suflebis dafuZneba-legitimaciaa. Tanamedrove konstitucia

legitimaciis wyaros xalxSi hpovebs. Tumca, mas xSirad uWirs,

gauZlos cdunebas da Tqvas uari religiaze, rogorc legitimaci-

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is mosaxerxebel wyaroze, aseve miTze, istoriaze, an WeSmaritebis

statusze modave abstraqtul moralur principebze. ramdenad ax-

erxebs saqarTvelos konstitucia, Seqmnas amgvar legitimaciaze

dafuZnebuli wesrigi, romelic misi moqalaqeebis patriotizmis

obieqti iqneba, mniSvnelovan kiTxvad rCeba konstituciis miRe-

bidan 20 wlis Semdegac.

modernuli konstituciis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani funqciaa,

rom wertili dausvas erTpirovnul da TviTnebur Zalauflebas,

Seqmnas politikuri xelisuflebis Tvisobrivad axali forma.

es xelisuflebis yovlismomcveli samarTlebrivi mowesrigebiT

miiRweva. aRniSnuli pasuxobs Tanamedroveobis or ZiriTad poli-

tikur impulss _ tiranuli Zalauflebis SiSsa da demokratiuli

TviTmmarTvelobisken swrafvas. Tanamedrove konstituciebis ukan

dgas intuicia, rom mTeli politikuri Zalauflebis samarTlis

farglebSi moqceva, erTi mxriv, da saxelisuflo Zalauflebis

xalxidan momdinareoba demokratiis instituciuri procesis meS-

veobiT, meore mxriv, agvaridebs tiranul Zalauflebas. demokra-

tiuli procesis sruli konstitucionalizacia da legalizacia am

programis nawilia, xolo werilobiT konstituciur dokumentSi

maTi asaxva am miznisken pirveli, Tumca arasakmarisi nabijia.

konstituciis dokumentis miRebidan 20 wlis Tavze mniSvnelo-

vania, Sefasdes, ramdenad akmayofilebs ara mxolod konstituciis

teqsti, aramed arsebuli konstituciuri wesrigi TviTnebobisgan

Tavisufali, demokratiulad angariSvaldebuli sajaro xelisu-

flebis yovlismomcveli mowesrigebis ideals. TviTnebobisgan

Tavisuflebis mizani adamianis, rogorc subieqtis, Tavisuflebis

garantad iyo Cafiqrebuli. Tumca, Tanamedrove konstituciebma

individualistur, liberalur ideebTan erTad koleqtivistu-

ri ideebis zegavlenac ganicada. Sesabamisad, klasikuri konsti-

tucionalizmisgan gansxvavebuli xedvebi sajaro xelisuflebas

sazogadoebisgan da adamianisgan ganyenebulad ki ar aRiqvams,

maT mTlianobaSi xedavs _ Tavisuflebis problemas ara individze

politikuri da sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis siWarbeSi, aramed

am Zalauflebis „arasworad“ organizebaSia. Sesabamisad, sazoga-

doebrivi wesrigis, gansakuTrebiT ki ekonomikis mowyobis logika

10

mWidro urTierTgavlenas axdens rogorc sajaro xelisuflebis

bunebaze, ise adamianis Tavisuflebaze. aRniSnuli kavSirebis kv-

leva da Sefaseba 1995 wlis konstituciis Semdgom wesrigSi um-

niSvnelovanesi da, amave dros, droulia qarTul akademiur da

sajaro sivrceSi.

winamdebare krebulis Teoriuli da normatiuli CarCo

sakmarisad farToa imisTvis, rom gadakveTos disciplinuri da

ideologiuri barierebi. igi aerTianebs sxvadasxva sferoSi mo-

muSave mecnieris akademiur statias saqarTvelos konstituciu-

ri wesrigis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom krebulSi ver moxvda

qarTuli konstitucionalizmisTvis mniSvnelovani bevri sakiTxi,

vimedovnebT, igi msuye masalas iZleva qveynis mTavar dokumentze

Semdgomi fiqrisa da refleqsiisTvis.

11

Sesavali sityva: daviT usufaSvili

saqarTvelos parlamentis Tavmjdomare

mrCeba STabeWdileba, rom 20 wlis manZilze konstitucia ise-

Tive gauazrebelad gafetiSebul cnebad rCeboda CvenSi, rogorc

Tavisufleba _ viciT, rom kargia, magram ar viciT, ra saWiroa...

sxva mizezebTan erTad, es imitomacaa ase, rom ver SevZeliT

konstituciis, rogorc uzenaesi kanonis gaTaviseba da mudam

masze ufro uzenaesis, ufro Zlieris, ufro sandos ZiebaSi varT.

es ufro uzenaesi, ufro Zlieri da ufro sando ki an social-

ur-politikur ierarqiul sistemaSi Cvenze zemdgomis nebaa an

qristes mcnebis moZRvriseuli interpretacia...

ratom ver gaviTaviseT konstituciis uzenaesoba? imitom, rom

sakuTari nebis uzenaesobis anu pasuxismgebliani Tavisuflebis

jer kidev gveSinia... konstituciis, Cvens mier Seqmnili wesebis

krebulis, uzenaesobis gaTaviseba xom niSnavs konstituciis miC-

nevas sakuTari Tavisufali nebis produqtad; anu imis aRiarebas,

rom yvelaferi danarCeni _ religiuri moZRvrebac, faseulobaTa

sistemac, zogadsakacobrio sibrZne da gamocdilebac, erovnuli

tradiciebic da kulturac, gamorCeuli moRvaweebis da lider-

ebis xedvebic _ kargad gavisigrZeganeT da Tavisufali gansjis

Sedegad, rac Rirebulad CavTvaleT, konstituciaSi CavwereT da

uzenaesTa Soris uzenaesis statusi mivaniWeT. ai, es mentaluri

aqti gvaqvs jer kidev Casatarebeli individualur da erovnul

doneze imisaTvis, rom vSvaT konstitucia.

eris mier sakuTari konstituciis sreulfasovnad dabadebam-

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de ki erovnuli saxelmwifoebrioba sinamdvileSi erovnuli tra-

gi-komediaa da meti araferi... es ar niSnavs imas, rom „arauzenaesi

konstituciis“ pirobebSi qveyana aucileblad daiRupeba, gaqreba

msoflio rukidan, veRar gazrdis mSp-s, ver aagebs axal gzebs, ver

gamravldeba da a.S.

es niSnavs „mxolod“ imas, rom es qveyana Tavisufali adami-

anebis nacvlad dasaxlebuli iqneba ZiriTadad araTavisufali da

SigadaSig TavisuflebisTvis mebrZoli adamianebiT. am qveyanas

drodadro bazaleTidan moevlineba xolme morigi uzenaesi, ro-

melsac wina uzenaesis mier konstituciis uzenaesobis xelyofis

Sedegebis gamosworebis uzenaesi misia aiZulebs, xelyos konsti-

tuciis uzenaesoba... xolo araTavisufali umravlesoba iseTi

yiJiniT Sexvdeba xolme axali uzenaesis uzenaesobas konstituci-

is uzenaesobaze, rom TavisuflebisaTvis mcirericxovan mebrZol-

Ta umravlesoba dumils amjobinebs _ emand, winauzenaesobistoba

ar dambraldeso...

ase vicxovreT 20 weli arauzenaesi konstituciis pirobebSi!..

sad varT axla? mrCeba STabeWdileba, rom mTeli rigi bolo-

droindeli axali konstituciuri simptomebi eris mier konsti-

tuciis dabadebis adreul tkivilebze unda mianiSnebdes _ kon-

stitucias sruliad axali tipis mkiTxvelebi gamouCndnen da

profesorebze xSirad prezidentebi, premierebi da parlamentare-

bi kamaToben mis calkeul debulebebze; sakonstitucio sasamarT-

lo Tavdayira ayenebs mmarTveli gundis sakanonmdeblo aqtebSi

asaxul politikas da iRebs gadawyvetilebebs, raze fiqric ki jer

kidev guSin warmoudgenel saxelmwifoebriv-politikur mkrexelo-

bad CaiTvleboda da saTanadodac daisjeboda; saxelmwifo sakon-

stitucio komisia uwindeliviT konveieruli wesiT ver awarmoebs

proeqtebs, radgan mmarTvel koaliciaSic ki Wirs konstituciur

sakiTxebze poziciebis kompleqsuri Sejereba; media sul ufro

metad interesdeba konstituciuri sakiTxebiT da sayvelafro

eqspertTa titulaturas „konstitucionalistic“ daemata, ro-

gorc bazarze arsebuli gazrdili moTxovnis yvelaze utyuari

sabuTi; politikuri Tavisuflebebis sio cvalebadi mimarTulebis

qarad Camoyalibda da gaxarebuli Tu gabrazebuli moqalaqeebi

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sul ufro metad iSvelieben konstitucias, rogorc saxelmwifo

Zalauflebis SemzRudvel fenomens.

mokled, mSobiarobis procesi rogorc iqna daiZra, magram

konstituciis janmrTelad dabadebamde jer kidev Sors varT.

sad aris safrTxe? safrTxe fexis yovel nabijzea... procesisTvis

sabediswero susxi bazaleTidanac SeiZleba wamovides, quTaisi-

danac, Tbilisidanac da baTumidanac. metic, es gardauvlad mox-

deba, Tu konstitucia profesorebis da studentebis nacvlad,

axla ukve prezidentebma, parlamentebma, premierebma da sakon-

stitucio sasamarTloebmac miisakuTres da aramiznobrivad ga-

moiyenes erTmaneTTan wesebis gareSe brZolaSi. arc kvalificiur

konstitucionalists da arc saxelmwifoze pasuxismgebel moqa-

laqes ar gamoepareboda, rom aseTi saxifaTo tendenciebi ukve

SeiniSneba...

gamosavali erTia _ konstituciis mkiTxvel, gamomyenebel,

damcvelTa wre unda gafarTovdes da man unda moicvas sruliad

saqarTvelos yoveli moqalaqe! es SesaZlebelia, Tu gaerTiande-

ba yvela im adamianis Zalisxmeva, visac sjera, rom konstituci-

is uzenaesobis gareSe ar arsebobs Tavisufleba, demokratia da

mdgradi keTildReoba; da kidev _ Tu es adamianebi daijereben,

rom es yvelaferi SesaZlebelia aq, Cvens saqarTveloSi!..

14

Sesavali sityva: giorgi margvelaSvili

saqarTvelos prezidenti

20 weli gavida mas Semdeg, rac damoukideblobaaRdgenilma

qarTvelma erma 1995 wlis agvistoSi axali konstitucia miiRo.

„Cven, saqarTvelos moqalaqeni, romelTa uryevi nebaa, davam-

kvidroT demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba, ekono-

mikuri Tavisufleba, socialuri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo,

uzrunvelvyoT adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebani da

Tavisuflebani... RvTisa da qveynis winaSe vacxadebT am konstitu-

cias.“ _ fuZemdebluri kanonis pirveli winadadebiT gacxadebuli

moqalaqeTa uryevi gadawyvetileba Tanamedrove evropuli sazo-

gadoebis idealebs efuZneba.

amavdroulad, es idealebi da faseulobebi Cveni kulturisa

da istoriis mamoZravebeli sulia. diax, Cven evropul faseulo-

baTa ara mxolod nawili varT, aramed aqtiuri monawilec sauku-

neebis ganmavlobaSi maTi TandaTanobiT Camoyalibebisa. swored

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos uzenaes politikur da sazogadoe-

briv miznad dasaxva qmnis myar niadags Cveni evropuli cnobi-

erebis, kulturisa da istoriis saxelmwifoebriv praqtikebsa da

instituciebSi gardasaxvisa.

rogorc am suliskveTebis anarekli, saqarTvelosa da evroka-

vSirs Soris gaformebuli asocirebis xelSekrulebis preambula-

Sive xazgasmiT aRiniSna: „mxareebi, iTvaliswinebdnen ra erTmaneTs

Soris mWidro kavSirebsa da saerTo Rirebulebebs, cnoben ra saqa-

rTvelos evropul miswrafebebsa da evropul arCevans, aRiareben

ra, rom is saerTo Rirebulebebi, romlebsac efuZneba evrokavSi-

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ri _ demokratia, adamianis uflebaTa da ZiriTad TavisuflebaTa

dacva da kanonis uzenaesoba _ aseve warmoadgens politikuri aso-

cirebisa da ekonomikuri integraciis qvakuTxeds“.

ase rom, Cveni dRevandeli gamowveva aris: yoveldRiur yofaSi

SevasxaT xorci am faseulobebs, mdidar memkvidreobaze avaSenoT

Tanamedrove evropuli saqarTvelo, dafuZnebuli kanonis uzenae-

sobasa da adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvaze.

postsabWoTa sivrcidan evropuli saxelmwifosaken ukve gan-

vlil gzaze am mxriv mravali ram gakeTda. Tumca demokratiis

mSenebloba ar aris procesi, romelic odesme SeiZleba dasrule-

bulad CaiTvalos. yoveli axali epoqa axali gamowvevebisa da

amocanebis winaSe gvayenebs da maTze Rirseuli pasuxi mxolod

demokratiis, adamianis uflebaTa daculobis, samarTliani sazo-

gadoebis uwyveti srulyofiT SeiZleba. es ki niSnavs, rom arafe-

ria erTxel da samudamod mopovebuli, rom TiToeuli Cvengani

kvlav da kvlav unda iswrafodes cnobierebis im simaRlisken,

saidanac Cveni xangrZlivi tradiciisa da Soreuli momavlis saer-

To xedi mkafiod moCans.

amgvari cnobierebis centri adamiania. da, ra Tqma unda, kon-

stituciis subieqtic adamiania _ erTi da yoveli, kerZo, konk-

retuli individi. swored individis Tavisuflebis maqsimaluri

uzrunvelyofaa mizani, romelic Tanamedrove civilizacias amoZ-

ravebs.

individis Tavisuflebis realizebis sivrce ki aris sazoga-

doeba _ sxvebTan Tanacxovreba. Cven vibadebiT, vyalibdebiT da

vcxovrobT sxva adamianebis garemocvaSi. individis ganviTareba

SesaZlebelia mxolod sxvasTan SemoqmedebiTi urTierTobiT. ami-

tom sazogadoebriv sivrceSi Cveni individualuri Tavisuflebis

ganxorcielebis pirveli aqti aris „sxvisi“ cnoba, aRiareba, pativ-

iscema. mxolod sxvisi _ Cemgan gansxvavebulis Tavisuflebisadmi

pativiscemiT iZens Sinaarss Cemive piradi Tavisufleba, rogorc

ganviTarebisa da srulfasovani realizebis kategoriuli piroba.

rac samarTliania CemTvis, samarTliania yvela sxvisaTvis da

piriqiT. samarTlis winaSe yvelani Tanasworni varT. sakuTari Ta-

visuflebis dacviT, me viRvwi sxvisi TavisuflebisaTvisac, sxvisi

16

TavisuflebisaTvis brZoliT ki movipoveb sakuTar Tavisufle-

bas. da vTanxmdebi ra yvela sxvasTan, TiToeul TqvenganTan, rom

Tqveni Tavisufleba iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc sakuTari, me

vafuZneb kanons.

swored es fundamenturi sazogadoebrivi SeTanxmebaa kano-

nis arsi. amitom yoveli kanoni am moTxovnebs unda pasuxobdes,

Tanabrad unda vrceldebodes TiToeul adamianze.

instrumenti, romelic adamianebma kanonis uzenaesobisa da

sayovelTaobis aRsasruleblad, amdenad _ Tavisuflebis ganxor-

cielebisaTvis Seqmnes, aris Tanamedrove saxelmwifo, romelic

cnobs da icavs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da

Tavisuflebebs, rogorc waruval da uzenaes adamianur Rirebule-

bebs.

amdenad, adamianis Tavisuflebaze orientirebuli kanonis

uzenaesoba nebismieri samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos ganuyofeli

nawilia: adamianis Tavisufleba, pativi da Rirseba, samarTliani

sasamarTlos ufleba, dacvis ufleba, piradi cxovrebis xelSeux-

ebloba, gadaadgilebis Tavisufleba, sakuTrebisa da memkvidreo-

bis ufleba, sityvisa da gamoxatvis, Sekrebisa da manifestaciis

uflebebi, garantirebuli am instrumentis _ saxelmwifos meSveo-

biT, unda iqces TiToeulisa da yvelas ganviTarebis winapirobad.

swored amitom Rrmad mwams, rom yvela Cvenganis, TiToeuli

moqalaqisa da, ra Tqma unda, upirveles yovlisa, xelisuflebis

yoveldRiuri sazrunavi, safiqrali, moqmedebis safuZveli unda

iyos adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis, kanonis, samar-

Tlianobis, Rirsebis dacva da kanonis uzenaesobaze dafuZnebuli,

samarTlianobis principebiT gajerebuli demokratiuli qveynis

mSenebloba.

17

Sesavali sityva: giorgi papuaSvili

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomare

2015 wels saqarTvelom Tavisi meore konstituciis _ 1995

wlis konstituciis miRebis 20 wlisTavi izeima, rac RirsSesan-

iSnavi movlenaa demokratiuli saqarTvelos istoriaSi. 20 wlis

win saqarTvelos parlamentma sakonstitucio komisiis mraval-

wliani muSaobis Sedegad, qveyanaSi arsebuli urTulesi poli-

tikuri da socialuri mdgomareobis fonze SeZlo dRes moqmedi

ZiriTadi kanonis miReba. aRniSnulma dokumentma dasabami daudo

Tanamedrove qarTuli saxelmwifos samarTlebriv ganviTarebas da

qveyana liberalur-demokratiuli mmarTvelobiTi sistemis sawy-

isebze daabruna.

niSandoblivia, rom saqarTvelos konstitucionalizmis sakma-

od mdidari istoria aqvs. Sua saukuneebSi Seqmnili mravali is-

toriuli dokumentis garda, udavod, gamosarCevia me-20 sauku-

nis pirvel naxevarSi ganviTarebuli sazogadoebrivi procesebi,

romelic 1918 wels dagvirgvinda saqarTvelos damoukideblobis

aqtis gamocxadebiT. damoukideblobis aqti aris Tanamedrove

saxis pirveli qarTuli konstituciuri mniSvnelobis dokumenti.

igi miuTiTebda qarTveli eris istoriul swrafvaze damoukide-

blobisken da qveynis moklevadiani damoukideblobis periodSi

aregulirebda saxelmwifos samarTlebriv statuss, politiku-

ri wyobilebis formasa da droebiTi mmarTvelobiTi organoebis

saqmianobis farglebs. damoukideblobis aqtis logikuri gagr-

Zeleba iyo 1921 wels saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis

konstituciis miReba. aRniSnulma dokumentma moaxdina saqarTve-

18

los mravalsaukunovani ganviTarebis, misi miswrafebebis asaxva da

mtkiced warmoaCina imdroindeli sazogadoebis arCevani. samwux-

arod, pirveli qarTuli konstitucia, sabWoTa okupaciisa da Sem-

dgomi aneqsiis gamo, realurad ver amoqmedda da, miuxedavad misi

udavo progresulobisa, SedarebiT mokrZalebuli wvlili Seita-

na qveynis samarTlebrivi tradiciebis praqtikul ganmtkicebaSi.

amgvarad, swored dRes moqmedi 1995 wlis konstitucia warmoad-

gens saqarTveloSi demokratiul Rirebulebebze orientirebuli

saxelmwifos ganviTarebis samarTlebriv CarCos.

konstitucia, rogorc damfuZnebeli dokumenti, asaxavs sazo-

gadoebis istoriul, politikur, socialur, kulturul da ekono-

mikur prioritetebs. saxelmwifos marTva-gamgeobis modelisa da

adamianis uflebaTa da TavisuflebaTa fundamenturi principebis

Camoyalibebis paralelurad, ZiriTadi kanoni TavisTavad gansaz-

Rvravs qveynis samomavlo ganviTarebis ZiriTad mimarTulebebs.

moqmedi konstituciis principebi da Rirebulebebi, maT Soris,

mkafiodaa gansazRvruli mis preambulaSi, rac, Tavis mxriv, war-

moadgens Tanamedrove liberalur-demokratiuli mmarTvelobis

mowinave ideologiis gamoZaxils. ufro konkretulad, es princi-

pebia: demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba, ekonomikuri

Tavisufleba, socialuri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, adamianis

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis uzrun-

velyofa da sxva xalxebTan mSvidobiani urTierToba.

unda aRiniSnos, rom dRes, konstituciis miRebis 20 wlisTavze,

saqarTvelo isev dgas aRniSnuli principebis jerovani ganxor-

cielebis gamowvevis winaSe. amasTanave, sazogadoebis nawilSi

SeiniSneba skepticizmi ZiriTadi kanonis efeqturobasTan, mis re-

alur moqmedebasTan mimarTebiT, rac, bunebrivia, aferxebs kon-

stituciis miznebis ganxorcielebis process. SeiZleba iTqvas,

rom ori aTeuli weli realurad mcire periodia konstituciuri

principebis srulyofili realizaciisTvis. meti dro da Zalisx-

mevaa saWiro, rom konstituciiT gaTvaliswinebuli Rirebulebebi

gaxdes Seuqcevadi sazogadoebis ganviTarebasTan, Camoyalibdes

mis tradiciad. am procesSi gansakuTrebiT gasaTvaliswinebelia

Cveni qveynis mZime sabWoTa memkvidreoba, rac dRemde SesamCnev

19

daRs asvams saqarTvelos demokratiul ganviTarebas. bunebriv-

ia, sazogadoebaSi, sadac isev arsebobs garkveuli sentimentebi

totalitaruli reJimis mimarT, demokratiul Rirebulebebze

dafuZnebuli konstituciis ganxorcieleba ver iqneba martivad

dasaZlevi amocana.

aRniSnulis miuxedavad, 20 wlisTavze, dRevandeli gadasaxe-

didan, progresi aSkarad SesamCnevia. bolo or aTwleulSi ganvi-

Tarebulma politikurma Tu sazogadoebrivma procesebma cxadyo

konstituciis mniSvneloba da meti sicocxle SesZina mis moqmede-

bas. kerZod, gaumjobesda ZiriTadi kanonis pativiscemis xarisxi

politikuri subieqtebis mxridan, rac, rasakvirvelia, pirdapir-

proporciulad aisaxeba konstituciis reitingze sazogadoebis

jgufebsa da uSualod moqalaqeebSi.

niSandoblivia, rom 1995 wels miRebul konstituciaSi dRem-

de 30-ze meti cvlileba ganxorcielda. ZiriTadi kanoni, eWvgare-

Sea, rom miznobrivad qmediTi da efeqturi unda iyos. man unda

SeZlos da xeli Seuwyos mis mierve deklarirebuli principebis

praqtikul ganxorcielebas. am TvalsazrisiT, demokratiuli xa-

siaTis politikur diskursSi konstituciis gadasinjva aRiqmeba

swored misi efeqturobis gazrdis mcdelobad, sabaziso dokumen-

tSi Zireuli sakiTxebis ukeT gadawyvetis mizniT.

bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi ganxorcielebuli

ramdenime konstituciuri reforma ZiriTadi sakiTxebis gaum-

jobesebis mcdelobis naTeli ilustraciaa. kerZod, xelisuflebis

danawilebis principis jerovani implementaciis mizniT ramden-

jerme moxda saxelmwifos mmarTvelobiTi modelis safuZvliani

gadaxedva, ramac sabolood Sereuli saparlamento/sapreziden-

to respublikis sistemamde mogviyvana. aseve gadaidga nabijebi

efeqturi adgilobrivi TviTmmarTvelobis damkvidrebis mizniT.

mmarTvelobis formasTan dakavSirebuli ramdenime Zireuli cvl-

ilebis miuxedavad, kvlav dRis wesrigSia qveynis ZiriTadi kanonis

gadasinjvis sakiTxi, rasac sakonstitucio komisiis Seqmna adas-

turebs.

yovelive es gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas sZens konstituciis

simyaris uzrunvelyofas. ZiriTadi kanonis daxvewis keTilSobi-

20

luri miznis garda, ar unda gamoiricxos politikuri xelisu-

flebis mxridan Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis riskebi. Se-

sabamisad, sabaziso dokumentis gadasinjvis rTuli proceduris

arseboba mizanSewonilia ara marto uSualod cvlilebis Sinaar-

sis xarisxobrivi gaumjobesebis TvalsazrisiT, aramed igi, aseve,

afermkrTalebs politikuri Zalebis cdunebas, sakuTari sur-

vilis an axirebis Sesabamisad ganaxorcielon TviTneburi cvl-

ilebebi konstituciaSi. Sesabamisad, konstituciis gadasinjvis

proceduris ganxorcielebisas maqsimalurad unda iyos uzrunve-

lyofili konsesusi rogorc politikur subieqtebs Soris, aseve

sazogadoebis jgufebsa da moqalaqeebis did nawilSi.

marTalia, demokratiul da kanonis uzenaesobaze dafuZnebul

sistemaSi uaRresad mniSvnelovania ZiriTadi kanonis Sinaarso-

brivi marTebuloba, Tumca, amasTanave, aranakleb mniSvnelovani

misi praqtikaSi ganxorcieleba da dacvaa. qarTvelma sazogadoe-

bam ukanaskneli 20 wlis manZilze xangrZlivi gza ganvlo demokra-

tiuli da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos mSeneblobis mimarTulebiT.

amis miuxedavad, es dro ar aris sakmarisi maRali samarTlebrivi

TviTSegnebisa da kanonis pativiscemaze orientirebuli sazoga-

doebrivi birTvis Camosayalibeblad. konstituciis moTxovnaTa

upirobod dacva, misi arsis sworad gaazreba erTnairad moeTx-

oveba rogorc qveynis moqaleebs, ise, pirvel rigSi, xelisufle-

bas. arcTu iSviaTad, maRali saxelmwifo Tanamdebobis pirebis

mxridan xdeba konstituciis, misi standartebisa da zogadad

demokratiis Sinaarsobrivi Tu proceduruli aspeqtebis dacvis

araswori aRqma. aRniSnuli, cxadia, uaryofiTad aisaxeba qvey-

nis demokratiul ganviTarebaze da zians ayenebs konstituci-

is miznebis ganxorcielebas. Sesabamisad, qveynis winsvlis gzaze

mniSvnelovania konstituciis miznebisa da Rirebulebebis safuZ-

vliani Semecneba sazogadoebis TiToeuli aqtoris mier.

saqarTvelos konstituciis dacvis erT-erTi umTavresi ga-

ranti sakonstitucio sasamarTloa, romelsac aqvs Seucvleli

roli, pirTa mimarTvis safuZvelze Zaladakargulad gamoacxa-

dos konstituciasTan Seusabamo nebismieri samarTlebrivi aqti.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos amocanaa qveynis ZiriTadi kanonis

21

uzenaesobis uzrunvelyofa. daarsebidan dRemde sakonstitucio

sasamarTlomac didi gza ganvlo ganviTarebisken, kerZod, droTa

ganmavlobaSi Zireulad daixvewa sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis

dasabuTebulobisa da xelmisawvdomobis xarisxi. sakonstitucio

sasamarTlo Camoyalibda, rogorc konstituciasa da kanonis pa-

tiviscemaze orientirebuli saxelmwifo organo.

daarsebidan 19 wlis ganmavlobaSi sakonstitucio sasamarT-

lom met-naklebi warmatebiT SeZlo sazogadoebriv jgufebsa da

moqalaqeebSi Seeqmna miukerZoebeli da avtoritetuli saxel-

mwifo organos imiji rogorc qveynis SigniT, ise mis gareTac.

saerTaSoriso doneze sakonstitucio sasamarTlo miiCneva erT-

erT yvelaze warmatebul institutad da amis naTeli dadasture-

baa misi 2014-2017 wlebis ganmavlobaSi evropis sakonstitucio

sasamarTloebis konferenciis Tavmjdomared arCevis faqti.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, Tavisi saqmianobis specifikidan

da funqciuri datvirTvidan gamomdinare, politikuri xelisu-

flebis TavisTavadi oponentia, vinaidan konstituciuri kon-

trolis ganxorcielebisas auqmebs kanonebisa Tu kanonqvemdebare

aqtebis moqmedebas. aseTi tipis oponireba liberalur-demokra-

tiuli mmarTvelobis sistemaSi savsebiT bunebrivia da axdens

saxelisuflebo Stoebs Soris kontrolisa da balansis meqa-

nizmis praqtikul gamovlinebas. eWvgareSea, rom sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebas xelisuflebis sxva Stoebma pativi unda scen da

aRasrulon igi. qarTul realobaSi politikuri organoebis mier,

rig SemTxvevebSi, SeiniSneba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos konsti-

tuciuri mandatis araswori aRqma, rac qmnis safuZvels, sasamarT-

lo Cabmuli iqnas politikuri xasiaTis debatebSi. yovelive es

safrTxes uqmnis sasamarTlos damoukideblobis konstituciur

princips da, bunebrivia, aferxebs konstituciis miznebis ganx-

orcielebas. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval saWiroa gan-

viTardes saxelisuflebo organoebis damokidebuleba sasamarT-

lo institutebis mimarT, moxdes aRniSnul organoTa unarisa da

Tavisufali nebis gamovlineba imgvarad, rom SesaZlebeli gaxdes

damoukidebel da Zlier sasamarTlosTan Tanaarseboba.

winamdebare krebulis gamocema mniSvnelovani movlenaa far-

22

To sazogadoebisaTvis. igi miznad isaxavs saqarTvelos moqmedi

konstituciis gaanalizebas ocwliani gadasaxedidan da emsaxure-

ba dainteresebuli sazogadoebis cnobierebis amaRlebas. amasTan,

krebuli aerTianebs sxvadasxva profesiis mecnierebsa da praq-

tikos specialistebs _ iuristebs, filosofosebs, sociologebsa

da politologebs, rac gamocemas kidev ufro sainteresos xdis.

konstituciis ocwliani istoriis interdisciplinuri analizi

dadebiTi movlenaa im TvalsazrisiT, rom igi SeZlebs, warmoa-

Cinos bolo 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi ZiriTadi kanonis moqmedebis

xarvezebi, asaxos misi ganviTarebis tendenciebi da gamokveTos

konstituciis samomavlo daxvewis gzebi ara mxolod samarTle-

brivi, aramed sxva, humanitaruli Tu socialuri mecnierebebis

perspeqtivebidan. qarTuli samarTlebrivi, politikuri da so-

cialuri yofa dRes, konstituciis miRebis 20 wlisTavze, ganvi-

Tarebis sxva mijnaze dgas. aseT dros uaxloesi samarTlebrivi

warsulis mravalmxrivi gaanalizeba mniSvnelovnad dagvexmareba

dRes arsebuli problemebis ukeT aRqmasa da maT samomavlo mog-

varebaSi.

23

publikaciis winasityvaoba: saqarTvelos 1995

wlis konstitucia oci wlis Semdeg:

miRwevebi, gamowvevebi, momavlis xedvebi

orpartiuli mxardaWeriT winsvlis droa

avtori: volfgang babeki1

istoriuli mimoxilva

TxuTmeti wlis win Cems kolegas, aleqsandre blankenagels da

me gvTxoves komentarebi gamogveTqva saqarTvelos konstituciis

mexuTe wlisTavTan dakavSirebiT. maSin Cven davaskveniT, rom „mx-

olod kompromisis miRwevis mzaoba gaaZlierebda mTel ers kano-

nis uzenaesobis gzaze da sirTuleebis gadawyvetaTa ZiebaSi saqa-

rTvelos yvela macxovreblis sasikeTod“.2

TxuTmeti wlis Semdegac analogiur daskvnamde mivedi: saxelm-

wifos sawyisi mSenebloba rTulia da post-sabWoTa epoqaSi Zalau-

flebisa da mmarTvelobisTvis brZola sruliad logikuri movle-

naa.3 Tumca, garkveul etapze eri unda gaerTiandes da gaiazros,

rom is mxolod konsensusis politikis Sedegad SeZlebs progresis

1 profesori, doqtori volfgang babeki, bondis universitetis (avstralia) adiunqt-profesori, aris saqarTvelos konstituciis Sesaxeb ori monografiis avtori. 2010 wels igi Tavmjdomareobda berlinis konferencias saqarTvelos konstituciis reformirebis Taobaze. 2 babek v., blankenageli v., konstituciuri momentebi da saqarTvelos konstitucionalizmis yoveldRiuri cxovreba, adamiani da konstitucia, 4, 2000, 261. 3 mag. Christophe B., Metamorphosen des Levithian. Strategien des State-Building in Georgien, Silk Road Lecture am Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung, Bonn, 2006, 7.

24

miRwevas misi mniSvnelovani geopolitikuri da kidev ufro didi

ekonomikuri gamowvevebis gadalaxvaSi. aRniSnuli gansakuTre-

biT rTulia saqarTveloSi, sadac politikuri erTpirovnuloba

aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mwifdeboda da sadac politikuri dia-

logi aRqmulia, rogorc sisuste. TumcaRa, Zlieri kanonis uzen-

aesobisa da jansaRi konstituciuri praqtikis damkvidreba, Zalze

xSirad, swored rom dialogsa da kompromisebzea damokidebuli.

modiT, amJamindeli konstituciis istoria mimovixiloT:

b-ni SevardnaZis prezidentobis periodSi, rodesac 1995 wlis

konstitucia iqna miRebuli, saqarTvelos konstitucia ZiriTa-

dad ar icvleboda, miuxedavad imisa, rom2004 wels saxelmwifo

ministris posti premier-ministris postma Caanacvla. am sawyisi

periodis ganmavlobaSi konstituciis teqsti sicocxlisunariani

gaxda da mravali konstituciuri wesi Camoyalibda.

vardebis revoluciidan maleve, 2004 wlis 6 Tebervals, b-ni

saakaSvilis mTavrobam ganaxorciela rigi mniSvnelovani cvlile-

bebisa gasaidumloebuli gziT, riTac, SeiZleba iTqvas,4 daarRvia

konstituciis 102.2-e muxli. es cvlilebebi veneciis komisiis re-

komendaciebis ugulvebelyofiT iqna miRebuli.

maT Soris:

rom prezidents SeeZlo gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan saxelm-

wifoebriv sakiTxebTan dakavSirebiT moewvia mTavrobis sxdoma da

sxdomaze miRebuli nebismieri gadawyvetileba unda gaformebuli-

yo prezidentis aqtiT (saqarTvelos konstituciis 78.4-e muxli);

rom prezidents SeeZlo SeeCerebina an gaeuqmebina mTavro-

bisa da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis dawesebulebaTa aqtebi,

Tu isini ewinaaRmdegebodnen saqarTvelos konstitucias an TviT

prezidentis normatiul aqtebsac ki (saqarTvelos konstituciis

73.3-e muxli);

rom gauqmda 72-e muxliT garantirebuli, prezidentis poli-

tikuri neitraloba, iseve, rogorc saqarTvelos konstituciis

78.2-e muxli, romelic krZalavda samxedro Zalebis, saxelmwifo

uSiSroebisa da policiis uwyebaTa Serwymas an sxvagvar gaer-

4 babeki v., gakveTilebi saqarTvelodan: konstituciuri reformis misabaZi magaliTi?, konstituci-is gadasinjva - saqarTvelos gza evropisaken, baden-badeni, 2012, 75.

25

Tianebas.

2008 wels, 73-e muxlis pirveli punqtis „g“ qvepunqtis cvli-

lebis Sedegad Tavdacvis, Sinagan saqmeTa da iusticiis ministre-

bi uSualod angariSvaldebulni gaxdnen prezidentis winaSe. amas

garda, b-ni saakaSvili am uflebas, aseve, iyenebda zemoxsenebuli

ministrebis Tanamdebobidan gasaTavisufleblad.

2007 wlis 27 dekembers parlamentma de faqto gaagrZela b-ni

saakaSvilis prezidentobis vada daaxloebiT 10 TviT. b-ni saak-

aSvilis administraciis Zalisxmevis Sedegad, saxelmwifo sakon-

stitucio komisiam moamzada da parlamentma 2010 wels miiRo

saqarTvelos konstituciis arsebiTi reforma, romelmac gaauq-

ma zogierTi zemoxsenebuli cvlileba da sagrZnoblad gaaZliera

parlamentis uflebamosilebani. Secvlili konstituciiT, par-

lamentis mxardaWeriT mosargeble premier-ministri mogvevlina

rogorc gadawyvetilebebis mTavari mimRebi saqarTveloSi. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom prezidents jer kidev miniWebuli aqvs mravali

uflebamosileba, maTi umravlesobis xasiaTi ganzrax ganisazRvra,

rogorc pasiuri da makontrolebeli.

samwuxarod, maSindelma mmarTvelma partiam „erTianma nacio-

nalurma moZraobam“, romelic aseve sargeblobda konstituciis

Sesacvlelad saWiro 2/3 umravlesobiT parlamentSi, arakeTilgo-

nivrulad da erTpirovnulad gaitana ramdenime konstituciuri

cvlileba, romelic ar yofila saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komi-

siaSi ganxiluli da SeTanxmebuli. rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania,

konstituciis SecvlisTvis saWiro zRvari Semadgenlobis 3/4-mde

gaizarda.

rekomendacia

miuxedavad imisa, rom reformirebuli konstitucia swori

mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli mniSvnelovani nabijia, saqarTvelos

saxelmwifo sistema jer kidev formirebis procesSia. magaliT-

ad, reformirebuli konstitucia jer ar yofila gamocdili da

ganmtkicebuli namdvili kohabitaciis periodis ganmavlobaSi.

amitom, amJamindeli konstituciisTvis saboloo saxis micema ar

26

aris rekomendebuli: rac ufro meti politikuri partia moxvde-

ba saqarTvelos parlamentSi, miT ufro garTuldeba umravleso-

bis mopoveba saqarTvelos konstituciis Sesacvlelad da maRali,

Semadgenlobis 3/4-iani zRvaris gadasalaxad.

saqarTveloSi politikuri liderebisTvis erTi rekomenda-

cia rom mqondes misacemi, es iqneboda saqarTvelos konstituciis

102.3-e muxlSi konstituciis gadasasinjad Semadgenlobis 2/3-iani

zRvaris dabruneba. idealur SemTxvevaSi, es Semdeg saparlamento

arCevnebamde unda Sevides ZalaSi. iseve, rogorc bevr sxva saxel-

mwifos, momdevno wlebSi saqarTvelos dasWirdeba konstituciis

gadasinjva da qveynisTvis es iqneba namdvili dilema, Tu aRniSnu-

lis miRweva politikurad SeuZlebeli aRmoCndeba.5

saqarTvelos momavlis konstituciis Seqmna

ukanaskneli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi Cven vixileT ori reJi-

mis Secvla saqarTveloSi: erTi vardebis revoluciis meSveobiT,

xolo meore 2012 wlis arCevnebis Sedegad. orive SemTxvevaSi, ax-

ali konstituciuri wesrigi damyarda da sakonstitucio komis-

ia Camoyalibda. Tavdapirveli sakonstitucio komisiis CaTvliT

(1993-1995 wlebi) yvela sakonstitucio komisia ganicdida sir-

Tuleebs legitimaciis problemebis an cvlilebebis gasatanad

sakmarisi mandatis ararsebobis gamo.

amJamindeli sakonstitucio komisia, SesaZloa, damatebiT

sirTules ganicdides,radgan cvlilebaTa mizezi aRar aris iseTi

dramatuli, rogorc uwin: marTalia, saqarTvelos konstitucia

jer saboloo saxiT ar Camoyalibebula, magram imedia, rom dRes

ganzraxuli cvlilebebi ar aris iseTi fundamenturi mniSvnelo-

bis, rogorc aqamde miRebuli ori cvlileba. Sesabamisad, saqarT-

velos amJamindeli da momavali kanonmdeblebi unda dafiqrdnen

imaze, xom ar aris SesaZlebeli sakonstitucio cvlilebebsa da

kompromisebze SeTanxmeba mxolod parlamentSi, saxelmwifo sa-

konstitucio komisiis Seqmnis gareSe. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqa-

5 mag., avstralias aqvs erT-erTi yvelaze rTulad Sesacvleli konstitucia, ris gamoc is dRemde sirTuleebs ganicdis. ix. Babeck W., Einführung in das australische Recht. Mit neuseeländischem Recht, München, 2011, 48.

27

rTvelos konstituciam ukve miaRwia iseT stadias, rodesac misi

mTlianad gadaweris nacvlad, saWiroa zogierT sferoSi mxolod

garkveuli mniSvnelovani cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba. aRniSnulis

Taobaze molaparakebebis warmoeba da SeTanxmebis miRweva etapo-

brivad parlamentSi arsebuli orpartiuli komitetis meSveobiT

aris SesaZlebeli.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

konstituciis istoriis mimoxilvisas, ar SeiZleba ar Sevex-

oT mis mcvels, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos. upirveles yovli-

sa aRsaniSnavia, rom sasamarTlos sakuTari ganCinebebisa da gad-

awyvetilebebis krebulebis garda,6 misma sakuTarma samecniero

Jurnalma „sakonstitucio samarTlis mimoxilva“,7 saqarTvelos

konstituciis STambeWdavma komentarebma,8 iseve rogorc winamde-

baris msgavsma publikaciebma udidesi wvlili Seitanes sakonsti-

tucio sasamarTlos jansaR funqcionirebasa da zogadad kanonis

uzenaesobis ganmtkicebaSi.

Tu Tvals davxuWavT zogierT adreul sajaro reaqciaze kon-

stituciiT daSvebuli ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis farglebis Tao-

baze ganCinebebTan dakavSirebiT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos

saqmianoba da ganCinebebi ar iyo Zalze politizebuli. cxadia,

sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ver SearCevs mosarCeleTa vinaobas

da, amitom, is saqarTvelos cvalebadi politikuri landSaftis

pasiuri subieqtia. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo moRvaweobis pir-

vel wlebSi politikur konfliqtebSi naklebad iyo CaTreuli. sa-

konstitucio sasamarTlos rolma ufro politikuri da sadavo

elferi 2015 wlis ukanaskneli Tveebis ganmavlobaSi SeiZina.9 bev-

ri mosamarTle b-ni saakaSvilis mTavrobis dros iyo daniSnuli

6 ix. aseve GIZ-is mier Seqmnili <http://lawlibrary.info/ge/>[21.01.2016]; tuRuSi T., burjanaZe, g., mSvenieraZe g., gociriZe g., menabde v., adamianis uflebebi da saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos samar-Talwarmoebis praqtika:1996-2012 wlebis sasamarTlo praqtika, Tbilisi, 2013.7 ix. <http://www.constcourt.ge/en/publications/journals/constitutional-law-review-vi.page> [21.01.20016].8 izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi: adami-anis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005.9 detalebisa da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos samomavlo samuSaos Taobaze mravali damatebiTi miTiTebisTvis ix. Loladze B., Das Rechtsstaatsprinzip in der Verfassung Georgiens und in der Rechtsprechung des Verfassungs-gerichts Georgiens, 233, ix. <http://nbn resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:kobv:517-opus4-75425> [21.01.2016].

28

maSin, rodesac ivaniSvili/RaribaSvilis administraciebma gansx-

vavebuli politikuri kursi aiRes.

2015 wlis 16 seqtembers sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gamoi-

tana gadawyvetileba, romlis safuZvelze opoziciuri partiis,

„erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis“ lideri, b-ni gigi ugulava

14-Tviani winaswari patimrobidan gaTavisuflda. b-ni ugulava

dapatimrebuli iyo mis mier Tbilisis meris uflebamosilebis

ganxorcielebisas sajaro TanxebiT sakuTari amomrCevlebis ar-

aerTgzis da ganmeorebiT dasaqmebis gamo. saqarTvelos sisxlis

samarTlis saproceso kodeqsiT, SesaZlebelia patimrobis 9-Tvi-

ani dadgenili vadis gagrZeleba imave pirovnebisTvis axali bra-

lis wardgenis SemTxvevaSi maSin, rodesac saqarTvelos konstitu-

cia winaswar patimrobas 9 Tvemde zRudavs.

mTavrobis momxre dajgufebebma araerTi aqcia Caatares sa-

konstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmjdomaris, b-n giorgi papuaSvilis

sacxovrebeli saxlebis win Tbilissa da baTumSi. isini gmobdnen

miRebul gadawyvetilebas, b-n papuaSvils opoziciuri partiis

„monad“ moixseniebdnen da mis saxls baTumSi pomidorebsa da kver-

cxebs esrodnen. aRniSnuls SeumCnevlad ar Cauvlia da saqarTve-

los parlamentis Tavmjdomarem da veneciis komisiis prezidentma

gamoTqves mosazreba, rom, marTalia, Sekrebisa da demonstraciis

gamarTvis Tavisufleba maRali Rirebulebaa, magram, amave dros,

is sasamarTlo xelisuflebas ar unda zRudavdes da samarTlebriv

CarCoebSi unda eqceodes. konstituciis 87-e muxli calsaxad ad-

gens, rom saxelmwifo uzrunvelyofs mosamarTlis da misi ojaxis

usafrTxoebas.

imis miuxedavad, rom gadawyvetilebis gamotanidan meore dRes

b-ni ugulava gaaTavisufles, momdevno dRes igi xelaxla daapa-

timres sisxlis samarTlis sasamarTlos mier didi xnis ganmav-

lobaSi gamosatani ganaCenis safuZvelze, romliTac mas oTxnaxe-

vari wliT patimroba miesaja.

1994 wels konstituciaze muSaobis dros gamarTuli diskusi-

isas, ucxoelma eqspertebma gaafrTxiles dainteresebuli mxaree-

bi, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlo sruliad SesaZlebelia gax-

des is sivrce dainteresebuli jgufebisTvis, sadac saWiro iqneba

29

politikuri Sinaarsis matarebeli sakiTxebis Sefaseba. iqidan ga-

momdinare, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba sab-

oloo da Sesasruleblad savaldebuloa, mas xSirad mimarTaven,

rogorc qveynis mTavrobis yovlismomcveli da dominanti qmede-

bebis kritikis saSualebas. eqspertebis rekomendaciiT, sakonsti-

tucio sasamarTlos Tavis droze swrafad unda Seqmnoda ganux-

reli reputacia adamianis uflebebis Taobaze gadawyvetilebebis

miRebis gziT, raTa politikuri sakiTxebis wamowevis SemTxveva-

Si, misi miukerZoebeli pozicia eWvqveS ar damdgariyo. warsulze

dayrdnobiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom TiTqmis yovelTvis saqarTve-

los sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mizans swored zemoaRniSnuli

warmoadgenda. TiTqmis yovelTvis da saqarTvelos sxva politi-

kuri dawesebulebebisgan gansxvavebiT, mas, aseve, Seswevda unari,

gadawyvetilebebis miRebasTan dakavSirebuli sirTuleebi gadae-

laxa organizaciis SigniT, xolo gare ZalebTan Tavi warmoeCina,

rogorc erTian organos.

orpartiuli mxardaWeriT winsvlis droa

aseTi saxiT gadawyvetilebebis erToblivad miReba da kompro-

misebis miRwevis unari jer kidev iSviaTi movlenaa saqarTvelo-

Si. maSin, rodesac saqarTvelo sruliad samarTlianad da amayad

zeimobs sakuTari konstituciis miRebis meoce wlisTavs, saqarT-

velosa da misi konstituciuri momavlisTvis, SesaZloa, sakmaod

Rirebuli iyos konstituciis gadasasinjad Semadgenlobis 2/3-mde

Semcirebis mizniT orpartiuli mxardaWeris mopoveba.

30

1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstituciis biografia

avTandil demetraSvili

20 wlis winaT, 1995 wlis 24 agvistos saqarTvelos respublik-

is parlamentma 159 xmiT 8 winaaRmdeg miiRo saqarTvelos dRes

moqmedi konstitucia. cifri 20 arc sakraluri mniSvnelobisaa da,

Tu ar CavTvliT saqarTvelos prezidentis mier mowyobil miRebas,

arc qarTul sazogadoebas gaumarTavs am TariRTan dakavSirebuli

saiubileo RonisZiebebi. amasTan, es ,,mrgvali“ TariRi, sazoga-

doebaSi konstituciis Sesaxeb arsebul gansxvavebul azrTa gaT-

valiswinebiT, SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnes konstituciis genezi-

sis, cvlilebebisa da perspeqtivis analizisa da gansjisaTvis.

swored am mizans emsaxureba winamdebare statia.

mcire moculobis statiis Janris farglebSi mxolod nawilo-

brivaa SesaZlebeli konstituciis, rogorc mravalfunqciuri in-

stitutis daniSnulebis, Sinaarsisa da saxelisuflebo sistemis

modeluri bunebis detaluri analizi. amitom SevecdebiT, davak-

virdeT misi20-wliani biografiis genezissa da evolucias, miRe-

bis da gadasinjvebis saWiroeba-motivebsa da ganxorcielebis

procedurebs, anu misi legitimurobis ZiriTad maxasiaTeblebs.

gzadagza yovelive amis Sesaxeb mkiTxvels Cveneul xedvas gavuz-

iarebT.

zogadad, axali konstitucia an misi fundamenturi gadasinjva

mowodebulia warsulis iarebs umkurnalos. am gagebiT da profe-

31

sor andraS Saios “SiSis konstitucionalizmad” wodebul1 imper-

ativze dayrdnobiT, 1995 wels konstituciis miReba, misi pirvan-

deli teqsti da Semdgomi gadasinjvebi ukavSirdeba im survils

(im SiSs), rom ar ganmeorebuliyo da daZleuliyo wina periodis

arsebiTi xarvezebi urTierTobaTa maregulirebel konstituciur

da qvazikonstituciur kanonmdeblobaSi. es konstituciis miRebis

an masSi cvlilebebis Setanis samarTlebrivi gamarTlebaa. ima-

vdroulad,saqarTvelos kontituciuri qronikebis zogadi xedvac

ki cxadyofs, rom konstituciis saWiroeba da Sinaarsi arcTu iS-

viaTad konkretuli politikuri Zalis an konkretuli fizikuri

personebis interesiT aris xolme determinirebuli. am midgomis

safuZvelze gadavxedoT dRes moqmedi konstituciis gaCenas da

misi pirvandeli teqstis Semdgom gadasinjvebs.

1. gaCena

1995 wlis 24 agvistos konstituciis Sefaseba sruliad gauge-

bari iqneba, Tu misi SemuSaveba da miReba ar ganvixileT istori-

ul2, samarTlebriv da politikur konteqstSi.

1995 wels konstituciis miReba da misi Sinaarsi unda davuka-

vSiroT rogorc imdroindel obieqtur saWiroebas, aseve politi-

kur koniunqturas. sul raRac 5 wlis winaT sabWoTa sistemidan

gamosul qveyanas dasaZlevi hqonda winamorbedi periodisaTvis

damaxasiaTebeli qmeduunaro, legitimurobas moklebuli saxel-

mwifo, xelisuflebis daSoreba mosaxleobisagan, ssr kavSiris

daSlis kvalobaze unda Seqmniliyo msoflio TanamegobrobaSi

saqarTvelos Rirseuli integrirebis pirobebi,3 uzrunvelyo-

filiyo marTlwesrigi da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis formireba.

amas emateba is, rom 1993 wels anu maSin, rodesac axali kon-

stituciis SemuSavebisaTvis Seiqmna saxelmwifo sakonstitucio

komisia, saxelmwifo-samarTlebriv sivrceSi sakmaod Taviseburi

1 Saio a., xelisuflebis TviTSezRudva. konstitucionalizmis Sesavali. Tbilisi, 2003, 8. 2 „Tu gvinda mas (konstitucias - a.d.) gansazRvreba mivceT, unda vaRiaroT, rom gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs Seqmnis periods, xolo yvelaze sainteresoa is, rac mas win uswrebda“ - iqve, 8.3 eduard SevardnaZe: ,,man (konstituciam - a.d.) gza gagvixsna saxelmnwifoTa saerTaSoriso Ta-namegobrobis sruluflebian da Rirseul wevrad damkvidrebisaken“. ix., babeki v., konstituciis SemuSaveba da miReba saqarTveloSi (1993-1995 ), Tbilisi, 2003, 9.

32

situacia iyo. 1921 wlis konstitucia, misi gauazrebeli aRdge-

nis dabali legitimurobisa da realobasTan aSkarad Seusabamobis

gamo, ar amuSavda, 1992 wlis 6 noembris kanoni “saxelmwifo xeli-

suflebis Sesaxeb” konstituciur urTierTobaTa mxolod nawils

aregulirebda, xolo 1978 wlis gauqmebuli konstituciis zogier-

Ti debuleba jer kidev sicocxlisunariani iyo.

Tanamedrove saxelmwifoze pretenziis mqone maSindeli mmarT-

veli politikuri elitisaTvis yovelive es sakmarisi iuridiuli

da politikuri safuZveli aRmoCnda axali konstituciis miRebi-

saTvis.4 imavdroulad, konstituciis miReba eduard SevardnaZisa

da misi gundis xelisuflebaSi yofnis legitimaciisa da demokra-

tiul an sulac samarTlebriv saxelmwifosTan Tavisi Tavis maqsi-

maluri identificirebis surviliTac iyo ganpirobebuli.

garkveul sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli konstituciis

proeqtis SemuSavebisa da miRebis legitimurobis xarisxis dad-

gena. erTi mxriv, proeqtis SemuSaveba droSi gaiwela, daskvniT

etapze sakonstitucio komisiis gverdis avliT proeqtze kulu-

aruli muSaoba mimdinareobda, miRebuli konstituciuri kanoni

dasamtkiceblad referendumze ar iqna gatanili, rasac parla-

mentis pirvandeli dadgenileba iTxovda, samoqalaqo omisa da

separatistebTan brZolis pirobebSi ver ganxorcielda proeqtis

saxalxo ganxilva. es, ra Tqma unda, proeqtis dabali legitimur-

obis maCvenebelia. imavdroulad, imdroindeli saqarTvelosaTvis

damakmayofilebeli legitimuri standartebis dacviT, mwvave de-

batebis Semdeg konstitucia miiRo warmomadgenlobiTma mraval-

partiulma parlamentma.

zogadi SefasebiT, 1995 wels miRebuli konstituciis pirvan-

deli teqstis ZiriTadi Rirseba mis damfuZnebel xasiaTSia, mis

safuZvelze unda Seqmniliyo Tavisi bunebiT demokratiuli in-

stitutebi _ ZiriTadi uflebebiT SeboWili saxelmwifo, xalxis

mier arCeuli parlamenti da prezidenti, adgilobrivi TviTmmarT-

veloba, mniSvnelovani kompetenciiT aRWurvili sakonstitucio

sasamarTlo.

4 da ara 1921 wlis konstituciis axali redaqciis, rogorc es saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis Seqmnisas respublikis parlamentma daadgina.

33

samwuxarod, droTa ganmavlobaSi xelisuflebisa da sazoga-

doebis mxridan naklebad moTxovnili da realizebuli iqna kon-

stituciis demokratiuli, mastabilizebeli, makonsolidirebeli

potenciali da xSir SemTxvevaSi misi moTxovnebis sapirispiro

qmedebebis Tu Tavis aridebis gamo, knindeboda misi qmediTobis

xarisxi da Zlierdeboda misi saeWvo Rirebulebebis an sulac

uaryofiTi maCveneblebi.

konstitucionalizmis idea mmarTvelobis erTi romelime mod-

elis advokatirebas ar eweva, misi SerCeva saxelmwifos, misi is-

toriis, ganviTarebis TaviseburebebiT da institucionaluri mza-

dyofnis gaTvaliswinebiT xdeba an unda xdebodes. saqarTvelos

konstituciis pirvandeli teqstiT dadgenil saprezidento re-

spublikis models5 Teoriulad arsebobis ufleba saqarTveloS-

ic hqonda, magram konstitucionalizmi (konstitucia) ver iqneba

gulgrili misi seriozuli damaxinjebis mimarT. amoqmedebis Sem-

deg Tavi iCina konstituciaSi arsebulma institucionalurma de-

formaciebma6, ganStoebaTa funqciebis aRrevam, Sekaveba-gawonas-

worebis meqanizmis realurad ararsebobam. Sedegad, araefeqturi

gaxda saxelmwifos funqcionireba, dakninda misi legitimurobis

xarisxi, moxda socialur problemaTa gamwvaveba, ekonomikuri,

politikuri, socialuri problemebis minimalizaciis momizeze-

biT, uzomod gaizarda prezidentis Zalaufleba. yovelive amas

SeeZlo eWvqveS daeyenebina konstitucionalizmis faseulobebi,

moexdina axali konstituciis miRebis an arsebulSi fundamenturi

cvlilebebis Setanis provocireba. asec moxda. politikuri eli-

tis sakmaod gavleniani nawilis mwvave protesti e.w. “vardebis

revoluciiT” da konstituciis gadasinjviT dasrulda.

2. gadasinjvebi

2.1 2004 wlis konstituciuri reforma

“vardebis revoluciam” wertili dausva im dros moqmedi kon-

stituciis normaTa saxelisuflebo bloks da 2004 wlis 6 Teber-

vals miRebuli konstituciuri kanoniT ganacxada axali konsti-

tuciuri marTlwesrigis damyarebis pretenzia.

34

konstituciuri kanoni konstituciis ganuyofeli nawilia.

amitom misi miReba igive wesiT unda ganxorcieldes, rac kon-

stiticiis miRebisTvis aris dadgenili. am kuTxiT 2004 wlis 6 Te-

bervlis konstituciuri kanonis miReba misi legitimurobis kuTx-

iT ramdenime kiTxvas badebs. pirveli misi SemuSavebis da miRebis

gamWvirvalobas, am procesSi xalxis, rogorc xelisuflebis er-

Tad-erTi wyaros armonawileobas ukavSirdeba. konstituciuri

kanoni 2004 wlis 6 Tebervals ise iqna miRebuli, rom ar gamo-

qveynebula sayovelTao _ saxalxo ganxilvisaTvis, rasac elemen-

tarulad konstituciis 102-e muxlis me-2 punqti iTxovs. pro-

eqtis avtorebi amas imiT amarTlebdnen, rom proeqti 2001 wels

ukve iyo gamoqveynebuli ganxilvisaTvis. marTlac, 2001 wels

eduard SevardnaZis mier inicirebuli konstituciuri kanonpro-

eqti parlamentma gamoaqveyna, Tumca parlamentSi misi ganxilva

ar Sedga.7 sami wlis winaT gamoqveynebuli konstituciuri kanon-

proeqti parlamentma sayovelTao ganxilvis gareSe miiRo. miuxe-

davad imisa, rom arc konstituciis 102-e muxlis me-2 punqti,8 arc

sxva sakanonmdeblo aqti ar adgens parlamentis valdebulebas,

garkveul vadebSi gadawyvitos ganxiluli konstituciuri kanon-

proeqtis bedi, Tundac konstitucionalizmis eTikis kuTxiT Sei-

Zleba gaCndes 6 Tebervals miRebuli konstituciuri kanonisa da

misi teqstis safuZvelze arsebuli konstituciuri sivrcis le-

gitimaciis (konstituciurobis) problema. am mosazrebas ufro

amZimebs am ori (2001 da 2004 wlebis) proeqtis Sinaarsis zogadi

Sedarebac ki. 2001 wlis proeqtma ,,...imdeni da imdagvari cvli-

lebebi ganicada, rom arsebiTad (2004 wlis proeqtma - a.d.)gansx-

vavebuli konstituciur-samarTlebrivi buneba SeiZina“.9

rac Seexeba ganxorcielebul cvlilebebis mizans, reformis

avtorTa sajarod gacxadebuli azris (survilis) mixedviT, Zalau-

flebis koncentraciisa da centralizaciis safuZvelze unda ganx-

5 ufro sworad klasikur saprezidento respublikis mimsgavsebul models.6 magaliTad, sruliad uuflebo mTavrobisa da prezidentis Taviseburi ,,mexamridis“ (prezidenti-sagan pasuxismgeblobis aridebis) saxelmwifo ministris konstituireba. 7 ufro erT-erTi versiiT imis gamo, rom konstituciuri kanonproeqtis miRebisaTvis saWiro par-lamentis sruli Semadgenlobis ori mesamedis umravlesoba ar grovdeboda.8 saqarTvelos konstituciis 102-e muxlis me-2 punqtis meore winadadeba: ,,parlamentSi kanonpro-eqtis ganxilva iwyeba misi gamoqveynebidan erTi Tvis Semdeg“.

35

orcielebuliyo saxelmwifo struqturebis swrafi da umetesad

radikaluri reformireba. mxolod reformirebul saxelmwifos,

amtkicebdnen isini, ZaluZs sistemuri korufciiT daavadebuli

saxelmwifos gankurnva, sazogadoebisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvne-

lobis reformebis Catareba ekonomikis, politikis, ganaTlebisa

da sxva sferoebSi.

am mizanTa miRwevisaTvis cvlilebebi konstituciis TiTqmis

yvela nawils Seexo, magram ZiriTadi revizia ganicada im nawilma,

romelic xelisuflebis umaRles organoTa sistemas, maT Soris

urTierTobas, anu saqarTveloSi iuridiul mecnierebaSi miRebuli

terminologiiT _ saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis formas (marTva-gam-

geobis formas) exeboda. Sedegad, konstituciis pirvandeli te-

qstiT dadgenili saprezidento respublikis nacvlad SemoRebu-

li iqna mmarTvelobis forma, romlis konceptualuri safuZveli,

avtorebis mtkicebiT, naxevradsaprezidento respublikis e.w.

franguli10 modelia.

konstituciis misamarTi sazogadoeba da saxelmwifoa. 2004

wlis konstituciuri reformis TvalSisacemi Tavisebureba isaa,

rom xelisuflebis sami ganStoeba winaswar, konstituciis revi-

ziamde iyo personificirebuli mixeil saakaSvilis11, nino bur-

janaZis12 da zurab Jvanias13 saxiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom samive

es pirovneba revoluciis avtorebad iTvlebodnen, konstituciu-

ri kanonis SemuSavebisas maT ar hqoniaT saxelisuflebo sistemis

erTnairi xedva. nino burjanaZe cdilobda Zlieri parlamentis,

zurab Jvania saparlamento respublikisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli

mTavrobis konstituirebas.14 amis sapirispirod, konstituciuri

kanonis miRebulma redaqciam kvlav, rogorc wina reJimSi, gza

gauxsna prezidentis erTmmarTvelobas. normatiulad es uzrun-

velyofili iyo imiT, rom prezidenti gaxda aRmasrulebeli xe-

lisuflebis wyaroc15 da mTavrobis xelmZRvanelic.16 igi sakanon-

10 safrangeTis mexuTe respublikis.11 momavali prezidenti.12 momavali parlamentis Tavmjdomare.13 mTavrobis momavali Tavmjdomare.14 ix. musxeliSvili m., konstituciis cvlileba saqarTveloSi, sakonstitucio-politikuri re-formis procesi saqarTveloSi, politikuri elita da xalxis xmebi, Tbilisi, 2005, 98.

36

mdeblo saqmianobis aqtiuri monawilecaa, gaaCnia sakanonmdeblo

iniciativisa da vetos ufleba, erTpirovnulad SeuZlia daniSnos

referendumi, moiwvios parlamenti rogorc morig, aseve rigga-

reSe sesiebze da sxdomebze, aris iusticiis sabWos xelmZRvane-

li.17

2004 wlis reformis avtorebs kargad hqondaT gacnobiere-

buli, rom konstituciuri kanoniT dadgenili centralizebuli,

vertikalur urTierTkavSirebze agebuli sistema Tavisi arsiT

anaqronizmia, gamoiwvevs protests qveynis SigniT da saerTaSori-

so Tanamegobrobis kritikas.18 mwvave movlenaTa Tavidan acilebis

mizniT, isini miRebul konstituciur kanons amarTleben wina pe-

riodis fundamenturi krizisis dasaZlevad saWiro reformebis

CatarebiT,19 miRebuli konstituciuri kanonis droebiTi xasiaT-

iT.20

2009-2010 wlis konstituciuri reforma21

Znelia imis Tqma ramdenad gulwrfeli da gaazrebuli iyo rev-

oluciis avtorTa gancxadeba 2004 wlis 6 Tebervlis konstituci-

uri kanonis droebiTi xasiaTis Sesaxeb, magram paradoqsia, rom

am vadis amowurvas marTlac mohyva konstituciis seriozuli ga-

dasinjva. ufro Znelia imis Tqma, rom am gadasinjvis iniciatori

es sameuli iyo Tundac imitom, rom nino burjanaZe prezident

mixeil saakaSvilis opoziciaSi gadavida, xolo zurab Jvania im

dros ukve cocxali ar iyo.

ram gamoiwvia konstituciis gadasinjva

2004 wlis konstituciuri reformis ganxorcielebam misi

dabali legitimurobis, reformis Sedegad Seqmnili deformire-

15 mTavrobis formireba mohyveba saprezidento arCevnebs, premier-ministrs niSnavs prezidenti, ministrebs premieri mxolod prezidentis TanxmobiT niSnavs, prezidents SeuZlia gadaayenos mTav-roba da a.S.16 prezidenti aRar aris aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis meTauri, mTavroba aRar aris misi saTaTbi-ro organo, magram mTavroba angariSvaldebulia prezidentis (da parlamentis) winaSe, maT Soris mWidro, magram vertikaluri urTierTobebia da aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis saqmianobaze mTav-robaa pasuxismgebeli. 17 2007 wlamde.

37

buli, daubalansebeli, erT institutze morgebuli e.w. “super-

saprezidento” sistemis funqcionirebam qveynis SigniT sakmaod

mwvave da masobrivi saprotesto aqciebi, saerTaSoriso organi-

zaciebis, uwinaresad, evropis sabWosa da misi sakonsultacio or-

ganos “demokratia samarTlis meSveobiT” (veneciis komisia) kri-

tika gamoiwvia, reJimis funqcionireba winaaRmdegobaSi movida

qveynis ganviTarebisa da tranziciis obieqtur moTxovnebTan. am

da zogierTi sxva garemoebis gamo, saqarTveloSi morigi konsti-

tuciuri reforma daiwyo.21

wina periodebis gakveTilebis gaTvalisweinebiT, mmarTvel

gunds kargad hqonda gacnobierebuli proeqtis SemuSavebis le-

gitimurobis mniSvneloba. amitom mxari dauWira damfuZnebeli

funqciiT datvirTuli sakmaod farTo warmomadgenlobis saxelm-

wifo sakonstitucio komisiis Seqmnas.22 mniSvnelovania isic, rom

komisiis Semadgenlobis arc erT komponents, maT Soris mmarTvel

partias, ar hqonda proeqtis bolo versiis miRebisaTvis saWiro

ori mesamedis umravlesoba.

cxadia, komisiis muSaobaSi arasaparlamento partiebis ar-

monawileoba23 da paralelurad sazogadoebrivi sakonstitucio

komisiis arseboba erTgvarad akninebs mis mier miRebuli produq-

tis mniSvnelobas, magram ver daveTanxmebi proeqtis aralegit-

18 asec moxda, veneciis komisiam negatiurad Seafasa konstituciuri kanonis arsi da misi ZiriTadi debulebebi. 19 “reformebi, romlebsac Cven vatarebdiT, iTxovda xelisuflebis garkveul koncentrirebas, raTa romelime patara jgufs ar SeZleboda seriozuli reformebis blokireba” _ ambobs 2010 wels mix-eil saakaSvili erT-erT interviuSi, ix < http://www.civil.ge/geo/article.php?id=22414 > [21.01.2016].20 zurab Jvania: “mizanSewonilia parlamentma miiRos proeqti im pirobiT, rom Svidi wlis Semdeg konstitucia aucileblad gadaisinjeba“, ix. SeniSvna 14. 21 am reformis ganxorcielebis pirvel, proeqtis SemuSavebis etapze viyavi saxelmwifo sakonsti-tucio komisiis Tavmjdomare, amitom statiis am nawilSi gamoTqmuli mosazrebebi mkiTxvelma Sei-Zleba subieqturad aRiqvas. gTxovT gaiTvaliswinoT, rom 2004 wlis 6 Tebervlis konstituciuri kanonis ar miRebas an seriozul gadasinjvas 2004 welsac viTxovdi. 22 saqarTvelos prezidentis N388 gankargulebis Tanaxmad, TavmjdomaresTan erTad komisiaSi war-modgenili unda yofiliyo 20 politikuri partiis TiTo warmomadgeneli, konstituciaSi moxse-niebuli organoebis-16, gansakuTrebuli statusis mqone teritoriuli erTeulebis -3, arasamTav-robo organizaciebis- 9 da e.w. akademiuri personalis 9 warmomadgeneli. gankargulebis teqsti ix. demetraSvili a., 2009-2010 wlis konstituciuri reforma saqarTveloSi, baTumi, 2012, 40-43.23 komisiaSi TiTo wevris wardgenis ufleba hqonda 20 politikur partias, aqedan 14-ma protes-tis niSnad ar isargebla am uflebiT da mxari dauWira sazogadoebriv sakonstitucio komisias. isac unda aRiniSnos, rom minimaluri komunikacia saxelmwifo da sazogadoebriv komisiebs Soris mainc arsebobda, ramdenime pirovneba erTdroulad orive komisiaSi muSaobda, sazogadoebrivi komisiis ramdenime wevri saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisiis garkveul RonisZiebebSic monawil-eobda, orive komisiis gadasinjvebis mizani arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTidsagan da wina redaqciis gamosworebas da dabalansebuli xelisuflebis danawilebis konstituirebas iTvalis-winebda.

38

imurobis argumentirebisaTvis gamoTqmul im mosazrebas, TiTqos

saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komisia ,,...mxolod Sirma iyo da re-

alurad proeqti viRacis kabinetSi daiwera“.24

davesesxebi isev andraS Saios, romelic proeqtis legit-

imurobas naklebad misi momzadebis da ganxilvis Riaobas, ufro

metad proeqtis avtorTa mimarT sazogadoebis ndobas ukav-

Sirebs.25 gavixsenoT, vin Seadgenda komisiis personaluri Semad-

genlobis ZiriTad nawils: damakmayofilebeli proporciiT mmarT-

veli da opoziciuri partiebis, saparlamento umravlesobis da

umciresobis liderebi, ori wamyvani universitetis TiTqmis yve-

la konstitucionalisti, politologi da ekonomisti, saqarTve-

los mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi, diplomatiuri akademiis

reqtori, iusticiisa da ganaTlebis ministrebi, erovnuli um-

ciresobebisa da regionebis warmomadgenlebi. rogorc am komisi-

is Tavmjdomare, am nawilis mimarT sazogadoebis mxridan ndobis

deficits namdvilad ver vxedavdi.

agreTve, ver vxedav dramatizebis safuZvels imaSi, rom ,,pro-

eqti viRacis kabinetSi daiwera“. kargia, rom kabinetSi da ara

quCaSi iwereboda. es sxvaTaSoris. arsebiTad ki komisiis yvela

wevrs, maT Soris ,,kabinetis“ mqonesac, proeqtis daweris ufleba

hqonda da bevri werda kidevac. komisiis ramdenime wevris proeqti

damuSavda samuSao jgufebSi, ganxilul iqna saredaqcio sabWoSi,

ganzogadda sabaziso proeqtSi, romlis ganxilva TiTqmis yvela

municipalitetSi da TviTmmarTvel qalaqSi mimdinareobda. zogi

aseTi ganxilva marTlac formaluri iyo, gansakuTrebiT maSin,

rodesac masSi saxelmwifos umaRlesi Tanamdebobis pirebi monaw-

ileobdnen, magram Cveni statistikis mixedviT,saxalxo ganxilve-

bis dros sabaziso proeqtSi or aTeulze meti Sesworeba-damateba

Sevida. amrigad migvaCnia, rom proeqtis SemuSaveba im dros arse-

buli realobisaTvis damakmayofilebeli legitimurobis xarisxiT

warimarTa.

24 menabde v., saqarTvelos konstituciis gadasinjva - ra uzrunvelyofs uzeanesi kanonis legit-imurobas, super saprezidentodan saparlamentomde: sakonstitucio cvlilebebi saqarTveloSi, g. nodiasa da d. afrasiZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2013, 134.25 ix. SeniSvna 1

39

ra miznebs emsaxureboda 2009-2010 wlis konstituciuri

reforma

zogadad, isev andraS Saios “konstitucionalizmis SiSis” sin-

dromze dayrdnobiT, am reformis mizani iyo im xarvezebis ga-

mosworeba, romelic 2004 wlis 6 Tebervlis konstituciuri kano-

niT Sevida konstituciaSi da am teqstis safuZvelze, an am teqstis

gverdis avliT damaxasiaTebeli iyo e.w. supersaprezidento reJi-

misaTvis. formalistur enaze komisiis debulebaSi es gamJRavn-

da, rogorc komisiis survili, miRebuli konstituciuri kanoniT

uzrunvelyofiliyo saxelmwifos boWva ZiriTadi uflebebiT26 da

xelisuflebis ganStoebaTa imgvari gamijvna-ganawileba, romel-

ic gamoricxavda TviTnebobas mmarTvelTa mxridan da anarqias

marTulTa mxridan. rogorc am saxelmwifo sakonstitucio komi-

siis Tavmjdomaresa da am komisiis wevrTa absolutur umravle-

sobas, gulwrfelad gvsurda da, nawilobriv, mivaRwieT kidevac

am miznebs, Tumca mmarTvel gunds sxva interesebic amoZravebda.

erT-erTi maTgani iyo masobriv saprotesto aqciebSi monawile ra-

dikaluri opoziciis quCidan konstruqciul politikur procesSi

Semoyvana,27 msoflio Tanamegobrobis kritikaze pasuxis gacema.

imavdroulad, sazogadoebis erTi nawilis azriT, konstituciuri

reformis namdvili mizani iyo samomavlod mixeil saakaSvilis xe-

lisuflebaSi premier-ministris saxiT darCenis xelSewyoba.28

rogor, ra SinaarsiT aisaxa zemoTaRniSnuli miznebis ganx-

orcieleba reformis saboloo produqtSi - 2012 wlis 15

oqtombris konstituciur kanonSi

sakiTxi, romelic centraluri iyo da romelzec konstituci-

is gaCenisa da momdevno gadasinjvebis (maT Soris 2010 wlis) dros

am procesSi monawileebs uWirdaT sakmarisi donis konsensusis

26 debulebis teqsti, ix. SeniSvna 22, 44-49 27 ix. SeniSvna 24, 3.28 radikaluri opozicia ar Sevida sakonstitucio komisiaSi, xolo mixeil saakaSvils arc erT sajaro gamosvlaSi ar gamouTqvams aseTi survili da 2012 wlis saparlamento arCevnebis Sedegebis gamo, arc premier-ministri gaxda.

40

miRweva, zogadad xelisuflebis umaRlesi organoebis sistemas,

maT Soris urTierTobas exeboda, Tumca umTavresi am sakiTxTa

Soris yovelTvis pirveli piris anda wamyvani organos problema

iyo. es sakiTxi yovelTvis iyo umwvavesi diskusiebisa da gansjis

sagani,29 magram Sedegi TiTqmis yovelTvis erTi iyo _ saxelmwifos

meTauris dominanturi rolis ganmtkiceba ZiriTad kanonSi.

2009-2010 wlis reformis, Cveni azriT, erT-erTi pozitiuri

Sedegi aris prezidentis institutis konstituciuri statusisa

da funqciebis axleburi gaazreba da amis safuZvelze misi War-

bi uflebamosilebis gonivruli SezRudva an gadanawileba sxva

organoebze. amis Sedegad prezidenti aRar aris mmarTvelobis

saxelmwifo sistemis qvakuTxedi, magram am institutis ceremo-

nialur, simbolur mniSvnelobamde dayvana, mxolod warmomadgen-

lobiTi funqciiT datvirTva, misi maRali legitimurobis, misi

konstituciuri statusisa da funqciebis da, 2013 wels arCeuli

prezidentis moRvaweobis gaTvaliswinebiT, ar unda iyos swori.

statiis daniSnulebis gaTvaliswinebiT, avaridebT Tavs

prezidentis konkretuli uflebamosilebis ganmartebas, radgan

Tundac erTad aRebuli, mxolod nawilobriv warmodgenas Segviqm-

nis prezidentis realuri rolisa da Zalauflebis Sesaxeb. swori

gagebisaTvis,kompetenciasTan erTad, mxedvelobaSi unda mivi-

RoT am institutis maRali legitimurobis xarisxi,30 parlamen-

tSi arsebuli politikuri konfiguracia,31 prezidenti-adamianis

pirovnul Tvisebebi da zogierTi sxva garemoeba.

prezidentis institutis axleburma gaazrebam mniSvnelovani

29 saqarTvelos pirvel respublikaSi problema martivad gadawyvites. principiT - ar aris preziden-ti, ar aris problema - saerTod uari Tqves saxelmwifos meTauris institutze; damoukideblobis aRdgenis Semdeg, swored prezidentis institutis qmedebebze apelirebiT moxda samxedro ga-datrialeba da ,,triumviratis“ moklevadiani mmarTveloba; originalurad gadawyda problema 1992 wlis kanoniT ,,saxelmwifo xelisuflebis Sesaxeb“- erTi pirovneba erTdroulad xalxis mier arCeuli parlamentis Tavmjdomare da am parlamentis mier arCeuli saxelmwifo meTauri iyo; ro-gorc am statiis wina nawilSi aRvniSneT, 2004 wlis reforma ,,Zlieri prezidentis“ koncefcias daeyrdno, romelic realobaSi teqstis, am teqstis bundovani normebis Tu argamoyenebis Sedegad hiperprezidentad Camoyalibda. 30 pirdapiri wesiT arCeul prezidents yovelTvis SeuZlia xalxis saxeliT saubari da imis ganmarte-ba, rom igi aris rogorc im amomrCevelTa prezidenti romlebmac is airCies, aseve im amomrCevelTa prezidenti, romlebmac mxari sxva kandidatebs dauWires. 31 Tu parlamentSi prezidentis politikuri orientaciis absoluturi an Tundac fardobiTi um-ravlesoba arsebobs, prezidents realuri Zalaufleba gaaCnia, Tu arada prezidents, parlamentsa da mTavrobas Soris urTierToba misTvis ukeTes SemTxvevaSi Tanacxovrebis reJimSi gadadis, uares SemTxvevaSi ki prezidenti distancirebuli iqneba realuri saxelmwifoebrivicxovrebidan.

41

Zvrebi moaxdina aRmasrulebel ganStoebaSi da naklebi _ sakanon-

mdebloSi. prezidenti distancirebulia aRmasrulebeli xeli-

suflebisagan. pirvelad saqarTvelos konstituciur istoriaSi,

mTavroba xdeba aRmasrulebeli xelisuflebis umaRlesi organo,

igi axorcielebs qveynis saSinao da sagareo politikas da angariS-

valdebulia parlamentis winaSe.32 yuradsaRebia, agreTve, mTavro-

bis xelmZRvanelis statusis ganmsazRvreli norma. cvlilebamde

premieri definirebulia, rogorc mTavrobis Tavmjdomare, xolo

cvlilebis Semdeg _ rogorc mTavrobis meTauri. TiTqosda umniS-

vnelo leqsikur sxvaobaSi SeiZleba mniSvnelovani siaxle amoi-

kiTxo _ axali redaqciiT, uaryofilia e.w. bicefaluri sistema

anu sistema, romelsac realurad an formalur-iuridiulad ori

meTauri _ prezidenti da premieri hyavs.

parlamenti gaTavisuflda prezidentis wnexisagan samarTal-

SemoqmedebiT sferoSi, vinaidan prezidents aRar aqvs parlamen-

tis dRis wesrigis monopolizebis da kanonTa miRebis e.w. ,,xelis

SeSlis“ Zlieri samarTlebrivi meqanizmebi. imavdroulad, ar Sei-

Zleba ar aRiniSnos saxelmwifos demokratiul reJimSi funqcioni-

rebisaTvis strategiuli mniSvnelobis _ parlamentis mTavrobis

saqmianobaze kontrolis _ funqciis dasusteba, rac gaumarTleb-

lad droSi gawelil da am procesSi prezidentis destruqciulve-

tos arsebobiT undoblobis konstruqciuli votumSi aisaxa.

da bolos (ara mxolod imitom, rom sakonstitucio komisi-

is Tavmjdomare viyavi) 2009-2010 wlis konstituciuri reformis

veneciis komisiis frTxil daskvnebs gavimeoreb: “mniSvnelovani

gaumjobeseba”, “sayuradRebo nabiji kargi mimarTulebiT”.33

daskvna

moqmedi konstituciis 20-wliani istoriis calsaxa Sefaseba

misi xSiri cvlilebebis gamo garkveul siZneleebTan aris dakav-

Sirebuli, Tumca mis biografiaSi zogierTii kanonzomierebis da-

32 2004 wlis 6 Tebervlis konstituciis Tanaxmad, mTavroba mxolod uzrunvelyofda politikis ganxorcielebas (politikas warmarTavda da axorcielebda prezidenti) da angariSvaldebuli iyo prezidentisa da parlamentis winaSe.33 2010 wlis 15 oqtombris veneciis komisiis mosazrebis proeqti 543-2009CDL, ix. SeniSvna 22, 340-379.

42

naxvac SeiZleba:

1. postkomunisturi sivrcidan axlaxan gamosuli, samoqa-

laqo dapirispirebis daZlevisa da damoukideblobis gan-

mtkicebis procesSi myofi qveynisaTvis konstituciis

miReba pozitiurad unda Sefasdes;

2. sazogadoebis erTi nawili, agreTve imdroindeli xelisu-

fleba konstituciis gaCenasa da mis gadasinjvebs qveynis

winaSe arsebuli problemebiT amarTlebda, xolo opozicia

am procesebSi, rogorc wesi, xedavda mmarTvelTa inter-

esebze morgebul svlebs;

3. demokratiis dabali donis, embrionalur mdgomareobaSi

myofi samoqalaqo sazogadoebis, samarTlebrivi kulturis

dabali donis da sxva faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kon-

stituciuri procesi arcTu iSviaTad dabali donis le-

gitimur reJimSi mimdinareobda;

4. arc erTi reforma ar Seexo konstituciis pirvel TavSi

deklarirebul iseT principebs, rogoricaa saxalxo suve-

reniteti, demokratia, respublikuri mmarTveloba, xeli-

suflebis danawileba, xalxisa da saxelmwifos boWva Zir-

iTadi uflebebiT, samarTlis uzenaesoba anu im nawils,

romelic konstituciis da misi funqcionirebis konceptu-

alur nawils Seadgens, xolo revizias ZiriTadad xelisu-

flebis centraluri organoebi, ufro konkretulad ki _

saxelmwifos meTauris instituti eqvemdebareboda;

5. moqmedi konstitucia dausruleblis STabeWdilebas

tovebs. rogorc konstituciis miRebisas, aseve gadasin-

jvebis dros damfuZneblebi gulmodgined aridebdnen Tavs

konstituciaSi qveynis teritoriuli mowyobis, parlamen-

tis bikameraluri struqturis sakiTxTa daregulirebas;

6. arsebuli konstituciur-samarTlebrivi sivrcis Sefase-

ba da misi prognozireba da am sivrceSi saxelmwifos uma-

Rlesi organoebis realuri rolis gansazRvra sasurvelia

xelisuflebis ormagi demokratiuli safuZvlis, saarCevno

kalendris, konstituciuri teqstis, sistemaSi politiku-

43

ri konfiguraciis gaTvaliswinebiT ganxorcieldes. cxa-

dia, mxolod am faqtorebze dayrdnobiT viTarebis prog-

nozireba ar iqneba dasrulebuli, is interdisciplinur

kvlevas moiTxovs, rac am krebulis sxva statiebSic ganx-

orcieldeba.

44

saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstitucia

rogorc damfuZnebeli dokumenti:

qarTuli konstituciuri wesrigis subieqtis identoba

da konstituciuri patriotizmis SesaZlebloba

daviT zedelaSvili

„konstituciis SeqmniT Cven vqmniT duRabs, romliTac vaSenebT da vqmniT

sakuTar Tavs. adamianebi qmnian konstitucias da konstitucia qmnis adamianebs. es

aris ontologiuri sicxade Tavad istoriisa, istoriis struqturisa da adamianisa,

adamianuri sulisa da arsebobisa. konstitucia Cven gvesaWiroeba ara mxolod, rogorc Cam-

oyalibebul samarTlebriv normaTa da kanonTa sfero, aramed rogorc sicocxlisunariani

organo, romelic moqalaqeebsac mianiWebs sicocxles. unda daibado konstituciis wiaRSi.“

merab mamardaSvili*

I. saqarTvelos konstituciuri wesrigi da konstituciis

subieqti safuZvlebis ZiebaSi

saqarTvelos sabWoTa totalitarulma warsulma mraval sxva

problemasTan erTad Zalauflebis TavisTavadobis, misi „bune-

brivobis“ da nagulisxmevi mocemulobis aRqma dagvitova. adami-

anTa emociur da intuiciur funqciebze zemoqmedebiT aseTi Se-

* mamardaSvili m., cnobierebis topologia, Tbilisi, 2011, 258-259

45

degis miRwevam sabWoTa imperiisTvis TiTqos „sabolood gadaWra“

politikis Teoriis aTaswlovani Tavsatexi politikuri Zalau-

flebis dafuZnebisa da gamarTlebis Sesaxeb. amas ara politiku-

ri filosofiis saukunovan kiTxvaze gonivruli pasuxis gacemiT,

aramed Tavad am uxerxuli kiTxvis gaqrobiT miaRwies. totali-

tarizmma Zalauflebis gamarTlebis sakiTxi saerTod gaitana go-

nivruli gansjis sferodan. adamiani totalitarizmisTvis Zalau-

flebis zemoqmedebis obieqtia, misi mimarTeba ZalauflebasTan

mxolod pasiur mimRebobasa da erTgvarovan emociur-instinqtur

reaqciebzea dayvanili. gonivruli gamarTleba maRali kognitu-

ri funqciaa, romlis Rirsad da romlis SemZledac Zalauflebis

obieqti _ adamiani arc ki ganixileba.1

modernuli konstituciuri saxelmwifos dafuZneba isev poli-

tikuri Zalauflebis dafuZnebisa da gamarTlebis gonivrul re-

JimSi gvabrunebs, romelic adamianis rogorc subieqtis da misi

politikur xelisuflebasTan urTierTmimarTebis radikalurad

gansxvavebul gaazrebas moiTxovs. modernuli konstituciis dam-

fuZneblebi Tavisufali, Tanaswori, gonieri da pasuxismgeblobis

SemZle individebi arian. epigrafSi moyvanil interviuSi, iseve

rogorc im periodis sxva nawerebsa da gamosvlebSi, merab mamar-

daSvili cxadad ayalibebs samomavlo qarTuli konstituciuri

proeqtis amocanebsa da gamowvevebs. mamardaSvili gamoyofs sam

mniSvnelovan aspeqts: saxelmwifos (sajaro Zalauflebis insti-

tutebis viwro mniSvnelobiT), modernul sazogadoebas da mod-

ernul konstitucias. es ukanaskneli aucilebel pirobad moiTx-

ovs wina oris arsebobas. modernuli konstitucia farTo gagebiT

aris ara mxolod sajaro xelisuflebis „konstitucia“ (Seqmna, da-

fuZneba) aramed modernuli, individualisturi sazogadoebisac,

romlis ganmsazRvreli „Cven“ iqmneba axali drois Tavisufali da

gonieri individebis „me“-sgan.2

Tamamad SegviZlia Tqma, rom 1990 wlisTvis sabWoTa kavSiris-

gan Tavis daRwevis mtkivneul procesSi, saqarTveloSi arc erTi

es piroba ar arsebobda. mamardaSvilisTvis gamosavali modernul,

1 Arendt H., The Origins of Totalitarianism, New York, 1973, 4372 ixileT, mamardaSvili m., Supra

46

moazrovne individSia. Tu „Cven“ (es jer kidev ar aris koleqti-

uri „Cven“, aramed totalitarul Waobs gamoqceuli adamianebi,

romlebsac aqvT azrovnebis da, maSasadame, individad qcevis po-

tenciali) SevZlebT individad Camoyalibebis potencialis ganx-

orcielebas, maSin aseve SevZlebT SevqmnaT modernuli konstitu-

cia, sivrce, romlis wiaRSic Tavisufal individebad cxovrebas

SevZlebT. rogorc citataSic Cans, es ori erTmaneTisgan damou-

kidebeli an droSi mimdevrobiTi procesi ki ar aris, aramed erT-

maneTTan mWidro kavSirSi myofi da urTierTganmapirobebelia.

rogor SeiZleba warmovidginoT droSi Cveni konstituciuri

proeqtis ganxorcieleba? Cven ver SevZlebT evropuli modernu-

lobis istoriis ganmeorebas da xelaxla gaTamaSebas. axali dro

aRar cnobs maradiul Tu drois miRma myof wesrigs da insti-

tutebs, magram amave dros, misi Ria horizonti usazRvro Ses-

aZleblobebs da am SesaZleblobebis racionaluri gamoyenebis

potencials inaxavs.3 swored am SesaZleblobebis gamoyenebaa in-

dividualuri „me“-s, koleqtiuri „Cven“-isa da am “CvenisaTvis” mi-

kuTvnebuli sajaro Zalauflebis Seqmna _ „konstitucia“.

Sesabamisad, qarTuli konstituciuri proeqti, romlis

samarTlebriv-teqstualuri gamoxatuleba 1995 wlis konstitu-

ciaa, aRniSnuli parametrebiT, analizis gansxvavebul, magram

urTierTdakavSirebul Sreebze unda SevafasoT. konstitucia,

rogorc Seqmnis, dafuZnebis aqti moqmedebs da Sedegebs warmo-

Sobs yvela am doneze. konstituciur da ufro farTod, social-

ur Teoretikosebs ZiriTadad koleqtiuri „Cven“-isa da misTvis

mikuTvnebuli sajaro xelisuflebis Seqmna-dafuZneba-muSaoba

aRelvebT. adamianis, „individis“, „subieqtis“ mniSvnelobas aravin

akninebs, Tumca masze msjeloba xSirad efuZneba modernul „subi-

eqtze“ nagulisxmev daSvebebs, romelTa Sinaarszec fundamenturi

uTanxmoebac, umetesad sazogadoebisa da sajaro xelisuflebis

Sesaxeb ufro farTo uTanxmoebebSi vlindeba.

3 Koselleck R., Futures Past: On the Semantics of Historical Time, Translated and with an introduction by Keith Tribe, New York, 2004,

47

II. „konstitucia qmnis adamians“: marTlmadidebeli mSobli-

dan marixuanas momxmareblamde

2.1. eTikuri avtonomia da konstituciis eTikuri neitraliteti: individi

da tradiciuli religiuri institutebi

ra Sinaarsi SeiZleba hqondes mtkicebas, rom modernuli kon-

stitucia qmnis adamians? an ufro zustad, modernuli konsti-

tucia da adamianebi erTmaneTs qmnian? saqarTvelos konstitucia

adamianis uflebebs waruval da uzenaes Rirebulebebad acxadebs,

xolo saqarTvelos konstituciis meore Tavi ki, adamianis ufle-

baTa farTo katalogs gvaZlevs.4 adamianis uflebebze saqarTve-

los sakonstitucio sasamarTlos iurisprudencia SesaZleblo-

bas gvaZlevs SevafasoT ganvlil ocwleulSi adamianis rogorc

uflebebis subieqtis ganviTarebis gza. Tavad sasamarTlos gad-

awyvetilebebis ganxilvamde, saWiroa mokled mimovixiloT is

normatiul-filosofiuri sayrdeni principebi, romlebic gan-

sazRvraven modernuli individis, rogorc uflebebis subieqtis

TviT-aRqmas da amave dros ganasxvaveben mas im warmodgenebisgan,

romlebic adamians da mis socialur rols qmnian winare-moder-

nul, tradiciul sazogadoebebSi.

modernuli adamiani rogorc uflebebis subieqti or mTavar

normatiul-filosofiur sayrdenze dgas, pirveli adamianis Tav-

isuflebis pirveladi pre-politikuri bunebaa, meore ki, adamian-

is eTikuri avtonomiaa _ misi SesaZlebloba, Tavad gansazRvros,

ra aris kargi cxovreba. adamianis pre-politikuroba gulisxmobs,

rom is win uswrebs politikur Zalauflebas. es ukanaskneli mx-

olod adamianTa qmnilebaa, adamianTa moqmedebis ganzraxi Tu Tan-

mdevi Sedegi (an am orives erToblioba). am TvalsazrisiT, mxolod

adamianis Tavisufleba SeiZleba iyos „mocemuli“, „bunebiTi“, „na-

gulisxmevi.“5 eTikuri avtonomia ki niSnavs, rom pasuxi kiTxvebze

„ra aris kargi cxovreba?“ an „rogor vicxovro kargad?“ adamianma

rogorc gonierma arsebam Tavad unda moiZios da am saqmeSi mx-

olod sakuTari gonebisa da gansjis imedi unda hqondes.6

4 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-7 muxli; saqarTvelos konstituciis me-2 Tavi; saqarTvelos sapa-rlamento uwyebani #31-33, 1995. 5 Hampton J., Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition, Cambridge, 1988, 5.

48

eTikuri avtonomiis SesaZlebloba mxolod rwmenisa da sindi-

sis Tavisuflebis aRiarebiT ixsneba. rwmenisa da sindisis Tavi-

sufleba adamians SesaZleblobas aZlevs airCios rogorc reli-

giuri, ise sekularuli eTikuri doqtrinebi da idealebi kargi

cxovrebis Sesaxeb, an saerTodac uari Tqvas msgavs arCevanze.

adamiani Tavad xdeba rogorc sakuTari eTikis Semoqmedi, aseve

garantoric. eTikuri avtonomiis SesaZleblobas radikaluri kri-

tikosebi arasdros aklda, Tumca misi yvelaze mgznebare da emo-

ciuri mowinaaRmdegeni adreuli modernulobis religiuri kon-

servatorebi da reaqcionerebi iyvnen: ZaluZs ki adamians eTikuri

damoukideblobis tvirTis zidva? SeuZlia ki mxolod sakuTar

gonebasa da gansjas daeyrdnos mamis, ojaxis, gvaris, Temis, wina-

prebis winaaRmdeg? an ra wona aqvs calke mdgom, izolirebul,

„atomizebul“ individs yovlisSemZle da yovlismcodne RmerTis,

religiuri eTikis transcendenturi garantoris mimarT?7

modernulobis reaqcioneri kritikosebi sakuTari Tavisa da

cxovrebis Semoqmedi Tavisufali adamianis abstraqtul ideaSi

upirvelesad RmerTis winaaRmdeg amboxs xedavdnen.8 maT umeteso-

bas myarad swamda pirveladi codvis Teologiuri doqtrinis.

maTi azriT, adamianis dacema samyaroSi borotebis mudmivi wyaro

iyo. sazogadoebaSi mSvidobis SesanarCuneblad, adamianis vnebe-

bi da boroti midrekilebani unda moeTokaT da daeSoSminebinaT.

am rwmenidan gamomdinareobda Sua saukuneebis evropaSi yvela

politikuri da gansakuTrebiT ki sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis

gamarTleba.

adamianis vnebebisa da boroti midrekilebebis daSoSmineba

politikuri Zalauflebis (monarqi, imperatori) saqme naklebad

iyo. Sua saukuneebSi, am funqcias sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis

institutebi asrulebdnen. es e.w. „Suamavali institutebi“ ka-

Tolikuri eklesiis, ojaxis, aristokratiis saxiT qmnidnen

6 Christman J., Autonomy, Self-Knowledge, and Liberal Legitimacy, in Christman J., Anderson J., (eds.), Autonomy and the Challenges to Liberalism: New Essays, Cambridge, 2005, 330. 7 Femia J.V., Against the Masses: Varieties of Anti-Democratic Thought since the French Revolution, Oxford, 2001,1-15. 8 Berlin I., Joseph de Maistre and the Origins of Fascism, in Berlin I., The Crooked Timber of Humanity: Chapters in the History of Ideas, London, 1990, 91. Hampton J., Hobbes and the Social Contract Tradition, Cambridge, 1988, 5.

49

avtoritetul ierarqiebs, romelTa mimarT morCilebasac ada-

mianis srulad gakeTilSobilebisa da misi sulis xsnisTvis Tu

ara, misi „gasocialurebis“, mSvidobiani sazogadoebrivi Tanacx-

ovrebisTvis mzaobisTvis mainc unda mieRwia. am institutebidan

yvelaze yovlismomcveli kaTolikuri eklesia gaxldaT, romlis

monopoliac adamianTa „sulebis patronobaze“ da maT maradiul

cxovrebaSi xsnaze, gacilebiT ambiciuri iyo vidre mxolod maTi

amqveyniuri socialurobis miRweva.

modernulobam safuZveli gamoacala rogorc am institutebi-

sadmi rwmenas, ise maT avtoritets. Riad Tu farulad, modernul-

ma moazrovneebma ieriSi pirdapir pirveladi codvis doqtrinaze

miitanes. maTgan yvelaze radikaluri Jan Jak ruso gaxldaT, ro-

melmac mourideblad gamoacxada, rom adamiani bunebiT keTil-

Sobili arsebaa, borotebis saTave ki sazogadoeba da misi uTa-

nasworo, ierarqiuli institutebi arian.9 ruso amtkicebda, rom

mxolod iseT sazogadoebriv institutebs SeiZleboda hqono-

da gamarTlebuli Zalaufleba adamianebze, romlebic adamianis

bunebiT keTilSobilebaze, maT mier erTmaneTis Tanasworad aRi-

arebisa da damkvidrebis midrekilebaze iqneba morgebuli.

rusos politikurma filosofiam Searyia im sazogadoebrivi

Zalauflebis institutebis gamarTleba, romelTa muSaobaSic

yvela adamiani Tanasworad ar aris CarTuli. amrigad, rusosTan

erTaderTi gamarTlebuli sazogadoebrivi Zalaufleba demokra-

tiuli politikuri Zalauflebaa. antimodernuli konservatore-

bis koSmari adamianTa „mouTvinierebeli“ masebis mier rudunebiT

naSenebi sazogadoebrivi ierarqiebis damsxvrevaze jer filo-

sofiurad Camoyalibda, xolo Semdeg safrangeTis revoluciis

meSveobiT realobad iqca.

modernul politikur filosofiaSi adamianebze yvelas rusos

msgavsi optimisturi Sexedulebebi ar aqvT, Tumca eTikur avtono-

mias mainc icaven. TviT Tomas hobsis politikur azrovnebaSic ki,

romelic rusosgan gansxvavebiT Sors iyo adamianTa vnebebisa da

boroti midrekilebebis rolis uaryofisagan, sazogadoebrivi mS-

9 Evrigenis I.D., Freeing man from sin: Rousseau on the natural condition of mankind, in McDonald C., Hoffman S.,(eds.), Rousseau and Freedom, Cambridge, 2010, 9.

50

vidobis damyarebaSi e.w. „Suamaval institutebs“ araviTari roli

ar hqondaT. hobsi dascinoda yvela im miTsa da iluzias, romelic

erTi adamianis an adamianuri institutis sxva adamianebze bunebiT

Zalauflebas ganamtkicebda. sazogadoebrivi mSvidoba SeiZleboda

mxolod politikur xelisuflebas _ absolutur suverens uzrun-

veleyo, romlis Zalauflebazec yvela adamianis gonivruli Tanx-

mobis varaudi iyo SesaZlebeli. religiuri samoqalaqo omebis

Semxedvares, tradiciuli socialuri SemakavSirebeli institute-

bi, romlebic samoqalaqo omis mxareebad qceuliyvnen, mSvidobis

erT-erT mTavar mtrad miaCnda da maTze, gansakuTrebiT ki reli-

giur institutebze, politikuri xelisuflebis mkacr kontrols

moiTxovda.

sazogadoebrivi institutebisTvis Zalauflebis warTmeviT

hobsiseuli suvereni maT adgils ar ikavebda. hobsis suverenis

funqcia arc adamianTa sulebis xsna iyo, arc maTi vnebebis sru-

lad alagmva. „leviaTani“ mis mier gamocemuli kanonebis ZaliT

mxolod adamianTa vnebebisa da midrekilebebis samoqalaqo mSvi-

dobisaTvis saxifaTo moqmedebebSi gamovlenas iridebda sasjelis

Sefardebis an misi SiSis meSveobiT. adamianis rwmena, misi war-

modgenebi sakuTar Tavze, cxovrebaze, xsnasa Tu daRupvaze, bed-

nierebasa Tu ubedurebaze arc suverenisa da arc „arapirdapiri

Zalebis“ saqme aRar iyo. eTikuri neitraliteti sajaro xelisu-

flebisa da misi kanonebis aucilebeli atributi xdeba.10

sajaro xelisuflebis eTikuri neitralitetis konstituci-

uri mniSvnelobis ganmarteba saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sa-

samarTlos swored religiuri sazogadoebrivi institutebis kon-

teqstSi uwevs. saqmeSi „saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi _ giorgi yifiani

da avTandil ungiaZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“11, mo-

sarCele avTandil ungiaZe organizacia „marTlmadidebel mSobel-

Ta kavSiris“ Tavmjdomarea. es organizacia, romelic aerTianebs

rogorc samoqalaqo ise sasuliero pirebs, Tavis mxriv mWidrodaa

dakavSirebuli saqarTvelos marTlmadideblur sapatriarqosTan.

10 Koselleck R., Critique and Crisis: Enlightenment and the Pathogenesis of Modern Society, Cambridge, Massa-chusetts, 1988, 23. 11 sasaqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 10 noembris gadawyvetileba N 1/3/421,422, saqmeze “saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi- giorgi yifiani da avTandil ungiaZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”.

51

mosarCele sadavod xdis „mauwyeblobis Sesaxeb“ kanonis im

normebs, romlebic mas saSualebas ar aZleven mauwyeblis pro-

gramebis SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTloSi idavos. SezRudva

Seexeba rogorc Rirsebisa da adamianis uflebebis sawinaaRmdego,

aseve uxamsobisa da pornografiuli Sinaarsis programebTan da-

kavSirebul sasamarTlo davebs. sarCelis konstituciur-samarT-

lebrivi safuZveli konstituciis 42-e muxlia, romelic sasamarT-

losadmi mimarTvis uflebas ganamtkicebs. sasamarTlosadmi

mimarTvis ufleba instrumentuli uflebaa, is sxva uflebaTa

da TavisuflebaTa sasamarTlo wesiT dacvis garantiebs qmnis.

swored aq sWirdeba mosarCeles ganmartos im uflebaTa Sinaarsi,

romelTa sasamarTlo wesiT dacvasac gasaCivrebuli normebi arT-

mevs. avTandil ungiaZis TqmiT:“

„igi mowodebulia, daicvas zneobrivi normebi, Sesabamisad, misi sazo-

gadoebrivi moRvaweoba xSirad Suqdeba mauwyeblobebis mier. amgvari aq-

tivobis gamo, is xedavs safrTxes, rom misi moRvaweoba da sazogadoebrivi

poziciebi saTanadod ar gaSuqdeba. man moiyvana magaliTebi, rodesac, misi

azriT, mauwyeblis mier moxda imgvari azris gadacema, rac mas ar uTq-

vams, agreTve misi azri gadaica tendenciurad dagegmil gadacemaSi, ramac

mas xeli SeuSala, sazogadoebisTvis miewodebina “swori azri” gadacemaSi

ganxilul zneobriobis sakiTxebze. amasTan, sadavo normebi, mosarCelis

azriT, safrTxes uqmnian misi sulieri Svilebis sulierebas, fsiqikas da

fiziologiur ganviTarebas, romelTa zneobaze zrunvac mas evaleba.“12

mosarCele ungiaZis ganmartebidan ramdenime sagulisxmo mt-

kiceba SeiZleba gamovyoT. mas miaCnia, rom zneobriv sakiTxebze

„swori azri“ araTu arsebobs (es misi religiuri rwmenis nawilia

da am mtkicebaSi TavisTavad uCveulo araferia), aramed mas aqvs

„ufleba“ mxolod es „swori azri“ miitanos sazogadoebrivi mauw-

yeblis mayureblamde. „swori azri“ mayureblamde ver miva, Tu is

nawilobriv an sapirispiro azrebTan erTad iqneba gadmocemuli.

WeSmaritebis fonze, RirebulebaTa pluralizmi da mediis mier

am mravalferovnebis dabalansebulad gaSuqebis valdebuleba mo-

sarCeles umniSvnelod miaCnia.

swored religiuri WeSmariteba aniWebs mis „swor azrs“ priv-

12 Ibid. paragrafi I. 11.

52

ilegirebul mdgomareobas da safuZvlad udevs mis „uflebas“ am

azris eqskluziuri gavrcelebisa. adamianis uflebebis modernul

„gramatikaSi“, adamianis ufleba ar SeiZleba ekuTvnodes privi-

legirebul subieqts, romelic yvela danarCens gamoricxavs iyos

aseTive uflebis subieqti. es problema mosarCele ungiaZis ar-

gumentSi mayureblis „sulier Svilebad“ warmoCeniT gadaiWreba.

sulieri Svilebi mosarCele ungiaZis zrunvis obieqtia, romelTa

„sulierebas, fsiqikasa da fiziologiur ganviTarebas“ SesaZloa

„arasworma azrebma“ safrTxe Seuqmnas. misi sulieri Svilebi ver

iqnebian mosarCele ungiaZis msgavsi „uflebis“ subieqtebi, radgan

maT mosarCelis msgavsad „swor azrze“ wvdoma ar aqvT. isini ad-

vilad SeiZleba „cdundnen“ sakuTari vnebebisa da boroti mis-

wrafebebis tyveobaSi.

mosarCele ungiaZis am argumentSi uflebebis subieqti up-

irispirdeba adamianis religiur aRqmas, romelic adamianis „eTi-

kur tvirTs“ religiur sazogadoebriv institutebs „uziarebs“.

eTikurad avtonomiur individs „moraluri zrunvisa“ da „moral-

uri winamZRolobis“ saWiroebis mqone adamiani cvlis. mosarCe-

lis msjeloba cxadad ar Seicavs, Tumca misi Sida „logikuri

Tanmimdevruloba“ damokidebulia pirveladi codvis doqtrinis

nairsaxeobaze. misi „sulieri Svilebi“ adamis codvis dacemuli

matareblebi arian, romelTa mudmivi sulieri mwyemsva, maTze

zrunva, maTi codvili vnebebisa da midrekilebebis kontroli da

daSoSminebaa saWiro.

aRniSnuli argumenti saxifaToa, radgan TeologiurTan er-

Tad, socialur-politikuri Sinaarsic gaaCnia. mosarCele ungiaZes

SeuZlia Riad Tu nagulisxmevad amtkicos, rom sulieri Svilebis

sulis xsnasTan erTad, maTi politikuri Zalauflebisadmi mor-

Cil adamianebad aRzrdac SeuZlia da amiT sajaro xelisufle-

bas „sulieri mamis“ Zalauflebis gonivruli Tu ara, praqtiku-

li gamarTleba mainc SesTavazos. am argumentSi Sua saukuneebis

sazogadoebriv-politikuri Zalauflebis ierarqiuli struqtura

xelaxla ikvreba da cxadad warmoCindeba.

ra Tqma unda, mosarCele ungiaZe am daskvnebs cxadad ar ayal-

ibebs. misi strategia sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier uflebebis

53

Sinaarsis imgvari ganmartebis miRwevaa, romelic mas sakuTari

miznebis ganxorcielebisken gzas gauxsnis. mosarCele pirosis

gamarjvebas aRwevs instrumentuli uflebis -sasamarTlosadmi

mimarTvis uflebis nawilSi da ara sasamarTlo wesiT dasacavi

uflebebis ganmartebis nawilSi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ad-

gens, rom sasamarTlosadmi mimarTvis uflebas arRvevs mauwye-

blobis Sesaxeb kanonis mxolod is norma, romelic krZalavs sa-

samarTlo davas mauwyeblis winaaRmdeg „adamianisa da moqalaqis

Rirsebisa da ZiriTad uflebaTa Semlaxavi iseTi programis an

reklamis ganTavseba[ze], romelic Seicavs uxamsobas“. gamarjveba

pirosiseulia, ramdenadac Tavis dasabuTebaSi sasamarTlo cxa-

dad ganmartavs, rom verc Rirseba verc sxva ZiriTadi ufleba

ver ganimarteba im SinaarsiT, rogorc mosarCeles warmoudgenia.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tanaxmad:

“Rirseba ver iqneba gagebuli rogorc subieqturi sikeTe, romelic

gansxvavdeba yoveli adamianisTvis. Rirsebis uflebis aseTi gageba wi-

naaRmdegobaSi movidoda Tavad uflebis cnebasTan, radgan „uflebad“ ver

CaiTvleba is sikeTe, romlis farglebi gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva adamian-

isTvis maTi subieqturi Sexedulebebis gamo. ufleba TavisTavad gulisx-

mobs adamianis im interess, romelic garkveuli xarisxiT universalobisa

da obieqturobis kriteriums akmayofilebs. Sesabamisad, mxolod is, rom

pirs ar moswons esa Tu is gadacema Tavisi RirebulebiTi, religiuri

Tu msoflmxedvelobiTi gadasaxedidan, ver CaiTvleba Rirsebis uflebaSi

Carevad.“13

universalizebadobis moTxovna rogorc uflebis obieqtis,

ise misi subieqtis doneze muSaobs. mosarCele ungiaZis „su-

lieri Svilebic“ da isinic, vinc sakuTari „warwymedili azre-

biT“ mosarCeles „sulieri Svilebis“ sulebs ecilebian, adamianis

uflebebis iseTive subieqtebi arian, rogorc Tavad mosarCele.

maTi gamoxatvis Tavisuflebac mosarCelis gamoxatvis Tavisu-

flebis Tanabarwonadia da gamoTqmuli azris „sisworiT“ da „WeS-

maritebiT“ ver gaizomeba. ufro metic, sasamarTlo mosarCele

ungiaZes miuTiTebs, rom demokratiuli sazogadoebis moqalaqeo-

ba mas sulieri mwyemsisgan gansxvavebul (SeiZleba misi azriT

13 Ibid. paragrafi II.4.

54

SeuTavsebel) valdebulebebsac akisrebs- is movalea sajarod ga-

moTqmuli misTvis miuRebeli, dasagmobi, Sokismomgvreli an su-

lac amoraluri azrebic moiTminos.

msjelobis daskvniT nawilSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

uars ambobs sajaro xelisufleba sulieri mwyemsis ierarqiuli

Zalauflebis iZulebiT aRsasruleblad gamoiyenos. sasamarT-

los ganmartebiT: „dauSvebelia konkretuli piris an pirTa jgu-

fis zneobrivi normebis an msoflmxedvelobis sazogadoebis sxva

jgufebze Tavsmoxveva saxelmwifo institutebis, maT Soris sa-

samarTlos meSveobiT.“14 es Sedegi ki gardauvali iqneboda Tu

zneobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis sasamarTlo gansjadoba

iqneboda daSvebuli.

adamiani, rogorc uflebis subieqti, misi statusi da ufle-

bebis Sinaarsi ar ganisazRvreba im roliTa da statusiT, rasac

mas Tundac yvelaze gavleniani socialuri institutebi, ganxi-

lul saqmeSi religiuri organizacia, miakuTvnebs. amave dros, es

ar niSnavs, rom mas ar SeuZlia sakuTari Tavisuflebis farglebSi

moirgos am institutis mier misTvis mikuTnebuli statusi, icx-

ovros kargi cxovrebis im idealebiTa Tu programiT, rasac es in-

stitutebi sTavazoben da eTikuri avtonomiis misTvis gamoyofil

farTo sivrceSi sakuTari eTikuri gansja am institutebsa Tu maT

liderebs dauqvemdebaros. konstituciis uari gamoiyenos sajaro

xelisufleba sazogadoebrivi Zalauflebis struqturebis, insti-

tutebis, ierarqiebis sasargeblod, jer kidev ar niSnavs, rom kon-

stituciam isini iZulebiT unda moSalos an SeuZlia rom moSalos.

avTandil ungiaZes da mis organizacias ar SeuZlia sasamarT-

los meSveobiT aiZulos sazogadoebrivi mauwyebeli eqskluzi-

urad mis mier „sworad“ miCneuli eTikuri Sexedulebebi gaaSuqos,

Tumca mas veravin aukrZalavs es azrebi sakuTar sulier Svile-

bamde nebismieri sxva gziT miitanos, gazardos maTi ricxvi, daar-

wmunos isini icxovron „sworad“. adamianis rogorc Tavisufali,

uflebebis mqone subieqtis ideali efuZneba misi rogorc avtono-

miuri individis aRiarebas, rac upirveles yovlisa misi eTikuri

damoukideblobis _ unaris Tavad gansajos ra aris misTvis kargi


55

cxovreba _ SesaZleblobaSi gamoixateba. aq vlindeba modernuli

subieqtis Tavisuflebis paradoqsi da centraluri problema _

SeuZlia ki mas, sakuTari Tavisuflebis sayrdeni, eTikuri damou-

kidebloba sakuTari gansjis sxvisiT CanacvlebisTvis gamoiyenos?

2.2. konstituciis eTikuri neitraluroba da eTikuri

avtonomiis „pozitiuri“ cneba

mas Semdeg rac, eTikuri damoukidebloba modernuli indi-

vidis, rogorc uflebebis mqone subieqtis sayrdenad miviCnieT,

sakmarisia Tu ara is mxolod SesaZleblobis formiT davtovoT?

Tu sajaro xelisuflebis sruli iZulebiTi aparati unda mivm-

arToT imisken, rom eTikuri damoukidebloba yvelasTvis ara mx-

olod SesaZleblobad darCes, aramed srulad iqnes ganxorciele-

buli? unda gardavqmnaT Tu ara Cveni Tavisufleba „SesaZleblobis

cnebidan“ „ganxorcielebis cnebad“?15 negatiuri Tavisuflebidan

pozitiur Tavisuflebad?

magaliTisTvis, Tu vTqvaT, avTandil ungiaZis „sulieri Svi-

li“ misi rCeviT gadawyvets, rom saerTod ar uyuros telegadace-

mebs, an mxolod misi kurTxeviT uyuros, gamarTlebuli iqneboda

Tu ara misTvis kanonis saSualebiT amaSi xelis SeSla? iqneboda

Tu ara es „sulieri Svilis“ eTikuri avtonomiis dacva, msgavsad

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier mauwyeblis gamoxatvis Tavi-

suflebis dacvisa, sasamarTlos meSveobiT sazogadoebrivi mauw-

yeblis gadacemebis Sinaarsze gavlenis kanonieri SesaZleblobis

mospobiT?

mTavari problema aq RirebulebiTi Sefasebis sakiTxia. sakanon-

mdeblo CarevisTvis kanonmdebels mouwevs gadawyvitos romelia

„sulieri Svilis“ avtonomiis ufro „Rirebuli“ nawili, „sulieri

mamis“ rCevas dayola, Tu misi uari miiRos „kurTxeva“ romel tel-

egadacemas uyuros? meore pasuxis sasargeblod moraluri argu-

menti imdenad Zlieri unda iyos, rom rogorc „sulieri mamis“, ise

„sulieri Svilis“ TavisuflebaSi Careva gaamarTlos. gaviTvalis-

15 Taylor C., What’s Wrong with Negative Liberty? in Goodin R.E., Pettit P., Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Antology, Oxford, Cambridge Massachusetts, 1997, 418.

56

winoT, rom am magaliTSi „sulieri Svili“ Tavad, iZulebis gareSe

iRebs am gadawyvetilebas. kanonmdeblis mier aseTi Rirebulebi-

Ti gansjis safuZveli mxolod individis avtonomiis „pozitiu-

ri cneba“ SeiZleba iyos, romelic gangvisazRvravs avtonomiuri

„me“-s WeSmarit ideals. swored individualuri avtonomiis ase-

Ti pozitiuri ideali SeiZleba gaxdes safuZveli mtkicebisa, rom

„sulieri mamis“ rCevis mixedviT moqmedeba ar aris „Tavisufali“,

ramdenadac avtonomiis „WeSmarit ideals“ ar Seesabameba.

klasikur-liberaluri, igive negatiuri Tavisuflebis, cneba

ki aRniSnul RirebulebiT Sefasebaze uars ambobs, utovebs ra am

arCevans adamians. miuxedavad imisa, rom negatiuri cneba ar moiTx-

ovs arc yvela adamianis mxridan Tavisuflebis srul aqtual-

izacias da arc yvela im pirobis Seqmnas da winaRobis aRmofxvras,

romelic Tavisuflebis idealis sruli ganxorcielebisTvisaa

saWiro, Tavad negatiur cnebaSic aris winaRobebis akrZaluli

kategoriebi. pirveli aseTi kategoria xelisuflebis mier kano-

nis safuZvelze dawesebuli gaumarTlebeli winaRobaa. ganxilul

saqmeSi aseTi winaRoba zneobrivi sakiTxebis sasamarTlo wesiT

gansjis daSveba da sasamarTlos mxridan mauwyeblis gadacemebis

Sinaarsobrivi kontrolis SesaZleblobis gaCena iqneboda. aqve

unda davamatoT, rom es winaRoba mxolod kerZo pirTa, ungiaZisa

da yifianis msgavsi mosarCeleebis monawileobiT movidoda moq-

medebaSi, Tumca sakonstitucio sasamarTlos msjelobaSi mTavari

aqcenti sajaro xelisuflebis, kerZod ki, sasamarTlos monawil-

eobis dauSveblobazea gadatanili.

CaiTvleba Tu ara aseve dauSvebel winaRobad, magaliTad, mo-

sarCele ungiaZis mier sakuTar sulier Svilebze gavlena misi

kurTxeviT gadawyviton romel gadacemas uyuron? Tumca am kiTx-

vaze Tavisuflebis negatiuri cnebis mixedviT pasuxi uaryofiTia,

es ar niSnavs, rom TviT negatiuri cnebac gamoricxavs kerZo piris

mxridan sxvisi Tavisuflebisadmi winaRobis Seqmnis akrZalvas.

xazi, romelsac negatiuri cneba avlebs, iZulebaze gadis; Tumca

ra saxis kerZo iZuleba CaiTvleba Tavisuflebis gaumarTlebel

SezRudvad martivi dasadgeni ar aris.

am mxriv, SedarebiT naTlad es xazi adamianis uflebaTa ev-

57

ropuli sasamarTlos religiuri prozelitizmis akrZalvasTan

dakavSirebul saqmeebSi Cans. kokinakisis saqmeSi sasamarTlom re-

ligiis Tavisuflebis SezRudvad miiCnia iehovas mowmis dasja re-

ligiuri prozelitizmisTvis. miuxedavad gamoyenebuli meTodebis

intensiurobis, daJinebisa da zewolis arsebobisa iehovas mowme-

Ta prozelitizmis meTodebSi, sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom maTT-

vis karis mixurvas da prozelitizmisTvis Tavis aridebas xels

araferi uSlida.16 Sesabamisad, ganmcxadeblisTvis, prozelitizm-

Si CarTuli iehovas mowmisTvis, sisxlis samarTlis pasuxismge-

blobis daweseba sxvaTa uflebaTa dacvis legitimuri mizniT, ar

warmoadgenda Tanazomier SezRudvas, aucilebels demokratiul

sazogadoebaSi da ganmcxadeblis religiis Tavisuflebas laxavda.

gansxvavebuli gadawyvetileba iqna miRebuli larisisis saqme-

Si, sadac SeiaraRebul ZalebSi zemdgomi oficeri misdami daqve-

mdebarebulis prozelitizms eweoda. sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom

qvemdgom samxedro mosamsaxures SezRuduli hqonda Tavisufleba

Tavi aeridebina zemdgomi oficris prozelitizmisTvis, samuSao

adgilze sakuTari mdgomareobis seriozuli gauaresebis realuri

riskebis gareSe.17 miuxedavad imisa, rom kanoni zemdgom oficers

ar aZlevda prozelitizmis uflebamosilebas da is sakuTar Tana-

mdebobas borotad iyenebda, ar unda gamogvrCes, rom mas iZulebis

kanonierad SefuTvis SesaZlebloba hqonda, sakuTari Tanamdebo-

bis borotad gamoyenebiT. amave dros cxadia, rom es faqtori

zemdgomi oficris moqmedebas Tavisuflebis SezRudvis pirvel

akrZalul kategoriaSi _ sajaro xelisuflebis mier dawesebul

SezRudvaSi _ ar moaqcevs da kvlav kerZo piris moqmedebad rCeba.

Sesabamisad daqvemdebarebuli samxedro mosamsaxureebis ufle-

bebis dasacavad ganmcxadeblisTvis dawesebuli samarTlebrivi pa-

suxismgeblobis zomebi, sasamarTlom demokratiul sazogadoebaSi

aucileblad da Tanazomierad miiCnia.

adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos am gadawyvetile-

bebSi cxadadaa ganmartebuli, rom adamianis eTikur damoukide-

16 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos 1993 wlis 25 maisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze, Kok-kinakis v. Greece. 17 adamianis uflebaTa evropuli sasamarTlos 1998 wlis 24 Tebervlis gadawyvetileba saqmeze La-rissis and Others v. Greece.

58

blobasTan erTad mniSvnelovania imis aRiarebac, rom sxvebis

darwmuneba sakuTari rwmenisa Tu sxva eTikuri Tvalsazrisis

sisworeSi Tavisuflebis mniSvnelovani nawilia. adamianebis mier

erTmaneTze zemoqmedebis formebi da saSualebebi sakmaod far-

Toa, kerZo iZulebis sakanonmdeblo SezRudvisTvis saWiro maRa-

li standartidan gamomdinare. amis miuxedavad, sajaro xelisu-

flebas mainc SeuZlia gamoZebnos gzebi gamoxatvis kontrolis

meSveobiT, kerZo pirTa mier erTmaneTze zemoqmedebis SesazRu-

dad ise, rom SeinarCunos garegnuli neitraloba eTikuri Sinaar-

sis mimarT.

aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos saqme hili kolorados winaaRmdeg

am strategiis TvalsaCino magaliTia.18 1993 wels miRebuli kano-

niT kolorados Statma samedicino dawesebulebebis Sesasvlel-

idan 100 futis radiusSi, akrZala pirTan misi Tanxmobis gareSe

ganzrax miaxloveba 8 futis radiusSi, misTvis lifletis an sxva

beWduri masalis miwodeba, misTvis zepirad an simbolurad sapro-

testo gzavnilis gadacema, rCevis micema an aRmzrdelobiT-sagan-

manaTleblo saubris wamowyeba.

SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciis pirveli Sesworebis

mixedviT gamoxatvis Sinaarsobrivi regulireba _ gamoxatvis Sez-

Rudva misi Sinaarsis miuReblobis gamo kategoriulad akrZalu-

lia. konstituciurad dasaSvebia gamoxatvis regulireba da misi

SezRudva gamoxatvis drois, adgilisa da maneris gamo, sajaro

xelisuflebis mier iseTi legitimuri miznebis misaRwevad, rome-

lic sajaro wesrigisa da usafrTxoebis dacvis farTo uflebamo-

silebiTaa gaTvaliswinebuli. niSandoblivia, rom drois, adgil-

isa da maneris mixedviT gamoxatvis regulirebac mxolod maSinaa

dasaSvebi, Tu is mniSvnelovani saxelmwifo interesis misaRwevad

iyenebs viwrod SerCeul SemzRudav saSualebas. kolorados Sta-

tis sasamarTloebma Statis uzenaesi sasamarTlos CaTvliT, aR-

niSnuli regulacia swored gamoxatvis adgilTan da manerasTan

dakavSirebul gamarTlebul regulirebad CaTvales, romelic sa-

jaro wesrigis uzrunvelyofis legitimur miznebs emsaxureboda

da neitraluri iyo gamoxatvis Sinaarsisa da subieqtis mimarT.

18 Hill v. Colorado, 530 U.S. 703 (2000)

59

aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTloc daeTanxma aRniSnul dasabuTebas da

regulireba Sinaarsobrivad neitralurad miiCnia.

hilis saqmeSi Tavad gasaCivrebuli kanonis interpretacia sxva

daskvnis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas arc tovebs, Tumca ufro farTo

socialuri konteqstis Sefaseba sruliad sxva suraTs gvaZlevs.

saqme imaSia, rom samedicino dawesebulebebis umravlesoba, sadac

saprotesto Sekrebebi imarTeba, da maTi pacientebisa da TanamS-

romlebis mimarT agitacia warmoebs e.w. „abortis klinikebia“. es

klinikebi abortis mowinaaRmdege aqtivistebis Cveuli Sekrebis

adgilia, romlebic klinikebis stumar qalebs uaxlovdebian, aw-

vdian abortis sawinaaRmdego lifletebs, cdiloben gadaarwmunon

gaikeTon aborti, sTavazoben fsiqologiur, samedicino, social-

ur da iuridiul daxmarebas. aqtivistebi Cveulebriv agrZeleben

xolme komunikacias miuxedavad imisa, surs Tu ara maTi mosme-

na adresats, maTi mimarTvebi xSirad emociuri da moralisturia,

rac adresatebs sul mcire diskomforts uqmnis.

miuxedavad imisa, rom kanonis akrZalva yvela samedicino dawe-

sebulebis siaxloves moqmedebs da yvelaze Tanasworad vrceldeba,

misi aRsrulebis praqtikuli Sedegi umetesad abortis klinikebis

win modaraje aqtivistebis SezRudvaa. gansxvavebuli azris mqone

mosamarTle entoni kenedisTvis es Wkvianurad mofiqrebuli Si-

naarsobrivi regulirebis calsaxa magaliTia, romelic gamoxatvis

adgilis regulirebiT sinamdvileSi Sinaarss swvdeba da mis gamox-

atvas axSobs. kenedis dasabuTebaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWiravs

imis gaTvaliswinebas, rom Sinaarsi, romlis SezRudvac reguli-

rebis Sefaruli mizania, abortis Sesaxeb amerikul sazogadoebaSi

mimdinare cxare moraluri debatis erTi mxarea, romelic abor-

tis legalizacias ewinaaRmdegeba.

kenedis dasabuTebaSi gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom igi mosamar-

Tle sandra o’konorTan erTad Tanaavtoria qeisis19 sakvanZo

gadawyvetilebisa, romelmac azrTa sxvadasxvaobiT gayofili sa-

samarTlos mier gauqmebas gadaarCina abortis konstituciuri Ta-

visuflebis sferoSi momqcevi, rou veidis winaaRmdeg20 1973 wlis

19 Planned Parenthood v. Casey, 505 U.S. 833 (1992)20 Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973)

60

istoriuli gadawyvetileba. qeisis saqmeSi kenedim cxadad miuTi-

Ta, rom abortis dasaSvebobis sakiTxi mwvave moraluri uTanx-

moebis sagania, romelzec keTilsindisier adamianebs SeiZleba

gonivruli azrTa sxvadasxvaoba hqondeT. kenedis azriT, amgvari

racionaluri uTanxmoebis arseboba wonadi argumentia imisTvis,

rom abortis akrZalviT xelisuflebam aRniSnul sakiTxze moral-

uri debati ar daxuros da dautovos sivrce rogorc qals, miiRos

sakuTari eTikuri gadawyvetileba am sakiTxze, aseve sazogadoe-

basac, gaagrZelon sajaro diskusia im imediT, rom sakiTxze meti

Tanxmobis miRwevas SeZleben.

kenedis azriT, aRniSnuli gadawyvetilebis qalis avtonomiur

sferoSi moqceva, ar niSnavs, rom abortis moraluri gamarTlebis

sakiTxi sajaro diskusiisTvis daxuruli unda iyos. qalis kon-

stituciuri Tavisuflebis gafarToeba sajaro xelisuflebas ar

aZlevs mandats aukrZalos abortis mowinaaRmdegeebs sapirispiro

azris gamoxatva an qalze darwmunebis Tu sxva araZaladobrivi

komunikaciis gziT zegavlenis moxdena, mis mier abortis Sesaxeb

gadawyvetilebis Secvlis misaRwevad.

kenedis argumenti, rom abortis daSveba iseve ar axSobs am

sakiTxze moralur debats, rogorc misi sakanonmdeblo akrZalva

CaaxSobda, abortis mowinaaRmdegeebisaTvis mainc ar aris dama-

jerebeli.21 maTTvis abortis daSveba saxelmwifos mier „kul-

turul omebSi“ poziciis dakavebis da misi mxridan eTikuri

neitralitetis darRvevis tolfasia.22 Tumca, Tavisuflebis ga-

farToebis efeqti iseTive ver iqneba, rogorc misi SezRudvisa.

abortze wvdomis garantirebuli Tavisufleba ar uspobs Sesa-

Zleblobas mis mowinaaRmdegeebs icxovron sicocxlis Sesaxeb sa-

kuTari warmodgenebis Sesabamisad da kategoriulad uari Tqvan

abortze, ufro metic, daarwmunon rac SeiZleba meti adamiani am

Sexedulebis sisworeSi. abortis kanoniT akrZalva ki, sapirispiro

moraluri poziciis mqoneebs arCevans ar utovebs. konservatori

kritikosebi miiCneven, rom abortis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebis qa-

21 ixileT erTi sqesis mqone pirTa qorwinebis sakiTxze mosamarTle skalias argumenti: United States v. Windsor, 570 U.S. ___ (2013), mosamarTle skalias gansxvavebuli azri. 22 „kulturul omebze“ konservatiuli konstituciuri argumentisTvis ixileT: Romer v. Evans, 517 U.S. 620 (1996), mosamarTle skalias gansxvavebuli azri.

61

lis Tavisuflebis sferoSi moqceviT, sajaro xelisufleba „kul-

turuli omebis“ im mxares ikavebs, romelic „ojaxis dagegmvas“

amjobinebs „tradiciul ojaxs“.23

es ukanaskneli argumenti Tavad amerikuli konservatizmis

Sida principebiTac saeWvoa, ramdenadac individis Tavisuflebis

centralur princips ayenebs eWvqveS. Tavisufleba gadawyvito

abortis Sesaxeb, rogorc nebismieri sxva Tavisufleba ar moiTx-

ovs mis savaldebulo ganxorcielebas yvelas mier. vinc am Tavi-

suflebas iyenebs, amas sakuTari gadawyvetilebiT da pasuxismge-

blobiT akeTebs. amtkico amis sapirispirod, niSnavs safuZveli

gamoacalo individualuri Tavisuflebisa da personaluri pa-

suxismgeblobis principebs. Tavisuflebis gafarToebam SeiZle-

ba safuZveli gamoacalos calkeul socialur institutebsa da

maT eTikur avtoritets, Tumca am SesaZleblobis ganxorcieleba

mravali adamianis Tavisufal moqmedebas moiTxovs.

2.3. konstituciis eTikuri neitraliteti da Tavisuflebis

gansazRvreba tradiciuli socialuri institutebis far-

glebSi

rogorc vxedavT, Tavisuflebis gafarToeba SeiZleba gaxdes

socialuri struqturis cvlilebis safuZveli, Tumca ara ro-

gorc aucilebeli Sedegi. Cveni msjelobidan gamoikveTa normati-

uli argumenti, rom socialuri institutebis SesaZlo dasusteba

an moSla ar SeiZleba iyos gadamwyveti wonis argumenti Tavisu-

flebis gafarToebis winaaRmdeg, Tu es Sedegi adamianTa Tavisu-

fali moqmedebis SesaZlo Tanmdevia.

adamianis Tavisuflebis konstituciuri gansazRvreba arse-

buli socialuri institutebis farglebSi, tradiciuli da dam-

kvidrebuli socialuri struqturis SenarCunebis saSualebaa,

Tumca eTikuri neitralurobis TvalsazrisiT mniSvnelovan prob-

lemebs qmnis. socialuri institutebis eTikuri Sinaarsis konsti-

tuciur rangSi ayvana spobs sapirispiro eTikuri Sinaarsis mqone

23 kulturis gavlenaze SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciur iurisprudenciaSi ixileT: Post, Robert, C., Foreword: Fashioning the Legal Constitution: Culture, Courts, and Law, 117 Harv. L. Rev. 4 2003-2004.

62

moqmedebis samarTlebriv SesaZleblobas. aRniSnuli konfliqtis

TvalsaCino magaliTi qorwinebisa da ojaxis institutebis kon-

stituciuri mowesrigebaa.

saqmeSi „saqarTvelos moqalaqe salome wereTeli-stivensi

saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“,24 mosarCele asaCivrebda

„samoqalaqo aqtebis registraciis Sesaxeb“ saqarTvelos kanonis

im normebis konstituciurobas, romelic saqarTvelos moqalaqis

ucxo qveynis moqalaqeze daqorwinebisTvis aucilebel moTxovnad

awesebda samoqalaqo reestris saagentos Tanxmobas. saqarTvelos

konstituciis meore Tavi _ qarTuli uflebaTa bili _ moicavs

specialur muxls, romelic ojaxs da qorwinebas Seexeba. kerZod,

konstituciis 36-e muxlis Tanaxmad: „1. qorwineba emyareba meuR-

leTa uflebriv Tanasworobasa da nebayoflobas. 2. saxelmwifo

xels uwyobs ojaxis keTildReobas . 3. dedaTa da bavSvTa ufle-

bebi daculia kanoniT.“25

gasaCivrebuli sakanonmdeblo SezRudvis konstituciurobis

Semowmebisas sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 36-e muxlis konsti-

tuciur garantias ufro farTo, konstituciis me-16 muxliT gaT-

valiswinebul Tavisufali ganviTarebis uflebas ukavSirebs da

acxadebs, rom 36-e muxli azustebs konstituciiT garantirebul

zogad Tavisuflebas „sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis calkeul sfero-

Si“. vin aris Tavisuflebis subieqti, romelic sakonstitucio

sasamarTlos mier me-16 da 36-e muxlebis erTad ganmartebis Se-

degad viRebT? swored aq iCens Tavs mniSvnelovani Sida winaaRmde-

goba, erTi mxriv, eTikurad damoukidebel individs, xolo meore

mxriv, im „eTikur da egzistencialur“ CarCos Soris, romelsac

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos azriT „tradiciuli“ qorwineba da

ojaxi adgens.26

sakonstitucio sasamarTlosTvis qorwinebis Tavisufleba

swored am eTikur CarCoSia daculi: “konstitucia icavs qor-

winebisa da ojaxis institutebs saxelmwifos mxridan iseTi mo-

qmedebebisagan, rac xelyofda da gamofitavda maT arss, mniSvn-

24 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 23 ivnisis gadawyvetileba saqmeze N 2/2/425 saqmeze „saqarTvelos moqalaqe-salome wereTeli-stivensi saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg.“ 25 saqarTvelos konstituciis 36-e muxli, saqarTvelos saparlamento uwyebani #31-33, 1995.26 Supra, sqolio 24, paragrafebi II, 1-2.

63

elobas, umTavres principebs.” amrigad, qorwinebisa da ojaxis

tradiciuli ganmarteba yovelgvari modifikaciis gareSe iZens

konstituciur mniSvnelobas da statuss, Sesabamisad adgens im

eTikur horizonts, romlis farglebSic SesaZlebelia Tavisu-

flebis ganxorcieleba qorwinebisa da ojaxis sferoSi. sakon-

stitucio sasamarTlo kidev ufro azustebs 36-e muxliT dacul

sferos swored am tradiciuli gagebis farglebSi, moaqcevs ra

masSi „daqorwinebas, saojaxo Tanacxovrebasa da ganqorwinebas.“

miuxedavad imisa, rom gasaCivrebuli normebis konstituciuro-

bis sakiTxis gadawyveta sasamarTlosgan ar moiTxovs 36-e muxlis

daculi sferos amomwurav ganmartebas, sasamarTlo mainc saWirod

miiCnevs obiter dictum-is saxiT daasrulos qorwinebis tradiciuli

cnebis „konstitucionalizacia“ Semdegi ganmartebiT: „saqarTve-

los konstituciis 36-e muxlis pirveli punqtiT daculi sikeTe

ar aris pirTa qorwinebis msgavsi an qorwinebis gareSe Tanacx-

ovreba.“27

sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ar ganmartavs ras gulisxmobs

„pirTa qorwinebis msgavs[..] an qorwinebis gareSe Tanacxovre-

ba“-Si, Tumca azustebs, rom es ukanaskneli ar xvdeba „qorwinebis

samarTlebrivad dadgenil da aRiarebul“ kategoriaSi. gaurkveve-

lia tradiciuli qorwinebis cnebis konstituciur rangSi aRiare-

ba misi demokratiuli sakanonmdeblo organos mier samarTlebrivi

aRiarebiT aris gamarTlebuli, Tu sakonstitucio sasamarTlos

mier qorwinebisa da ojaxis tradiciuli institutebis „sazoga-

doebisaTvis sasicocxlo eTikuri da egzistencialuri mniSvne-

lobis instituteb[ad] da faseulobeb[ad]“ miCneviT. orive SemTx-

vevaSi pasuxgaucemeli rCeba mniSvnelovani kiTxvebi.

gamoricxa ra 36(1) muxliT daculi sferodan, sasamarTlo

arafers ambobs eqceva Tu ara qorwinebis msgavsi an qorwinebis

gareSe Tanacxovrebis formebi konstituciiT daculi Tavisu-

flebis sferoSi da Tu eqceva, ra saxis dacvas iTvaliswinebs

konstitucia. Tu sakonstitucio sasamarTlo saerTod ar ganix-

ilavs maT konstituciiT daculi Tavisuflebis nawilad, ra aris

misi dasabuTeba? mniSvnelovania, rom Cveulebriv sakonstitucio


64

sasamarTlo konstituciur cnebebs avtonomiuri konstituciu-

ri mniSvnelobiT iyenebs da ar Semoifargleba xolme am cnebebis

sakanonmdeblo organoseuli definiciiT. sakonstitucio sa-

samarTlos am midgomas myari dasabuTeba gaaCnia - Tu konsti-

tuciuri cnebebis mniSvnelobas sakanonmdeblo organos mivandob-

diT gansasazRvrad, maSin es ukanaskneli gavidoda konstituciuri

SezRudvebis miRma da Tavad iqneboda konstituciuri uflebebis

Sinaarsis ganmsazRvreli. Sesabamisad, uflebebis konstituciur

dacvasac azri daekargeboda.28 sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ar ms-

jelobs ratom ar iyenebs msgavs midgomas 36-e muxlis SemTxvevaSi.

aseve upasuxod rCeba kiTxva Semdegi hipoTeturi mdgomareobis

Sesaxeb: magaliTisTvis, kanonmdebels „samoqalaqo partnioroba“

rom qorwinebisTvis gaeTanabrebina, moxvdeboda Tu ara is konsti-

tuciis 36(1) muxliT dacul sferoSi misi „samarTlebrivi aRiare-

bis“ argumentiT?

Tu am kiTxvaze pasuxi uaryofiTia, anu qorwinebis tradici-

uli institutis konstituciur rangSi ayvana misi „sazogadoebi-

saTvis sasicocxlo eTikuri da egzistencialuri mniSvnelobis

instituteb[ad] da faseulobeb[ad]“ miCnevis Sesaxeb RirebulebiTi

gansja da masze dafuZnebuli konstituciuri gadawyvetilebaa,

mTavari kiTxva am gadawyvetilebis avtors exeba. SegviZlia Tu ara

es RirebulebiTi gadawyvetileba mivaweroT Tavad konstituciis

damfuZnebel Zalauflebas _ xalxs? aris Tu ara es RirebulebiTi

gadawyvetileba cxadad amokiTxvadi 36(1) muxlis teqstidan, Tu

sasamarTlo amgvar ganmartebas sxva xerxebiT iRebs? Tavad sakon-

stitucio sasamarTlos dasabuTebidan am kiTxvebze pasuxebs ver

vigebT.

es bundovaneba aseve malavs araTanmimdevrulobas da winaaRm-

degobas, romelic „tradiciuli“ qorwinebisa da ojaxis cnebebis

safuZvelze 36(1) muxlis teqstis wakiTxvas SeiZleba mohyves. aR-

niSnuli konstituciuri wesi qorwinebas amomwuravad ar ganmar-

tavs da misi principuli elementebis gansazRvriT Semoifar-

gleba. kerZod, konstitucia qorwinebis subieqtebad moixseniebs

28 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 11 aprilis gadawyvetileba #1/2/569, saq-meze „saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi – daviT kandelaki, natalia dvali, zurab daviTaSvili, emzar goguaZe, giorgi melaZe da mamuka faCuaSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg.“

65

meuRleebs, romlebic uflebrivad Tanasworni arian da romelTa

saqorwino urTierTobac swored uflebriv Tanasworobas da ne-

bayoflobas efuZneba. sasamarTlos mouwevs daazustos, Tu ras

gulisxmobs tradiciuli qorwinebis cnebaSi, ramdenadac sazo-

gadoebaSi qorwinebis gansxvavebuli tradiciuli cnebebi arse-

bobs, romelTagan zogi saerTod ar iziarebs arc meuRleTa uf-

lebrivi Tanasworobis, arc nebayoflobis principebs. Sesabamisad

sasamarTlos mouwevs daazustos, Tu ra aris konstituciurad

daculi qorwinebis rogorc „tradiciuli“ da „sazogadoebisTvis

sasicocxlo“ institutis Sinaarsi, moicavs is mxolod monoga-

mias („meuRleTa“ niSnavs ori piris kavSirs) da sapirispiro sqesis

mqone pirebs Soris kavSirs, Tu ufro farTod SeiZleba ganimar-

tos?

samomavlo konstituciur davebSi, romlebic am pasuxgauce-

mel kiTxvebs wamowevs, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

dadgeba maTze pasuxis gacemis aucileblobis winaSe. es ki moiTx-

ovs, rogorc qorwinebisa da ojaxis konstituciur ganmartebas,

aseve maTTan dakavSirebuli RirebulebiTi gadawyvetilebis miRe-

bas. am RirebulebiTi gadawyvetilebiT, sakonstitucio sasamarT-

los mouwevs gadaWras individis eTikur damoukideblobasa da

qorwinebisa da ojaxis tradiciuli institutebis eTikur CarCos

Soris konfliqti.

aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos uaxlesi gadawyvetileba oberge-

feli hojesis winaaRmdeg saqmeze, sadac sasamarTlom erTi sqesis

pirTa Soris qorwinebis dauSvebloba aSS-s konstituciis me-14

Sesworebis darRvevad miiCnia, amgvari dilemis cxadi ilustra-

ciaa.29 miuxedavad konstituciur iurisdiqciebs Soris mniSvnelo-

vani gansxvavebebisa, obergefelis saqme mainc saintereso Sei-

Zleba iyos saqarTvelos konstituciuri sistemis miznebisTvis.

sagulisxmoa, rom obergefelis saqmeSi, mosamarTle kenedis um-

ravlesobis gadawyvetilebaSi, sasamarTlo iZleva ara mxolod Ta-

vad qorwinebis gansazRvrebas, aramed misi eTikuri Rirebulebis

gamarTlebasac konstituciiT garantirebuli individualuri Ta-

visuflebis farglebSi. aSS-s uzenaesi sasamarTlos daskvniT:

29 Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. ___ (2015)

66

„arc erT sxva adamianur kavSirs ar aqvs qorwinebis msgavsi siRrme,

ramdenadac is aris gansxeuleba iseTi idealebisa rogoricaa: siyvaruli,

erTguleba, Tavdadeba, msxverplis gaReba da ojaxi. saqorwino kavSiris

Camoyalibebisas ori adamiani ufro meti xdebian vidre manamde iyvnen.

rogorc aq gadawyvetili saqmeebis zogierTi mosarCele gviCvenebs, qor-

wineba iseTi siyvarulis gansxeulebaa, romelic sikvdilsac ki uZlebs. am

qalebsa da kacebs arasworad gavugebdiT Tu vityodiT, rom isini qor-

winebis ideas pativs ar scemen. isini amtkiceben, rom pativs scemen am

ideas, imdenad Rrmad scemen pativs, rom mieltvian misi piradad ganxor-

cieleba SeZlon. maTi imedi martoobaSi cxovrebisTvis ar unda gavwiroT

civilizaciis erT-erTi uZvelesi institutisgan maTi gariyviT. isini kan-

onis TvalSi Tanaswor Rirsebas iTxoven. konstitucia maT am uflebas

aZlevs.“30

mosamarTle kenedis es maRalfardovani moraluri msjeloba-

ni, gansakuTrebiT ki, zemocitirebuli daskvniTi paragrafi, me-

diam globalurad popularuli gaxada, Tumca amave dros, yvelaze

mwvave uTanxmoeba da kritikac gamoiwvia rogorc gansxvavebuli

azris mqone mosamarTleebisgan, aseve akademiuri komentatorebi-

sgan. erTia, qorwineba adamianis Tavisuflebis sferoSi moaqcio,

meore, misi eTikuri Rirebuleba konstituciur rangSi aiyvano.

gqondes Tavisufleba da am Tavisuflebis eTikuri Rirebuleba

erTmaneTisgan gamijvnadia. eTikuri damoukidebloba Tavisu-

flebis klasikuri, negatiuri gagebiT gulisxmobs, rom Tavisu-

flebis Rirebulebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetileba individis misaRebia.

qorwinebis RirebulebiTi SefasebiT ki kenedi adgils ar tovebs

sxva eTikuri TvalsazrisisTvis, romlis mixedviTac qorwineba Ta-

visuflebis Rirebuli nawilia, Tumca arc erTi im RirebulebiTi

safuZvliT, rasac kenedi gamoyofs.

libertarianeli kritikosebisTvis, eTikuri neitralobis

darRveviT, qorwinebis aRniSnuli ganmarteba konstituciis Rire-

bulebiTi arqiteqturis da konstituciiT gansazRvruli Tavisu-

flebis nawili xdeba, rac TiTqmis SeuZlebels gaxdis qorwinebis

institutis samarTlebrivi mowesrigebis sferodan srulad gamoy-

vanas, rac maTi azriT Tavisuflebis saukeTeso garantia iqneba.31

30 Ibid.

67

memarcxene liberalebi ki miuxedavad imisa, rom taSs ukraven sa-

samarTlo gadawyvetilebis konstituciur-samarTlebriv Sedegs,

misi RirebulebiTi dasabuTeba ar moswonT. kenedis dasabuTebiT

qorwineba Tavisuflebis nawilia da erTi sqesis mqone wyvilTaT-

vis am institutze wvdoma ara upirvelesad Tanasworobis, aramed

Tavisuflebis idealidan marTldeba. amerikel liberalebs aseve

TvalSi ar mosdiT kenedis msjelobani qorwinebis eTikur Rire-

bulebaze, romlebic individualisturi perspeqtividanaa da ara

koleqtivisturi. kenedis msjeloba, rom qorwinebis miRma lgbt

wyvilebis datoveba maTi martoobisTvis gawirvaa, liberali kri-

tikosebis mixedviT akninebs lgbt pirTa koleqtiur kulturas,

identobasa da am identobis politikur brZolaSi gamoyenebas,

romelmac „gei qorwinebis“ konstituciuri aRiareba SesaZlebeli

gaxada.32

obergefelis saqmeze miRebuli gadawyvetilebiT aSS-s uzenaes-

ma sasamarTlom qorwinebis tradiciuli institutis konstituci-

ur dacvaze uari Tqva, Tumca amisTvis mas aRniSnuli institutis

axleburad ganmarteba mouwia ara mxolod samarTlebriv, aramed

eTikuri Sinaarsis donezec. iseve, rogorc abortis SemTxvevaSi,

aqac gadaWarbebulia imis mtkiceba, rom uzenaesma sasamarTlom

Tavisi gadawyvetilebiT qorwinebis tradiciuli instituti moSa-

la an gaauqma. maTi Tavisufleba visTvisac qorwinebis da ojaxis

tradiciuli institutebi Zvirfasia, srulad daculia, maT aqvT

Tavisufleba cxovrobdnen am institutebis eTikur CarCoSi da

afasebdnen maT. Tumca, rogorc tradiciuli qorwinebis momx-

reebs, ise erTnairi sqesis mqone pirTa wyvilebs, mouwevT Seeguon

uzenaesi sasamarTlos mosamarTleebis moralur msjelobebs, Tu

ratom arian aRniSnuli institutebi konstituciiT dacvis Rirsi,

rac SesaZloa radikalurad gansxvavdebodes im Rirebulebisgan,

rasac isini qorwinebasa da ojaxs aniWeben.

31 Koppelman A., Somin I., Amicus Brief in Obergefell v. Hodges, Northwestern Public Law Research Paper No. 15-12 , George Mason Law & Economics Research Paper No. 15-10<http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2576429 > [05.01.2016] ; Somin I., A great decision on same-sex marriage – but based on dubious reasoning, იხ. <https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/volokh-conspiracy/wp/2015/06/26/a-great-decision-on-same-sex-marriage-but-based-on-dubious-reasoning/ > [05.01.2016] 32 Seidman L. M., The Triumph of Gay Marriage and the Failure of Constitutional Law, იხ. <http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2636386 > [05.01.2016]

68

2.4. „zianis principi“ sazogadoebrivi tiraniis winaaRmdeg

konstituciis eTikuri neitralurobis simyife fundamenturi

konstituciuri mniSvnelobis sakiTxad rCeba. ramdenad neitral-

uri unda iyos eTikurad konstituciuri uflebis subieqtis cne-

ba? SesaZlebelia ki konstituciis sruli eTikuri neitralite-

ti, eTikurad damoukidebeli adamianis sasargeblod? Tu eTikuri

avtonomiis normatiuli cneba avaldebulebs demokratiul sajaro

xelisuflebas gascdes sajaro xelisuflebisa da sazogadoebis

gamijvnas da individualuri avtonomiis ideali ara mxolod sa-

jaro xelisuflebis, aramed sazogadoebis Carevisganac daicvas?

aSS-Si, konservatori oponentebi mosamarTle entoni kene-

dis swored am zRvaris gadalaxvisTvis akritikeben. maTi azriT,

obergefelis saqmeSi mosamarTle kenedis msjelobas eTikurad su-

vereni individis ideali logikur ukiduresobamde mihyavs, sadac

individis eTikuri damoukidebloba Tavs srulad iTavisuflebs

sazogadoebrivi TanamSromlobisa da Tanacxovrebis instituci-

uri formebis gavlenisagan da SezRudvebisgan. suverenuli indi-

vidis am gansazRvrebas konservatori kritikosebi qeisis saqmeSi

mocemul mosamarTle kenedis Semdeg mtkicebaSi pouloben: „Tavi-

suflebis gulSi aris ufleba Tavad gansazRvro arsebobis, azrisa

da mniSvnelobis, samyarosa da adamianis sicocxlis saidumlos

sakuTari cnebebi. rwmena aRniSnuli sakiTxebis Sesaxeb pirovnebis

Tvisebebs ver Seqmnis, Tu maTi Camoyalibeba saxelmwifos iZu-

lebiT moxdeba.“33

miuxedavad imisa, rom moyvanil citataSi suvereni individ-

isadmi safrTxe saxelmwifosgan modis, individis eTikuri suv-

erenobisadmi meore aranakleb mZlavr safrTxeze, sazogadoebaze

gadasvla martivad xdeba. Tu individis eTikuri suverenobisadmi

safrTxe sazogadoebrivi institutebis damkvidrebuli eTikuri

formebia, romlebic sajaro xelisuflebis mier samarTlebrivad

aris aRiarebuli, maSin es zRvari advilad iSleba. obergefelis

saqmeSi gansxvavebuli azris mqone, uzenaesi sasamarTlos Tavmj-

domare jon robertss, ar eSleba suvereni individis aRniSnuli

33 Supra, სქოლიო 19

69

cnebis wyaro- jon stiuart milis liberaluri politikuri filo-

sofia. “sruli individualuri TviTrealizaciis idealis sazoga-

doebis mier kanoniT dawesebul SezRudvebze maRla dayeneba-wers

robertsi- SeiZleba iyos an arc iyos mimzidveli moralur-filo-

sofiuri pozicia. Tumca mosamarTles sakuTari Tanamdeboba ar

aniWebs raime gansakuTrebul moralur, filosofiur an social-

ur codnas, romelic sakmarisi iqneboda am Sexedulebebis Tana-

moqalaqeebze konstituciis „jerovani proceduris“ garantiis

saxeliT Tavze mosaxvevad.“ robertsis azriT, aSS-s konstitucia

arc miliseul „zianis princips“ da arc mis eseis „Tavisuflebis

Sesaxeb“ ar efuZneba.34

individualuri TviTrealizacia rogorc politikuri Tavisu-

flebis ideali milTan gulisxmobs individis eTikuri suvereno-

bis dacvas rogorc demokratiuli xelisuflebis, ise sazogadoe-

bis iZulebisgan. mili fiqrobda, rom sazogadoebrivi iZulebis

mTavari instrumenti sazogadoebrivi azris zemoqmedeba iyo,

romelic ufro tiranuli SeiZleba gamxdariyo, vidre nebismieri

politikuri xelisufleba. „zianis principic“ upirveles yovlisa

sazogadoebis mxridan individis TavisuflebaSi Carevis Sesakave-

blad moqmedebs. zianis principi ra Tqma unda vrceldeba sajaro

xelisuflebis mier kanoniT dawesebul SezRudvebze, Tumca misiT

ar Semoifargleba da individis TavisuflebaSi sazogadoebis nebi-

smier Carevas akontrolebs.

zianis principi erTi SexedviT martivad aris Camoyalibebuli:

sazogadoebis mier individis TavisuflebaSi Careva mxolod mis

mier sxvebisTvis zianis miyenebis Tavidan asacileblad daiSve-

ba. Sesabamisad, gamoiricxeba individis Tavisuflebis SezRudva

rogorc paternalisturi safuZvliT (sakuTari Tavisadmi zianis

miyenebisgan dacvis), ise perfeqcionistuli safuZvliT (adami-

anis eTikuri srulyofilebis idealebis Sesabamisad cxovrebis

iZulebis mizniT). aseve dauSveblad miiCneva zizRsa da siZul-

vilze dafuZnebuli argumentebi. sazogadoebrivi emociebidan

mili swored maT gamoarCevs da maTi tiranuli midrekilebebis

aRkveTas cdilobs. zianis principi nagulisxmevad iRebs adamianis

34 Obergefell v. Hodges, 576 U.S. ___ (2015), მოსამართლე რობერტსის განსხვავებული აზრი.

70

rwmenisa da sindisis srul Tavisuflebas, romelic misi eTiku-

ri suverenobis safuZvelia-adamianma Tavad unda gadawyvitos ra

aris kargi cxovrebis ideali da icxovros mis Sesabamisad. arc

sazogadoebriv azrs da arc am azris safuZvelze miRebul kanons

ar SeuZlia, SezRudos adamianis Tavisufleba, Tu is zianis prin-

cips ver daakmayofilebs.35

zianis principi ar gamoricxavs adamianis Tavisuflebaze

sazogadoebis mier kanoniT dawesebul SezRudvebs, Tumca aseTi

SezRudvebi gonivruli sajaro diskusiis Sedegad unda iyos ga-

ziarebuli, rogorc sxva adamianebisTvis zianis momtani qmedebis

asacileblad aucilebeli. zianis principis Sesaxeb Tanamedrove

debatebSi mis erT-erT mTavar naklad misi abstraqtuloba da

ganusazRvreloba miiCneva. Tumca milTan es problema raciona-

luri sajaro diskusiiT wydeba. misi azriT sazogadoebrivi azri

maSinaa tiranuli, rodesac misi sayrdeni moraluri principebi

kritikuli gansjis gareSea miRebuli. zianis principis safuZvel-

ze organizebuli sajaro diskusia ki gonivrul gansjazea orien-

tirebuli da misi Sedegic adamianebis rogorc gonieri da pro-

gresirebadi arsebebis mudmiv interesebs asaxavs.

robertsis msjeloba milis filosofiisa da Tavisuflebis

rogorc TviT-realizaciis idealis Sesaxeb Sesabamisad unda

davazustoT. zianis principis aRiareba Tavisuflebis SezRudvis

erTaderT gamarTlebad, individis Tavisuflebaze sazogadoebis

mier dawesebul yvela SezRudvas ar ayenebs misi eTikuri suveren-

itetis qvemoT. robertsi ufro zusti iqneboda, Tu „tradiciul

sazogadoebriv SezRudvebs“ gamoiyenebda. tradiciuli sazoga-

doebrivi institutebi da maTi eTikuri CarCoebi miliseuli per-

speqtividan tiranulia, ramdenadac racionaluri gansjis proce-

sis Sedegad ar arian miRebuli, suvereni individebis racionalur

diskusiaSi, zianis principis filtri ar aqvT gavlili.

milis gakveTili Tanamedrove demokratiuli sazogadoebebi-

sTvis cxadia. Tavisuflebis rogorc eTikurad suverenuli in-

dividis TviT-realizaciis safrTxe mxolod sajaro xelisufle-

ba ar aris. piriqiT, demokratiuli sajaro xelisufleba aseTi

35 Rawls J., Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, Cambridge Massachusetts, 2007, 284

71

individebis xelSi SeiZleba Tavad gaxdes iaraRi maTi eTikuri

suverenobis mTavari mtris - sazogadoebrivi azrisa da tradi-

ciuli sazogadoebrivi institutebis winaaRmdeg. am politikur

brZolaSi ori tipis aliansia SesaZlebeli, pirveli tradiciuli

sazogadoebrivi institutebisa da demokratiuli xelisuflebis

„SeTqmulebaa“, es aliansi milisTvis yvelaze saSiSia da zian-

is principi swored misi moSliskenaa mimarTuli; meore scenari

„ganaTlebuli“, „racionaluri da progresirebadi“ elitis mier

demokratiuli xelisuflebis xeliT tradiciuli sazogadoe-

brivi institutebis moSlaa, maTi individualuri Tavisuflebis

idealTan Seusabamobis safuZvliT _ robertsis da aSS-s uzenae-

si sasamarTlos konservatori mosamarTleebis axdenili koSmari

„obergefelis“ gadawyvetilebis saxiT.

Sesabamisad, adamiani, rogorc eTikuri suverenis idea-

li, romlis Tavisuflebac daculia saxelmwifo xelisuflebis

gaumarTlebeli Carevisgan da romelic, amave dros, Tavisufalia,

airCios tradiciuli sazogadoebrivi institutebis eTikuri Car-

Coebi, rTuli SesanarCunebeli iqneba. saqarTvelos sakonsti-

tucio sasamarTlos konstituciur iurisprudenciaSi miRweuli

es aramyari da uxerxuli wonasworobis wertili grZelvadian di-

namikaSi, savaraudod, ver gauZlebs modernuli Tavisuflebisa da

individis im Sida turbulenturobas, romelic zemoT aRvwereT.

am prognozis safuZvels isic iZleva, rom saqarTvelos sa-

konstitucio sasamarTlom ufro gabedulad aRiara individis

rogorc eTikuri suverenis da Tavisuflebis rogorc TviT-re-

alizaciis idealebi. zianis principis konstituciur rangSi ga-

moyeneba, ra Tqma unda, am aRiarebis Tanmxlebi gaxldaT. saqme

„saqarTvelos moqalaqe beqa wiqariSvili saqarTvelos parlamen-

tis winaaRmdeg“ am ganviTarebis naTeli ilustraciaa. mosarCele

asaCivrebda saqarTvelos sisxlis samarTlis kodeqsis im normebs,

romlis mixedviTac SesaZlebeli iyo piradi moxmarebis mizniT

marixuanas SeZena-SenaxvisTvis xangZlivi sapatimro sasjelebis

gamoyeneba. sasamarTlo daeyrdno ra zianis princips, amgvari

SesaZlebloba konstituciis Seusabamod miiCnia. sasamarTlos

dasabuTebiT:

72

“konstituciis Seusabamoa pirisTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTa ise-

Ti qmedebis gamo, romelic mxolod am qmedebis avtors uqmnis safrTxes

da ar aris mimarTuli (ar SeiZleba iyos mimarTuli) sxvaTa uflebebis

darRvevisken. umizno da, Sesabamisad, gaumarTlebelia sisxlissamarTle-

brivi sasjelis saxiT Tavisuflebis aRkveTis dakisreba pirisTvis ise-

Ti qmedebis gamo, romelic mxolod mis janmrTelobas SeiZleba ayenebdes

zians. amdenad, marixuanis piradi moxmarebis mizniT SeZena/SenaxvisTvis

sisxlissamarTlebrivi sasjelis daweseba, romelic SesaZloa iwvevdes

piris Tavisuflebis aRkveTas, warmoadgens araproporciul zomas janmr-

Telobis dacvis zogadi legitimuri miznis misaRwevad.“36

cxadia am gadawyvetilebaSi zianis principis gamoyeneba Sez-

Rudulia mxolod sisxlissamarTlebrivi pasuxismgeblobiT da ar

vrceldeba individis TavisuflebaSi nebismier Carevaze. aseve,

Careva romelic individis eTikur suverenitets laxavs, sajaro

xelisuflebidan, kerZod ki, sakanonmdeblo organodan modis da

ara romelime sazogadoebrivi institutisgan. Tumca, rogorc

vnaxeT, am gamijvnebis gadaulaxavi logikur-konceptualuri an

principuli wyalgamyofebis meSveobiT SenarCuneba SeuZlebelia.

miliseuli liberalizmi e.w. „racionalistur“ mimdinareobas

miekuTvneba, romelic sazogadoebis mowyobas mxolod raciona-

luri gansjis Sedegad miRebul principebze da institutebze

afuZnebs. „racionalistur“ liberalizms ki upirispirdeba klasi-

kuri liberalizmisa da konservatizmis sxvadasxva ganStoeba,

romlebic e.w. „Suamaval“ sazogadoebriv institutebSi, ojaxidan

dawyebuli religiuri gaerTianebebiT dasrulebuli, Tavisufa-

li sazogadoebis sayrdenebs xedaven. am ukanaskneli poziciiT,

tradiciuli institutebis Camoyalibeba droTa ganmavlobaSi,

maTi ganviTarebis konkretul avtorebTan an konkretul sajaro

diskusiasTan da gadawyvetilebasTan dakavSirebis SeuZlebloba

maT aragonivrulobas ar niSnavs.37

es ori pozicia Tanamedrove saxelmwifoebis konstituciur

politikaSi wminda saxiT arasdros gvxvdeba. isini Tanaarseboben

36 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 24 oqtombris gadawyvetileba #1/4/592 saqmeze, „saqarTvelos moqalaqe beqa wiqariSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg.“ paragrafi 84.37 Levy, J. T., Rationalism, Pluralism, and Freedom, Oxford, 2015.

73

da erTmaneTs upirispirdebian gardamavali gamarjvebebiT. saqa-

rTvelos konstitucia iseve, rogorc yvela Tanamedrove liber-

al-demokratiuli konstitucia orive am pozicias moicavs, Tumca

maT Soris konfliqti jer kidev sruli simwvaviT ar damdgara

dRis wesrigSi.

III. saqarTvelos konstitucia er-saxelmwifos, globalur

wesrigsa da konstituciur patriotizms Soris

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos iurisprudencia-

Si konstituciuri wesrigis subieqtis gansazRvrebis bundovane-

ba da winaaRmdegobrioba mxolod liberaluri filosofiis Sida

dapirispirebebs ar asaxavs. winaaRmdegobrioba subieqtis gansaz-

Rvrebis doneze pirdapir ukavSirdeba qarTuli konstituciuri

proeqtis identobisa da misi ZiriTadi traeqtoriis ganusaz-

Rvrel xasiaTs. teqstualur doneze saqarTvelos konstitucia

modernuli konstituciaa, Tumca es TavisTavad ar gvaZlevs am

konstituciis mier dafuZnebuli konstituciuri wesrigis amom-

wurav identobas.

modernuli konstituciis farglebSi konstituciuri wesri-

gis dafuZnebis ramdenime alternativa arsebobs. pirvelis Si-

naarsi e.w. nacional-liberaluria da evropuli eri-saxelmwi-

fos konstituciur formas mihyveba; meore modeli safuZvlad

iRebs modernuli konstituciis universalur Rirebulebebs da

globaluri wesrigis kosmopoliti subieqtis gamoZerwvas cdi-

lobs; konstituciis subieqti am TvalsazrisiT Tanasworobisa da

Tavisuflebis universaluri idealebiTaa gansazRvruli da misi

Tanaswori Tavisufleba mxolod am idealebis globalur wesrigSi

ganxorcielebiT miiRweva, romelic yvela nacionaluri Tu sxva

partikularuli identobis daZlevas, mis miRma gasvlas gulisx-

mobs. meore msoflio omis Semdgom msoflioSi, gansakuTrebiT

ki evropis kontinentze, rogorc nacional-liberaluri, ise

globaluri politikuri proeqtebis krizisis fonze, konstituci-

uri patriotizmi damoukidebel alternativad gamoikveTa.

konstituciuri patriotizmi gulisxmobs konstituciuri wes-

74

rigis dafuZnebas adamianTa erTgulebaze am wesrigis ZiriTadi

procedurebis (konstitucionalizmis principebiT SezRuduli

demokratiuli mmarTveloba) da faseulobebis (adamianis ufle-

bebis, misi Tavisuflebis, Tanasworobisa da Rirsebis aRiareba da

dacva) mimarT. Tavis mxriv konstituciuri patriotizmi SeiZle-

ba, mimarTuli iyos teritoriuli saxelmwifos konstituciuri

wesrigis Seqmnisken an globaluri ambiciebi hqondes, misi Rire-

bulebiTi Sinaarsis universalurobidan gamomdinare.38 statiis

am daskvniT nawilSi mokled Sevajameb qarTuli konstituciuri

proeqtis mier TiToeul am traeqtoriaze ganvlil gzas an/da per-

speqtivebs.

3.1. eri-saxelmwifos proeqti da „Suamavali“ institutebi

statiis epigrafSi citirebul interviuSi merab mamardaSvili

gamoyofs eri-saxelmwifos formirebis or gzas. pirvels mamar-

daSvili pre-modernul erovnul saxelmwifos uwodebs, romlis

konstituciuri identobis safuZveli farTo gagebiT erovnuli

kulturaa; meore gza ki modernul er-saxelmwifoze gadis, rom-

lis mTavari integraciis meqanizmic modernuli Tavisufali da

Tanaswori subieqtebis mier sazogadoebriv xelSekrulebaze go-

nivruli Tanxmobaa. modernuli eri-saxelmwifos es meore gza ms-

gavsia konstituciuri patriotizmis modelisa. mamardaSvilisT-

vis meore gza umjobesia ramdenime mizezis gamo. ufro farTo

filosofiuri da RirebulebiTi safuZvlebis garda, socialur

xelSekrulebaze dafuZnebul er-saxelmwifos praqtikuli upi-

ratesobac gaaCnia: mas ukeT SeuZlia mravalferovnebis marTva,

gansxvavebuli eTnikuri, religiuri Tu sxva tradiciuli iden-

tobebisTvis TanamSromlobisa da Tanacxovrebis iseTi CarCos Se-

Tavazeba, romelzec maTi gonivruli Tanxmobis miRweva SesaZle-

beli iqneba.39

mamardaSvils swored ase warmoudgenia sabWoTa imperiis

ngrevasTan erTad saqarTveloSi warmoqmnili eTnikuri krizise-

38 Mueller J. W., Constitutional Patriotism, Princeton and Oxford, 2007 39 mamardaSvili m., cnobierebis topologia, Tbilisi, 2011, 258-259

75

bisa da konfliqtebis gadaWra. modernuli subieqti, romelic am-

ave dros konstituciis subieqtia, SeZlebs, gavides eTnikuri Tu

sxva tradiciuli identobebisa da Tanacxovrebis instituciuri

formebs miRma da socialuri xelSekrulebis Tanaswor subieqtad

warmoidginos Tavi. es ar niSnavs, rom modernuli konstitucia

STanTqavs aRniSnul institutebsa da identobebs. rogorc sa-

konstitucio iurisprudenciis zemomocemuli analizi cxadyofs,

konstituciis eTikuri neitraliteti sul mcire frTxilad ek-

ideba tradiciul da damkvidrebul sazogadoebriv institutebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom individis Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis

konstituciur dacvas Tavisi SemzRudveli efeqti am Rirebule-

bebTan SeuTavsebel institutebze mainc eqneba, maT sul mcire

imis garantia aqvT, rom miuRebel eTikur idealebs iZulebiT Tavs

veravin moaxvevs. ramdenad iqneba es garantia sazogadoebriv xe-

lSekrulebaze Tanxmobis gonivruli safuZveli am institutebisa

da maTSi gaerTianebuli adamianebisTvis, sadavoa.

sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis Tanamedrove amerikel Teore-

tikoss jon roulss miaCnia, rom es wonadi argumentia „ZiriTa-

di konstituciuri principebis“ gaziarebisTvis. aqve unda davam-

atoT, rom roulsisTvis sazogadoebrivi xelSekruleba mxolod

mravalferovani eTikuri idealebis (roulsis eniT _ yovlis-

momcveli doqtrinebi, rogorc religiuri ise filosofiuri da

„sekularuli“) mqone adamianTa Tanacxovrebis droebiT kompro-

misul CarCos - modus Vivendi-s - ki ar qmnis, aramed politikuri

samarTlianobis Tanmimdevrul Teorias efuZneba. ramdenad aris

samarTlianobis Teoria aucilebeli konstituciis legitimuro-

bisTvis calke uTanxmoebis sagania.40

Tavad roulsis proeqtic uars ambobs samarTlianobis yovlis-

momcvel Teoriebze, iseve rogorc yvela yovlismomcvel politi-

kur doqtrinaze da politikuri samarTlianobis iseTi raciona-

luri principebis gamarTlebiTaa dakavebuli, romelebzec farTo

konsensusia SesaZlebeli sxvadasxva yovlismomcveli religiuri

Tu sekularuli doqtrinebis mqone adamianebisgan, Tu adamianTa

40 Rawls J., Political Liberalism, New York, 1993. Rawls J., The Idea of Public Reason Revisited, 64 The University of Chicago Law Review 3, 765.

76

jgufebisgan. miuxedavad imisa, rom, roulsis azriT, misi poli-

tikuri samarTlianobis principebi daclilia yovlismomcveli

eTikuri Sinaarsisgan, maT ganxorcielebas arsebuli socialuri

struqturis fundamenturi cvlilebebi SeiZleba, mohyves.

Sesabamisad, yovlismomcveli Tu SezRuduli saxiT, konstitu-

cia moiTxovs samarTlianobis ama Tu im Teorias. gadawyvetileba

imis Sesaxeb, iqneba es samarTlianobis racionaluri filosofia,

romlis safuZvelzec moxdeba sazogadoebis xelaxla mowyoba,

Tu adamianTa Tavisufali moqmedebis Sedegad Camoyalibebul so-

cialur wesrigs miiCnevs samarTlianad, xSirad ganusazRvrelad

rCeba xolme.

es ganusazRvreloba cxadia saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi. lib-

eraluri nacionalizmis proeqtis _ arsebuli socialuri insti-

tutebis safuZvelze Tanamedrove eri-saxelmwifos dafuZnebis

sirTule, yvelaze metad am socialuri institutebis ara-moder-

nulobaSi, Tavisuflebis mimarT maT winaaRmdegobaSi gamoixateba.

zemoganxiluli ungiaZe-yifianis saqme am sirTulis TvalsaCino

magaliTia.

roulsis proeqti cdilobs Tanamedrove liberalizmi „gawmin-

dos“ yovlismomcveli filosofiuri doqtrinis „racionalisturi“

memkvidreobisgan da masze saziaro, „urTierTmfaravi“ konsensusi

SesaZlebeli gaxados sxvadasxva rwmenisa, Tu sxva yovlismomcve-

li eTikuri doqtrinebis mqone adamianTaTvis (im socialuri in-

stitutebisaTvis, romlebic adamianebs am doqtrinebs aZleven).

roulsis politikuri samarTlianobis principebi _ Tavisufleba

da Tanasworoba _ ra Tqma unda, Sinaarsisagan ar aris daclili

da, Sesabamisad, maTi winaaRmdegoba yovlismomcvel doqtrinebTan

da am doqtrinebis gamziarebel socialur institutebTan ar aris

gamoricxuli. swored aq gadis roulsis politikuri proeqtis

neitralurobis zRvari _ yovlismomcvel doqtrinis mimdevrebs,

romlebic Seecdebian, liberalizmis politikuri principebi moSa-

lon da sakuTariT Caanacvlon, liberalurma politikurma sazo-

gadoebam SeiZleba, gamarTlebuli iZulebiT upasuxos.

roulsi iZulebis amgvar SesaZleblobas mkafiod ar gamoyofs

da marginalur saSualebad tovebs. is imedovnebs, rom politi-

77

kuri liberalizmis principebze farTo konsensusi saqmes aqamde

ar miiyvans. Tumca ra xdeba maSin, rodesac konsensusi ar Sedga,

rodesac sazogadoebis wevrTa da misi institutebis mier gazi-

arebuli Sexedulebani Tu yovlismomcveli doqtrinebi liberal-

ur-demokratiul principebs fundamenturad ewinaaRmdegebian?

daskvna: konstituciuri patriotizmis SesaZlebloba

konstituciis fundamentur principebsa da institutebze

farTo konsensusis miRwevis sirTule aixsneba imiTac, rom maT

uWirT adamianebTan pirdapiri emociuri bma moaxerxon. „Suama-

vali institutebis“ rolsac Cveulebriv aRniSnuli emociuri ka-

vSirebis SeqmnaSi xedavdnen. Tumca meores mxriv, sulac ar aris

aucilebeli, rom „Suamavalis“ roli mainca da mainc tradici-

ulma socialurma institutebma Seasrulon. jer kidev aleqsis

de tokvili, romelic pluralisturi liberalizmis da Suamavali

institutebis TvalsaCino momxrea, aRwerda demokratiul sawy-

isze adamianTa nebayofilobiTi gaerTianebebis rols amerikuli

demokratiis muSaobaSi.

ra xdeba maSin, rodesac aseTi institutebi ar arseboben an

srulad diskreditirebulni da legitimaciadakargulebi arian?

termini „konstituciuri patriotizmi“ meore msoflio omis Sem-

dgom germaniaSi gaCnda, rodesac yvela politikuri da social-

uri instituti nacizmis laqiT iyo daRdasmuli da liberaluri

nacionalizmis proeqtis raime formiT Tavidanve gamoiricxa. ger-

manul bazisur kanonSi ganmtkicebuli „konsensusis“ sazogadoe-

baSi ganmtkiceba, rac sazogadoebisa da misi institutebis re-

konstruqciis paralelurad unda momxdariyo, sajaro institutma

- federalurma sakonstitucio sasamarTlom iTava. konstituciis

fundamentur RirebulebaTa wesrigs federalurma sakonstitucio

sasamarTlom „RirebulebaTa obieqturi wesrigis“ statusic SesZi-

na da mis mcveladac mogvevlina.

„mebrZoli demokratiis“ doqtrinam sakonstitucio sasamarT-

los mZlavri iaraRi misca eqstremistuli politikuri partiebis

winaaRmdeg. sakonstitucio kontrolis gavrcelebam sajaro xeli-

78

suflebis yvela organos aqtebze, iseve rogorc kerZo samarTal-

ze, adamianis konstituciuri uflebebisTvis e.w. „horizontaluri

efeqtis“ miniWebiT, federalur sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gza

gauxsna ara mxolod sajaro xelisuflebis, aramed sazogadoebisa

da misi institutebis konstituciur CarCoebSi mosaqcevad. kon-

stitucia totaluri gaxda da ara mxolod sajaro xelisufleba,

aramed sazogadoebac moicva. „patriotizmi“ omis Semdgomi funda-

menturi konstituciuri wesrigis mimarT federaluri sakonsti-

tucio sasamarTlos, rogorc am wesrigis mcvelis Zalauflebaze,

da am Zalauflebis sazogadoebriv legitimaciaze Sedga.41

germanuli sazogadoebis omisSemdgomi rekonstruqciis Sem-

deg, germanelma inteleqtualebma eWqveS daayenes konstituciuri

patriotizmis vertikaluri, „zemodan qvemoT“ mimarTuli mod-

eli. iurgen habermasma, germanelma filosofosma da socialurma

Teoretikosma 1980-ian wlebis bolodan „konstituciuri patri-

otizmis“ axali cnebis ganviTareba daiwyo, romelic komunikaciu-

ri racionalobis sakuTar Teorias daafuZna.42 habermasis azriT,

demokratiuli sajaro sivrce da misi institutebi (ara mxolod sa-

jaro institutebi, gansakuTrebiT ki sakonstitucio sasamarTlo)

„konstituciuri patriotizmis“ SesaZleblobas kidev ufro afar-

Tovebs. habermasis azriT, roulsisgan gansxvavebiT, mas gaaCnia

pasuxi im instituciur da komunikaciur winapirobebze, romelic

konstituciuri idealebisa da institutebis mimarT sazogadoe-

bis wevrTa konsensusis, maT mimarT „patriotuli“ grZnobebisa da

damokidebulebebis CamoyalibebisTvis aris aucilebeli. haberma-

sisTvis demokratiuli sajaro da sazogadoebrivi institutebi

da maTSi universaluri monawileoba adamianebs saSualebas aZlevs

ara mxolod Tavad am institutebis Sinaarsi gansazRvron da „erT-

maneTs aswavlon“, aramed maTSi monawileobiT maTdami kuTvnile-

bac igrZnon. Tumca, aRniSnul institutebSi an maT Tavisufal da

Tanaswor subieqtebSi aRaraferia SemorCenili partikularuli

teritoriul-nacionaluri konstituciuri proeqtebidan. haber-

masis konstituciuri subieqti evropuli subieqtia, is evropuli

41 Supra, sqolio 38. 42 Habermas, J., The New Conservatism: Cultural Criticism and the Historians’ Debate, S.W. Nicholsen (ed. and trans.), Cambridge, MA, 1989

79

integraciis konstitucionalizaciis procesis monawilea.43

habermasi saerTo evropuli konstituciis wamyvani inteleqtu-

aluri mxardamWeria. Tumca, am proeqtis politikuri warmatebis

SesaZlebloba dRes mniSvnelovan eWvebs iwvevs. miuxedavad saqa-

rTvelos gacxadebuli evropuli integraciis politikisa, „evro-

puli konstituciuri subieqtis“ habermasiseuli proeqtis arc

socialur-politikuri da arc instituciuri resursi saqarTve-

loSi ar arsebobs. ra Tqma unda, mniSvnelovania isic, rom „evro-

puli konstituciuri subieqtis“ proeqti Tavad evropis kavSiris

qveynebSic Tarozea Semodebuli da mas uaxloes momavalSi ganx-

orcieleba naklebad elis.

evropuli integracia mniSvnelovania qarTuli konstituciu-

ri wesrigis orientaciisa da wonasworobisTvis. Tumca, rogorc

gamocdileba da bolo wlebSi anti-evropuli sazogadoebrivi sen-

timentebis mzardi dinamika gviCvenebs, mxolod evropulobaze mi-

TiTeba qarTuli konstituciuri wesrigisadmi erTgulebis gener-

irebisTvis sakmarisi ar aris.

verc sakonstitucio sasamarTlo da verc sajaro xelisu-

flebis sxva instituti, savaraudod, ver SeZlebs germanuli „kon-

stituciuri patriotizmis“ vertikaluri modelis ganxorciele-

bas. amis SesaZlebloba meore msooflio omis Semdgom germaniaSi

gaaCina sajaro xelisuflebis institutebis sazogadoebriv insti-

tutebze adre rekonstruqciam, konsolidaciam da Zalauflebis

gamyarebam. saqarTveloSi aRniSnuli SesaZlebloba 1990-iani

wlebis qaosSi iqna gaSvebuli. maSin rodesac 2003 wlis „vardebis

revoluciis Semdeg“ sajaro xelisuflebis institutebma saxelm-

wifos Zalauflebis konsolidacia moaxdines, isini ukve aRdgenili

da Zalamokrebili sazogadoebrivi institutebis, gansakuTrebiT

ki, saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis pirispir aRmoCnd-

nen. konsolidirebuli sajaro xelisuflebis modernistuli xedva

post-totalitarul nangrevebze xelaxla aRmocenebul pre-mod-

ernuli sazogadoebis gavlenian institutebs Seejaxa.

socialuri da politikuri mecnierebisTvis am Sejaxebis an-

alizi Tavisi Ria Tu faruli dapirispirebebiTa Tu aramyari

43 Habermas, J., WHY EUROPE NEEDS A CONSTITUTION, New Left Review 11, 2001, 5.

80

kompromisebiTa da daTmobebiT orive mxridan, bolo aTwleulis

saqarTvelos SeswavlisTvis umniSvnelovanesi masalaa da mas fun-

damenturi kvleva sWirdeba. winamdebare statiaSi SevecadeT am

procesebis konstituciur-samarTlebrivi aspeqtebi da sakonsti-

tucio samarTlis potenciali gangvexila sakonstitucio iuris-

prudenciis analizis meSveobiT.

rogorc vnaxeT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo moklebulia mo-

nopolias, iyos konstituciuri wesrigis uzenaesi mcvelic da

konstituciuri patriotizmis medroSe da garantic. mas uwevs,

konstituciis safuZvelze gadawyvitos konfliqti konstituci-

is modernul subieqtsa da tradiciuli institutebiT gansaz-

Rvrul adamians Soris. aRniSnuli konfliqtis mniSvnelovani naw-

ili politikur procesSi TamaSdeba, romlis analizic am statiis

miRma iyo. gardamavali gamarjvebebi, romlebic politikur pro-

cesSi miiRweva, ar unda gaxdes sasamarTlosTvis SemzRudveli da

is aRniSnuli politikuri gamarjvebis konstituciur gaformebas

eridos.

konstitucia, SesaZloa, ver iyos srulad eTikurad neitra-

luri, magram es ar niSnavs, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

aucileblad liberalizmis, rogorc yovlismomcveli filosofi-

uri doqtrinis aRmasruleblad unda iqces. eTikuri neitraluro-

ba ar niSnavs, rom sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebs ar SeiZleba,

uaryofiTi efeqti hqondes romelime yovlismomcvel doqtrina-

sa Tu socialur institutze (Tumca misi saxelmZRvanelo Sei-

Zleba, roulsianuri neitralobis ideali iyos). sakonstitucio

sasamarTlo valdebulia, aRkveTos yoveli mcdeloba, romelic

nebismieri yovlismomcveli doqtrinis Tu sazogadoebrivi in-

stitutis Zalauflebis kanonismieri iZulebiT yvela sxvaze Tavs

moxvevas Seecdeba. Tu sasamarTlo darCeba im xazis mcvelad, ro-

melic „ungiaZe-yifianis“ saqmeSi gaavlo, „konstituciuri patri-

otizmis“ zogadi SesaZlebloba rCeba; Tumca misi instituciuri

arqiteqtura, gansakuTrebiT, sazogadoebriv nawilSi samomavlo

gansazRvrebis sagani iqneba. mTavaria, sakonstitucio sasamarT-

lom SeZlos da am procesis konstituciuri CarCo SeinarCunos.

81

konstitucia da konstitucionalizmi

saqarTvelos politikur sistemaSi

gia nodia

qveynis konstituciaze sxvadasxvagvarad SeiZleba saubari.

magaliTad, SevxedoT, rogorc samarTlebriv dokuments anu erT-

erT, Tumca „ZiriTad“ kanons, da SevadaroT sxva qveynebis kon-

stituciebs, CavsvaT miRebul tipologiebSi („saprezidento“, „sa-

parlamento“, „Sereuli“ da a. S.). meore mxriv, es samarTlebrivi

dokumenti SeiZleba SevadaroT garkveul apriori aRiarebul

normebs. magaliTad, vikiTxoT, Seesabameba Tu ara is demokrati-

ul standartebs, ra formiTac isini Cvens cnobierebaSi arsebobs

an CvenTvis avtoritetuli Teoretikosebis wignebSia Camoyal-

ibebuli. es sruliad legitimuri da gavrcelebuli midgomebia

konstituciebis Sesafaseblad.

Cemi amocana cota sxvagvaria: gavaanalizeb, Tu ra adgili

aqvs konstitucias realurad moqmed politikur sistemaSi. es

gulisxmobs pasuxs, magaliTad, aseT kiTxvebze: ra gavlenas axdens

konstituciaSi dafiqsirebuli principebi da maTi cvla saqarT-

velos politikur cxovrebaze? ra damokidebuleba aqvs rogorc

politikur klass, ise sistemis nominalur Tu realur suverens,

„xalxs“ Tu „sazogadoebas“ konstituciis mimarT? anu msjeloba

gveqneba ara imdenad saqarTvelos konstituciis sxvadasxva versi-

aze, aramed, pirvel rigSi, konstitucionalizmze, rogorc poli-

tikuri sistemis zogad niSanze.

82

konstitucia da konstitucionalizmi

am kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema SeuZlebelia, Tu ar davazusteT:

mainc ras vgulisxmobT sityvaSi „konstitucia“? pirvel rigSi,

gvaxsendeba erT-erTi, Tumca ZiriTadi kanoni anu samarTlebrivi

norma, romelic arsebobs saamiso mandatis mqone organos (parla-

mentis, sakonstitucio konvenciis, referendumze mosuli xalxis)

mier legitimirebuli teqstis saxiT. sityva „ZiriTadi“ aq sta-

tusis aRmatebulebas gulisxmobs, rac gamoixateba, kerZod, ima-

Si, rom sxva samarTlebrivi normebi unda movides SesabamisobaSi

konstituciasTan da ara piriqiT; Tu mainc gaipara Seusabamoba

am ors Soris, sxva sakanonmdeblo norma unda Seswordes da ara

konstitucia. garda amisa, sxva kanonTan SedarebiT, konstituci-

is Secvla procedurulad ufro Znelia: konstitucia SedarebiT

ufro (magram ara absoluturad) daculia politikuri amindis

cvalebadobisgan anu politikuri klasis Tu mis ukan mdgari ele-

qtoratis, „demosis“, ganwyobis cvlisgan.

magram sityva „konstitucia“ yovelTvis ase ar gaigeba. msof-

lios erT-erTi yvelaze ufro Zveli da mdgradi demokratia, bri-

tanuli, cnobilia paradoqsiT: erTi mxriv, mas ara aqvs dawerili

konstitucia, rogorc formaluri legitimaciis mqone samarTle-

brivi dokumenti; meore mxriv, is konstitucionalizmis samSob-

lod iTvleba. gamoTqma „qveynis konstitucia“ (Constitution of the land) jer kidev Sua saukuneebidan farTod gamoiyeneba britanul

politikur diskursSi, xolo is, rac am gamoTqmaSi igulisxmeba,

realuri da metad mniSvnelovani faqtori iyo qveynis politi-

kur cxovrebaSi. politikuri moTamaSeebi iZulebulni iyvnen, an-

gariSi gaewiaT misTvis da xSirad realurad isjebodnen misgan

gadaxvevisTvis. pirveli didi politikuri revolucia, romelmac

axali drois dasavluri, Semdeg ki globaluri politikuri wes-

rigis Camoyalibebas Cauyara safuZveli, inglisis „diadi revo-

lucia“ (Glorious revolution) emyareboda ara momavlis normatiul

xedvas (rogorc, magaliTad, safrangeTis da ruseTis revolucie-

bi), aramed qveynis arsebuli konstituciis dacvis ideas _ konsti-

1 Macaulay T., The History of England from the Accession of James II, Vol. 1, Philadelphia, 1848.

83

tuciisa, romelsac, kritikosebis azriT, absolutur Zalaufle-

bas mowyurebuli stiuartebis dinastia uqmnida safrTxes.1

magram ras niSnavs da ra formiT arsebobs qveynis konstitu-

cia, Tu is konkretuli proceduriT legitimirebuli samarTle-

brivi aqti ar aris? is gulisxmobs politikuri sistemis wesebs,

romlebic qveynis realuri ganviTarebis procesSi Camoyalibda

da razec misi identoba da Rirebulebaa damokidebuli. „konsti-

tucionalizmi“ SeiZleba vuwodoT qveynis politikuri sistemis

Tvisebas, gamovlenils mis politikur praqtikaSi, romlis drosac

„konstituciad“ miCneuli normebis da Rirebulebebis erToblio-

ba realurad SemzRudvel efeqts axdens politikur moTamaSeTa

(pirvel rigSi, xelisuflebis, magram ara mxolod mis) TviTne-

bur gadawyvetilebebze. es ar gamoricxavs calkeuli moTamaSee-

bis periodul mcdelobebs, gadalaxon konstituciuri normebiT

dadgenili sazRvrebi; magram amgvari qceva imdenad maRali poli-

tikuri riskis Semcvelia, rom, umetes SemTxvevaSi, racionaluri

politikuri moTamaSeebi Tavs ikaveben aseTi qmedebisgan.

britaneTis SemTxvevaSi, konstitucionalizmis istoriul tes-

tad iqca me-17 saukune, rodesac stiuartebis dinastiis orma war-

momadgenelma, jer Carlz pirvelma, Semdeg ki jeims meorem scada

gadaexvia wesebidan, rasac imdroindeli inglisis da Sotlandi-

is sazogadoebis didi nawili „qveynis konstituciad“ miiCnevda

anu parlamentis nebis ugulvebelyofiT emarTaT. orives es Zviri

daujda: pirvels, aTwliani samoqalaqo omis Semdeg, Tavi mokve-

Tes, meorem ki taxti dakargva da qveynidan gaqceva mouxda. amis

Semdeg, stiuartebis Secdomis ganmeoreba arc erT inglisel (Sem-

deg _ britanel) monarqs aRar ucdia, rac konstitucionalizmis

damkvidrebas niSnavda.

Tu inglisis SemTxveva aRiwereba, rogorc konstitucional-

izmi (dawerili) konstituciis gareSe, SegviZlia moviyvanoT sark-

isebrad gansxvavebuli magaliTebi _ dawerili konstitucia kon-

stitucionalizmis gareSe. CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT relevanturi

SemTxveva sabWoTa kavSiria: am saxelmwifos hqonda konstitucia,

romelic zogadi demokratiuli Rirebulebebis deklarirebas ax-

denda da demokratiuli mmarTvelobiTi sistemis garkveul for-

84

malur atributebsac aRwerda: ewera, rogor airCeva umaRlesi

sabWo (parlamentis analogi), rogor irCevs es sabWo mTavrobas,

rogoria qveynis federaluri wesrigi, sadac wevr subieqtebs kav-

Siridan gasvlac ki SeuZliaT. magram es Zalauflebrivi sistemis

mxolod fasadi iyo. qveynis SigniTac da gareTac yvelas esmoda:

realurad, politikuri hegemoni iyo ara xalxi (rasac konsti-

tucia acxadebda) da arc „muSaTa klasi“ (rogorc gabatonebuli

komunisturi ideologia amtkicebda), aramed komunisturi partia.

ufro sworad, beladi an patara jgufi, romelic mocemul momen-

tSi am partiis saTaveSi imyofeboda.

es viTareba aisaxeboda moqalaqeTa ganwyobaze, romelsac kon-

stituciuri nihilizmi SeiZleba vuwodoT. maTTvis konstitucia

iyo „faratina qaRaldi“, romelSic „kargi raRaceebi weria“, ma-

gram amas araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs, amitom arc aris saint-

ereso. aseTi ganwyoba dResac iCens Tavs Cvens moqalaqeebSi.

sabWoTa kavSiri ukiduresi SemTxvevaa: aq konstitucia im-

TaviTve fasadad iyo Cafiqrebuli. magram SgviZlia sxvadasx-

va Sualeduri SemTxvevac ganvixiloT. mraval SedarebiT axal

demokratias ucdia im droisTvis ukve arsebuli konstituciuri

modelebi gadmoeRoT (magaliTad, britaneTis, amerikis SeerTebu-

li Statebis an safrangeTis). am dros, axali konstituciebis ma-

mebi gulwrfelad varaudobdnen, rom maTi qveynebis demokratiebi

realuradac daemsgavseboda aprobirebul nimuSebs. magram, xSir-

ad, es ase ar xdeboda. amis (kargi) magaliTia laTinuri amerikis

mravali qveyana, romelic, me-19 saukunidan moyolebuli, amer-

ikis SeerTebuli Statebis mibaZviT agebda Tavis konstituciebs.

magram realuri politikuri sistemebi, romlebic am modelebis

farglebSi iqneboda, Zalian ar gavda amerikuls.

2 muxli komunisturi partiis warmmarTvel rolze pirvelad sabWoTa kavSiris 1977 wlis kon-stituciaSi Caiwera (იხ.Конституция (Основной закон) Союза Советских Социалистических республик, 1977,<http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/cnst1977.htm#i.> [21.01.2016]). amiT, TiTqos, konstituciuri wes-rigi dauaxlovda realurs, magram amas mxolod simboluri mniSvneloba hqonda: konstituciuri Canaweri konkretuls arafers ambobda imaze, Tu rogor xorcieldeboda komunisturi partiis warmmarTveli roli; misi gaCeniT es roli arc gazrdila da arc Semcirebula.

85

saidan konstitucionalizmi?

ratomaa, rom zogierT qveyanaSi konstitucionalizmi fexs

ikidebs, zogan ki _ ara? ratomaa, rom zogan xelisuflebebi eg-

uebian maTi Zalauflebis SezRudvas, zogan ki _ ara? am kiTxvaze

calsaxa da naTeli pasuxi politikur mecnierebas ar gaaCnia. ma-

gram, SegviZlia, pasuxebis variantebi ganvixiloT.

bevrs mTavar faqtorad mTavrobis politikuri neba gaaxsend-

eba. kargi mTavrobebi erTgulni arian „proceduruli demokrati-

is“ principebisa da nebayoflobiT izRudaven Tavs, cudi mTav-

robebi ki TviTneboben da konstituciur wesebs ugulvebelyofen.

xSirad gamigia pativsacem qarTvel eqspertebTan saubarSi, rom

kanonis uzenaesobis damyareba karg mTavrobas „myisierad“ Seu-

Zlia: sakmarisia, man Sewyvitos samarTaldacvis organoebze, pir-

vel rigSi, sasamarTloze zewola. es logika avtomaturad SeiZle-

ba gavrceldes konstitucionalizmis principzec.3

am Teoriis gulubryvilobis Cveneba advilia. romc gvyavdes

idealuri mTavroba, romelic keTili nebiT, liberaluri princi-

pebis erTgulebis motiviT ikavebs Tavs samarTaldacvis organoe-

bze an sxva damoukidebel politikur aqtorebze zewolisgan, ver-

asodes gveqneba garantia, rom mas isev konstituciuri meTodebiT

ar Secvlis mTavroba, romelic aseT TavSekavebas aRar gamoiCens.

„proceduruli demokratiis“ principebis erTguli mTavrobis yo-

lis survili bunebrivia, magram misi keTili neba metismetad ar-

amyari safuZvelia am miznis misaRwevad. xelisuflebis SezRud-

uloba institucionalizebuli unda iyos, rac niSnavs, rom is

konkretuli mTavrobis arCevanze naklebad iqneba damokidebuli.

sinamdvileSi, konstitucionalizmsa da karg mmarTvelobas

Soris mimarTeba kidev ufro winaaRmdegobrivia. jon lokma, lib-

eraluri konstitucionalizmis Teoriis fuZemdebelma jer kidev

3 konstitucionalizmis cneba Tavisi SinaarsiT Zalian axlosaa samarTlis uzenaesobis cnebasTan, magram ufro konkretulia. samarTlis uzenaesobis mniSvneloba ufro farToa da gulisxmobs, rom cxovrebis yvela sferoSi adamianis moqmedebebi, rogorc wesi, kanoniT dadgenil wesebs emorCile-ba. konstitucionalizmze saubrisas specifikurad vgulisxmobT politikuri Zalauflebis sferos regulacias, kanonebiT SezRudul Zalauflebas TviTneburisgan gansxvavebiT.4 Locke J., The Second Treatise on Civil Government, Amherst, 1986, 91-93.

86

me-17 saukuneSi SeniSna, rom adamianebis TavisuflebisTvis (anu

konstituciuri wesrigisTvis) kargi xelisufleba ufro saxifa-

Toa, vidre cudi. loki mmarTvelis „prerogativas“ uwodebs mis

uflebas, marTos sakanonmdeblo SezRudvis gareSe an, gansakuTre-

bul SemTxvevaSi, kanonis darRveviT, Tu amas sazogado interesebi

moiTxovs. amis saSualebas adamianebi ufro advilad aZleven karg

xelisufals, romelic namdvilad qveynis interesebze zrunavs.

„cudi“ mTavrobebia, rac adamianebs zogadad xelisuflebebis Sez-

Rudvis aucileblobaSi arwmunebs da am mimarTulebiT nabijebs

adgmevinebs.4

aq Cans, rom xelisuflebis „sikarge“ da „SezRuduloba“ ori

sxvadasxva ganzomilebaa, romlebic SeiZleba erTmaneTTan winaaRm-

degobaSic ki Sevides. xelisufleba miT ukeTesia, rac ufro meti

sargebeli moaqvs xalxisTvis. magram ratom unda SevzRudoT kar-

gi mTavroba? SezRudvis saWiroeba adamianis nakluli bunebis aR-

iarebidan momdinareobs: yvelaze kargi xelisuflebebic Sedgeba

ambiciuri adamianebisken, romlebic bunebrivad eswrafvian Tavisi

gavlenis gafarToebas. am dros zustad SeiZleba verc gavarkvioT,

ufro metad ra amoZravebT: Zalauflebis siyvaruli Tu qveynis

samsaxuris gulwrfeli survili. kargi xelisufali darwmunebu-

lia (da unda hqondes amis rwmena), rom man da misma Tanamoazreebma

ukeT uwyian, ra sWirdeba qveyanas da ukeT SeuZliaT misi proble-

mebis gadawyveta _ oponentebi ki, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, cdebian.

amitom maTi gaZliereba (miT umetes, xelisuflebaSi mosvla) sa-

frTxes Seuqmnis qveynis interesebs. amitom, maTi gulwrfeli rw-

meniT, maT mier Zalauflebis SenarCunebis da gafarToebis survi-

li sazogado sikeTis interess Tanxvdeba. amitom Tu xelisufleba

garedan aravin SezRuda, is garduvalad gadaiqceva tiraniad.

xelisuflebis mimarT aseTi sistemuri, principuli undoblo-

bis filosofiazea agebuli amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis kon-

stitucia. ZiriTadi Tema „federalistis“ werilebisa, romelic am

filosofiis saukeTeso gamoxatulebaa,5 aris ori azris SeTanxme-

bis mcdeloba:

5 hamiltoni a., medisoni j., jei j., federalisturi werilebi, Tbilisi, 2008.

87

1. saWiroa qmedunariani, efeqturi, anu, aleqsander hamil-

tonis sityvebiT, „energiuli“ xelisufleba _ amis gareSe

ver miiRweva ZiriTadi mizani, ris gamoc Seiqmna amerikis

SeerTebuli Statebi, rogorc erTiani federaluri saxel-

mwifo (uSualo mizani inglisis winaaRmdeg damoukideblo-

bisTvis omSi gamarjveba iyo);

2. Tu xelisufleba Zlieria, is SeiZleba gadaizardos tiran-

iaSi _ am SemTxvevaSi ki inglisTan omSi gamarjvebas azri

ekargeba, radgan omi tiraniisgan Tavisuflebis dasacavad

daiwyo.

„federalistis“ ori ZiriTadi avtoridan,6 hamiltoni upira-

tesad pirveli principis damcvelad iTvleba, jeims medisoni ki

- meorisa, Tumca maTi Sexamebis principul aucileblobas orive

eTanxmeboda. xelisufleba Zlieri unda iyos, magram ara metisme-

tad Zlieri.

rogor mivaRwioT am oqros Sualeds? SeiZleba Tu ara, Camo-

vayaliboT zemoaRniSnuli ori principis Sexamebis universaluri

formula, romelsac Semdeg sxvadasxva qveyanas mivuyenebT? is-

toriam gvaCvena, rom es SeuZlebelia. yoveli qveyana am Sualeds

TviTon poulobs an ver poulobs, sakuTari gamocdilebidan da

socialur Tu politikur ZalTa ganlagebidan gamomdinare.

zogadi mxolod Tavad problemuri situaciaa: ori polusi-

dan, romelTa Soris liberaluri konstitucionalizmis „oqros

Sualedia“ saZiebeli, erTi tiraniaa, meore ki _ samoqalaqo omi an,

nakleb dramatuli formulirebiT, konfliqti socialur Zalebs

Soris, romelsac, misi ganviTarebis SemTxvevaSi, saxelmwifos zo-

gadi CamoSla SeiZleba mohyves. isev davubrundeT me-17 sauku-

nis inglisis istorias da mis or mTavar gamaazrebels _ Tomas

hobss da jon loks. pirvelma absoluturi Zalauflebis (anu ti-

raniis, Cveneburad _ avtoritarizmis) Tanamedrove, racionaluri

gamarTleba moaxdina: man es swored samoqalaqo omis safrTxis Ta-

vidan acilebiT axsna, romlis ganzogadebuli xati „bunebiTi md-

6 „federalistur werilebs“ hyavs sami avtori: aleqsander hamiltoni, jeims medisoni da jon jei, magram am ukanasknelis roli gacilebiT nakleb mniSnelovnad miiCneva.

88

gomareobaa“. hobsis azriT, adamians ori arCevani aqvs: an bunebiTi

mdgomareoba, rodesac saxelmwifo xelisufleba ar arsebobs da

mZvinvarebs „omi yvelasi yvelas winaaRmdeg“ an absoluturi suv-

erenis upirobo morCileba. racionalur individs ar SeuZlia ar

aRiaros meore variantis upiratesoba. amitom is, rogorc wesi,

nebayoflobiT emorCileba „leviaTans“ _ saxelmwifo xelisufle-

bas.

hobsis oponenti jon loki imave konfliqtSi sapirispiro anu

parlamentis mxares idga da misi Semdegi raundis, „diadi revo-

luciis“ gamocdilebidan amodioda. misi azriT, tirania bunebiT

mdgomareobaze uaresia, radgan meore SemTxvevaSi adamians mainc

rCeba Tavisi interesebis dacvis SesaZlebloba, tiraniis dros

ki sruliad daucveli rCeba xelisuflebis TviTnebobis pirisp-

ir. raki asea, xandaxan, xelisuflebis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba anu,

faqtobrivad, samoqalaqo omi gamarTlebulia, radgan is naklebi

borotebaa tiraniis atanasTan SedarebiT.

lokis es debuleba SegviZlia normatiuli enidan socialuri

Teoriis enazec vTargmnoT (rac mas TviTon ar gaukeTebia): tira-

nia, avtoritarizmi imitomacaa cudi, rom is „fexmZimea“ samoqa-

laqo omiT; Sesabamisad, is verc grZelvadiani stabilurobis ga-

rantia iqneba.

mravali qveynis istoria, gansakuTrebiT bolo or saukuneSi,

am or ukiduresobas Soris viTardeba: tiraniis winaaRmdeg pro-

tests samoqalaqo areuloba7 moaqvs, am ukanasknelis daZlevis im-

perativs ki _ avtoritaruli mmarTveloba. amis yvelaze ufro

axali, aqtualuri magaliTi „arabuli gazafxulis“ sevdismom-

gvreli Sedegebia: egvipteSi, legitimurma janyma samxedroTa ti-

raniis winaaRmdeg religiuri fundamentalistebis warumatebeli

tirania moitana, mis winaaRmdeg aseve legitimuri protesti ki

samxedroTa tiraniis aRdgeniT dasrulda; libiaSi tiranis damxo-

bas saxelmwifos kolafsi moyva; siriaSi tirani ver Camoagdes,

magram amis mcdelobam saxelmwifo mainc CamoSala da Sedegad

7 dRevandeli politikuri mecniereba qronikul samoqalaqo areulobas xandaxan „arSemdgar saxel-mwifos“ an „saxelmwifos kolafss“ (CamoSlas) uwodebs, xolo planetis im nawils, romelsac tira-niasa da qaoss Soris meryeobidan gamosvla uWirs - „mesame samyaros“, „ganviTarebad samyaros“ (rac ganuviTarebeli, anu CamorCenili samyaros politkoreqtuli dasaxelebaa).

89

sruli ganukiTxaoba da „islamuri saxelmwifos“ barbarosoba mi-

viReT. am qveynebis moqalaqeebi cdiloben, mSvidobian evropaSi

gaeqcnen „yvelas oms yvelas winaaRmdeg“. aris tunisis SedarebiT

warmatebuli SemTxvevac: saboloo daskvnebi jer naadrevia, Tumca

iq konstituciuri wesrigis damyarebis niSnebi arsebobs.

am gamocdilebis gaTvaliswinebiT, kiTxva SeiZleba ase davazus-

toT: rogor unda moxdes, rom tiraniis winaaRmdeg ajanyeba, rac

samoqalaqo omze wasvlis mzaobas niSnavs, arc qaosiT (saxelmwifos

kolafsiT) da arc axali tiraniis damyarebiT ar damTavrdes? is-

toriac da Tanamedrove SedarebiTi politikuri Teoriac gvaswav-

lis, rom saukeTeso gamosavalia, rodesac samoqalaqo dapirisp-

irebaSi verc erTi mxare bolomde ver imarjvebs da orive maTgani

SeTanxmebis, kompromisis aucileblobaSi rwmundeba.8 liberalur

konstitucionalizms SesaZlebels xdis imis aRiareba, rom poli-

tikaSi nebismieri gamarjveba SefardebiTi da droebiTia da ara

absoluturi da saboloo. amitom yvela mxarem, mocemul momentSi

mogebulmac da wagebulmac, raRac saerTo wesebi unda aRiaros.

gamarjvebuli momavalSi savaraudo damarcxebisTvis unda emza-

dos. amitom mis interesebSia iseTi wesebis damkvidrebze zrunva,

romelic gamarjvebulsac da damarcxebulsac samoqmedo asparezs

dautovebs.

TiToeul qveyanas amgvari wonasworobis miRwevis Tavisi

gza aqvs, romelic xSirad samoqalaqo omebze, anu erTi mxaris

mier meoris saboloo ganadgurebis an marginalizaciis waru-

matebel mcdelobebze gadis. me-17 saukunis ingliss erTxelac

rom davubrundeT, dapirispirebis pirveli raundi anu 1642-1652

wlebis samoqalaqo omi, erTi mxaris (parlamentis) sruli gamar-

jvebiT da monarqiis gauqmebiT damTavrda. amas wonasworoba ar

moyolia: revoluciis Sedegi oliver kromvelis samxedro diqtat-

ura iyo. amisgan gansxvavebiT, „diadi revolucia“ kompromisiT

damTavrda: jeims meore daamxes, oRond amas monarqiis gauqmeba ar

mohyolia. verc erTma ori ZiriTadi partiidan (torebis da vige-

bis) bolomde ver gaatara Tavisi neba: amiT orpartiul sistemas

8 FukuyamaF., The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution, New York, 2011, 374. 9 Pincus S., 1688: The First Modern Revolution, New Haven, 2009.

90

Caeyara safuZveli, romelSic mxareebi Tan ebrZvian erTmaneTs,

Tan aRiarebdnen oponentebis legitimurobas.9 swored amaSia „di-

adi revoluciis“ WeSmariti sidiade: amis Semdeg inglisSi (Semdeg

- did britaneTSi) aRar momxdara politikuri sistemis saerTo

krizisi, qveyana aRarasodes damdgara samoqalaqo omis safrTxis

winaSe, xolo cvlilebebi TandaTanobiT, reformebis gziT xor-

cieldeboda.

safrangeTis revolucia inglisis pirveli samoqalaqo omis

sqemiT ganviTarda, oRond kidev ufro radikalur variantSi:

revoluciurma Zalam Tavi mokveTa mefes da ZiriTadi mtris -

aristokratiis da samRvdeloebis sruli ganadgureba moindoma.

yvelaferi napoleon bonapartis diqtaturiT, misi marcxis Sem-

deg ki, burbonebis dinastiis aRdgeniT damTavrda. inglisisgan

gansxvavebiT, safrangeTs kidev ramdenime revolucia da dawerili

konstituciis ramdenime varianti dasWirda liberaluri konsti-

tucionalizmis konsolidaciamde.

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi dapirispirebuli mxareebi sxvadasxvag-

varad SeiZleba ganisazRvrebodnen: klerikalebi da liberalebi,

federalistebi da unitaristebi, memarcxeneebi da memarjveneebi,

modernistebi da tradicionalistebi da a. S. nebismier SemTxveva-

Si, konstituciuri demokratia maSin dgeba, rodesac orive mxare

(rogorc wesi, iZulebiT) aRiarebs, rom meoris bolomde ganad-

gureba ar SeuZlia da ideba zavis pirobebi, romlebic liber-

aluri konstitucionalizmis principebad iqceva. 1980-ian wlebSi

Seqmnili demokratiuli tranziciis Teoriac swored am daSvebas

emyareba.10 mis Tanaxmad, albaToba imisa, rom avtoritarul xeli-

suflebasa da mis oponentebs Soris brZola liberaluri wesrigis

damyarebiT damTavrdes, mkveTrad izrdeba, rodesac orive mxares

10 sapirispirod misi kritikosebisa (იხ.,Carothers T., The End of Transition Paradigm, Journal of Democracy, Vol.13, No. 1, 2002, 5-21.) am Teoriis momxreebs arasodes uTqvamT, rom avtoritaruli reJimis uary-ofa da liberalur-demokratiuli wesrigis SemoRebis survilis deklarireba aucileblad amgvari reJimis konsolidaciiT mTavrdeba. es, ra Tqma unda, ase ar aris: diqtatorebis gandevnas SeiZleba metad gansxvavebuli Sedegebi moyves, rogoricaa axali tipis avtoritarizmis damyareba, Zvelis restavracia, gaurkveveli Tu hibriduli reJimis Seqmna, saxelmwifoebriobis sruli kolafsi da a.S. 11 O’Donnell G., Schmitter P., Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions About Uncertain De-mocracies, Baltimore, 1986; Huntington S., The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century, Norman, 1991. 12 McFaul M., The Fourth Wave of Democracy and Dictatorship: Noncooperative Transitions in the Postcommunist World, World Politics, Vol. 54, No. 2, 2002, 212-244.

91

zomieri Zalebi TamaSoben wamyvan rols da brZola SeTanxmebiT,

paqtis dadebiT da ara erT-erTi mxaris ganadgurebis mcdelobiT

mTavrdeba.11

zogierTi avtoris azriT, aRmosavleT evropis post-komunis-

turi qveynebis gamocdileba am Teziss ar adasturebs: met warmate-

bas im qveynebma miaRwia, romlebmac komunisturi wyoba calsaxad

uaryo; xolo iq, sadac brZola kompromisiT damTavrda (ruseTi,

ukraina da a. S.), liberaluri demokratiis konsolidacia ver

moxerxda.12 zedapirulad ase Cans, magram jobia, ufro siRrmeSi

wavideT. aRmosavleT evropis SedarebiT warmatebul SemTxveveb-

Si, sruli gamarjveba ideologiis da institutebis doneze moxda:

sabWouri stilis komunizmi da Sesabamisi institutebi calsaxad

iqna uaryofili. magram, meore mxriv, mainc damyarda wonasworoba

axal, anti-komunistur elitebsa da Zvel, social-demokratebad

gardasaxul elitas Soris. swored mas daemyara realuri konsti-

tucionalizmi. amisgan gansxvavebiT, samxreT kavkasiis qveynebSi

komunistur partiebs formaluri politikuri memkvidre ar hy-

olia da isini xelisuflebaSi ar dabrunebulan13 - Tumca, es ar

niSnavs, rom saqarTvelo an somxeTi ufro warmatebuli iyo, vidre

poloneTi, ungreTi, bulgareTi da a. S., sadac saxelgadarqmeul-

ma komunistebma ukve meore postkomunistur arCevnebSi moipoves

gamarjveba.

saqarTvelo: warumatebeli dominirebis istoria

amgvari wonasworoba socialur da politikur Zalebs So-

ris saqarTvelos pirobebSi ar Camoyalibebula; metic, misi

aucilebloba nakleb ganixileba qarTul politikur azrovnebaSi.

amis gamo, miuxedavad imisa, rom saqarTvelom mis post-sabWoTa

istoriaSi sul mcire sami arsebiTad gansxvavebuli formaluri

konstituciuri modeli gamoicvala (igulisxmeba konstituciis

13 SeiZleba iTqvas, rom saqarTveloSi da azerbaijanSi komunisturi elitebi maTi liderebis, edu-ard SevardnaZis da heidar alievis saxiT dabrundnen xelisuflebaSi - magram somxeTSi esec ar momxdara, iq yarabaRis omis garSemo Seqmnili kontrelita gabatonda da mas Semdeg xelisufle-baSia. 14 zaqaria f., araliberaluri demokratiis aRzeveba, sazogadoeba da politika, mSvidobis, demokratiis da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, 2001, 47-67.

92

1995, 2004 da 2010/13 wlebis versiebi), liberaluri konstitucio-

nalizmi aq, saukeTeso SemTxvevaSi, mainc Canasaxovan mdgomareo-

baSia.

saqarTveloSi aris realuri miRwevebi politikuri demokrati-

is, rogorc xalxis nebiT dafuZnebuli mmarTvelobis Camoyal-

ibebis gzaze, magram es demokratia „araliberaluria“ im azriT,

rom liberaluri konstitucionalizmis principebs ar efuZneba.14

periodul demokratiul „garRvevebs“, rodesac avtoritarulad

miCneuli (sinamdvileSi ki, ufro „hibriduli“) reJimebi demo-

sis realuri mobilizaciis safuZvelze icvleba (revoluciuri

an eleqtoraluri meTodebiT), moyveba xalxis mxardaWeraze da-

fuZnebuli (da am azriT „demokratiuli“), magram oponentTa srul

marginalizaciaze mimarTuli politikuri reJimebis damyarebis

mcdeloba. amas Tan axlavs formaluri konstitucionalizmi, anu

wesebis arseboba, romlebic politikuri konkurenciis da legit-

imuri opoziciis arsebobas uSvebs, Tumca es konstituciuri Sez-

Rudvebi mxolod nawilobriv muSaobs.15 amis gamo, saqarTvelos

politikuri sistema Cveulebriv aRiwereba rogorc „hibriduli“

an gaurkveveli: is rogorc demokratiis, ise avtoritarizmis niS-

nebs Seicavs, Tumca, klasikuri azriT, verc demokratiul da verc

avtoritarul reJimad ver CaiTvleba.16

bolo 25 wlis manZilze es kanonzomiereba oTxi politikuri

ciklis saxiT gamovlinda. orjer „demokratiuli garRveva“ arCev-

nebiT moxda (1990 da 2012 wels), orjer _ arakonstituciuri gziT

(1992 da 2003 wlebSi), magram yvela naxseneb SemTxvevaSi, xelisu-

fleba WeSmariti demokratiis xelaxali dafuZnebis pretenziiT

modioda.

magram, oTx xelisuflebas Soris mravali seriozuli gansx-

vavebis miuxedavad, am garRvevebis Sedegad Camoyalibebuli yve-

la reJimi yvelaze kargad aRiwereba Tomas karozersis termin-

iT „dominanturi Zalis politika“.17 SegviZlia CamovTvaloT maTi

15 ix., nodiag., federalistis tradicia da Zalauflebis danawilebis statusi qarTul politikur sistemaSi, federalisturi werilebi, Tbilisi, 2008, 516-536.16 ix., nodia g., demokratizaciis krizisi saqarTveloSi?, demokratiuli konsolidaciis xedva, gze-bi da resursebi, Tbilisi, mSvidobis, 2012. demokratiuli konsolidaciis xedva, gzebi da resurse-bi“, Tbilisi, mSvidobis, demokratiis da ganviTarebis kavkasiuri instituti, 2012. 17 Carothers, ‘The End of Transition Paradigm”, გვ. 11-14.

93

ramdenime saerTo struqturuli niSani:

1. xelisufleba lideris personis garSemoa konsolidire-

buli: oTxi cikli, Cveulebriv, saxeldeba, rogorc zviad

gamsaxurdias, eduard SevardnaZis, mixeil saakaSvilis, bi-

Zina ivaniSvilis periodebi. sam pirvel SemTxvevaSi, lid-

ers prezidentis konstituciuri Tanamdeboba ekava; biZina

ivaniSvilma, konstituciis axali modelis Sesabamisad,

premier-ministris Tanamdeboba daikava, magram mxolod

erTi wliT. TiTqmis yvela damkvirvebeli Tanxmdeba, rom

is amis Semdegac rCeba xelisuflebis warmmarTvel da ga-

maerTianebel figurad.

2. lideris garSemo arsebobs politikuri organizacia, ro-

melic srulad dominirebs rogorc erovnuli, ise adgilo-

brivi donis saxelisuflebo organoebSi. or SemTxvevaSi

mas formalurad „koalicia“ erqva (gamsaxurdias „mrgvali

magida“, ivaniSvilis „qarTuli ocneba“), sxva SemTxvevebSi

_ „partia“ (SevardnaZis „moqalaqeTa kavSiri“, saakaSvilis

„nacionaluri moZraoba“), magram es variaciebi reJimis xa-

siaTze gavlenas ar axdens. partiebi Tu koaliciebi sus-

tadaa institucionalizebuli da, erTi mxriv, liderze,

meore mxriv ki aRmasrulebel xelisuflebasTan kavSirzea

damokidebuli; nacionaluri moZraobis gamoklebiT, isini

Zalauflebis dakargvis Semdeg iSleba.

3. opoziciuri partiebi, damoukidebeli media, samoqalaqo

sazogadoeba, rogorc wesi, Tavisuflad moqmedeben, xeli-

suflebas akritikeben, gavlenas axdenen sazogadoebrivi

azris garkveul segmentebze, xandaxan ki _ politikur

gadawyvetilebebzec. magram, aseve, rogorc wesi, opozi-

cia susti da daqsaqsulia da seriozul safrTxeebs ver

uqmnis arsebul xelisuflebas. es ukanaskneli met-nakle-

bi warmatebiT cdilobs, kontroli daamyaros an gavle-

na moaxdinos yvelaze mniSvnelovan media-organizacieb-

ze. samoqalaqo sazogadoebis organizaciebs SeiZleba arc

kompetencia akldeT da arc agresiuloba, magram social-

94

ur Zalas ar warmoadgenen: donorebis daxmarebaze arian

mibmulni da mxolod aqtivistebis viwro wris mobilizacia

SeuZliaT. biznes-organizaciebi gaurbian xelisuflebas-

Tan urTierTobis gafuWebas da, iSviaTi gamonaklisebis

garda, fuls ar swiraven opoziciur partiebs.

4. drois TvalsazrisiT, TiToeul politikur ciklSi sami

etapi gamoiyofa:

• imedebiT aRsavse eiforiuli periodi uSualod axali xe-

lisuflebis mosvlis Semdeg. amis gamoxatulebaa saarCev-

no super-umravlesobebi: zviad gamsaxurdias mopovebuli

87 procenti 1990 wlis arCevnebze, eduard SevardnaZis da

mixeil saakaSvilis 96 procenti Sesabamisad 1992 da 2004

wlis arCevnebze. biZina ivaniSvils aseTi maRali saarCevno

Sedegi arasodes hqonia (maT Soris imitom, rom piradad

arasodes uyria kenWi), magram misma mxardaWerilma sustma

politikurma figuram, giorgi margvelaSvilma, 2013 wlis

oqtombris arCevnebSi 67 procenti miiRo meore adgilze

gasuli kandidatis 22 procentis sapirispirod: liberal-

ur demokratiebSi aseTi Sedegic warmoudgenelia.

• eiforias moyveba TandaTanobiTi gulisacrueba axali lid-

eris mimarT, rasac mosdevs gavrcelebuli apaTia, radgan

seriozuli alternativa ar Cans.

• raRac etapze, xelisuflebis arapopularoba kritikul

zRvramde midis da Cndeba lideri, vis garSemoc Zlieri

saprotesto moZraoba yalibdeba. rogorc wesi, aseT moZ-

raobebs aerTianebs xelisuflebis zogadi miuRebloba,

pozitiuri dRis wesrigi ki bundovani da populisturia.

sabolood, xelisuflebas wasvla uxdeba (arCevnebiT Tu

sxva gziT), riTac cikli Tavidan iwyeba.

saqarTvelos politikuri sistema dauwerelsa da daweril

konstituciebs Soris

zemoTqmuliT ar vamtkiceb, rom qveyana ganwirulia, am mankier

wreSi itrialos. verc imas vityviT gadawyvetiT, Tu konkretulad

95

rodis da ra gziT SeZlebs is am wridan gamosvlas (Tuki saerTod

SeZlebs). momavlis winaswarmetveleba SeuZlebelia. magram arse-

buli gamocdilebis ganzogadeba saSualebas gvaZlevs, movaxdinoT

saqarTvelos erTgvari „dauwereli konstituciis“ anu politiku-

ri moTamaSeebis (ufro aqtiuri politikuri klasis Tu SedarebiT

pasiuri amomrCevlebis) TavSi arsebuli ideebis, molodinebis, we-

sebis rekonstruqcia, rac ganapirobebs maT warmodgenas, Tu ra

aris SesaZlebeli Tu SeuZlebeli saqarTvelos politikur siste-

maSi da Sesabamis gavlenas axdens maT qmedebebsa da strategiebze.

dauwereli konstitucia demokratiulia im azriT, rom xalxi

namdvilad aris miCneuli politikur suverenad. legitimurad

CaiTvleba mxolod is mTavroba, romelic xalxis mxardaWeriT

sargeblobs. amis negatiuri gamoxatuleba imis rwmenaa, rom Tu

xelisuflebam dakarga xalxis mxardaWera, is unda wavides. pro-

cedurulad rogor unda moxdes es, sxva sakiTxia da amaze sruli

konsensusi ar arsebobs. aravin davobs, rom xelisuflebis ele-

qtoraluri cvla ukeTesi gamosavalia, amitom 2012 wlis prec-

edentis sikeTes yvela aRiarebs, arCevnebSi damarcxebuli mxaris

CaTvliT. Tumca, amave dros, sazogadoebis didi nawili undoblad

uyurebs gabatonebuli jgufis mzaobas, popularobis dakargvis

SemTxvevaSi, arCevnebis gziT daTmos xelisufleba. yvela xeli-

suflebis dros piradad araerTxel gamigonia iseTi frazebi, maT

Soris opoziciis gavleniani figurebisgan: „eseni (xelisufleba)

yvelaferze wamsvlelebi arian“, „eseni arCevnebiT ar wavlen“. es

molodini, rogorc wesi, opoziciis politikur strategiebs gana-

pirobebs: arCevnebisTvisac unda emzado da sxva xerxebis gamoy-

enebisTvisac. amitom sazogadoebis nawili xelisuflebis cvlis

revoluciur gzas nakleb sasurvelad, magram arsebiTad legit-

imurad Tvlis. jer naadrevia imis mtkiceba, rom 2012 wlis prec-

edentma am mxriv Seuqcevadi cvlileba moitana.

dauwereli konstituciis es principi realurad zRudavs xe-

lisuflebis qmedebebs: is erideba imgvari nabijebis gadadgmas,

romelic xalxis zedmet gaRizianebas gamoiwvevs da mas quCaSi ga-

moiyvans. gansakuTrebiT es Seexeba politikuri ciklebis meore

da mesame etapebs, roca „axali dasawyisis“ eiforia minavlebulia.

96

sxvadasxva moTamaSe (opozicia, samoqalaqo sazogadoebis orga-

nizaciebi, media), umetes SemTxvevaSi, am niSniT fasdeba: ramde-

nad SeuZlia mas xalxis saprotesto talRis mobilizeba. aqedanve

SegviZlia avxsnaT saqarTvelos marTlmadidebluri eklesiis

politikuri gavlena: sxvadasxva ideologiuri orientaciis poli-

tikur moTamaSeebs Segnebuli aqvT, rom misi gaRizianebis poli-

tikuri fasi metad maRalia, radgan mas an misi droSiT moqmed

jgufebs sazogadoebaze seriozuli gavlenis moxdena da sapro-

testo talRis mobilizacia SeuZliaT.

dauwereli konstituciis meore ZiriTad debulebad SegviZlia

CavTvaloT is, rom politikuri reJimis legitimuroba emyareba

kavSirs xalxsa da individualur liders Soris. xalxi endoba an

ar endoba liders, xolo sxva saxelisuflebo subieqtebi (mmarT-

veli partia, ministrTa kabineti, saparlamento umravlesoba da

a. S.), pirvel rigSi, masTan mimarTebaSi ganixileba.18 saqarTvelos

ukanasknelma xelisuflebam es principi ukiduresobamde miiyva-

na: aRaraa aucilebeli, liders saerTod ekavos raime formaluri

Tanamdeboba.

liderze orientaciis negatiuri Sedegi partiuli sistemis

ukiduresi sisustea. misi pozitiuri gamoxatulebaa politikuri

speqtris perioduli radikaluri „gadalageba“ axali gavleniani

lideris asparezze gamosvlisas iseve, rogorc partiebis gaqro-

ba lideris sarbielidan Camosvlis Semdeg. am kanonzomierebis

ukanaskneli da gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCino, magram ara erTaderTi

magaliTia politikuri speqtris radikaluri cvlileba 2011 wlis

oqtomberSi biZina ivaniSvilis politikur asparezze gamosvlis

Semdeg. politikurma moTamaSeebma kargad uwyian, rom warmatebis

Sansi mxolod Zlier liderze orientaciis SemTxvevaSi aqvT da

Sesabamisad ageben TavianT strategiebs.

amgvari konstituciuri koncefcia „xalxis“ Sesaxeb sinkret-

ul, daunawevrebel, arapluralistur wamodgenazea damyarebuli.

„dominanturi Zalis politika“ mas emyareba. arsebobs „xalxis

18 demokratiis amgvari tipi kargad aqvs aRwerili giliermo o’donels „delegaciuri demokratiis“ saxiT - ix. O’Donnell G., Delegative Democracy,Journal of Democracy Vol. 5, No. 1,1994, 34-51, magram saqa-rTvelos SemTxveva arsebiT sakiTxebSi gansxvavdeba mis mier moxmobili laTinur-amerikuli mag-aliTebisgan: iqaur „delegaciur demokratiebSi“ prezidentebi arCevnebiT midian da tradiciuli politikuri partiebis sistema arsebobs.

97

interesi“, romelic erTiani da ganuyofelia, politikuri Zala

mas an gamoxatavs an ewinaaRmdegeba. Tu xelisufleba xalxis, ro-

gorc erTiani subieqtis mxardaWeriT sargeblobs, misi oponen-

ti xalxis interesis mowinaaRmdegecaa. raki „demokratiuli gar-

Rvevis“ etapze xalxis mxardaWeris ZiriTadi motivi winamorbedi

xelisuflebis uaryofaa, xalxis mandati, pirvel rigSi, am win-

amorbedebis demonizacias da marginalizacias niSnavs: amitom,

dauwereli konstitucia damarcxebuli xelisuflebis politikur

sikvdils moiTxovs („xalxis“ gamotanili ganaCenis safuZvelze).

Tumca, „xalxis mandatis“ es interpretacia sxva opoziciuri Za-

lebis marginalizaciis safuZvladac gamodgeba. xelisuflebasa da

opozicias Soris brZolis gamwvaveba xSirad moixsenieba, rogorc

„xalxis gaxleCa“: xalxis, rogorc sinkretuli, organuli mTelis

danawevreba politikur klass miutevebel codvad eTvleba.

xalxis anu demokratiuli suverenis, rogorc sinkretul-or-

ganuli mTelis es gageba yvelaze metad gamoxatavs saqarTvelos

dauwereli konstituciis antiliberalur xasiaTs. piriqiT, lib-

eraluri konstitucionalizmi emyareba imis aRiarebas, rom xalxi,

sazogadoeba nebismier momentSi „daxleCilia“ erTgvari napra-

lebiT (social cleavages), politikuri partiebi ki maT gansx-

vavebul interesebs da Rirebulebebs (xSirad, racionalizebul

ideologiebad formulirebuls) politikur asparezze warmoad-

gens. liberaluri konstitucionalizmi imitom aris, erTi mxriv,

saWiro, meore mxriv ki SesaZlebeli, rom am napralebiT dayo-

fil sazogadoebriv segmentebs Soris SefardebiTi Tanxmobis da

TanamSromlobis wesebi Seqmnas. es wesebi emyareba fundamentur

normebs da Rirebulebebs, romelTagan umTavresi isaa, rom yvela

moTamaSe sazogadoebis amgvar „daxleCilobas“ anu interesebis, Ri-

rebulebebis da ideologiebis pluralizms gardauval realobad

miiCnevs da misTvis arasasurveli da miuRebeli Sexedulebebis,

moTxovnebis, dRis wesrigis legitimurobas aRiarebs. Sesabamisad,

rogoric ar unda iyos ritorika, verc erT politikur subieqts

ver eqneba mTlianad „xalxis“ mxardaWeris pretenzia, Tumca, is

valdebulia, sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi jgufis interesebs da

Sexedulebebs pativi miagos. is amas imitom ki ar akeTebs, rom

98

isini misTvis misaRebia, aramed imitom, rom maTi ugulebelyofa

tiraniisa da samoqalaqo omis mankier wreSi gvagdebs.

risTvis gvinda dawerili konstitucia?

rogorc vTqviT, saqarTvelos dauwereli konstitucia poli-

tikur subieqtTa absoluturi umravlesobis ganwyobas, Cvevebs

da qveynis realur politikur gamocdilebas gamoxatavs da, am-

ave dros, realurad gansazRvravs maT qmedebebsa da strategiul

arCevans. Tu asea, ra funqcias asrulebs dawerili konstitucia

da ra ganapirobebs mis cvalebadobas?

dawerili konstitucia gansazRvravs Zalauflebis gadacemis,

ganawilebis da funqcionirebis konkretul procedurebs da am

TvalsazrisiT mas xelisuflebis moqmedebaze garkveuli Semz-

Rudveli gavlena yovelTvis aqvs. saqarTvelos SemTxvevaSi, is,

agreTve, asaxavs politikuri klasis survils, warmodges rogorc

Tanamedrove, evropuli tipis saxelmwifo, rac SeuZlebelia, erTi

mxriv, dawerili konstituciis qonis, meore mxriv ki, misi Sinaar-

sis Tanamedrove demokratiul standartebTan zogadi Sesabamiso-

bis gareSe. Sesabamisad, konstituciuri sakiTxebis mimarT Sedare-

biT mdgradi interesi axasiaTebs mxolod mcire elitas, romelsac

Tavis sazrunavad saqarTvelos politikuri sistemis evropulTan

daaxloeba gauxdia: yvelaze metad es e. w. „samoqalaqo seqtors“

exeba.

amave dros, aSkaraa sazogadoebis didi nawilis skeptikuri

damokidebuleba dawerili konstituciis mimarT. amis konkretuli

gamoxatulebaa is, rom, miuxedavad konstituciis xSiri cvlisa,

rac xandaxan saxelisuflebo sistemis fundamentur gardaqmnas

gulisxmobs, xan ki SedarebiT kerZo sakiTxebs Seexeba, es cvl-

ilebebi sazogadoebrivi diskusiis centrad arasodes qceula.

samoqalaqo-saganmanaTleblo proeqtebis ganxorcielebisas, am

stiqonebis avtors araerTxel ucdia amgvari diskusiis gaaqti-

ureba, magram es rTuli amocana aRmoCndeboda xolme. sazogadoe-

baSi damkvidrebulia azri, rom konstitucia „formalobaa“, re-

alur Zalauflebas ki sxva kanonzomierebebi gansazRvravs - isini,

99

rasac zemoT “dauwereli konstitucia” vuwode.

rodesac konstituciuri sakiTxebi mainc gamodis sazogadoe-

brivi yuradRebis centrSi, es konkretuli politikuri lider-

ebis uflebamosilebis gansazRvris konteqstSi xdeba. magaliT-

ad, 2008 wlis saprezidento arCevnebi gamorCeuli iyo imiT, rom

opoziciis ZiriTadi saprogramo moTxovna saprezidento sistemis

gauqmeba iyo.19 prezidentobis kandidati levan gaCeCilaZe piro-

bas debda, rom prezidentad arCevis SemTxvevaSi, umokles vadaSi

uzrunvelyofda sakonstitucio cvlilebebis gatarebas, riTac

saprezidento mmarTveloba gauqmdeboda. es moTxovna ukavSirde-

boda im varauds, rom mixeil saakaSvili avtoritaruli mmarTveli

iyo, xolo misi avtoritaruloba farTo saprezidento ufleba-

mosilebas emyareboda. Sesabamisad, saprezidento institutisadmi

damokidebuleba, rogorc wesi, mixeil saakaSvilis da nacionalu-

ri moZraobis Sefasebidan gamomdinareobda.

weliwadze cota meti xnis Semdeg, 2009 wlis saprotesto ga-

mosvlebis konteqstSi, nacionaluri moZraobis xelisufleba

TviTon gamovida sakonstitucio sistemis Secvlaze farTo kon-

sultaciebis iniciativiT (opoziciis didma nawilma mas boikotiT

upasuxa). 2010 wels, parlamentma, romelSic nacionaluri moZraoba

dominirebda, miiRo axali sakonstitucio modeli, romelic Sere-

ul, Tumca saparlamentosTan axlos mdgom modelze gadasvlas

gulisxmobda. marTalia, eqspertebi gamoTqvamdnen garkveul

SeniSvnebs konstituciis axali variantis mimarT (gansakuTrebiT

es Seexeboda prezidentis da premier-ministris uflebamosilebis

arasakmarisad mkafio gamijvnas, agreTve am ukanasknelis zedmet

gaZlierebas),20 mTlianobaSi cvlilebis mimarTuleba Tanxvdebo-

da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis udides nawilSi damkvidrebul azrs,

rom saparlamento modelTan miaxloeba saqarTvelos politi-

kur sistemas ufro demokratiuls gaxdida. miuxedavad amisa, sa-

prezidento sistemis bevri yofili kritikosi am cvlilebebsac

19 mWedliZe k., arCevnebamde oriode dRiT adre prezidentobis kandidatma levan gaCeCilaZem sap-rezidento programa gamoaqveyna, 2008, ix. radio „Tavisuflebis“ oficialur veb-gverdze,

<http://www.radiotavisupleba.ge/content/article/1555916.html> [21.01.2016]. 20 ix. supersaprezidentodan saparlamentomde: sakonstitucio cvlilebebi saqarTveloSi, Tbili-si, 2013; kobaxiZe i., axali premier-ministri, liberali, No. 48, 2010; xidaSeli T., daCqarebuli reforma, iqve.

100

daupirispirda, radgan, maTi azriT, isini mixeil saakaSvils Za-

lauflebaSi axali statusiT darCenis Sanss aZlevda.

iqneb sazogadoebrivi azri sworia, rodesac miiCnevs, rom kon-

stitucia mxolod faratina qaRaldia, romelsac Zlieri politi-

kuri liderebi irgeben, mniSvneloba ki mxolod imas aqvs, romeli

politikuri moTamaSe ra realur resursebs akontrolebs (amaSi

SegviZlia vigulisxmoT administraciuli organoebis kontroli,

fuli, Tu xalxis quCaSi gamoyvanis unari)? am mxriv, pesimistur

daskvnebs garkveuli safuZveli aqvs. Tundac is, rom konstituci-

uri modelebis cvlilebas jerjerobiT raime gavlena ar mouxde-

nia sistemis realur funqcionirebaze.

magaliTad, specialistebs Soris eWvs ar iwvevs, rom konsti-

tuciis meore, 2004 wels miRebuli modeli gulisxmobda preziden-

tis gansakuTrebul gaZlierebas parlamentis xarjze - amis gamo

mas “super-prezidencialisturs” uwodebdnen. meores mxriv, isic

udavod miiCneva, rom „nacionaluri moZraobis“ mmarTveloba 2012

wlis oqtomberSi saparlamento arCevnebis wagebiT damTavrda,

Tumca saakaSvili kidev erTi weli ikavebda prezidentis posts.

es paradoqsia: rogor SeiZleba, „super-saprezidento“ sistemaSi

realuri xelisufleba saparlamento arCevnebiT Secvliliyo?

sinamdvileSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom konstitucia prezident saak-

aSvils mniSvnelovan Zalauflebriv berketebs utovebda,21 sapar-

lamento arCevnebis wagebis Semdeg man (sakmaod gonivrulad) gan-

saja, rom am Sedegis da sazogadoebrivi ganwyobis fonze misi

politikuri ZalisTvisac ufro momgebiani iyo, ar gamoeyenebi-

na es berketebi da aRmasrulebeli Zalauflebis sruli sisavse

axali saparlamento umravlesobis mier mxardaWerili ministrTa

kabinetisTvis daeTmo. Sedegad, „kohabitaciis“ reJimi simboluri

aRmoCnda. konstituciurad „Zlieri“ prezident saakaSvilis roli

„qarTuli ocnebis“ mmarTvelobis periodSi ritorikis garda ara-

friT aRemateboda konstituciurad „susti“ prezidentis giorgi

margvelaSvilis rols.22 aqedan SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom 2004-

21 2013 wlis aprilSi saqarTvelos parlamentma Seitana cvlilebebi saqarTvelos konstituciaSi prezidentis uflebamosilebis Semcirebis mizniT; amiT moixsna SfoTva, rom prezident saakaSvils SeeZlo mis xelSi mqone berketebi viTarebis destabilizaciisTvis gamoeyenebina, magram cvlile-bebs araviTari gavlena ar mouxdenia politikuri cxovrebis dinamikaze.

101

2012 wlebSic mixeil saakaSvilis da misi politikuri gundis dom-

inanturi roli saxelisuflebo sistemaSi naklebad efuZneobda

formalur konstituciur sistemas da politikur ZalTa realur

ganlagebaze iyo damokidebuli.

rogorc zemoT vTqviT, konstituciis umniSvnelovanesi fun-

qciaa, garkveuli wonasworobis reJimis Seqmna rogorc Zalau-

flebis Stoebs, ise sxvadasxva socialur da politikur Zalas

Soris: es uzrunvelyofs rogorc xelisuflebis SezRudulobas,

ise sxvadasxva Zalas Soris brZolis araZaladobriv kalapotSi mo-

qcevas. am mxriv, garkveuli progresi 2012 wlis Semdeg namdvilad

davinaxeT. pirvelad 1995 wlis Semdeg, saqarTvelos parlamentSi

ar arsebobda erTi partiis sakonstitucio umravlesoba. Sesabam-

isad, SesaZlebeli gaxda mxolod im sakonstitucio cvlilebebis

gatareba, rasac opoziciamac dauWira mxari. rig politikurad

sensitiur saqmeSi meti damoukidebloeba gamoiCina sasamarTlom,

rodesac man axali xelisuflebis politikur mowinaaRmdegeebs

gamamarTlebeli ganaCeni gamoutana (aseTi ram „nacionaluri moZ-

raobis“ xelisuflebis dros naklebad warmosadgeni iyo). damou-

kideblobis maRal dones avlendnen sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

da erovnuli banki.

iyo Tu ara es axali, 2013 wlis bolos ZalaSi Sesuli sakon-

stitucio sistemis, an sxva sakanonmdeblo cvlilebebis Sedegi?

aq Znelia, raime korelaciebi davinaxoT. aRniSnul institutebs

damoukideblobis formaluri garantiebi manamdec hqondaT, ma-

gram maTi qceva naklebi damoukideblobiT xasiaTdeboda. gadam-

wyveti cvladi iyo xelisuflebis arCevnebiT da ara revoluci-

uri gziT Secvla, ris Sedegadac, wasuli xelisuflebis, axla ki

opoziciis warmomadgnelebi sakmaod didi fraqciis saxiT iyvnen

warmodgenili parlamentSi, xolo sasamarTlos an sxva damou-

kidebeli saagentoebis xelmZRvaneloba wina xelisuflebis mier

daniSnuli kadrebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli. Tu asea, am xelmZR-

vanelebis uflebamosilebis vadis gasvla da „qarTuli ocnebis“

kandidatebiT Canacvleba isev arsebiTad Seamcirebs maTi damou-

22 margvelaSvilis inauguraciis momentidan axali, mesame sakonstitucio modeli amoqmedda, ro-melmac arsebiTad Seamcira prezidentis uflebamosileba.

102

kidebloebis xarisxs. magaliTad, uzenaes sasamarTloSi xelmZ-

Rvanelobis Secvlis Semdeg (2015 wlis TebervalSi), saerTo sa-

samarTloebs aRar gamouvleniaT damoukidebleobis is xarisxi

politikurad sensitiur sakiTxebSi, razec 2013 wels SeiZleboda

saubari.

municipaluri Zalauflebis doneze problema kidev ufro ad-

vilad gadawyda: 2012 wlis oqtomberSi maT ZiriTadad „naciona-

lebis“ kadrebis akontrolebdnen, rac iZleoda Sanss, rom axal

garemoSi isini, sasamarTlos msgavsad, met damoukidebleobas ga-

moiCendnen. magram konkretuli pirebis oportunizmis, axali xe-

lisuflebis zewolis Tu sxva faqtorebis gamo, „qarTulma ocne-

bam“ yovelgvari arCevnebis gareSe SeZlo Tbilisis garda yvela

sxva municipalitetze kontrolis damyareba.

es magaliTebi saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rom 1995 wlis

Semdeg sakonstitucio modelebis cvlas praqtikulad ar mouxde-

nia gavlena politikuri sistemis funqcionirebaze. gadamwyveti

cvladia ara Zalauflebis danawilebis formaluri modeli, ar-

amed politikur ZalTa realuri ganlageba da qveynis liderTa

midgomebi da preferenciebi. es sulac ar gamoricxavs imas, rom

konstituciam (maT Soris, dRes moqmedma modelma, romelic ar-

sebiTad Seesabameba demokratiul standartebs) momavalSi SeZlos

xelisuflebis SezRudvis funqciis Sesruleba. magram amisTvis

saWiroa winapiroba: garkveuli wonasworoba socialur da maTTan

dakavSirebul politikur Zalebs Soris, romlis drosac mxareebi

aRiareben erTmaneTis legitimurobas da miznad ar isaxaven mowi-

naaRmdegis srul ganadgurebas an marginalizacias. jerjerobiT,

es winapiroba Sesrulebuli ar aris da arc masTan miaxloebis

tendencia Cans.

103

Zalauflebis instituciuri balansi

gia xubua

Sesavali

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-5 muxlis me4 punqtis mixed-

viT, „saxelmwifo xelisufleba xorcieldeba xelisuflebis da-

nawilebis principze dayrdnobiT“. am muxlis Sesabamisad, ganmt-

kicebulia xelisuflebis horizontaluri danawilebis principi.

konstitucia aRiarebs xelisuflebis vertikaluri danawilebis

principsac, rodesac me-2 muxlis me-3 punqtiT adgens, rom „saqa-

rTvelos teritoriuli saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba ganisazRvreba

konstituciuri kanoniT uflebamosilebaTa gamijvnis principis

safuZvelze qveynis mTel teritoriaze saqarTvelos iurisdiqci-

is srulad aRdgenis Semdeg“. xelisuflebis horizontaluri da-

nawilebis gziT xdeba saxelmwifo uflebamosilebaTa funqcio-

naluri gadanawileba mmarTvelobiTi funqciebis racionaluri

ganxorcielebis mizniT. xelisuflebis vertikaluri danawileba

ki gulisxmobs, rom uflebamosilebebi gadanawilebulia sxvadasx-

va teritoriul dones Soris.1

xelisuflebis danawilebis principis realizacia ar unda gan-

1 amis Sesaxeb ufro dawvrilebiT ix., izoria l., korkelia k., kublaSvili k., xubua g., saqarTvelos konstituciis komentarebi: adamianis ZiriTadi uflebani da Tavisuflebani, Tbilisi, 2005, 348-350.

104

vixiloT rogorc dasrulebuli aqti. am principis realizacia

mudmivad SeinarCunebs Tavis aqtualobas, radgan mizani, romel-

sac is eswrafvis, aris saxelmwifos TviTnebobisagan individis

uflebebis dacva. es safrTxe da riskebi ki mudam arsebobs saxel-

mwifo xelisuflebis mxridan. mxolod normatiuli moTxovnebi

da samarTlebrivi wesi ver Camoayalibebs xelisuflebis boWvis

garantiebs.

I. Zalauflebis dabalansebis mizani

samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi Zalauflebis dabalanseba miiRwe-

va xelisuflebis danawilebis gziT. ra mizans emsaxureba xelisu-

flebis danawilebis principi da ramdenad ganxorcielda (ganxor-

cielebulia) es mizani?

xelisuflebis danawileba awonasworebs, abalansebs da urT-

ierTkontrolis saSualebas aZlevs samive xelisuflebas. am Tval-

sazrisiT, xelisuflebis danawilebis principi emsaxureba saxel-

mwifos saqmianobis racionalizacias.2 amave dros, es ar aris

Zalauflebis dabalansebis umTavresi mizani.

Tanamedrove konstituciuri saxelmwifos modelSi realize-

bulia aramarto xelisuflebis funqcionaluri danawileba sxva-

dasxva saxelmwifo Stos Soris, aramed, pirvel rigSi, xelisu-

flebis danawileba xalxsa da saxelmwifos Soris.3 xalxi, moqalaqe

warmoadgens ara xelisuflebis obieqts, aramed xelisuflebis su-

bieqts. xalxi mudmivad rCeba xelisuflebis legitimaciis wyarod.

xalxi xelisuflebis wyaro ar aris mxolod arCevnebis dRes.

xelisuflebis organoTa garkveul CarCoebSi moqceva emsax-

ureba adamianis uflebaTa dacvis mizans. Tu adamianis uflebebs

daemuqreba safrTxe xelisuflebis romelime Stos mxridan, maSin

unda CaerTos kanonis uzenaesoba. kanoni da adamianis uflebebi

ver iqneba Tanabari rangis. am SemTxvevaSi, adamianis uflebebi

ufro prioritetulia.

2 iqve, 349. 3 Sommermann K., Staatsziele und Staatszielbestimmungen, Tübingen, 1997, 207; Grzeszick B., Die Teilung der staatlichen Gewalt, Paderborn, 2013, 31.

105

individualuri uflebebis dacva SesaZlebelia mxolod iseT

sazogadoebaSi, sadac ganxorcielebulia xelisuflebis danawile-

ba. jer kidev safrangeTis adamianis uflebaTa deklaraciis me-16

muxli miuTiTebda, rom sazogadoebas, sadac ar aris aRiarebuli

adamianis uflebebi da ar aris ganxorcielebuli xelisuflebis

danawileba, ar gaaCnia konstitucia. arcerTi saxelmwifo organos

xelSi ar unda iyos imdeni Zalaufleba koncentrirebuli, rom

man SeZlos am koncefciis darRveva. adamianis individualuri

suverenitetisa da piradi avtonomiis dacvis garantias mxolod

xelisuflebis danawileba iZleva.

xelisuflebis danawilebis principis moqmedeba unda ganvixi-

loT swored am ori ZiriTadi miznis realizaciis TvalsazrisiT:

1. xelisuflebis danawileba xalxsa da saxelmwifos Soris da 2.

xelisuflebis danawileba, rogorc adamianis uflebebis uzrunve-

lyofisa da saxelmwifos TviTnebobisagan dacvis garantia.

1. miznis aqtualizacia

xelisuflebis danawilebis konstituciurma principma sruli-

ad axali aqtualoba SesZina rogorc xelisuflebis legitimaciisa

da SeboWvis Temas, ise am principis meSveobiT adamianis ufleba-

Ta dacvis mizans. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom konstituciam warmatebiT

moaxerxa am miznis aqtualizacia. sazogadoebis reaqciac konsti-

tuciiT deklarirebul am mizanze mxolod pozitiuri iyo. sazo-

gadoebaSi Camoyalibda principuli konsensusi demokratiuli

saxelmwifos am fuZemdebluri principebis Sesaxeb. amave dros,

rogorc 20 wlianma konstituciurma praqtikam gviCvena, mxolod

konsensusi TavisTavad ar ayalibebs Zalauflebis dabalansebis

garantias da xelisuflebis danawilebis konstituciuri princi-

pic SesaZlebelia gamoyenebuli iyos xelisuflebis SenarCunebisa

da xelisuflebaSi yofnis gagrZelebis saSualebad.

2. miznis realizacia

1995 wlis saqarTvelos konstitucia miRebul iqna qveynis

106

transformaciis sawyis etapze. Sesabamisad, konstitucia es-

wrafvoda ara mxolod arsebuli urTierTobebis konservacias,

aramed aqtiuri cvlilebebis ganxorcielebasac.

xelisuflebis danawilebis konstituciur princips uwevda

ormagi funqciis erTdroulad ganxorcieleba. erTi mxriv, mas

unda uzrunveleyo instituciuri stabilizacia. meore mxriv,

Camoeyalibebina transformaciisa da cvlilebebis konstituci-

ur-samarTlebrivi garantiebi.

xelisuflebis danawilebis principis mxolod normatiuli aR-

iareba ar aris misi realurad ganxorcielebis garanti. qveynis

ZiriTadi kanonis moqmedeba ar unda ganvixiloT arsebuli real-

obidan mowyvetiT. konstituciis normatiuli Sinaarsi yovelTvis

gansazRvrulia konkretul drosa da sivrceSi moqmedi socialuri

da kulturuli faqtorebiT. konstitucia ar aris abstraqtuli

dokumenti _ qveynis ZiriTadi kanoni aris sazogadoebisa da misi

kulturis ganuyofeli nawili.

II. ze-pozitiuri konstitucia?

xelisuflebis danawilebis konstituciuri principi aris

pozitiuri samarTlis kategoria. amave dros, Zalauflebis bal-

ansis sakiTxi ver amoiwureba mxolod pozitiur-samarTlebrivi

kategoriebis gziT.

konstitucia ar aris moralurad neitraluri dokumenti. kon-

stituciis teqstSi integrirebulia RirebulebaTa mTeli rigi

metafizikuri elementebic.4 konstitucia gansazRvravs moraluri

da RirebulebiTi Sefasebis masStabebs da, am TvalsazrisiT, erT-

gvarad iZulebulia kidec, uaryos samarTlis pozitiuri cneba.

Zalauflebis balansi eswrafvis adamianis uflebebisa da Ta-

visuflebis dacvas. konstituciis preambulis Tanaxmad, adami-

anis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs aqvT

damoukidebeli Rirebuleba da arseboben saxelmwifos gareSec.

es principebi ar aris saxelmwifos mier dadgenili an naCuqa-

ri (oqtroirebuli). piriqiT, am principebs aqvT mboWveli Zala

4 zoiZe b., sakonstitucio kontroli da RirebulebaTa wesrigi saqarTveloSi, Tbilisi, 2007.

107

saxelmwifos mimarT.

garda preambulisa, samarTlis zepozitiuri principebi aRi-

arebulia konstituciis 39-e muxliT, romlis Tanaxmad „ saqarT-

velos konstitucia ar uaryofs adamianisa da moqalaqis sxva say-

ovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebs, Tavisuflebebsa da garantiebs,

romlebic aq ar aris moxseniebuli, magram TavisTavad gamomdin-

areoben konstituciis principebidan.“ konstituciis me-7 muxlis

Tanaxmad ki, „saxelmwifo cnobs da icavs adamianis sayovelTa-

od aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs, rogorc waruval da

uzenaes adamianur Rirebulebebs. xelisuflebis ganxorcielebi-

sas xalxi da saxelmwifo SezRuduli arian am uflebebiTa da Tav-

isuflebebiT, rogorc uSualod moqmedi samarTliT.“

III. socialur-kulturuli konteqsti

xelisuflebis danawilebis principi konstituciuri samarT-

lis universaluri da sayovelTaod aRiarebuli principia. amave

dros, konstituciuri Rirebulebebis „eqsportis“ SesaZleblobe-

bi mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba samarTlebrivi kulturis in-

dividualuri TaviseburebebiT.5 kulturuli Tavsebadobis gareSe

xelisuflebis danawilebis principi ver CaerTveba saxelisufle-

bo procesebSi da ver daabalansebs Zalauflebas.6

Zalauflebis dabalansebuli modeli ver Camoyalibdeba sxva

socialuri sistemebisagan izolirebulad. aRsaniSnavia, rom

mecnierebaSi sakmaod skeptikurad iyo Sefasebuli aRmosavleT ev-

ropaSi demokratiuli gardaqmnebis perspeqtivebi. mecnierTa naw-

ili asabuTebda, rom SeuZlebelia erTdroulad ganxorcieldes

yvela sazogadoebrivi seqtoris sistemuri cvlileba. „erTdrou-

lobis dilemis“ Teoria uaryofda sami sxvadasxva procesis erT-

droulad ganxorcielebas: politikur transformacias (gadasvla

totalitarizmidan demokratiaze), ekonomikur transformacias

(gadasvla sabazro struqturebze) da saxelmwifos transforma-

cias (saxelmwifos qmediTi, Tanamedrove struqturebis Camoy-

5 Sartori G., Demokratietheorie. Aus dem Englischen übersetzt von Hermann Vetter, Darmstadt, 1992, 11.6 Schmidt M., Demokratietheorien: Eine Einführung, Wiesbaden, 2010, 28.

108

alibeba). miT ufro, rom TiToeul am mimarTulebas (erovnuli

saxelmwifos Camoyalibeba, demokratizacia da ekonomikuri mod-

ernizacia) axasiaTebs midrekileba avtonomiisa da damoukideblo-

bisaken.7

transformaciis procesisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli es zogadi

tendencia garkveulwilad miuTiTebs im sirTuleebzec, romelic

dakavSirebulia Zalauflebis dabalansebis instituciuri garan-

tiebis CamoyalibebasTan saqarTveloSi.

IV. “anti-etatizmi”

xelisuflebis danawilebis principis realur ganxorcieleba-

ze uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia xelisuflebisagan gaucxoebis sin-

dromma. saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis ramdenime Taobas ar ucxovria

„Tavis“ saxelmwifoSi. sazogadoebis masobriv cnobierebaSi sakma-

od rTulad mkvidrdeboda sakuTar saxelmwifoSi cxovrebis ganc-

da.

wlebis manZilze saxelmwifo instituti ver asrulebda TviTi-

dentifikaciis funqcias. sazogadoebis umravlesoba, gansakuTre-

biT damoukideblobis mopovebis sawyis etapze, saxelmwifo insti-

tutebs ganixilavda, rogorc anonimurs, rogorc abstraqcias,

misdami „dapirispirebuls“ da ara rogorc „sakuTars“. total-

itaruli saxelmwifos warsuli usiamovno mogonebebs aRZravda,

xolo saxelmwifo xSir SemTxvevaSi asocirdeboda mxolod repre-

siul institutTan, romlis „daZlevac“ demokratiulobis xarisx-

is zrdis winapirobadac ki iyo aRqmuli. arcTu iSviaTad, Tavi-

sufleba da individualuri avtonomia gaigivebuli iyo „mcire“

saxelmwifos ideasTan.

konstituciis miRebidan sakmao xnis ganmavlobaSi sazogadoe-

briv azrs ar hqonda politikuri faqtoris mniSvneloba. mmarTve-

li elitis mxridan sazogadoebrivi azris ignorireba Cveulebrivi

praqtika iyo, xolo xelisuflebaSi yofna Riad ganixileboda pa-

suxismgeblobisagan gaqcevisa da xelSeuxeblobis garantiad.

saxelmwifosagan gaucxoebis sindromis garda, samarTlebrivi

7 Elster J., Die Akten schließen: Recht und Gerechtigkeit nach dem Ende von Diktaturen, Frankfurt am Main, 2005.

109

kulturis Tanmdevi elementi gaxda socialuri parazitizmi, ro-

melic xels uwyobda momlodine, pasiuri poziciis mqone da ara

aqtiuri sazogadoebis formirebas. aseT pirobebSi ki TiTqmis Seu-

Zlebeli iyo Zalauflebis gadanawileba saxelmwifosa da xalxs

Soris.

politikuri da samarTlebrivi institutebis eroziis pro-

cesze uaryofiTi gavlena iqonia samoqalaqo omma, eTnikuri da

erovnuli kuTvnilebis, nacionalizmis da religiurobis Teme-

bis politikuri miznisaTvis instrumentalizaciis mcdelobeb-

ma. drogamoSvebiT aqtiurdeboda erovnuli identurobisaTvis

TiTqosda „safrTxisSemcveli“ faqtorebis Temac. Zalauflebis

decentralizaciisa da xelisuflebis vertikaluri danawilebis

procesi mniSvnelovnad Seaferxa saqarTvelos calkeul regionSi

„neo-feodaluri“ struqturebis arsebobamac.

am procesebs Tan daerTo socialuri solidarobis deficiti.

koleqtivistur sawyisebze organizebuli socialisturi sazoga-

doeba Caanacvla „atomizirebuli“ sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaT-

ebelma egocentristulma miswrafebebma, rodesac ukana planze

iyo gadaweuli saerTo-erovnuli da saerTo-saxelmwifo amocane-

bi.

konstituciis miRebis Semdegac, garkveuli periodis ganmav-

lobaSi ver moxerxda qmediTi saxelmwifo struqturebis Camoy-

alibeba. saxelmwifo ver uzrunvelyofda monopolias xelisu-

flebaze. aseT pirobebSi, ufro aqtualuri iyo xelisuflebis

konsolidaciis (da ara danawilebis) Tema, radgan xelisuflebaze

saxelmwifo monopoliis gareSe, saerTod SeuZlebelia demokrati-

uli struqturebis Camoyalibeba. saxelmwifos mimarT pativismce-

mluri damokidebulebis reanimacias sakmaod xangrZlivi periodi

dasWirda.

V. samarTlebrivi kultura

konstituciis miRebisas, sazogadoeba Zalian did molodins

ukavSirebda qmediTi demokratiuli saxelmwifo struqturebis

Camoyalibebas da „kargi kanonebis“ meSveobiT imedovnebda swraf

110

progress. mogvianebiT, kanonis reformistuli SesaZleblobebi-

sadmi damokidebuleba radikalurad Seicvala, xolo samarTle-

brivi idealizmis nacvlad miviReT meore ukiduresoba - samarT-

lebrivi nihilizmi. sazogadoebis RirebulebiT ierarqiaSi moxda

samarTlis devalvacia, rac mniSvnelovanwilad ganapiroba poli-

tikuri elitis dabalma samarTlebrivma kulturam (Tu ukul-

turobam).

konstituciis miRebidan 20 wlis Semdeg, sazogadoebis samarT-

lebrivi cnobierebis done aSkarad ufro maRalia. amave dros,

aucilebelia misi donis Semdgomi gazrda da amaRleba. ra fun-

qcia SeiZleba Seasrulos am mxriv Zalauflebis dabalansebulma

sistemam?

sistemas, sadac Zalaufleba dabalansebulia, SeuZlia samarT-

lebrivi cnonierebis Secvlac. pirvel rigSi imitom, rom aseTi

sistema orientirebulia aqtiur moqalaqeze, romelic maqsimal-

urad aris daculi saxelmwifos TviTnebobisagan. garda amisa,

samarTlebrivi cnobierebis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli ekisreba

simboloebs. Zalauflebis dabalanseba ayalibebs erTerT umniS-

vnelovanes simbolos. literaturaSi aRiarebulia, rom sazoga-

doeba, sadac tradiciulad did pativs scemen simboloebs, xasi-

aTdeba samarTlebrivi cnobierebis aseve maRali doniT.8 rogorc

Tanamedrove, demokratiuli saxelmwifos erT-erTi simbolo, Za-

lauflebis danawileba maRalganviTarebuli samarTlebrivi cno-

bierebis pirobacaa.

VI. disproporcia samarTlebriv normebsa da samarTlebriv

institutebs Soris

xelisuflebis danawilebis konstituciuri principi mxolod

deklaraciad darCeba, Tu ar aris Camoyalibebuli qmediTi saxel-

mwifo institutebi - samarTali saxelmwifos gareSe igivea, rac

matareblis ganrigi matareblebis gareSe (elineki).

am mxriv, aRniSvnis Rirsia garkveuli disproporcia samarT-

8 Mahlmann M., Rechtsphilosophie und Rechtstheorie, Baden-Baden, 2010, 62; Leisner W., Demokratie: Betrach-tungen zur Entwicklung einer gefährdeten Staatsform, Berlin, 1998, 789.

111

lebrivi reformis tempebsa da samarTlebrivi institutebis Cam-

oyalibebis process Soris. saqarTveloSi swrafad da dinamikurad

warimarTa konstituciuri reforma. SedarebiT ufro rTulad mim-

dinareobda politikuri da saxelmwifo institutebis formirebis

procesi.

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis dabalansebuli sistema ver Seiqmne-

ba mxolod konstituciuri reformebiT. axali samarTlebrivi in-

stitutebis Camoyalibebis procesi ufro mtkivneuli procesi ga-

modga, vidre samarTlebrivi reforma. xelisuflebis danawilebis

principi konstituciaSi ukve iyo aRiarebuli, magram misi gan-

maxorcielebeli politikuri da samarTlebrivi institutebi jer

mxolod Camoyalibebis procesSi iyo.

konstituciis moqmedebis sawyis etapze xelisuflebis danaw-

ilebis principi moklebuli iyo misi praqtikuli ganxorcielebis

institucionalur garantiebs. saxelmwifo institutebisTvis es

principi naklebad savaldebulod aRiqmeboda an saerTod degra-

direbuli iyo, rogorc xelisuflebis SenarCunebis saSualeba.

VII. xelisuflebis danawilebis principi normatiul da faq-

tobriv realobas Soris

normatiuli da faqtobrivi sinamdvile xSirad ar emTxveva

erTmaneTs. samecniero literaturaSi ganasxvaveben normatiul

konstituciasa da empiriul konstitucias, konstituciasa da kon-

stituciur sinamdviles. calkeul saxelmwifoebs aqvT normati-

uli Sinaarsisagan daclili, mxolod semantikuri konstitucia. am

tipis qveynebSi ar aris formirebuli sazogadoeba, romelic xe-

lisuflebis mboWveli Zalis realizebiT iqneba dainteresebuli.9

amitom ganasxvaveben erTmaneTisagan konstituciur wesrigsa da

socialur wesrigs, normasa da socialur sinamdviles, „namdvil“

da fsevdo-konstitucionalizms.10

konstituciis mizania Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofa. klasiku-

9 Zimmer G., Funktion-Kompetenz-Legitimation, Gewaltenteilung in der Ordnung des Grundgesetzes, Schriften zum öffentlichen Recht, Berlin, 1979, 196.10 Enzmann B., Der demokratische Verfassungsstaat: Zwischen Legitimationskonflikt und Deutungsoffenheit, Wi-esbaden, 2009, 259.

112

ri liberaluri saxelmwifo eswrafvis Zalauflebis dabalansebas.

am mxriv, konstitucias didi mniSvneloba aqvs, magram misi fun-

qciebi sakmaod SezRudulia. mxolod konstitucia ver Camoayal-

ibebs saxelmwifos. konstitucias SeuZlia mxolod Zalauflebis

dabalansebis instituciuri garantiebis dacva.11 Tu saxelmwifo

gadis klasikuri liberaluri saxelmwifos CarCoebidan, konsti-

tuciac wydeba Tavisi SesaZleblobebis zRvars, ramdenadac Zir-

iTadi kanoni ar arsebobs saxelmwifos miRma.12

VIII. Zalauflebis dabalansebis gansxvavebuli modelebi

Zalauflebis dabalansebis TvalsazrisiT, Znelia imis Tqma,

saxelmwifo marTvis romeli modelia ufro optimaluri. Tav-

isTavad, mxolod saprezidento, saparlamento an Sereuli marT-

vis modeli ver iZleva xelisuflebaTa SeboWvis garantias.

xelisuflebaTa horizontaluri danawilebis modeli ar iz-

iarebs xelisuflebaTa Stos ierarqiuli modelis ideas, rodesac

am sistemis saTaveSi moiazreba sakanonmdeblo organo - parla-

menti. msoflioSi pirveli konstituciis, amerikis konstituciis

avtorebma ar gaiziares maT mimarT gamoTqmuli kritika, rom

sakanonmdeblo organoze maRla ar unda idges romelime sxva in-

stancia.13 am kritikis momxreebi, ZiriTadad, emyarebodnen brita-

nul gamocdilebas.14 aSS-s konstituciiT, sakanonmdeblo organos

- kongresis mier miRebuli kanonis kontrolis funqcia mieniWa

uzenaes sasamarTlos.

ZalauflebaTa balansi moiTxovs saxelmwifos funqciebis

erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad ganxorcielebas. gansakuTrebiT

mniSvnelovania am dros uflebamosilebaTa mkafio gadanawileba.

uflebamosilebebis mkafiod gadanawileba, pirvel rigSi, gulisx-

mobs pasuxismgeblobis mkafio gadanawilebasac.

Zalauflebis dabalansebuli sistema gacilebiT ufro rTuli

11 Zucca-Soest S., Verfassungen zwischen Normativität und Funktionalität. Zur Geltungsbegründung von Institu-tionen, in: Verfassungsidee und Verfassungspolitik, Llanque M., Schulz D., Oldenburg, 2015, 137. 12 iqve. 13 König J., Politische Kultur in den USA und Deutschland: Nationale Identität am Anfang des 21, Jahrhunderts, Berlin, 2010, 135. 14 ix. SeniSvna 1, 348.

113

modelia, vidre erTi centris garSemo koncentrirebuli saxeli-

suflebo sistema. Zalauflebis balansi imTaviTve gulisxmobs

konfliqturi mdgomareobis arsebobas, rac normaluria. mTa-

varia, rom konfliqtma ar SeiZinos destruqciuli xasiaTi. am-

ave dros, konfliqtis paralelurad unda arsebobdes konsensu-

sis miRwevis garkveuli instituciuri garantiebic. xelisuflebis

danawilebis meqanizmi uzrunvelyofs sistemis legitimurobas

da mmarTvelobiTi gadawyvetilebebis efeqturobasac. am dros

situacia „marTvadia“ da ar xdeba ukontrolo. qaosis da uwesri-

gobis riskebic minimumamdea dayvanili. amasTanave, daculia le-

gitimaciisa da legalurobis moTxovnebi.

Zalauflebis dabalansebuli sistemis pirobebSi yovelTvis

warmoiSoba sxvadasxva saxelisuflebo Stosa da organos Soris

koordinaciis problemac.15 koordinacia moiTxovs politikuri

kulturis gacilebiT maRal donesa da konsensusisadmi mzadyof-

nas. politikuri kultura, pirvel rigSi, aris dialogis kultu-

ra. konsensusi ar unda asocirdebodes „kapitulaciasTan“, iseve,

rogorc konsensusis dros ar SeiZleba mxolod erTi mxare iyos

kmayofili, xolo sxva danarCeni- ukmayofilo. politikuri kon-

sensusi niSnavs, rom yvela mxare Tanabrad unda iyos „ukmayofi-

lo“.

IX. ras vaSenebdiT: saxelmwifos Tu politikur reJims?

xelisuflebis danawilebis principi moqmedebs mxolod saxel-

mwifos da ara politikuri reJimis pirobebSi.16 gasuli 20 wlis ga-

mocdileba gviCvenebs, rom Zalian didi dro daeTmo politikuri

reJimis da ara saxelmwifos Tanamedrove struqturebis Camoyal-

ibebas. am garemoebiT SeiZleba aixsnas qveyanaSi arsebuli qroni-

kuli arastabilurobac. sazogadoebaSi stabiluri mdgomareobis

umTavresi winapiroba swored qmediTi saxelmwifo struqturebis

arsebobaa, radgan politikuri reJimi gacilebiT ufro advilad

15 Kopez H., Marko J., Poier K., Soziokultureller Wandel im Verfassungsstaat. Phänomene politischer Transforma-tion. Studien zu Politik und Verwaltung, Band 90/II, Wien, 2004; Enzmann B., Demokratische Verfassungsstaat. Entstehung, Elemente, Herausforderungen. Lehrbuch, Wiesbaden, 2012, 56.16 Pitzen S., Der Vorbehalt der Verfassung, Baden-Baden, 2012, 202; Gschiegl St., Politik und Recht. Studienbuch, Wien, 2013, 37, 79.

114

eqvemdebareba cvlilebebs da ver uzrunvelyofs mdgrad, progno-

zirebad ganviTarebas.

politikuri transformaciis procesSi erTmaneTisagan xe-

lovnurad gaimijna demokratiuli reJimisa da saxelmwifos prob-

lematika. saqarTvelom gamoiara demokratizaciis ramdenime

„talRa“, romelsac Tavisi tempiT aSkarad CamorCa saxelmwifo

struqturebis modernizaciis procesi. damoukideblobis sawy-

is etapze sakmaod rTuli aRmoCnda Zveli partiul-politikuri

nomenklaturis „ganeitralebac“ _ garkveuli periodis manZilze

Zvelma biurokratiulma sistemam moaxerxa Secvlil situaciasTan

adaptacia.

Zalauflebis dabalansebuli modelis Camoyalibebis samomav-

lo perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi mniSvnelovanwilad ganisazRvreba

imiT, Tu romel mimarTulebaze iqneba fokusirebuli politikuri

elita _ mimarTavs mTel Zalisxmevas saxelmwifo struqturebis

modernizaciisaken, Tu dainteresebuli iqneba mxolod sakuTari

politikuri reJimis ganmtkicebiT.

Zalauflebis dabalanseba SeiZleba instituciurad garantire-

buli iyos mxolod im pirobebSi, Tu igi ayvanilia strategiuli

miznis rangSi. rodesac politikis mizani xdeba saxelmwifos mod-

ernizacia, maSin igi aseve orientirebulia problemaTa gadawyve-

tis strategiul xedvebsa da gamowvevebze. aseT pirobebSi xeli-

sufleba ar aris fokusirebuli SedarebiT naklebi an lokaluri

mniSvnelobis Temebze da politikac ar iqneba „axlomxedveluri“.

Zalauflebis dabalanseba ar aris „lokaluri“ mniSvnelo-

bis problema. rogorc strategiuli mizani, is moiTxovs farTo

sazogadoebrivi diskusiis warmarTvas ganxorcielebis formebi-

sa da meTodebis Sesaxeb. aseTi diskusia uzrunvelyofs farTo

sazogadoebriv konsensuss da amaRlebs sazogadoebaSi socialuri

solidarobis dones. sazogadoebis erTianobis miRweva SesaZlebe-

lia mxolod strategiuli miznis garSemo. sazogadoeba, rogorc

wesi, naklebad erTiandeba viwro, lokaluri mniSvnelobis Temebis

garSemo.

115

X. sajaro da kerZo interesebis gamijvna, rogorc Zalau-

flebis dabalansebis instituciuri garantia

xelisuflebaTa mxolod horizontaluri da vertikaluri da-

nawileba ver Camoayalibebs Zalauflebis dabalansebis garantias.

saxelmwifo xelisuflebis CarCoebSi moqceva SeuZlebelia poli-

tikis, ekonomikisa da marTvis sferoebis erTmaneTisgan mkafiod

gamijvnis gareSe. Zalauflebis dabalanseba gamoricxavs politi-

kasa da saxelmwifo marTvaze personaluri (piradi) urTierTo-

bebis gavlenas. Sesabamisad, saxelmwifo TviTnebobisgan maqsimal-

urad aris daculi adamianis uflebebic.

politikis, ekonomikisa da marTvis sferoebis diferenciacia

ar niSnavs erTmaneTisgan maT xelovnur gamijvnas. amave dros,

Zalauflebis dabalanseba SeuZlebelia iseT sazogadoebaSi, sa-

dac am sferoebs ar aqvT „reproduqciis“ damoukidebeli wyaro.

am sferoebis mkafio diferenciaciis gareSe ganxorcielebuli

nebismieri cvlileba mxolod fasaduri xasiaTis iqneba, maT Soris

xelisuflebis danawilebis principTan mimarTebaSic.

XI. Zalauflebis dabalanseba, rogorc saxelmwifo TviTne-

bobisagan dacvis garantia

xelisuflebis danawileba gamoricxavs politikuri lideris

fetiSizacias da klientelisturi qselebis arsebobas. xelisu-

flebis danawileba ayalibebs marTvis personificirebuli sti-

lis daZlevis garantiebsac. xelisuflebis danawilebis princi-

pis realizaciaSi CarTuli arian institutebi da ara politikuri

procesis monawileebi. Sesabamisad, ufro metad aris uzrunvely-

ofili institucionaluri stabilurobac.

Zalauflebis instituciuri balansi uzrunvelyofs marTvis

qmediTi sistemis formirebas, sadac saxelmwifo institutebi

aramarto „marTavs“, aramed „qmnis“. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, mi-

viRebT „dadamblavebul“ sistemas, romelic, marTalia, marTavs,

SeuZlia SeinarCunos wesrigi, magram romelSic naklebi adgili

rCeba modernizaciisa da ganviTarebisaTvis. vasalur erTgule-

116

baze, ndobaze, Tmenasa da konfliqtebisagan „gaqcevaze“ da-

fuZnebuli marTvis sistemisTvis ucxoa miswrafeba xelisufleba-

Ta dabalansebisaken. marTvis e.w. „ojaxuri kulturis“ pirobebSi

naklebia moTxovna axal ideebsa da midgomebze _ aq ufro da-

fasebulia loialuroba da morCileba, pasiuri da „TavdacviTi“

qceva. pasuxismgebloba da iniciativa SeuZlebelia ganviTardes

iseT sistemaSi, sadac gadawyvetilebaTa miRebis uflebamosileba

mTlianad koncentrirebulia xelmZRvanelis xelSi. aseTi sistema

ganwirulia stagnaciisa da qronikuli damblisaTvis.

XII. daskvna

1. Zalauflebis dabalanseba emsaxureba ara imdenad saxel-

mwifo funqciaTa racionalur gadanawilebas, ramdenadac

adamianis uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas saxelmwi-

fos TviTnebobisagan.

2. Zalauflebis balansis miRweva SesaZlebelia mxolod iseT

sazogadoebaSi, sadac xelisufleba gadanawilebulia xalx-

sa da saxelmwifos Soris.

3. sistema, sadac ganxorcielebulia xelisuflebis danaw-

ileba, moiTxovs koordinacias xelisuflebis sxvadasxva

Stosa da instituts Soris. Sesabamisad, es aris konsen-

sussa da dialogze orientirebuli modeli.

4. Zalauflebis dabalanseba ver ganxorcieldeba politikis,

ekonomikisa da saxelmwifo marTvis sistemebis, aseve saja-

ro da kerZo interesebis erTmaneTisgan mkafio gamijvnis

gareSe.

5. mxolod Zalauflebis dabalansebul sistemas SeuZlia

Secvalos samarTlebrivi cnobiereba. da piriqiT, mxolod

maRali samarTlebrivi da politikuri kulturis pirobeb-

Si SeiZleba man uzrunvelyos qmediTi saxelmwifo struq-

turebis Camoyalibeba.

6. mxolod mmarTvelobis konkretuli modeli (sapreziden-

to, saparlamento an Sereuli) ver Camoayalibebs Zalau-

flebaTa dabalansebis formalur-iuridiul garantiebs.

117

7. Zalauflebis dabalanseba moiTxovs farTo diskurss,

rodesac sazogadoebrivi azri politikuri faqtoris mniS-

vnelobasac iZens da SeuZlia Seasrulos xelisuflebis

efeqturi kontrolis funqcia.

118

Zalauflebis moTviniereba - konstituciis uZlureba

da revolucia

vaxuSti menabde

1. sakiTxis wardgena

nebismier konstitucias, am arsebiTad modernul movlenas,

myar, jiut da erTferovan azrad gasdevs integraluri mcdelo-

ba, erT sivrceSi moaqcios politikuri Zalaufleba. es sivrce ki

Tavad uzenaesi kanonis farglebSi datios, romelsac Cven poli-

tikur kavSirs, saxelmwifos vuwodebT.1 amgvarad, konstituciis

mizania, xelSi aiRos mTeli politikuri Zalaufleba, saxelmwi-

foSi subieqtebis urTierTmimarTebis Sedegedad rom warmoiSoba.

politikuri Zalauflebis saxelmwifoSi moqcevis ideis

erT-erTi pirveli propagandisti aristotelea. misTvis saxelm-

wifo, polisi, aris is adgili, sadac srulad mocemulia yvela

politikuri aqtivoba, polisi-saxelmwifo udris politikas, Seu-

Zlebelia aristotelesTan politika polisisgan damoukideblad.

aristoteles surs, politika srulad dauqvemdebaros saxelm-

wifos;aqedan modis dauZleveli survili politikuri sistemis

homogenizaciisa, romlis singularuli ganviTarebis Sedegebs

modernulobis droindel yovlismomcvel saxelmwifoSi, total-

1 veberi m., politika, rogorc mowodeba da xeloba, Tbilisi, 1994, 10.

119

itarizmSi vawydebiT, Tumca dRes es nel-nela SeuZlebeli xdeba.

TavisTavad “politikuri Zalaufleba”, taftologiuri sity-

vaTSeTanxmebaa, radgan “Zalaufleba” TavisTavad gulisxmobs mis

politikur xasiaTs. konstituciis dafuZneba, misi Semqmnelebis

gaTvliT, politikuri sivrcis dafuZnebaa. politikuri sivrce

erTaderTia, sadac ipoveba Zalaufleba. mis miRma mxolod spon-

tanuri Zaladobis sicarielea. Zalaufleba Zaladobisgan swored

am arasando da bundovani kriteriumiT SeiZleba gansxvavdebodes

da es gansxvaveba mosalodneloba-moulodnelobas Soris difer-

enciaciaSi unda veZioT, rac Zalian aaxlovebs am ori cnebis (Za-

lauflebisa da Zaladobis) gagebas. amis gamo, bevri politikuri

moazrovne, savsebiT marTebulad, maT Soris mxolod pirobiT saz-

Rvars avlebda.2 Tumca, vinaidan winamdebare eses mizani aris ara

am cnebebs Soris gansxvavebis ganxilva, aramed Zalauflebis, iqne-

ba es konstituciuri Tu nebismieri sxva politikuri subieqtebis

gamokveTa, aRniSnuli gansxvaveba msjelobisas aRebulia, rogorc

amosavali wertili.

amitom, veberis mier saxelmwifos dasaxasiaTeblad gamoTqmu-

li mosazrebiT, am ukanasknels aqvs monopolia legitimur Zal-

adobaze,3 anu politikur Zalauflebaze, riTic “Zalauflebas”,

“politikur Zalauflebasa” da “monopolizebul legitimur Zal-

adobas” Soris tolobis niSans davsvamT. amas gulisxmobs Tavad

veberic, rodesac ambobs, rom “politika sxva araferia, Tu ara

miswrafeba ZalauflebaSi monawileobisken”.4 amgvarad, politiku-

ri Zalaufleba niSnavs legitimuri Zaladobis ganxorcielebas.

TavisTavad monopolizeba ar niSnavs Zalauflebis maincda-

mainc saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebas. es Tezisi imas gveub-

neba, rom saxelmwifo aris is, saidanac momdinareobs Zaladobis

legitimacia. TviT veberic Tanamedrove saxelmwifos specifikas

Zaladobaze uflebis gankargvas ukavSirebs, ris gamoc “mxolod

da mxolod saxelmwifo iTvleba Zaladobaze “uflebis” erTaderT

wyarod.”5 marTalia, veberi saubrobs fizikur Zaladobaze, magram

2 mag. valter beniami miiCnevda, rom Zaladobas SesaZleblad mxolod politikur kavSirSi miiCnevs SesaZleblad. damatebiT ix. beniamini v., Zaladobis kritikisTvis, Izone, 2014, 3-4. 3 ix. SeniSvna 1, 11.4 iqve, 12.

120

es ar unda gavigoT SezRuduli mniSvnelobiT, TiTqos saxelmwi-

fos Zalaufleba fizikuriiZulebis organizebaSi gamoixatebodes.

SesaZlebelia adamiansa da saxelmwifos Soris urTierTobis sim-

ravlidan magaliTebis moyvana, romelTaganac sapirispiro azri

gamomdinareobs. vTqvaT, ganaTlebis sistema, magram Zaladobis

es arafizikuri, cnobieri xasiaTi grZeldeba manam, sanam subi-

eqti Tavisi nebiT monawileobs procesSi. winaaRmdegobis gawevis

SemTxvevaSi, maSinve CairTveba fizikuri iZuleba. amdenad, veberis

naazrevis es aspeqti ar unda gavigoT ise, TiTqos saxelmwifos

mier monopolizebul legitimur Zaladobas mxolod fizikuri xa-

siaTi aqvs, aramed rom is sakuTar radikalur da saboloo gam-

ovlinebaSia fizikuri.

aseve ar unda dagvabnios arendtis mcdelobam, Zalauflebis

Zaladobisgan, avtoritarizmis totalitarizmisgan gamijvna daa-

fuZnos Zalauflebis wyaros Zalauflebis mflobels miRma ar-

sebobaSi (misTvis es oreulebi imiT gansxvavdebian erTmaneTis-

gan, rom pirvelni legitimacias sakuTari Tavis gareT pouloben,

meoreni ki _ sakuTar TavSi)6 da konstituciis Zaladobrivi Tu

Zalauflebrivi xasiaTis Sesaxeb diskusiaSi ar unda Cagvabas. Tun-

dac ukmayofiloni viyoT dRevandeli politikuri sazogadoebis

Zaladobrivi SinaarsiT, es arafers cvlis winadebare teqstis

miznebisTvis, radgan amocana ara sakuTriv misi, aramed, upir-

velesad, mis subieqtebs Soris politikuri Zalauflebis gadanaw-

ilebis principebis analitikaa.

winamdebare eses daniSnuleba konstituciisa da politikuri

Zalauflebis mimarTebebis gamokvlevaa. man unda aCvenos ara mx-

olod is, rogoria konstituciis rwmena am TvalsazrisiT, aramed

isic, Cvens epoqaSi ramdenad realizdeba es rwmena. teqstis upir-

velesi interesi mipyrobilia saqarTvelos konstituciisken, ro-

goria misi xedva, sad poulobs igi legitimacias sakuTari poli-

tikuri ZalauflebisTvis? axerxebs Tu ara daafuZnos sajaro

xelisuflebis monopolia politikur Zalauflebaze? da Tu vera,

maSin romel ZiriTad aqtorebTan uwevs konkurencia am proces-

5 iqve. 6 arendti h., ra aris xelisufleba?, Tbilisi, 2015, 30-31.

121

Si? raSi gamoixateba am aqtorebis konstituciis miRma arseboba,

konstituciidan gasxltoma? rogor aRiwereba es procesi da ra

Sedegebi SeiZleba hqondes saqarTveloSi politikis (farTo gage-

biT) konstituciur CarCoebSi srul an nawilobriv mouqcevlobas?

2. konstitucia da politikuri Zalaufleba

maSasadame, vinaidan politikuri wesrigis Seqmnamde arsebobs

mxolod spontanuri Zaladoba, konstituciis dafuZnebas Tan ax-

lavs rwmena, rom politikuri Zalaufleba ara mis dafuZnebamde,

ara misi dafuZnebis aqtis miRma, da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, ara

mas zemoT (rasac ase SecdomiT varaudobdnen, rogorc pozitiuri

ise bunebiTi samarTlis skolebi maSin, rodesac pirveli ZiriTad

normas iSveliebda, rogorc konstituciaze maRla mdgom ipera-

tivs,7 xolo meore uflebebs,8 romelTac uzenaesi kanoni ubral-

od akopirebda), aramed uSualod masSia.9

saxelmwifos, politikuri wesrigis dafuZneba konstituciiT

xdeba. saqarTvelos uzenaesi kanonis preambulaSi vkiTxulobT,

“saqarTvelos moqalaqeni [...] vacxadebT am konstitucias,” misi

ZiriTadi nawilis pirvelive winadadeba ki afuZnebs10 saxelmwi-

fos. es niSnavs, rom xalxis mier konstitucia cxaddeba konsti-

tuciisave meSveobT da xalxis Zalauflebac konstituciaSi cxad-

deba. konstitucia aris kanoni, romlis safuZvelzec is (xalxi)

gamoTqvams pretenzias saxelmwifoebriobaze da, amdenad, saxelm-

wifos dadgena konstituciis saqmea. frazebi, ki “saxelmwifo xe-

lisufleba xorcieldeba konstituciiT dadgenil farglebSi”11 da

7 “samarTlis wminda Teoriis ZiriTadi norma, [...] pozitiuri samarTlis [inter alia, konstituciis] namdvilobs safuZvels warmoadgens.” kelzeni h., ZiriTadi normis sakiTxisaTvis, samarTlis Jur-nali „sarCevi“, No. 1-2 (3-4), 2012, 252.8 “[bunebiT mdgomareobaSi] TiToeuls sruli Tavisufleba aqvs. [...] es amavdroulad Tanaswori mdgomareobaa. [...] politikuri sazogadoeba arsebobs iq da mxolod iq, sadac misma wevrebma xeli aiRes am bunebiT uflebaze da gadasces is sazogadoebas yvela im SemTxvevaSi, roca mocemul ada-mians SeuZlia dacva iTxovos sazogadoebisave dadgenili kanonebis [inter alia, konstituciis] mixed-viT.” loki j., meore traqtati samoqalaqo mmarTvelobaze, Sesavali Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi, I wigni, Tbilisi, 2014, 247.9 amiT konstitucia gadis arendtiseuli “xelisuflebis” paradigmidan da Zaladobriv movlenad formdeba. swored aq ikvreba is, rac arendtisa da veberiseuli xedvebis Soris dapirispirebu-lobad SeiZleba iyos aRqmuli. 10 “saqarTvelo aris damoukidebeli, erTiani da ganuyofeli saxelmwifo.” saqarTvelos konsti-tuciis pirveli muxlis pirveli punqti.

122

“saqarTvelos konstitucia saxelmwifos uzenaesi kanonia”12 niS-

navs, rom saxelmwifos mier Zalauflebis monopolizebis legit-

imurobis safuZvlebi swored konstituciis bunebaSi Zevs. uzenae-

si kanoni aris xalxis nebis identuri, Zalauflebis wyaros nebis

identuri da amdenad gulisxmobs kidec am wyaros. amas garda,

xalxis nebiTve uzenaes kanons gadaecema sruli kompetencia, iyos

erTaderTi (monopolizatori), visac legitimuri Zaladobis gam-

oyenebis SemTxevevebis dadgenis ufleba aqvs.13

karl Smitis politikuri Teologiis analizisas, giorgi mai-

suraZe wers imas, rac arsebiTad gamosadegia am msjelobisTvis,

“suverenuli Zalaufleba igiveobis princips gulisxmobs, anu ar-

sebobs erTaderTi Zala, romelic sakuTar TavSi yvelafers mo-

icavs _ imas, rac eqvemdebareba da rac mis ukan SeiZleba moi-

azrebodes. suverenuloba [...] Zal(adob)is da masze monopoliis

identuri xdeba.”14 es suvereniteti aqvs konstitucias Sesisxlx-

orcebuli, romelic moicavs swored mTeli samarTlis sistemas.

konstitucia, rogorc uzenaesi kanoni, saxelwifos Zalau-

flebis arsebiTi gamoxatuleba, Tavad politikuri Zalauflebis

kvintesenciaa. misi meSveobiT (rac gulisxmobs, rom konstitucia

aris legitimaciis safuZveli da rom konstituciavea am Zalau-

flebis instrumenti) dgindeba saxelmwifo da samarTali, konsti-

tucia TviTon afuZnebs sakuTar Tavs. valter beniamini SeniSnavs

amas, rodesac ambobs, _ suverenitets “safuZvlad udevs saxelm-

wifo samarTali.”15 amitom, rodesac saqarTvelos uzenaes kanonSi

vkiTxulobT, rom “saqarTvelos saxelmwifo xelisuflebis wya-

ro aris xalxi,”16 es niSnavs, _ suverenitetis uSualo mflobeli,

xalxi ki ar qmnis konstucias, aramed konstucia qmnis xalxs am

11 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-5 muxlis pirveli punqti.12 iqve, me-5 muxlis pirveli punqti. 13 es upirispirdeba “xelisuflebis” platoniseul aRqmas arendtTan, sadac xelisuflebis Zalau-flebis legitimacia Tavad Zalauflebis miRma arsebobs. ris gamoc saqme gvaqvs marTuls da mmarT-vels Soris urTierTobasTan, romlis logika TavisTavad moiazrebs daSvebas, rom pirveli meores unda daemorCilos raRacis gamo. arendtis azriT, platonTan es raRaca aris ideaTa Wvreta (ar-endti h., dasax. naSromi, 56-62). es maSin, roca winamdebare xedvis mixedviT konstitucia sakuTar legitimurobas saxalxo suverenintetSi, anu sakuTar TavSi hpovebs. 14 maisuraZe g., Zala-uflebis paradigma da misi genezisi qristianul politikur TeologiaSi, politikuri Teologia modernulobamde da modernulobis Semdeg, g. zedanias redaqtorobiT,T-bilisi, 2012, 59.15 BenjaminW., Ursprung des deutschen Trauerspiels, Frankfurt am Main, 1982, 47; იხ.შენიშვნა 14, 60.

123

xalxis mier konstituciaSi sakuTari Zalauflebis gamocxadeb-

iT. is, “rogorc xelisufali, suvereni warmoadgens Zalaufle-

bas, romelic kanonebisa da normebisagan damoukidebelia [anu ar

gamomdinareobs maTgan _ v.m.] da sakuTari gadawyvetilebiT moq-

medebs.”17 konstitucia Tavisufalia yovelgvari garegani Zalisgan

da misgan gamomdinareobisgan, is ki ar Seesabameba _ mas Seesabame-

bian. “yvela sxva samarTlebrivi aqti unda Seesabamebodes konsti-

tucias.”18 aqedan gamomdinareobs samarTlis wyaroTa ierarqiis

principi, sadac konstitucia saTaveSi gvevlineba.

am gziT modernul xanaSi samarTlis formas eZleva univer-

saluri xasiaTi, riTac gansxvavdeba kidec es ukanaskneli mona-

Tmflobeluri da batonymuri sazogadoebebisagan, rogorc amas

evgeni paSukanisi wers Tavis “samarTlis zogadi Teoria da mar-

qsizmis” meore gamocemis winasityvaobaSi.19 modernuli xanisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli paradigmaa, rom mTeli politikuri Zalaufleba

konstituciis ganzraxulobiT Tavad masSi, konstituciaSi kon-

vertirdeba. amdenad, samarTals da, maT Soris, uzenaes kanons

“aqvs erTaderTi daniSnuleba: Zalis monopolizacia.”20 radgan

“adamianis xelisufleba adamianze xorcieldeba, rogorc TviT

samarTlis xelisufleba, e.i. rogorc obieqturi miudgomeli

normis xelisufleba.”21 es niSnavs, romZalauflebrivi mimarTeba,

es aris ara adamianTa urTierTmimarTeba, aramed konstituciis

mimarTeba adamianTan. aq saWiroa isev paSukaniss mivmarToT da

misi Tezisi, romlis mixedviTac, samarTali gulisxmobs saxelmwi-

fos, “vinaidan samarTali araferia uaparatod, romelsac SeuZlia

aiZulos samarTlis normis Sesruleba”22, SemovatrialoT, ris

Semdegadac unda vTqvaT, rom saxelmwifo gulisxmobs samarTals,

upirvels yovlisa, mis konstituciur SekumSulobaSi, vinaidan

16 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-5 muxlis pirveli punqti.17 ix. SeniSvna 14.18 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-6 muxlis pirveli punqti.19 paSukanisi e., samarTlis zogadi Teoria da marqsizmi, tfilisi, 1931, 12. paSukanisi ar iyenebs “modernuls xanas”, aramed “burJuaziul sazogadoebas”, magram vinaidan winamdebaze msjelobis miznebisTvis es ori ram faqtobrivad erTmaneTs emTxveva ganmartebis pirobebSi SesaZleblad mi-viCnie amgvari Canacvleba.20 ueqsi r., samarTlis filosofia: Zalian mokle Sesavali, Tbilisi, 2012, 47.21 ix. SeniSvna 19, 111.22 iqve, 27.

124

savaldebulod Sesasrulebeli normis gareSe, aparati arafers

warmoadgens, mas ar gaaCnia sayrdeni wertili risganac da riske-

nac mimarTavda Tavis Zalisxmevas. Tumca, es Tezisi, miuxedavad

misi formalurad antagonisturi damokidebulebisa paSukanisis

ideasTan, ar ewinaaRmdegeba mas. piriqiT, misgan gamomdinareobs,

rogorc misive gadazrda sapirispiroSi.

magram, miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, sakuTriv raSi gamoixate-

ba konstitucis Zalauflebrivi xasiaTi? marTalia, is samarT-

lis sistemis gvirgviania, samarTlis, romelic mTels politikur

sistemazea ganfenili, magram samarTals ra Zalaufleba aqvs? sx-

vagvarad rom vTqvaT, ratom aris samarTlis dadgena da politi-

kuri Zalaufleba identuri? am kiTxvaze pasuxis misaRebad isev

paSukanisis damowmebaa saWiro. mecnierebaze msjelobisas is wers,

rom “TviToeul mecnierebas aqvs Tavisi sakuTari gegma, romel-

Sic is cdilobs warmogvidginos sinamdvile. amasTanave TiToeuli

mecniereba aSenebs konkretul sinamdviles mis formaTa, mimarTe-

baTa, damokidebulebaTa mTeli simdidriT, rogorc umartivesi

elementebisa da umartivesi abstraqciebis gaerTianebis Sedegs.”23

igive iTqmis modernul samarTalze da, cxadia, konstituciazec:

is cdilobs sinamdvilis konstruirebas, roca normatiul re-

alobaze agebs samyaros, sakuTar Targze Wris mas, qmnis politi-

kur sistemas da moipovebs Zalauflebas am sistemaze.

samarTali normebisgan Sedgeba. xolo “ra aris norma? nor-

ma specifikuri mniSvnelobaa, azri, rom raRaca unda iyos, anda

piriqiT, ar unda Sesruldes.”24 konstitucia adgens imas, rac

unda iyos. misi veqtori momavliskenaa mimarTuli. “normis namd-

viloba, qmediToba jerarsuli kategoriaa.”25 miuxedavad samarT-

lis sociologiuri skolis mier dasaxuli kritikisa, misi yvelaze

gamoCenili avtorebic ki versad wauvlen im faqts, rom samar-

Tlis socialuri mimarTulebis asaxvis an dadgenis miuxedavad,

normatiuli wesis SemuSavebis Semdeg, is socialuri wesrigis

Tavis wils sakuTar Targze windawin moawyobs. sruliad gasaz-

23 iqve, 30.24 ix. SeniSvna 7, 250.25 iqve, 251.

125

iarebelia am avtorebis mosazreba, rom “Tu mxolod kanoni an

dekretia gamocemuli, xolo misi Sesatyvisi mimarTeba ar warmo-

Sobila _ es niSnavs, rom iyo samarTlis cda, magram am cdam unay-

ofod Caiara.”26 es marTlac asea, normas, Tu mas ar aqvs Sesabamisi

socialuri cxovreba, samarTlad ver ganvixilavT, magram nebi-

smieri socialuri mimarTeba, romelic kanonSesabamisia da arse-

bobs, swored kanonis safuZvelze warmoiSoba da misiT aris nakar-

naxevi. igive azrs izarebs bentami, oRondac sapirispiro wesiT,

rodesac wers rom “kanoni qmnis uflebebs imiT, rom qmnis dana-

SaulT”.27 amas paSukanisi amatebs: “iuridiuli urTierToba iZens

Tavis specifiur daxasiaTebas istoriulad upirvelesad samarT-

lis darRvevis faqtebidan. qurdobis cneba ganisazRvreba ufro

adre, vidre sakuTrebis cneba.”28 amgvarad, Tu pasuxismgebloba ar

ganisazRvra, ufleba ar dawesdeba. samarTlebrivi urTierToba

aigeba retrospeqtiulad reagirebidan uflebisken, konkretul-

idan zogadisken, magram amis Semdeg is iZens normatiul xasiaTs,

uflebebis da maTi Sesabamisi pasuxismgeblobebis dawesebiT, wi-

naswar gansazRvravs samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis, anu sazoga-

dod urTierTobebis bunebas, moipovebs jerarsul suls. is, rom

samarTali jerarsulia, srulebiT ar niSnavs, TiTqos nebismieri

aqti SeiZleba samarTlad iqces, samarTlis jerarsuli buneba mis

mizanmimarTulebaSia da ar aris aucilebeli, es mizanmimarTuleba

Sedegs yovelTvis aRwevdes.

kidev erTi sakiTxi samarTlis motivaciaa, samarTlis so-

ciologiuri skolis marqsisti moazrovneebisTvis samarTlis sa-

fuZveli ekonomikur urTerTobebSi unda veZeboT. is aris bazisi,

danarCeni ki masze zednaSenia,29 winamdebare msjelobisTvis ar-

sebiTi mniSvneloba ar aqvs imis garkvevas, ra udevs safuZvlad

samarTlis warmoSobas. saintereso is azria, Tu rogor xedaven es

mecnierebi samarTlis ganviTarebas da Sesabamisad, politikuri

Zalauflebis perspeqtivas. “socialurad momwesrigebeli Zalebis

zrdasTan erTad subieqti kargavs Tavis materialur xelSesaxe-

26 ix.SeniSvna 19, 53.27 ix.SeniSvna 19, 137; Sead. SeniSvna20, 32.28 ix.SeniSvna 19, 137.29 iqve, 86.

126

bobas, [...] romelic Tavis umaRles gamoxatulebas saxelmwifo-

Si poulobs. aq upirovno da abstraqtul subieqts Seesabameba,

rogorc misi anarekli, upirovno abstraqtuli saxelmwifoebrivi

xelisufleba, romelic moqmedebs drosa da sivrceSi idealuri

TanabrobiTa da SeuwyvetelobiT.”30 am xedvas Seesabameba daskv-

na, romlis mixedviTac, saxelmwifo srulad moicavs adamianur

mimarTebebs, politikur sferos, Tumca am Teoretikosebis az-

riT, saxelmwifoSi ganivTebuli politikuri Sinaarsis ekonomiku-

ri Zalaufleba masSive rCeba, mas moicavs da mis gareT ar aRwevs.

amis sapirispirod, dRes viRebT diversificirebul politikur

sistemas, romelic ar myofobs saxelmwifoSi, aramed saxelmwifo

myofobs masSi. es ki - anu imis diferenciacia, rasac paSukani-

si “saxelmwifos organizacias” uwodebs (biurokratiuli aparati,

mudmivi jari, finansebi, mimosvlis saSualebebi da sxv.)31 _ Sede-

gad gvaZlevs Zalauflebrivi mimarTebebis gardaqmnas.

3. skepticizmi politikuri Zalauflebis konstituciuri

monopoliis mimarT

dRes Cven saxelmwifos mier mTeli rigi socialuri mimarTule-

bebis de facto da de jure daregulirebis momswreni varT. Sromis

bazris, ekonomikuri urTierTobebis, jandacvis sistemis, kve-

bis industriis mozrdili nawilebis Tavisuflebas Seemata iseT

sistemebze kontrolis Sesusteba, romelic saxelmwifos ganuy-

ofel nawilad moiazreboda. magaliTad, sasjelaRsruleba, usa-

frTxoeba da sxv. saqarTvelos konteqstSi arsebiTad mniSvnelova-

nia eklesiis konstituciis sistemidan gasvla. am fonze, uzenaesi

kanonis politikur sistemasTan mimarTebaze mjelobisas, SeiZleba

Tqvas, rom konstituciaSi gamosWvivis misi damokidebuleba poli-

tikuri sistemisadmi - ara Tavad sistema (rogorc es odesRac iyo,

an rogoric dRes aris Cveni qveynis konstituciis miswrafeba),

aramed konkretuli gadmosaxedidan danaxuli sistema. ara is, rac

Cven SegvaZlebinebs gavigoT maTi urTierTmimarTebis logika, ar-

30 iqve, 85-86.31 iqve, 86.

127

amed is, rogoria konstituciis calmxrivi damokidebuleba. amis

analizis Semdeg SegviZlia vikvlioT ukve sxva subieqtebis damok-

idebulebis sakiTxi politikuri sistemisadmi. es ori perspeqtiva

ki mogvcems SesaZleblobas, gadavWraT is problemebi, romelTa

Seswavlasac SeveWidebiT.

arendtis mixedviT, sul cota meoce saukunis Sua wlebisTvis,

Tu ufro adre ara, “dadga modernuli xanis ukanaskneli etapi”.32

iseTma cnebebma, rogoric, magaliTad, aris “xelisufleba”33 da

romelnic “gasul saukuneebSi TavianTi sicxadiT gamoirCeodnen,

daiwyes am sicxadisa da damajereblobis dakargva.”34 es niSnavs,

rom “xelisuflebis” is cnebac ki, romelic modernuli xanis pro-

duqtia da gaigeba rogorc saxelmwifos miermonopolizirebuli

Zaladoba, politikuri Zalaufleba,35 sakuTar poziciebs Tmobs da

difuzias ganicdis sxvadasxva socialur institutSi. amis Sede-

gad “xelisufleba” xdeba mxolod saxelmwifos kontrols daqve-

mdebarebuli politikuri Zalaufleba, rac mTlianobis erTi naw-

ilia. amdenad, mis sxva nawilebs sxva subieqtebi gamouCndebian

mepatroned.

am fonze Tu Cven vikiTxavT, ram gamoiwvia saqarTveloSi mTe-

li politikuri speqtris Semobruneba religiisken, mogviwevs pa-

suxisTvis kidev erTxel mivmarToT arendts, romlis mixedviTac,

igive gzis gavla mouwiaT safrangeTis revoluciis moRvaweebs da

amerikis damfuZnebel mamebs, radgan “eklesiis da saxelmwifos

cota xnis win gaxorcielebuli gamijvnis gamo isini Zvel pla-

toniseul dabrkolebas waawydnen.”36 es dabrkoleba gamoixateba

mmarTvelobis uflebamosilebis Tavad am uflebamosilebaSi da-

32 ix.SeniSvna 6, 40.33 rodesac vlaparakobT konstituciiT gamtkicebul xelisuflebaze, an konstituciur xelisufle-baze, an Tundac konstituciis xelisuflebaze, unda gvaxsovdes, rom vlaparakobT ara ,,xelisu-flebze’’ klasikuri gagebiT, aramed xelisuflebaze, rogorc es ukve esmodaT ganmanaTleblobis Semdgom samyaroSi, anu xelisuflebaze politikuri Zalauflebis gagebiT, xelisuflebaze, ro-gorc legitimuri Zaladobis monopolizatorze.34 ix.SeniSvna 6, 40-41.35 miuxedavad imisa, rom arendti ukve xsnebul esseSi mkafiod gvafrTxilebs ,,Zalauflebis zogi-erTi formis’’, ,,Zaladobisa’’ da ,,xelisuflebis’’ aRreviT gamowveuli Secdomis safrTxis Sesaxeb, winamdebare esseSi zogierT SemTxevaSi ,,Zalauflebis’’, ,,politikur sivrceSi monopolizebuli Zaladobisa’’ da ,,xelisuflebis’’ sinonimebad ganxilva ar movidoda winaaRmdegobaSi mis xedvasTan. saqme is aris, rom arendti Tavisive dazustebis Tanaxmad, saubrobs ara imaze, Tu rogor gvesmis dRes ,,xelisufleba’’, aramed rogor esmodaT is da rogor daikarga ,,xelisuflebis’’ es gageba. winamdebare teqsti ki piriqiT, zustad imaze saubrobs, rogor esmodaT, Tundac SecdomiT, is modernul samyaroSi, anu imaze, rogoraa is gagebuli konstituciebSi.

128

fuZnebis SeuZleblobaSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom arendtisTvis xe-

lisufleba poulobs am uflebamosilebas sakuTari Tavis gareT,

konstituciebis krizisis mTavari mizezi swored imaSi mdgomare-

obs, rom es ukanaskneli sakuTar Tavze miuTiTebs, rodesac le-

gitimurobaze iwyeba saubari. dRes ukve es Secdomad aRqimeba da

is daSvebuli iyo modernuli konstituciiebis dasabamidan, rode-

sac “sekularuli xelisuflebisTvis religiis sargeblianoba xe-

laxla iqna aRmoCenili”37 da gansakuTrebiT mkafio gaxda maSin,

rodesac gamouCndnen konkurentebi Tanamedrove epoqaSi. vinaidan

konstituciam veRar moixelTa sakuTari pretenzia Zaladobis

monopoliaze, igi iZulebuli gaxda nacadi xerxisTvis miemarTa

da sakuTari safuZvlebis Zieba religiur warmodgenebSi epovna,

ramac kontrproduqtiuli Sedegi gamoiRo da religiuri inti-

tutebis politikuri Zalauflebis zrdas Seuwyo xeli.

amis gamoa, rom klasikuri, modernuli modelis sapirisp-

irod, Tanamedrove politikur sivrceSi saxelmwifo ver axerxebs

politikuri Zalauflebis monopolizebas. metic _ is umal sxva

sistemebis nawilad SeiZleba iqces, vidre Tavad moicvas mTeli

politikuri sivrce. amdenad, Tanamedrove saxelmwifos amocanad,

konstituciis rwmenis sawinaaRmdegod, iqceva ara politikuri

Zalauflebis monopolizacia, aramed sakuTari Tavis, rogorc

politikur ZalauflebaSi wilis mqone moTamaSis SenarCuneba. Ta-

namedrove konteqstSi, saxelmwifos programa-maqsimumi ara to-

taloba, aramed sxva totalobebisgan gaqceva da Tavis dacvaa.

4. eklesis politikuri Zalaufleba

winamdebare ese aCvenebs, rom sekularizaciis procesSi da

misi ganxorcilebulad gamocxadebis Semdegac, saero da sasulie-

ro sferos mkacri gamijvna mainc ver xdeba, isini erTmaneTSi ga-

dadindebian da erTmaneTiT sazrdooben. viTarebis amgvari mowyo-

ba yovelTvis xdis SesaZlebels, eklesiam kvlav mniSvnelovani

Zalaufleba miitacos politikur sivrceSi CarTvis SemTxvevaSi.

36 ix.SeniSvna 6, 111.37 iqve, 112.

129

es zogadad, Tumca saqarTveloSi kidev ufro rTulad aris saqme,

radgan sekularizaciis procesi Zalian nela da dabrkolebebiT

mimdinareobda, amis Cvenebas kargad axerxeben giorgi maisuraZe da

zaal andronikaSvili teqstSi “sekularizacia da sekularizaciis

bedi saqarTveloSi”.38

2013 wlis 17 maisis movlenebma39 aCvena, rom saqarTvelos

marTlmadidebeli eklesia dRes uzenaesi kanonis miRma imyofeba

da rom misi politikur Zalauflebis reglamentirebas konsti-

tucia ver axerxebs. uzenaesi kanoni ufro konkurentia, vidre

suvereni eklesiasTan Zalauflebis gayofisTvis brZolaSi. metic

- im dRes “saqarTvelo aqamde jerarnaxuli da sajaro Zaladobis

orgiis momswre aRmoCnda, ramac saqarTveloSi araTu demokrati-

isa da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos, aramed saerTod saxelmwi-

foebriobis arseboba eWvqveS daayena.”40 Tumca, 17 maisi eklesiis

winaSe xelisuflebis ukan daxevis izolirebuli SemTxveva ar yo-

fila, mas win uZRoda religiuri konfliqtebis dinamika, romelic

2012 wlis arCevnebis Semdeg daiwyo saqarTvelos regionebSi.41 am

konfliqtis rogorc prevenciis, ise mimdinareobis da Semdeg aR-

mofxvris dros “saxelmwifom uari Tqva, misi, rogorc adamianis

uflebebis dacvis eqskluziuri garantoris rolis Sesrulebaze

da maTi mogvareba religiur aqtorebs, sinamdvileSi ki dominant

religiur organizacias (romelic seriozul politikur Zalau-

flebas flobs) gadaando.”42 saxelmwifom iseve, rogorc 17 mai-

sis SemTxvevaSi, araadekvaturi pasuxi gasca dominanti jgufis

agresiul nabijebs,43 rac sabolood saxelmwifos mier religiuri

umciresobebis uflebebis SelaxvaSi gadaizarda44 xolo eklesiis

gavlena ukve aSkarad daetyo saxelmwifos pozitiur qmedebebs.

38 ix. andronikaSvili z., maisuraZe g., sekularizacia da sekularizaciis bedi saqarTveloSi, seku-larizacia: konceptebi da konteqstebi, g. zedaniasa da m. RaRaniZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2009, 278-282.39 2013 wlis 17 maiss aTasobiT demonstranma, romelTac saqarTvelossamociquloavtokefalurm-arTlmadidebeleklesiis sasuliero pirebi xelmZRvanelobdnen daarbia ramdenime aTauli aqtiv-isti, romelTac Tbilisis centralur moedanze mcire aqciis gamarTva hqondaT ganzraxuli, sa-dac isini homofobiasTan, transfobiasa da bifobiasTan brZolis saerTaSoriso dRis aRniSnvas apirebdnen. 40 maisuraZe g., marTlmadidebluri eTika da araTavisuflebis suli, Tbilisi, 2013, 68.41 am procesis sruli da obieqturi aRwerisTvis ix. miqelaZe T., sekularizmis krizisi da loia-loba dominanti jgufis mimarT, saxelmwifos roli 2012-2013 wlebSi saqarTveloSi gamovlenili religiuri konfliqtebis mogvarebaSi, Tbilisi, 2013.42 iqve, 61. 43 iqve, 62; saxelmwifos araadekvaturi moqmedebebidan umoqmedobisken dinamika ix. iqve, 66-67.

130

Tumca ufro Sors wasvlac SeiZleba: saqarTvelos konsti-

tuciis me-9 muxlis Tavdapirvel versiaSi miTiTebuli iyo saqa-

rTvelos samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebeli eklesi-

is gansakuTrebuli roli saqarTvelos istoriaSi.45 magram 2001

wlis cvlilebebiT ZiriTad kanonSi gaCnda Sesworeba, romliTac

safuZveli Seiqmna saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos

samociqulo avtokefaluri marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris kon-

stituciuri SeTanxmebisTvis.46 mniSvnelovania, rom konstituciu-

ri SeTanxmeba ideba or Tanaswor subieqts Soris. amiT, TiTqos,

xazi esmis eklesiis politikur Zalauflebas, romelic pirdapir

ar gamomdinareobs konstituciidan. marTalia, amgvari SeTanx-

ebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba konstituciis mierve aris gansaz-

Rvruli da Tavad SeTanxmebac unda Seesabamebodes mas, magram es

saxelmwifos mxridan aRiarebaa(“eklesia warmoadgens istoriulad

Camoyalibebul sajaro samarTlis subieqts, _ saxelmwifos mier

aRiarebul sruluflebian sajaro samarTlis iuridiul pirs”)47,

rom eklesia arsebobs misgan damoukideblad, vidre misi daSveba.

gansxvavebiT sxva religiuri gaerTianebebisgan, romelTac, mar-

Talia, igive statusi aqvT, sajaro samarTlis iuridiuli piri, ma-

gram isini am statuss saxelmwifos mier registraciiT (daSvebiT,

nebarTviT, aRWurviT) iReben. amis sapirispirod konstitituciu-

ri SeTanxeba or Tanaswor pirs Soris gaformebuli xelSekrule-

baa. sagulisxmoa, rom konstituciur SeTanxmebas xSirad uwode-

ben konkordats. amaSi, arsebiTad, Cans aRniSnuli dokumentis

aRqma, rogorc saxelmwifos gareT myof subieqtTan dadebuli

xelSekrulebis, radgan konkordati ewodeba vatikanTan, wmin-

da saydarTan (romelic calke saxelmwifoa) dadebul SeTanxebas

erovnuli saxelmwifoebis mier.48 amas emateba konstituciuri Se-

TanxmebiTve gansazRvruli privilegiebi, romliTac erTaderTi

eklesia sargeblobs, iqneba es sagadasaxado SeRavaTebi Tu sxva,

44 iqve, 63.45 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis pirveli punqti.46 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-9 muxlis me-2 punqti.47 konstituciuri SeTanxmeba saqarTvelos saxelmwifosa da saqarTvelos samociqulo avtokefal-ur marTlmadidebel eklesias Soris, pirveli muxlis me-3 punqti.48 abaSiZe l.,religiuri kanonmdeblobis perspeqtivebi saqarTveloSi, Jurnali „Tavisufleba“ No. 12(24), Tbilisi, 2003.

131

saxelmwifo biujetiT gaTvaliswinebuli dafinansebac ki (romel-

ic nawilia im finansuri da qonebrivi sikeTis, rasac saxelmwifo

eklesias gadascems), ufro xarkia Zlevamosili mowinaaRmdegisT-

vis gadaxdili, vidre sabWoTa kavSiris dros miyenebuli zianis

kompensacia. kompensacias konkretuli komisia, daTvla, zaralis

saerTo raodenobisa da kompensaciis odenobis dadgena sWirdeba

da ara ganusazRvreli odenobis da ganusazRvreli vadis ganmav-

lobaSi biujetiT finansireba, rogorc es dRes xdeba. bolos ki

mTavari sakiTxi, konstituciuri SeTanxmebis mixedviT, saqarTve-

los kaTolikos-patriarqi ar eqvemdebareba konstitucias. “saqa-

rTvelos kaTolikos-patriarqi xelSeuvalia”49 vkiTxulobT am

dokumentSi. mas aqvs absoluturi imuniteti nebismieri legaluri

danawesis mimarT. is gasulia samarTlebrivi sivrcidan. is aris

erTaderTi adamiani, romelic verasdros ver miecema pasuxisgeba-

Si vercerTi qmedebisTvis. is samarTals miRmaa da amiT aRemateba

kidec politikur Zalauflebas, romlis dafuZnebasac konstitu-

cia cdilobs.

5. mesame Taobis konstituciebis dilema modernulobis Sem-

dgom

modernuloba “ganisazRvreba, rogorc gansxvavebuli sferoe-

bis gamoyofa.”50 dasavleT saqristianoSi51 misi erT-erTi ga-

movlineba “saero da sasuliero Zalauflebis totaluri da-

pirispirebaa.”52 modernuli saxelmwifo yalibdeba religiasTan

konfliqtSi, is “miznad isaxavs, gandevnos religia sazogadoe-

brivi cxovrebis yvela SesaZlo sferodan,”53 sabolood aRwevs

arsebiT gamarjvebas da gvevlineba kidec rogorc legitimuri

Zaladobis erTaderTi subieqti, misi monopolizatori.54 es ar

niSnavs, rom religia da saxelmwifo wminda saxiT imijneba erT-

49 ix. SeniSvna 47, pirveli muxlis me-5 punqti.50 zedania g., politikuri Teologia da modernulobis sakiTxi, politikuri Teologia modernu-lobamde da modernulobis Semdeg, g. zedanias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2012, 11.51 kurtaniZe k., saxelmwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis trinitatuli paradigma, politikuri Te-ologia modernulobamde da modernulobis Semdeg, g. zedanias redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2012, 31.52 ratiani s., sekularizacia, rogorc axali drois daumTavrebeli proeqti, sekularizacia: kon-ceptebi da konteqstebi, g. zedaniasa da m. RaRaniZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2009, 155.

132

maneTisgan.55 Tumca, es niSnavs, rom religiis faqtori politikur

konteqstSi Tvisobrivad icvleba, sekularizaciis Semdeg “reli-

giam namdvilad dakarga raRac - esaa sazogadoebis politikuri

formis struqturirebis SesaZlebloba. Tu tradiciul sazoga-

doebaSi religia gansazRvravs socialuri kavSiris ekonomias, Ta-

namedrove sazogadoebaSi religias uxdeba iarsebos wesrigs Sig-

niT, romelic mis mier aRaraa determinirebuli. ganmsazRvreli

funqciis dakargva ar niSnavs imas, rom religiebs sazogadoebriv

wesrigze gavlena aRar aqvT _ ubralod, es gavlena bevrad ufro

gaSualedebulia.”56 meoce saukuneSi ukve “sayovelTaod aRiarebu-

li faqtia, rom Cveni epoqa sruliad saeroa.”57

mesame Taobis konstituciebis umravlesoba iseve, rogorc

qarTuli konstitucia, erT ucnaur viTarebas awydeba: isini Se-

qmnilni arian modernuli saxelmwifos tradiciebis Sesabamisad,

modernuli tradiciebis gaTvaliswinebiTa da rwmeniT, samyaros

modernuli aRqmiT, rom SesaZlebelia politikuri Zalauflebis

monopolizeba, magram aRmoCndnen Tvisobrivad axal realobaSi,

sadac maT uwevT konkurencia sxva sistemebTan Tanac ise, rom

konstituciis weris procesSi maTi arseboba nagulisxmevi ar yo-

fila.

Tumca, tradiciuli modernisgan gansxvavebiT, mocemul re-

alobaSi saxelmwifo veRar axerxebs politikuri Zalauflebis

monopolizebas58 da, sxva institutebTan erTad, religiasTanac

uwevs konkurencia, rac, rogorc ukve aRiniSna, ar aris gaTval-

iswinebuli mesame Taobis konstituciebSi. amgvari politikuri

siurprizi udides gamowvevad iqceva modernis Semdgomi konsti-

tuciebisTvis. miT umetes, rom maT ar aqvT gavlili is adaptaci-

53 RaRaniZe m., sekularizaciis faruli safrTxeni, sekularizacia: konceptebi da konteqstebi, g. zedaniasa da m. RaRaniZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2009, 206. igive avtori mogvianebiT ufro Sor-sac midis da aRniSnavs, rom religiis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebidan gandevna saxelmwifos gegmis mixedviT “religiis sazogadoebrivi cnobierebidan gaZevebaa.” ix. iqve, 208. 54 Sead.,zedania g., sekularizacia Tu desekularizacia?, sekularizacia: konceptebi da konte-qstebi,g. zedaniasa da m. RaRaniZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2009, 8.55 ix. SeniSvna 50, 9; igive azrs aviTarebs k. kurtaniZe:ix. SeniSvna 51, 42.56 ix.SeniSvna 54, 12-13; igive Tematikaze ix.melaZe g.da sxvebi, religiis Tavisufleba, Tbilisi, 2004, 60-75.57 ix. SeniSvna 52, 159.58 zustad iseve, rogorc religia ver axerxebs amas tradiciul modernul samyaroSi, premodernu-lisgan gansxvavebiT.

133

uri periodi, risi saSualebac adrindel konstituciebs miecaT,

romlebic dRes, SesaZloa, sakuTari suliskveTebiT anaqronistu-

lad gamoiyurebian, magram, garkveuli azriT, wminda operaciul

doneze mainc SeZles TandaTanobiTi modificireba. amas garda,

am konstituciebs hqondaT politikuri Zalauflebis gankargvis

tradicia, risi SenarCunebac ufro advili iyo. pirveli da meore

Taobis konstituciebis amocanad swored Zalauflebis SenarCu-

neba iqca, mesamesi ki _ mopoveba, rac arsebiTad rTuli saqme ga-

modga, vidre pirveli. amasTan, SesaZloa, adrindeli konstituc-

iebi ar aRiareben sxva Zalauflebis centrebis arsebobas, magram

angariSs uweven mas da TandaTanobiT gamoimuSaveben gamosadeg Tu

gamousadegar imunur reaqciebs maTTan konkurenciisTvis. mesame

Taobis konstituciebs sruliad araxelsayrel viTarebaSi uwevT

socialuri cxovrebis dawyeba. isini politikur qaosSi ibadebian,

sadac ar aqvT sastarto upiratesoba, isini sul cota Tanabar

pirobebSi iwyeben ZalauflebisTvis brZolas sxva sistemebTan. ai,

es viTareba warmoadgens arsebiTad axal gamowvevas mesame Taobis

da, maT Soris, qarTuli konstituciisTvis.

kidev erTi gansxvaveba imaSia, rom mesame Taobis konstituc-

iebis umravlesobisTvis dafuZneba iyo ara Sida politikuri

procesis logikuri dasasruli, aramed geopolitikuri TamaSis

Sedegi; ara Signidan momwifebuli politikuri Zalauflebis kon-

centraciuli formireba, aramed Zveli sistemis Camongreva, ramac

Tavisufali adgilebi gaCina. tradiciuli konstitucionalizmis

qveynebSi ki umTavresad es Sidapolitikuri Zvrebis logikuri da-

sasruli iyo, amitom konstituciiT gaformda is, rac, garkveuli

azriT, iqamde moxda.

6. religiuris krizisi eklesiaSi

hana arendti ukve ramdenjerme naxseneb eseSi “ra aris xeli-

sufleba?” erTmaneTisgan ganarCevs xelisuflebas, religiasa da

tradicias. misi azriT, ganmanaTleblobis eqspansiam imTaviTve

gaanadgura bolo ori da axla Cven pirvelis gauCinarebis moms-

wreni varT.59 arendtis logikas rom gavyveT, naTelia, 1954 wlis

134

anu mas Semdeg rac es teqsti gamoqveynda, procesi kidev ufro

Rrmad wavida. gansakuTrebiT es TvalnaTeli ara dasavlur, ar-

amed postsabWoTa sistemaSia. saqarTvelos mier damoukideblo-

bis mopovebis Semdeg cxadi gaxda is sirTuleebi, rac aRniSnul

sicarieles Tan axlda. am fonze xelaxla daiwyo religiis so-

cialuri rolis zrda.60 amgvari reanimireba specifikuri wesiT

xasiaTdeba, rac gamoixateba religiis mcdelobaSi, daikavos xe-

lisuflebis adgili oRond ara ise, rom misi sekularuli buneba

Secvalos, aramed sakuTari Tavi Secvalos.

arendti wers, rom moyolebuli me-17 saukunidan, institucio-

naluri religiis krizisi dadga. amavdroulad, rogorc ukve aRin-

iSna, es “sarwmunoebis dakargvas, an mis kriziss ar gulisxmobs,

radgan religia da sarwunoeba an rwmena da sarwmunoeba erTi da

igive ar aris”.61 magram saxelmwifos, rogorc xelisuflebis mo-

nopolizatoris gauCinarebis Semdeg, is brundeba, ikavebs mis adg-

ils da cdilobs Zalauflebis mopovebasa da ganvrcobas.

skeptikosebma SeiZleba miuTiTon erTgvar wrebrunvaze, ro-

melic fenomenebis funcionalistur aRqmas ukavSirdeba62 da rom-

lis mixedviTac, religia modernul xanaSi srulad nacvldeba

saxelmwifoTi, xolo mogvianebiT, modernis ukan daxevisa da Sua

saukuneebSi mobrunebis kvaldakval, kvlav ikavebs sakuTar adg-

ils,saeklesio Zalauflebis mkvdreTiT aRdgoma safrTxes qmnis

da religiuri samyaroTi gvemuqreba. es arsebiTad mcdari for-

mulaa. arendti akritikebs xedvas, romlis Tanaxmadac, religi-

is gaqrobis procesi dagvirgvinda sabWoTa kavSiriT, romelmac

gaimeora institucionaluri religiis modeli, sadac ideologia

_ bolSevizmi, axal religiad iqca da “socialuri, fsiqologiuri

da emociuri TvalsazrisiT imave funqcias asrulebs, rasac Tana-

medrove samyaroSi tradiciuli religia asrulebda da asrulebs”. 63 arendtis mixedviT, mxolod funqcionaluri msgavseba ar niSnavs

59 ix. SeniSvna 6, 22.60 vinaidan statiis mizani tradiciis rolis gaanalizeba ar aris, masze msjelobas aq mxolod sub-sidiuri xasiaTi eqneba.61 ix. SeniSvna 6, 25.62 mag., ix. Smart N., Dimensions of the Sacred. An Anatomy od the World Beliefs,Berkeley, 1996; firaliSvili z., sekularizacia da sakraluris ganTavsebis problema, sekularizacia: konceptebi da konte-qstebi, g. zedaniasa da m. RaRaniZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2009,187; aseve, ix. SeniSvna 53, 215.

135

imas, rom Cven arsebiTad identur movlenebTan gvaqvs saqme.64 mniS-

vnelovania gaviazroT saganTa arsi. TavisTavad is, rom saxelmwi-

fom nawilobriv mainc aiRo religiis funciebi, ar niSnavs, rom is

(saxelmwifo) arsebiTad saero aRar aris. aseve Secdoma iqneba Tu

vityviT, rom eklesiis mier saxelmwifo funqciebis xelSi Cagdeba

eklesiis religiuri bunebis dakargvaa. arc is, vis xelSia funqcia

da arc is, sakuTriv ra aris es funqcia, formaluri Tvalsazris-

iT, ar gvaZlevs saSualebas, gavaanalizoT xelisuflebis buneba.

“movlenis Sinaarsi gansazRvravs rogorc politikuri movlenis

bunebas, aseve, sazogadoebaSi mis funqcias da ara piriqiT”.65 amg-

varad, Cven unda CavwvdeT im procesebis Sinaarss, ra procese-

bic konkretul viTarebaSi ganviTarda. marTalia, sruliad sxva

motiviT, magram veberic gveubneba, rom politikosi anu is, vinc

ZalauflebisTvis ibrZvis, “SeiZleba emsaxurebodes [...] saero-

sa Tu religiur miznebs,”66 rac gavlenas ar axdens misi rolis

Sinaarsze. es naTqvamic efuZneba ideas, romlis mixedviTac mi-

zani, iseve rogorc funqcia, ar aris mniSvnelovani, aq arendti

da veberi TiTqmis gverdigverd dganan, magram maTi gzebi maSin

iyofa, rodesac svamen kiTxvas mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb. maSasadame,

politikuri Zalauflebis religiuri Tu saero xasiaTis gasage-

bad saWiroa ganisazRvros Zalauflebis buneba (da ara funqcia).

es niSnavs, rom saerTo xelisuflebaSi religiuri bunebis SeWra

warmoSobs sekularizmis kriziss da, piriqiT, religiaSi saeros

SeWra religiuris kriziss.

pirvelis magaliTi SeiZleba moiZebnos 90-iani wlebis dasawy-

isSi. rogorc giorgi maisuraZe da zaal andronikaSvili weren,

saqarTveloSi am dros Semdegi viTarebaa: zviad gamsaxurdia, aka-

ki baqraZesTan logikuri kavSiriT, damoukideblobis gariJraJze

qmnis politikur mesianizms.67 pirvelma prezidentma “saqarTve-

loSi gaaRviZa Tayvaniscemisa da motivirebulobis religiuri in-

stinqtebi.”68 es iyo religiuris SeWra politikaSi da misi Sinaar-

63 ix. SeniSvna 6, 41.64 iqve, 42. 65 iqve, 46.66 ix. SeniSvna 1, 75 67 ix. SeniSvna 38, 282.

136

sobrivi gasakralureba. gamsaxurdia “ara ubralod prezidenti,

aramed erTgvari religiuri Tu “semireligiuri” lideri iyo.”69

Tumca sekularizmis nakleboba iq ki ar aris, sadac maincdamainc

sasuliero piri flobs mmarTvelobis sadaveebs an iq, sadac sae-

ro piri sekularulis paralelurad religiis funqciebis ms-

gavs instumentebs gamoiyenebs saero sivrceSi, aramed iq, sadac

mmarTvelobis Sinaarsi eyrdnoba religiur warmodgenebs. sadac

Teologiuri, an Tundac fsevdoTeologiuri argumentebi iWreba

politikis wiaRSi.

amis sapirispiro movlenas vawydebiT marTlmadidiebeli ekle-

siis SemTxvevaSi. Tu pirvel magaliTSi sekularulis gaflangvas-

Tan gvaqvs saqme, aq religiuris gasekularulebaze unda gavamaxvi-

loT yuradReba.70 giorgi maisuraZe wers, rom marTlmadidebelma

eklesiam, “bolo oc weliwadSi, faqtobrivad axali sarwmunoeba

Seqmna,”71 magram sainteresoa, es axali religia, garda imisa, rom

funqciebiT aris religiuri, Tavisi SinaarsiT ramdenad aris aseTi?

am kiTxvaze giorgi maisuraZeve gvcems pasuxs. es pasuxi ki cxads

xdis mis mier am movlenis “sarwmunoebad” moxseniebis pirobiTo-

bas. avtori amas kontrastisTvis akeTebs da srulebiT ar gulisx-

mobs imas, rom Sinaarsobrivad es movlena sasuliero sferodanaa.

iqve is ganmartavs da mas “uTeologio religias” uwodebs, ri-

Tac kidev ufro mkveTrs xdis sakuTar damokidebulebas da aCven-

ebs sakiTxis arss, rac konkretuli institutis saxecvlilebaSi,

sakraluri Sinaarsis gamoclis kvaldakval religiuri funqciis

SenarCunebaSi gamoixateba.72 “eklesiam uaRresad ostaturad aita-

ca im dros azvirTebuli qarTuli nacionalizmi, es politikuri

ideologia sakralur xarisxSi aiyvana da mas dausaxa saboloo mi-

68 ix. SeniSvna 40, 24.69 iqve, 100.70 daaxloebiT igives wers m. beriaSvili (sekularizaciis arsis gagebisTvis, sekularizacia kon-cepti da konteqstebi, g. zedaniasa da m. RaRaniZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 41-42.), Tumca igi am pretenzias jer kidev Sua saukuneebis eklesias uyenebs. Tumca ramdenadac me SemiZlia gavigo, avtori am SemTxvevaSi gulisxmobs ara eklesiis mier sakuTar Sinaarsze uaris Tqmas aramed, ubral-od, saero funqciebis aRebas (rasac akritikebs arendti). ,,eklesiam, garkveuli azriT, daimorCila saero Zalaufleba (xelisufleba), imavdroulad saeklesio da sasuliero Zalauflebebi erTmaneTs Seerwya. Sedegad, eklesia faqtobrivad saero Zalauflebad iqca, anu miiRo politikuri funqcia.’’ (beriaSvili m.,dasax. naSromi, 45.) es arsebiTad gansxvavdeba imisgan rasac Cven vxedavT, aq saubaria ubralod eklesiis mier politikuri Zalauflebis monopolizebaze, rac ar cdeba Teokratiul par-adigmas, winamdebare esseSi ki saubaria eklesiis mier sekularuli Sinaarsis kopirebaze.71 ix. SeniSvna 40, 53.

137

zani - “saqarTvelos gabrwyineba.”73 amdenad Tavdapirvel kiTxvaze

pasuxi calsaxaa, es “axali sarwmunoeba” SinaarsiT sekularulia,

funqciiT ki sakraluri. eklesiis mier amgvari erT-erTi adreu-

li aqti daaxloebiT 30 wlis win ganxorcielda, rodesac sinodma

1987 wels ilia WavWavaZe, qarTuli sekularuli proeqtis avtori,

wmindanad Seracxa. am aqtiT “eklesia sekularul sivrceSi gaxda

mamulis diskursis matarebeli da amiT faqtobrivad nacional-

ur (sekularul) eklesiad mogvevlina.”74 Tumca, eklesiis real-

uri Zalauflebis zrdasTan saqme gacilebiT gvian, daaaxloebiT

naxevari dekadis Semdeg gvaqvs. met-naklebi sizustiT SeiZleba

ganisazRvros aRniSnuli procesis dasabami, me-20 saukunis 90-iani

wlebis dasawyisi, swored am periodidan iwyeba eklesiis, rogorc

nacionaluri diskursis75 mTavar agentad gaformeba. es momenti

emTxveva putCs da zviad gamsaxurdias politikuri Zalauflebis

dakargvas. misi niSa carieldeba, eklesia ki epatroneba ukve Se-

qmnil diskurss da amgvari Zalebis dazogviT sul male udides

politikur Zalauflebas moipovebs. nacionalisturi diskursi,

romelic SeiZleba axlos iyos eklesiis Tanamedrove diskursTan,

giorgi maisuraZis mixedviT, “breJnevis xanaSi” ukve SesamCnevia,

is “istoriuli faqtebis gadametebuli paTetikiTa da heroikuli

gamosaxviT iqmneba”76 da win uZRvis stalinis xanaSi gaZlierebuli

saxelovani winaprebis kulti, is uqmnis safuZvels “kontraprez-

entul miTologiebs da mis Tanmxleb nacionalistur da Sovin-

istur tendenciebs, romlebic ukve ara arsebuli realobis al-

ternativa, aramed swored am realobis - stalinuri monumenturi

kulturis uSualo produqti iyo.”77 amgvarad, eklesia ki ar qmnis

raime axals, aramed ukve arsebuls isakuTrebs, sakuTar TavSi ki

ar aSenebs, aramed ubralod erTveba arsebul diskursSi da misi

mTavari agenti xdeba. am movlenas detranscendecias uwodeben.

“rodesac religia warsulis tradiciis nawili xdeba da iqceva,

72 daaxloebiT imaves wers m. RaRaniZe, dasax. naSromi, 228-229.73 ix. SeniSvna 40, 54.74 ix. SeniSvna 38, 283.75 maisuraZe g., dakarguli kontestebi, Tbilisi 2012, 40.76 TevzaZe g., sekularizacia da eris dabadeba, sekularizacia: konceptebi da konteqstebi, g. zeda-niasa da m. RaRaniZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2009, 147. 77 ix. SeniSvna 75, 46.

138

rogorc warsuli tradiciis gamogonebisa da SenarCunebis in-

strumenti: am SemTxvevaSi religiuroba nacionaluri identobis

mniSvnelovani, magram mainc kerZo SemTxvevaa. RmerTis nacvlad

religiur diskursSi erovnuloba da eri xdeba ganmsazRvreli.”78

uaxles kvlevebs Tu daveyrdnobiT, viTareba igive rCeba empiriul

safuZvelze Catarebuli analizis mixedviTac, “marTlmadidiebeli

eklesiis mier sazogadoebaSi gatarebuli sajaro politika (is,

Tu rogor axdens Tavisi Tavis sajaro reprezentirebas eklesia)

daclilia eTikisgan, Teologiuri mniSvnelobebisgan da metwilad

nacionalistur rwmenebs axalisebs.”79 aq arsebiTia, eklesia nacio-

naluri diskursis erTaderT reprezentatorad ar iqnes miCneuli.

is, albaT, aris yvelaze gavleniani agenti, Tumca ara erTaderTi.

is aris ara diskursze Zalauflebis matarebeli, aramed diskursis

msaxuri.

amdenad, rogorc ver vityviT imas, rom sabWoTa kavSiri ar

iyo sekularuli saxelmwifo ragind mkafioc ar unda iyos bol-

Sevizmis funqciuri msgavseba religiasTan, iseve ver ityviT, rom

saqarTveloSi ar arsebobs saero mmarTveloba, ragind mkafioc ar

unda iyos marTlmadiebeli eklesiis mier saxelmwifos funciebis

Canacvleba.

modernulobaSi saqme gvaqvs martiv sakiTxTan, “samoqalaqo

religiebis Seqmna danamdvilebiT SegviZlia miviCnioT modernu-

lobis maxasiaTebel fenomenad, romelic politikuri sferos mier

religiuris apropreacias gulisxmobs.”80 klasikur modelSi eris

mamebi iReben religiur formebsa da funciebs da mas sekularul

Sinaarss aniWeben, RmerTs anacvleben eriT da qmnian sekularul

religias, romelic ukve am operaciis Semdeg xdeba “ideologia”.

magram saqme is ki araa, rom am formebs iyeneben, aramed is, rom

maT iyeneben arsebiTad sxva Sinaarsis gamosaxatavad. religiur

sferoSi SeWriT, ideologia anadgurebs da nel-nela politikuri

78 ix. SeniSvna 76, 144.79 ix. SeniSvna 41, 84.80 ix. SeniSvna 50, 14.

139

sivrcidan aZevebs religias. Cven axla sapirispiro procesis moms-

wreni varT, marTlmadidebeli eklesia iRebs erovnul gmirebs,

an sekularul movlenebs da maT dapatronebas cdilobs. aq ukve

sekularuli ki ar iWreba religiurSi, aramed piriqiT, religiu-

ri iWreba sekularulSi. sakuTari Tavis erovnulze dafuZnebiT,

eklesia sZens religias nacionalur xasiaTs, amiT is epatroneba

mTel im politikur Zalauflebas, romelic nacias gaaCnia. amde-

nad, saqarTveloSi aris ara sekularulis krizisi, aramed reli-

giuris krizisi. eklesiis Zalaufleba, arsebiTad, sekularuli

Zalauflebaa ukve. ubralod, mas axorcielebs sasulero piri sa-

suliero formiTa da funqciiT, SinaarisiTa da bunebiT es ar aris

sasuliero Zalaufleba.

marTalia, sekularizacia aris procesi, romlis drosac poli-

tikuri cxovreba imijneba sasuliero cxovrebis wesidan, magram ra

gziT xorcieldeba es gamijvna? saqme is aris, rom “Sua saukuneeb-

Si saxelmwifo qmnida religiur-politikuri erTobis samyaros,

sadac saerosTvis adgili ar rCeboda.”81 modernul xanaSi es zR-

vari mkafio gaxda, magram dRes Cven vxedavT kidev ufro mets,

piruku process. magram movyveT Tavidan, religiam jer kidev uZ-

veles droSi saero sferodan isesxa politikuri Rirebulebebi-

sa da mimarTebebis nawili (amas desekularizaciad moixsenieben),

mogvianebiT ganmanaTleblobam mogvitana sekularizacia, axla ki

klerikalizaciaze saubroben.82

rodesac sekularizaciis mizezebs reformaciaSi pouloben, es

niSnavs, rom specifikur procesze amaxvileben yuradRebs. refor-

maciis mTavari maxasiaTebelia religiuris portireba saero-

Si, religiis demokratizacia. “rogorc cnobilia, reformaciis

dros sekularizacia niSnavs sasuliero cxvovrebis wesis, qris-

tianuli asketizmis damkvidrebas saero cxovrebaSi.”83 gamodis,

rom am gamijvnis inspiratori religiuris sruli difuzia gamx-

dara, swored masSi unda veZioT sekularizaciis fesvebi. am wesis

sapirispirod, gamsaxurdias gza aris religiuri bunebis Setana

81 ix. SeniSvna 52, 170.82 ix. Assman J., Monoteismus und die Sprache der Gevalt, Wien, 2007; ix. SeniSvna 52, 175-177.83 ix. SeniSvna 52, 163.

140

sekularulSi, saeroSi sasuliero intervencia. dRes marTlm-

didebeli eklesiis gza gansxvavebulia, is reformaciis logikas

piruku miyveba. difuzias ki ar ganicdis, aramed sakuTar Tav-

Si moiqcevs saeros. eklesia amoikveTs sasulieros da saeros im-

plantacias axdens. amgvarad religiuri funqciis gadasvla saero-

Si sekularuli aqtia, Tumca aseve sekularuli aqtia religiur

institutebSi sekularuli bunebis Canergva. pirveli (reformaci-

uli) gziT eklesia saerodan distancirda. rogorc religiurze

eqskluzivis mqone subieqtis, misi saWiroeba politikaSi gaqra da

rogorc Smiti ambobs, religiuri institutebis adgili daikaves

saero institutebma.84 meore procesis (reformaciis piruku rom

aris) Sedegad religia ukve gaqra Tavad eklesiidan da saerom re-

ligiuric moicva. amdenad “Tu axali drois sekularizaciis pro-

eqti gulisxmobs sasuliero faseulobebis saeroSi damkvidrebas,

klerikalizmi saero cxovrebis wesisTvis damaxasiaTebel fenome-

nebs amkvidrebs sasuliero sferoSi.”85

amgvarad, aq saqme gvaqvs ukve sxva movlenasTan, vidre es

ubralo sasuliero mmarTvelobaa. aq saqme religiurze uaris

Tqmis fonze sasulieros mier sekularulis dapatronebasTan gva-

qvs. es movlena arcerT SemTxvevaSi ar aris marto sekularizmis

problema, iseve, rogorc gamsaxurdias xsenebuli SemTxveva ver

iqneba marto religiuris problema. es “sakralurisa da xarisx-

Si ayvanili nacionalur-sekularulis mutaciis Sedegia - formiT

marTlmadidebluri, SinaarsiT nacionalisturi.”86

axla ki, rodesac gamosakvlevi Temis bunebas Sevexe, win wamoi-

wevs ufro rTuli da fundamenturi sakiTxi, romelic metad sax-

ifaToa, vidre erTi movlenis mier meoris funqciebis gamoyeneba,

aq saqme gvaqvs socialuri institutebis Sinaarsobriv aRrevasTan,

rac safuZvels aclis maT aqamde arsebul myarad instituciona-

lizebul arsebobas da Signidan ryvnis. is saxifaToa saerosTvis,

radgan misi Zalauflebis are viwrovdeba da saxifaToa religiisT-

vis, radgan “klavs religiis namdvil suliskveTebas.”87 es movlena

84 Schmitt C., Politische Theologie, Vier Kapitel zur Lehre von der Souveraenitaet, Berlin, 1993, 43; ix. SeniSvna 70, 18. 85 ix. SeniSvna 52, 176-177.86 ix. SeniSvna 40, 20.

141

TavisTavad ar rCeba izolirebuli da, eklesiis mier Zalauflebis

zrdis paralelurad, moiTxovs saero xelisuflebisgan xarks. es

xarki rogorc materialuri, ise aramaterialuri Sinaarsisaa da

pirvel SemTxvevaSi gamoixateba saxelmwifos mxridan qonebrivi

sikeTeebis eklesiisTvis gadacemaSi, meore SemTxvevaSi ki _ xe-

lisuflebis simbolur daqvemdebarebaSi, suverenulobaze uaris

TqmaSi. amis magaliTebia meore da mesame prezidentis taZrebSi in-

auguracia, sxvadasxva liturgiaSi monawileobis miReba, rogorc

loialobis damtkiceba eklesiisTvis, saeklesio movlenebSi saero

institutebis farTo CarTva saqarTvelos eklesiis oriaTaswlo-

vani iubilis aRniSvnaSi, an wm. gabriel beris mcxeTidan TbilisSi

gadmosvenebis dros samxedro Zalebis monawileoba da sxv. amgvari

ormagi zemoqmedeba, sulis amocla, safuZlvelmdebare princi-

pebis sruli moSla warmoSobs faSizmis safrTxes,88 rogorc Za-

lauflebis brutaruli gamoyenebis safrTxes, rusoseuli axali

etapis, gasxvavebuli bunebiT mdgomareobis safrTxes (romelic,

gansxvavebiT pirvelisgan, uzado bunebrivi SeuryvnelobiT rom

xasiaTdeba da uzomo korufciiTaa niSandebuli)89, rac aucileb-

lad moxdeba eklesiis mier Zalauflebis didi nawilis xelSi Cag-

debis SemTxvevaSi. xolo maSin, roca ZiriTadi kanoni uZluri

gaxdeba sakuTari logikiT gansazRvros politika, konstitucias

eklesiis konstitucia Caanacvlebs. daaxloebiT amaze miuTiTebs

arendti makiavelis citirebisas, rodesac “xelisuflebis” romau-

li gagebis gauCinarebis Semdgom politikis da religiis kontaq-

tis SesaZlo xifaTze wers.90

7. politikuri Zalauflebis difuziis Sedegebi - Sejameba

“ufro ganviTarebuli forma naTels fens winamorbed safex-

urebs, romlebSiac is mxolod Canasaxobriv mdgomareobaSi imyofe-

ba. Semdegi evolucia TiTqos fardas xdis am Soreuli warsulis

uCinar nasaxebs.”91 istoriul evolucias ki, igive paSukanisis per-

87 ix. SeniSvna 53, 229.88 ix. SeniSvna 40, 69.89 ruso J. J., msjeloba adamianTa Soris uTanasworobis dasabamisa da safuZvlebis Sesaxeb, Tbili-si, 2009, 157-158.90 ix. SeniSvna 6, 121.

142

ifrazi rom gavakeToT, moaqvs ara marto samarTlis, anu politi-

kuri Zalauflebis Sinaarsisa da institutebis Senacvleba, aramed

politikuri Zalauflebis formis, rogorc aseTis, ganviTarebac,

rac amavdroulad gulisxmobs kidec mis daqsaqsvas.92

amgvarad, mizezebi, romlebic saqarTvelos konstitucias

politikur sivrceze Zalauflebis srulad ganvrcobaSi xels uS-

lis, erTi mxriv, tradiciulia, xolo meore mxriv, axali. pirveli

faqtori arendtiseul “xelisuflebis” moSlaSi mdgomareobs, ris

gamoc qarTul saxelmwifos gauWirda ararsebulze axali konsti-

tuciuri wesrigis ageba _ gansxvavebiT amerikuli analogisgan,

sadac “konstituciis Seqmnam, arsebul SeTanxmebebze dayrdnobiT

ukve arsebuli politikuri erTobis legalizeba da damtkiceba

uzrunvelyo da ara axlis Seqmna.93 meore faqtoris mixedviT ki,

politikur sivrceSi sxva moTamaSeebis gaCenis, upirvelesad ki in-

stitucionalizebuli religiis xelaxali aRzevebis winaSe uZlu-

ri aRmoCnda ZiriTadi kanoni, romelic Tavisi CanafiqriT amgvari

winaaRmdegobis gasamklaveblad ar iyo gamiznuli.

savaraudod, igive problemis winaSe aRmoCndeba nebismieri ax-

ali konstitucia,romelsac msgavs viTarebaSi mouwevs sicocxlis

dawyeba. konstituciuri Zalauflebis krizisi rom saqarTvelos

sporaduli problema araa da rom eklesiis SeWra sekularulSi,

rac religiurze uaris Tqmis xarjze xdeba da safrTxes uqmnis

tradiciul politikur logikas, giorgi maisuraZis am pasaJSic

kargad Cans: “postkomunisturma nacionalizmebma da maTma Serwy-

mam religiur fundamentalizmebTan axali hibridi dabada, romel-

mac msoflios, upirvelesad ki evropas morigi politikuri qaosis

safrTxe Seuqmna.”94 oRond es Serwyma gansakuTrebiT maSin xdeba

saSiSi, rodesac religiuri fundamentalizmi uerTdeba naciona-

listur diskurss, raSic (am ori movlenis SerwymaSi) gamoixateba

Tavad am movlenis aratradiciuloba.

politikuri Zalauflebis gadanawilebis modernuli principis

es garyvna TavisTavad iwvevs politikuri Zalauflebis namdvilad

91 ix. SeniSvna 19, 36.92 iqve.93 ix. SeniSvna 6, 127.94 ix. SeniSvna 75, 33.

143

Zaladobrivi Sinaarsis warmoCenas. gadanawilebis logikis aRre-

va CamoaSorebs saxelmwifos “mSvidobisa da usafrTxoebis” uz-

runvelmyofis95 niRabs da saSualebas mogvcems yovelgvari gama-

Sualeblis gareSe davinaxoT misi namdvili Zaladobrivi buneba,

radgan Zalauflebis monopolizebis krizisis gamwvaveba aiZulebs

sistemas, gamoaaSkaravos “xelisuflebis, rogorc [...] organizebu-

li Zaladobis, arsi”.96

miuxedavad zemoTqmulisa, cxadia, rom politikuri Zalau-

flebis difuzia saxelmwifodan ar niSnavs Zalauflebis gaqro-

bas. rogorc paSukanisis meSveobiT wakiTxul marqss ar aqvs komu-

nizmze gadasvla warmodgenili, rogorc samarTlis axal formebze

gadasvla, aramed rogorc iuridiuli formebis mospoba saerTod,

xolo Tavad samarTlis formis daZleva, ara marto burJuaziuli

sazogadoebis farglebidan gasvla, aramed am sazogadoebis mier

naanderZevi memkvidreobidan radikaluri gaTavisufleba,97 ise Za-

lauflebis saxelmwifo monopoliiis gaqroba da misi gadadineba

sxvadasxva institutSi ar niSnavs Zaladobis Semcirebas an gaqro-

bas. piriqiT, es procesi Zaladobas ufro sicocxlisunarians

da adapturs xdis. es Cven vnaxeT da axlac misi momswreni varT.

saWiroa, uari vTqvaT politikis aRqmis memkvidreobiT miRebul

wesze, politikisa, romelic emyareba ZalauflebisTvis brZolis

strategiebs98 da amis sapirispirod, is unda gaviazroT rogorc

egalitaruli komunikacia, ara Zalauflebis monopolizaciiT, ar-

amed misi (am Zalauflebis) singularuli daSlis Sedegad rom war-

moiqmneba.

marTalia, kelzeni cdeboda, rodesac politikas konstituci-

is miRma ZiriTad normaSi aTavsebda, magram simarTlis marcvali

SegviZlia amovicnoT xedvaSi, romlis mixedviTac, warmatebuli

revoluciebis Semdeg “arsebuli sabaziso norma aRar arsebobs

[...] radganac revoluciuri mTavrobis [mier axali ZiriTadi norm-

is Sesabamisad formirebuli] axali kanonebi efeqturad ZalaSia

Seyvanili.”99 aqedan imis Tqmac SeiZleba, rom revoluciebi xdeba

95 hobsi T., leviaTani, Sesavali Tanamedrove azrovnebaSi, I wigni, Tbilisi, 2014, 228.96 ix. SeniSvna 19, 119.97 iqve, 28-29.98 ransieri J., 10 Tezisi politikis Sesaxeb, Izone, 2014, 3.

144

maSin, rodesac ZiriTadi norma efeqturad aRar aris miCneuli da

ver moqmedebs. Tu ZiriTad normas konstituciiT CavanacvlebT,

gamova, rom konstituciis es krizisi, misi araefeqturoba, misive

ambiciis sawinaaRmdegod uzenaesi kanonis mier erT dros monopo-

lizebuli politikuri Zalauflebis devalvacia qmnis revoluci-

ur winapirobebs.

99 ix. SeniSvna 20, 51.

145

saqarTvelo sekularizaciis gzaze

merab RaRaniZe

qristianuli tradicia eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTo-

bis, religiuri cxovrebis politikur cxovrebasTan kavSiris Ses-

axeb ukve safuZvelTa Cayris xanaSive erTmaneTisagan gansxvaveb-

ulad Camoyalibda, erTi mxriv, qristianul aRmosavleTSi, xolo,

meore mxriv, qristianul dasavleTSi, da am damokidebulebam, am

Tvalsazrisebma ara marto aramsgavsi, sxvadasxvagvari saxe miiRo,

aramed Tavidanve da sabolood mkveTrad gamijnuli aRmoCnda.

mas Semdeg, rac imperiaSi qristianobis, rogorc sarwmunoebis,

oficialuri devna Sewyda (faqtobriv, 313 wlis milanis ediqtis

Sedegad), romaul-kaTolikur dasavleTSi wmida avgustine hipone-

li (354-430) ayalibebs moZRvrebas ori qalaqis Sesaxeb, zeciuri da

miwieri meufebis Sesaxeb, romelTagan erTs eklesia ganasaxierebs,

xolo meores – saxelmwifo, da es ori Zala („Zalni zecierni“

da „Zalni miwierni“), am moZRvrebis mixedviT, erTmaneTis mimarT

mudmivad, samyaros dasasrulamde SeuTanxmebelni, dapirispire-

bulni, mowinaaRmdegeni darCebian. avgustines miaCnda, rom ekle-

sia ver daukavSirdeba da ver miejaWveba romelime saxelmwifos,

Tundac is sakuTar Tavs qristianul samefos uwodebdes. amito-

mac ar aRuqvams mas romis imperiis, imJamad ukve qristianuli im-

periis, dacema gansakuTrebulad tragikul istoriul movlenad.

daxloebiT imave xanebSi an cota mogvianebiT aRmosavlur-bi-

146

zantiuri samyarosaTvis mravalmxriv ganmapirobebeli gaxda ar-

eopagituli moZRvreba, Seqmnili, rogorc Cans, mexuTe-meeqvse

saukuneebis mijnaze (teqstebis avtoroba arasworad miewera wmi-

da dionise areopagels, wmida pavles aTenel mowafes), romlis

mixedviTac, saeklesio da saxelmwifo cxovreba iseve ganuyofelia

erTmaneTisagan, rogorc zeciur da miwier qveynebs Sorisaa aRm-

arTuli sulieri ierarqiuli kibe, xolo es kibe am or samyaros

myarad da uSfoTvelad akavSirebs (Tavad „hierarqia“ berZnulad

saRmrTo mmarTvelobas aRniSnavs). am Tvalsazriss bizantiur

sivrceSi „simfoniis“ saxeli ewoda, rac imas niSnavda, rom ekle-

sia da saxelmwifo erTmaneTTan Tanaxmier („simfonia“ berZnulad

Tanaxmovanebas aRniSnavs), anu TanamSromel urTierTobas amyareb-

da. Tu dasavleTSi imperatorsa da romis episkoposs (paps) So-

ris mSvidobiani Tanaarseboba iSviaT gamonakliss warmoadgenda,

amgvarive iSviaTi gamonaklisi iyo aRmosavleTSi imperatorisa da

konstantinopolis patriarqis dapirispireba an konfliqti. kidev

meti, imperiis dacemisa da osmalTa gabatonebis Semdeg, meTxuT-

mete saukunidan, patriarqi umetesad mzad iyo TviT sultanTanac

saTanamSromlod, raki igi imperiis, – Tundac islamuri saxel-

mwifos, – meTauri gaxda. Tavad bizantiis ganadgureba ki mZime

tragedia aRmoCnda aRmosavleTis qristianTaTvis da es mtkivneu-

li gancdebi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mihyveboda bizantiis su-

lier da politikur memkvidres, ruseTs, romelic arasodes, Tav-

isi istoriis arcerT monakveTSi ar Tmobda survilsa Tu ocnebas

konstantinopolis, rogorc aRmosavlurqristianuli sarwmunoe-

briv-politikuri dedaqalaqis, aRsadgenad (rac metaforulad

wmida sofios sakaTedro taZris Tavze jvris xelaxla aRmarTvis

miswrafebiT gamoixateboda).

am mxriv, saqarTveloSi sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxvagvari md-

gomareoba sufevda: iyo periodebi, roca qveyanaSi saxelmwifo da

eklesia upirispirdeboda erTmaneTs da es dapirispireba xan erTi

mxarisaTvis mTavrdeboda gamarjvebiT, xan – meore mxarisaTvis;

iyo periodebi, roca saxelmwifo da eklesia lamis erwymoda erT-

maneTs; iSviaTi iyo, roca orive moqmedebda cal-calke, erTim-

eorisagan damoukideblad, erTimeorisagan gamijnulad...

147

raki qarTlSi mefe mirianis (306-332) mier qristianobis saxelm-

wifo sarwmunoebad gamocxadeba (326) im xanas emTxveva, roca romis

imperiaSi qristianobis devna Sewydeba da imperiis xelisufleba

gadawyvets, mxardaWera gamoxatos eklesiis mimarT, imdroindel

qarTvel mmarTvelTa qmedebebis arsic ufro cxadad mxolod am

saerTo garemosa Tu garemoebaTa gaTvaliswinebiT xerxdeba: am

dros sarwmunoebrivi arCevani saxelmwifoebrivi arCevani iyo da,

bunebrivia, rom, – calkeul qristian moRvaweTa individualuri

Rvawlis miuxedavad, – qristianobis miReba oficialur saxel-

mwifoebriv orientacias asaxavda, warmoadgenda, gamoxatavda.

Sesabamisad, imdroindeli sajaro religiuri cxovreba ver iqne-

boda mowyvetili sajaro politikur cxovrebas, radgan politi-

kuri koniunqtura wyvetda da gansazRvravda saeklesio cxovrebis

ara marto saerTo mimarTulebas, aramed konkretul saqmeebsac.

istoriuli wyaroebi uWoWmanod miuTiTebs, rom swored samefo

karze wydeba saeklesio struqturebis organizebis sakiTxic ki.

niSandoblivia matianiseuli Txroba, – dokumenturad Tundac

daudasturebeli, – romelic aRwers qarTlis religiuri Semo-

brunebis mimarT gamoxatul mxardaWeras rogorc romis imperato-

ris, ise romis episkoposis mxriv. qarTul pirvelwyaroebSi Sesa-

mCnevia bundovani miTiTebac, romelic adasturebs, rom samefos

mier aRiarebuli religia yvelgan da yovelTvis ar miiReboda

nebayoflobiT da rom mxolod saxelmwifos mxriv Zaladobrivi

Carevis Sedegad xerxdeboda qveynis calkeuli regionebis iZu-

lebiTi qristianizacia.

SemdgomSi istoriuli, werilobiTi gadmocema adasturebs,

rom mefe vaxtang gorgaslisa (449-494) da mTavarepiskopos miqa-

elis konfliqti ara marto mefis gamarjvebiT mTavrdeba (es Se-

qiSpeba religiur ganzomilebaSic gaRvivdeba: eklesiis meTauri

saxelmwifos meTaurs qristianobis Ralats abralebs, xolo mR-

vdelmTavris fizikur Semotevas umaRlesi xelisufali qristia-

nobis sruli aRmofxvris muqariT upasuxebs), aramed saero mmarT-

veli mTlianad moawesrigebs – sakuTari Sexedulebebis mixedviT

– saeklesio cxovrebas da Camoayalibebs axal saeklesio dawe-

sebulebas Tavisi sagangebo struqturiT – sakaTolikosos, ro-

148

melic, bunebrivia, am viTarebaSi aranairad ar upirispirdeba da

ar daupirispirdeba saxelmwifos interesebs (amave dros, vaxtangi

Tavad daniSnavs mis mier mowveul mRvdelmTavars am axalSeqmnili

dawesebulebis meTaurad – kaTolikosad).

arabTa Semosevisa da qarTlis umetesi nawilis arabuli ok-

upaciis Sedegad qveynis politikuri struqturebi sruliad moiS-

leba an daknindeba, rasac Sesabamisad mohyveba eklesiis mniSvne-

lobisa da gavlenis SesamCnevi gafarToeba. am periodSi eklesia

– misi gamorCeuli warmomadgenlebis saxiTa da xelmZRvanelobiT

– xSirad itvirTavs politikur, civilizatorul Tu kulturul

movaleobebs (sakmaod msgavsi movlenebi ganviTardeba daaxloebiT

am dros barbarosTagan gaCanagebul evropaSic). niSandoblivia,

rom samxreTisaken TandaTanobiT gadanacvlebuli qveynis cen-

tri jer eklesiurad aRorZindeba, Semdgom ki saxelmwifoebrivad,

rac naTlad Cans giorgi merCulis „grigol xancTelis cxovreba-

Si“ (951), sadac ideuradacaa dasabuTebuli eklesiis aRmatebuli

daniSnuleba, – eklesiisa, romelic cdilobs da warmatebulad

miaRwevs kidec saxelmwifo pirTa Tu saqmeTa srul daqvemdebare-

bas; – SemTxveva, romelic qveynis istoriaSi sxva dros aRaraso-

des dasturdeba. Tuki mwerali, Tavad saeklesio piri, namdvilad

avTentikurad aRwers imdroindel sazogadoebriv mdgomareobas,

maSin SeiZleba isic iTqvas, rom am xanaSi swored eklesia warm-

arTavs qveynis cxovrebas: iqceva ise, rogorc saWirod miiCnevs,

da miiCnevs, rom saxelmwifo interesebs swored igi icavs da ax-

orcielebs, – ra Tqma unda, sakuTrivi sulieri daniSnulebis

gverdiT Tu gaswvriv.

arabTa batonoba saqarTveloSi mTavrdeba tfilisis aRebi-

Ta da misi gamocxadebiT erTiani qarTuli samefos dedaqalaqad,

– movlena, romlis Taosani daviT aRmaSenebeli (1073-1125) iyo.

swored mis dros, saxelmwifos TvalsaCino gaZlierebis Jams,

eklesiis gavlena SesamCnevad klebulobs, kidev meti, eklesia, Sei-

Zleba iTqvas, saxelmwifos mier imarTeba: Sidasaeklesio cxovre-

bis yoveldRiuri ganawesic ki samefo karze ganisazRvreba, xolo

eklesiis saqmianobas, eklesiis meTaurs, mis gadawyvetilebebs,

faqtobrivad, akontrolebs saxelmwifo moxele – mwignobarTux-

149

ucesi (mTavrobis meTauri, kancleri), romelic, amave dros Wyo-

ndideli mRvdelmTavris tituls atarebs. amjerad saCino saero

Tanamdebobis mikuTvneba saeklesio pirisaTvis niSnavs ara ekle-

siis gavlenis gazrdas saxelmwifo cxovrebaze, aramed piriqiT:

umaRlesi saero dawesebulebis mier erT-erTi umaRlesi saekle-

sio Tanamdebobis mierTebasa da Serwymas, rasac garadauvalad mo-

hyveba eklesiis meTauris zemoqmedebis Semcireba saxelmwifoSic

da eklesiaSic. daviTis mier sagangebod mowveuli saeklesio kreba

(imperiaSic krebas imperatori iwvevda!), romelic ruis-urbnisis

krebis (1105) saxeliTaa cnobili, emsaxureba saxelmwifo mmarTv-

elobis gaZlierebas, risTvisac sxvadasxva saSualeba gamoiZebna,

raTa ara marto mkveTrad Semcirebuliyo SeZlebul da gavlenian

saeklesio pirTa sazogadoebrivi Zalmosileba, aramed, saerTod,

moxerxebuliyo bevri maTganis CamoSoreba eklesiidan. esec is

SemTxvevaa, – oRond arabTa batonobis xanisagan sapirispirod

gamorCeuli, – romelic qveynis istoriaSi sxva dros aRar gan-

meorebula: eklesia TiTqmis mTlianad ewymis saxelmwifos, Tum-

ca ara Tanabrad, Tanaxmierad („simfoniurad“), aramed sruliad

daqvemdebarebulad, damorCilebulad, ris Soreul analogadac

aRmosavlurqristianul samyaroSi ruseTis imperatoris, petre

didis, gadamWreli saeklesio reformebi SeiZleba dasaxeldes.

unda aRiniSnos, rom eklesiis cxovrebis Secvlis mcdeloba, –

savaraudod, arcTu mTlad nayofieri, – ufro adre gamoavlina

daviTi aRamaSeneblis papam, bagrat meoTxem (1018-1072), romelmac

am saqmeSi daxmarebisaTvis didi saeklesio avtoritetis patrons,

giorgi aTonels (1009-1065), mimarTa.

magram aqve unda iTqvas, rom, rogorc Cans, daviTis saekle-

sio politika arcTu ise myari gamodga, radgan misi SvilisSvilis

Svili, mefe Tamari (1160-1213), sakmaod uZluri aRmoCnda, gavlena

moexdina eklesiaze, eklesiis meTaurze, saeklesio pirebze. davi-

Tis msgavsad, Tamaric moiwvevs saeklesio krebas, romelsac mefe

faqtobriv miznad dausaxavs kaTolikos-patriarq miqaelis gaday-

enebas, rac, saxelmwifoebrivi mcdelobis miuxedavad, uSedegod

dasruldeba. eklesia gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovnad gansazRvravs

saxelmwifo gadawyvetilebebs Tamaris mefobis sawyis xanaSi: igi

150

saxelmwifos cxovrebaSic ereva da qveynis meTauris pirad cx-

ovrebaSic. rogorc Cans, saxelmwifos mxriv es sisuste imJamad

mefis legitimurobis problemiTac iyo ganpirobebuli. qveynis

umaRlesi xelisufali mxolod eklesiis meTauris sikvdilis Sem-

deg SeZlebs eklesiaze met-naklebi gavlenis aRdgenas, roca sapa-

triarqo taxts, rogorc Cans, TamarisaTvis sasurveli pirovneba

daikavebs. amave xanebSi Tamaris Tanamoazre, kaTolikos-patri-

arqyofili nikoloz gulaberisZe Tavis sagangebo TxzulebaSi

saguldagulod gaaRrmavebs Temas samefos meTauris gamorCeuli

RmrTaebrivi daniSnulebis Sesaxeb.

erovnul tragedias – mongolTa gamanadgurebel dapyrobebs

– qveynis TandaTanobiTi daSla mosdevs. erTiani saqarTvelos

sam nawilad dayofas, – aRmosavleT, dasavleT da samxreT nawile-

bad, – Tan sdevs eklesiis samad gayofa da, Sesabamisad, eklesiis

sami meTauris gaCena. TiToeuli maTgani ara marto mxars uWers

adgilobriv mmarTvels, aramed, rogorc Cans, garkveulad sepa-

ratizmis mxardaWeradac iqca, gansakuTrebiT, samxreT saqarTve-

loSi (miuxedavad imisa, rom, gansxvavebiT aRmosavlurqarTuli

da dasavlurqarTuli sakaTolikosoebisa, samcxeSi samxreTul-

qarTul eklesias marTavs mawyvereli, romelic cxadad eqiSpeba

da Tavs utolebs mcxeTis kaTolikos-patriarqs). sxvaTa Soris,

saqarTvelos saxelmwifo mmarTvelobisagan Camocilebuli es re-

gioni eklesiuradac Tavisufldeba centraluri – saxelmwifoe-

briv-saeklesio – kontrolisagan da TiTqmis mTlianad, mTeli

adgilobrivi mrevliT uerTdeba romis kaTolike eklesias.

saqarTvelos daSlisa da dakninebis xanaSi eklesia savsebiT

kargavs damoukidebuli funqcionirebis saSualebasac da unarsac,

– igi saero mmarTvelobis Semadgenel nawilad iqceva da SemTx-

veviTi arc isaa, rom umaRles saeklesio Tanamdebobebs umTavre-

sad ikaveben xelisuflebis umaRlesi Tu saSualo fenis warmomad-

genelTa ojaxis wevrebi. am dros SesamCnevad qreba, uCinardeba

ara marto eklesiis damoukidebloba, aramed misi gansakuTrebu-

li sulieri Tu kulturuli daniSnulebac, – am daniSnulebis

aRqmac da aRsrulebis SesaZleblobac. Tumca isic unda iTqvas,

rom sayovelTaod gapartaxebuli civilizaciisa da kulturis

151

pirobebSi, faqtobrivad, mxolod eklesia rCeba gamocalkevebul

kulturul kunZulad, romelic, – calkeul saeklesio pirTa

Zalisxmevis SemweobiT, – kidev axerxebs mwignobruli, litera-

turuli, saxelovnebo memkvidreobis met-naklebad SenarCunebas

da kidev ufro naklebad ganaxleba-ganviTarebas.

roca gamanadgurebeli dacemis Semdeg, droTa ganmavlobaSi

TandaTanobiT daiwyeba kulturuli cxovrebis gamococxleba, ga-

naTlebis guSagad kvlav eklesia dadgeba (sxva Tu araferi, mTel

qveyanaSi swored mRvdelmsaxurni uzrunvelyofen wera-kiTx-

vis CvevaTa gadacemas), Tumca am dros ukve farTod vrceldeba

arasaeklesio, saero kultura, romelic sinamdvileSi friad mo-

Sorebulia ara marto sasuliero-saeklesio garemos, aramed TviT

qristianul sarwmunoebasac ki: meTeqvsmete saukunidan meTvram-

ete saukunemde Seqmnili qarTuli kultura – faqtobrivad, yve-

la dargSi – islamuri kulturis anarekls warmoadgens. zogjer

eklesia kulturuladac uZluri aRmoCnda Tavisi memkvidreobis

dasacavad da mowolili islamizaciis Semotevis dasaZlevad (gan-

sakuTrebiT qarTlis mefis, rostomis, droidan, roca mTeli same-

fos civilizaciuri suliskveTeba icvleba), ris metyvel niSansac

warmodgens Tundac tfilisis sapatriarqo taZris, anCisxatis,

samreklos arqiteqturuli saxe, romelSic islamuri kulturis

xiluli gavlena ikveTeba.

Zveli saqarTvelos daisis Jams, meTvramete saukunis meore

naxevarSi, saqarTvelos (yovel SemTxvevaSi, aRmosavleT saqarT-

velos) istoriaSi, SesaZloa, pirvelad Seesxa xorci im bizantiur

ideals, romelic odesRac „simfoniis“ Teopolitikuri moZRvre-

bis saxiT Camoyalibda: saxelmwifos meTauri – erekle meore da

eklesiis meTauri – jer antoni pirveli, xolo Semdgom – anto-

ni meore gaazrebulad da saCinod inawileben funqciebs qveynis

cxovrebaSi. saero da sasuliero xelisufalTa Sewyobil saqmia-

nobas politikur-samarTlebrivi Tu sazogadoebriv-kulturuli

mowesrigebis saqmeSi isic ganapirobebs, rom orive, faqtobrivad,

erTi ojaxis wevrebi arian. sakaTolikoso eklesia am dros da am

SemTxvevaSi ara mxolod qristiani adamianebis sulier sazrunavTa

dasapureblad iRwvis, aramed (araa gamoricxuli, ufro metadac)

152

– qveynis winsvlisaTvisac ganaTlebisa da civilizaciis gzaze.

Tumca aqve isic unda iTqvas, rom sul cota xniT adre, isev an-

toni pirvelis gamo, saxelmwifo umwvavesad da umkacresad Caeria

eklesiis da, kerZod, kaTolikos-patriarqis cxovrebaSi: rogorc

ki SemCneuli iqna antonis prokaTolikuri swrafvani da misi sur-

vili, qarTuli eklesia uniiT dakavSireboda romis eklesias, umal

– mefe Teimuraz meoris, erekles mamis, TaosnobiT – Catarda

saeklesio kreba, romelmac jer saydridan gadaayena qveynis uma-

Rlesi mRvdelmTavari, xolo Semdgom ki igi sapatimroSi gais-

tumra. es qristiani monarqis Zalauflebis is gamovlinebaa, roca

pirovnulad swored igi dgeba marTlmorwmuneobis sadarajoze da

igi wyvets Tavad am marTlmorwmuneobis Sinaarss (mravali amgvari

SemTxveva momxdara gindac bizantiis, gindac ruseTis saxelmwi-

foebriv-saeklesio cxovrebaSi).

aRsaniSnavia, rom maSin, roca qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karis

politikuri orientacia ruseTTan mokavSireobis gezad Camoyal-

ibdeba, sakaTolikoso eklesia da piradad kaTolikosi ara marto

gansakuTrebul, Tavis sakuTriv wvlils Seagebebs CrdiloeTis im-

periis swrafvebis ganxorcilebas (vTqvaT, gamorCeuli iyo antoni

pirvelis monawileoba 1783 wlis georgievskis traqtatis momza-

debis saqmeSi), aramed ideur da praqtikul xelSemwyobadac gamova

ruseTis ara marto politikuri, aramed eklesiuri da kulturuli

gavlenis gasaZliereblad, – gavlenisa, romelic Tanmimdevrulad

dominanturi gaxdeba qveynis saeklesio cxovrebaSi.

saqarTveloSi nel-nela Semodis cneba „erTmorwmuneobisa“,

romelSic politikuri da religiuri ganzomileba erTmaneTs

ejaWveba, xolo saxelmwifo ideologia, faqtobrivad, Canacvlebu-

li xdeba religiuri ideologiiT: garemomcvel, Soreul Tu axlo-

bel qveyanaTagan ruseTia erTaderTi, romelTanac saqarTvelos

swored es „erTmorwmuneoba“ akavSirebs. Tavad ruseTSi karga xnis

ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifoebriv ideologiad iyo qceuli moskovis,

– „mesame romis“, – rogorc swori, WeSmariti, marTali sarwmu-

noebis erTaderTi damcvelis da, Sesabamisad, namdvili qristian-

uli samyaros erTaderTi ucdomeli centris idea; Sesabamisad,

ruseTis saxelmwifo pasuxismgebelia ara mxolod Caxeduli iyos

153

sxva mezobeli Tu aramezobeli qveynebis qristianTa cxovrebaSi,

aramed Seamowmos da warmarTos kidec am qristiani xalxebis cx-

ovreba swored marTlmorwmuneobis TvalsazrisiT (sxvaTa Soris,

kanonzomieria, rom saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi samxedro Tu ekono-

mikuri daxmarebis mTxovneli qarTveli mefeebi rus xelisufalT,

uwinares yovlisa, TavianT marTlmorwmuneobas umtkiceben da

udastureben). araviTar saidumlos ar warmoadgenda, rom sauku-

neebis ganmavlobaSi ruseTis saxelmwifoSi eklesia miCneuli da

gadaqceuli iyo imperiul-TviTmpyrobeluri politikis ganxor-

cielebis metad mniSvnelovan iaraRad. faqtia isic, rom jer kidev

caristuli imperiis mier qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis mierTe-

bamde rusuli eklesia sul ufro cxadad ganapirobebda qarTuli

eklesiis kanonikur wyobasa Tu wes-Cveulebebs.

meTvramete saukunis miwuruls qarTl-kaxeTis samefo karze,

– Tundac ara erTxmad, – Camoyalibda Tvalsazrisi, rom um-

jobesi iyo, uari Tqmuliyo qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis im naS-

Tebzec ki, rac kidev SemorCenoda qveyanas an rac im dros jer

kidev xelSesaxebad arsebobda (Tundac kulturuli, saeklesio

Tu sameurneo TavisTavadobis saxiT), da imisaTvis, raTa daculi

yofiliyo „erTmorwmuneoba“, qveynis mmarTveloba gadascemoda

ruseTis imperiis mesveurebs.

SeiZleba, mokled iTqvas, rom qveyanaSi saxelmwifosa da ekle-

siis erTianobam, an, ufro zustad, erTi mxriv, politikuri cx-

ovrebis da, meore mxriv, religiuri cxovrebis sakuTari sivrcee-

bis gaumijnaobam qveynis interesebi SesamCnevad daCrdila, roca

qarTuli saxelmwifo civilizaciur-politikuri arCevanis winaSe

aRmoCnda.

magram isic saTqmelia, rom mecxramete saukunis pirvel nax-

evarSi calkeuli qarTuli miwebis ruseTTan SeerTebis mimdin-

areobisas gansxvavebuli aRmoCnda saeklesio meTaurTa roli: Tu

qarTl-kaxeTSi eklesiis xelmZRvaneloba ruseTis interesebis

gamtarebeli da xSirad Semsrulebel-aRmasrulebelic iyo, maSin,

roca ruseTis imperiisaTvis imereTis mierTebis sakiTxi dadga,

saxalxo-saeklesio ajanyebas iqauri eklesiis xelmZRvanelebi

Caudgnen saTaveSi.

154

sul male qarTuli eklesia mTlianad miuerTda ruseTis ekle-

sias da organizaciulad, struqturulad misi nawili gaxda: saqa-

rTvelos eklesiur mmarTvelad eqsarqosi dainiSna, romlis funq-

ciasac, erTaderTi – pirveli – gamonaklisis garda, ruseTidan

daniSnuli rusi saeklesio pirebi asrulebdnen, Tumca daqvemde-

barebuli episkoposebi adgilobrivi, anu qarTveli mRvdelmTavre-

bi iyvnen. saqarTveloSi eklesias aranairi ufleba aRar hqonda,

mieRo ruseTis sinodisagan damoukidebeli gadawyvetilebebi,

xolo Tavad rusuli sinodi srulad imarTeboda imperiis saero

moxeleebis mier. ruseTis saeklesio mmarTvelobas saqarTveloSi

ori mizani aqvs: aaRorZinos da gaaZlieros qristianoba qveyanaSi

ise, rogorc mas esmis da rogorc mas miaCnia saWirod da, amave

dros, aRzardos jer samRvdeloeba da Semdgom eklesiis mrev-

li, uwinares yovlisa, ruseTis erTgulebis gancdiT. am miznebs

emsaxureba skolebisa da seminariebis rusul wesrigze awyoba...

is bizantiuri modeli, romelsac efuZneboda ruseTis imperiis

saxelmwifoebriv-eklesiuri urTierTobani, araviTar saSualebas

ar iZleoda am ori mxaris erTmaneTisagan gasamijnavad.

mecxramete saukunis ganmavlobaSi saqarTveloSi eklesiis

msaxurTa daSorebam mrevlisagan, romlis mizezTa Soris mxolod

erT-erTi iyo enobrivi barieri (RmrTismsaxurebis mniSvnelovan-

wilad rusul enaze gadasvla), ganapiroba SesamCnevi gaucxoeba

jer samRvdeloebasa da morwmune ers, Semdgom ki eklesiasa da

sazogadoebas Soris, rasac sazogadoebis TandaTanobiTi seku-

larizacia mohyva. gaCnda jerjerobiT nela mbJutavi konfliq-

ti arasekularul saxelmwifosa da sekularul sazogadoebas

Soris. am dros religiuri cxovreba sul ufro nakleb adgils

iWers sazogadoebriv da, miT umetes, pirad cxovrebaSi. religi-

is mimarT adamianTa didi nawilis gagulgrilebisa Tu daSorebis

garda, eklesiis mniSvnelobis TandaTanobiTi gafemkrTaleba gana-

piroba qveynis ideuri liderebis – inteleqtualuri Tu samox-

eleo fenis – mier miRebulma ganaTlebam, romelic umTavresad

pozitivizmis suliskveTebiT iyo ganmsWvaluli, da es Tanabrad

Seexeboda imaTac, vinc es ganaTleba Tundac ruseTis an Tundac

evropis universitetebSi SeiZines.

155

Tumca sazogadoebis farTo sekularizaciis erTi mizezi, sxva

mizezebTan erTad, isic iyo, rom TavisTavad am epoqam, evropi-

dan – ruseTis gavliT – SemoWrilma revoluciur-liber-

alur moZraobaTa talRam da misma Tanamdevma mZafrma, daufara-

vma antiklerikalizmma umalve moitana eklesiis mniSvnelobisa da

adgilis Semcireba sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi, eklesiis namdvili

daniSnulebis daviwyeba an ugulebelyofa saero (da aramxolod

saero) garemoSi.

ruseTSi ganaTlebis miRebis Semdeg samSobloSi dabrunebuli

qarTveli inteleqtualebi Tavs Sors iWeren eklesiisagan da, faq-

tobrivad, inteleqtualuri da saeklesio fenebi ara marto gami-

jnuli da izolirebuli aRmoCndeba erTmaneTisagan, aramed SesamC-

nevad dapirispirebulic. farTo sazogadoebaSi am dros sruliad

qreba saeklesio cxovrebis mniSvnelobis codna da gaazreba. qarT-

veli sazogadoebis sekularizacia mecxramete saukuneSi yvelaze

cxadad gamoixateba imiT, rom verc masobriv cnobierebaSi, verc

kulturaSi sruliad ver aRiqmeba eklesiis religiur-sulieri

miznebi, xolo misi umTavresi funqcia Tu misia warmodgeba ro-

gorc meurvisa ganaTlebisa da socialuri mzrunvelobis sferoSi

(rogorc Cans, am mxriv SesamCnev gamonakliss warmoadgens akaki

wereTeli, romelsac safuZvlianad aqvs gaazrebuli eklesiis su-

lieri ganzomileba).

mecxramete saukunis qarTul kulturaSi, romelic TandaTano-

biT evropeizirdeba (Tundac umTavresad ruseTis gziT), sruli-

ad utyvia eklesiis xma, rac ganpirobebulia ucodnelobiTac da

dauintereseblobiTac. TandaTanobiT sazogadoebis sxvadasxva

fenebSi adamianTa didi nawili konkretulad samRvdeloebis wi-

naaRmdegac ganewyoba, radgan naTlad ver xedavs mis mizansa da

daniSnulebas.

imdroindeli qarTveli inteleqtualebi sazogadoebas, rome-

lic saukuneobrivad moklebuli iyo saxelmwifoebriobas gancdas,

sTavazoben, moipovos sakuTari eTnonacionaluri indenturoba

enaSi, istoriaSi, tradiciaSi, kulturaSi... mosalodneli iyo, rom

am wyebaSi aRmoCeniliyo religiuri mikuTvnilobac, da, marTlac,

mecxramete saukunis qarTuli kultura xSirad axsenebs „qristia-

156

nobas“, rogorc eris ganmsazRvrel-ganmapirobebel maxasiaTeb-

els, Tumca misi gaazreba sruliad bundovania da aranairad ar

poulobs Tavis gamoxatulebas eklesiis wiaRSi, miT umetes, roca

sakiTxi Seexeba mecxramete saukunis eklesias. metic, SeiZle-

ba iTqvas, qarTvel samocianelTa TvalsawierSi es „qristianoba“

savsebiT sekularuli cnebaa, romelic safrangeTis revoluciis

ideebTan ufro met saerTos naxulobs (iliaseuli „Zmoba, erTo-

ba, Tavisufleba“), vidre eklesiis gadmocemasTan Tu moZRvrebas-

Tan. bunebrivia eklesiis mimarT amgvari uyuradReboba, rac ad-

vilad aixsneba: raki eklesia im xanad – savsebiT kanonzomierad

– aRiqmeba rusuli imperiuli saxelmwifo struqturis nawilad,

igi Znelad Tu gamodgeba erovnuli meobis gamoxatulebad da nav-

sayudelad.

meoce saukunis dasawyisisTvis saqarTveloSi fexs ikidebs isev

ruseTis gziT an iSviaTad uSualod evropidan Semosuli gavlene-

bi, romelTa Soris TvalSisacemia mozRvaveba socialisturi idee-

bisa, romlebic arsobrivad antiklerikaluri suliskveTebiT iyo

gamsWvaluli; aseve, ideaTa am koriantelSi mniSvnelovani adgili

uWiravs nicSeelobas, rac noyier niadags povebs qarTul intele-

qtualur wreebSi da romelic bolos da bolos qarTul niadag-

ze imgvarad Camoyalibdeba (barnovi, robaqiZe, gamsaxurdia...),

rom qarTuli erovnuli identoba daukavSirdeba xelovnurad an

mcdarad rekonstruirebul „warmarTobas“, riTac is sruliad

moswydeba da CamohSordeba qarTul qristianul tradicias. am

periodis qarTuli kultura, faqtobrivad – rusul-komunistu-

ri okupaciis damyarebamde bevrad adre – mowyvetili aRmoCnda

qristianobas, an, zogadad, organizebul religias, religiur Tu

saeklesio cxovrebas.

1905 wlis revoluciuri movlenebis Semdeg ruseTSi gatare-

buli saerTosaxelmwifoebrivi reformebi Seexo oficialuri

eklesiis mdgomareobasac: imperiaSi pirvelad dadginda ara mar-

to sjulTSemwynarebloba (manamde, magaliTad, dabadebiT marTl-

madidebels ekrZaleboda sarwmunoebis Secvla sastiki sasjelis

saSiSroebiT), aramed mwvaved wamoiWra Tavad saxelmwifodan ekle-

siis gamoyofisa da saxelmwifosa da eklesiis gamijvnis sakiTxic,

157

rasac ruseTis sapatriarqos aRdgena unda mohyoloda. RirsSesan-

iSnavia, rom swored am dros da am reformebis talRaze qarTve-

li samRvdeloeba, romelic Tavs erovnul idealebTan aigivebs,

iwyebs brZolas avtokefaliisaTvis, anu qarTuli eklesiis damou-

kidebeli mmarTvelobisaTvis, – moZraobas, romelic, erTi mxriv,

ganmsWvalulia patriotuli suliskveTebiT, xolo, meore mxriv,

eklesiis gardaqmnis surviliT. araa SemTxveviTi, rom am brZolaSi

– Tundac gaSualebulad – ukve qmediTad monawileoben qarT-

veli inteleqtualebic, romlebic damoukidebel qarTul ekle-

sias mainc saxelmwifoebriv-kulturuli avtonomiis winasaxed da

erovnuli cxovrebis asparezad aRiqvamen.

marTalia, imjerad ruseTis imperiis reformirebis mwvave

procesi Senelda an, saerTod, Sewyda, magram imperiis dacemisa da

daSlis Semdeg qarTulma eklesiam mainc moipova damoukidebloba

ruseTis eklesiisagan, anu gamoacxada sakuTari avtokefalia. cxa-

dia, am dinebas – erovnuli eklesiis aRdgena-aRorZinebas – Tan

sdevs mZafri swrafva saeklesio reformaTa wamosawyebad. ganax-

lebuli eklesiis pirvelsave krebaze 1917 wels gamoiTqva araerTi

Sexeduleba Tu Tvalsazrisi eklesiis cxovrebis sruliad axle-

burad mosawyobad, eklesiis mmarTvelobis axleburi struqturis

Sesaqmnelad (unda iTqvas, rom zogierTi am SemoTavazebuli re-

formis ganxorcielebis SemTxvevaSi qarTuli eklesia, SesaZloa,

aRmosavlurqristianuli tradiciis farglebs gareT aRmoCenili-

yo). saerTo ganwyoba imgvari iyo, ivaraudeboda, rom eklesia

sruliad damoukidebeli gaxdeboda saxelmwifosagan. gasaTvalis-

winebelia, reformebis mcdeloba qarTul eklesiaSi ganpirobebu-

li iyo imiTac, rom eklesiis mimarT qarTveli mosaxleobis didi

nawili imJamad an mkveTrad dapirispirebul, an cxadad gulgril

ganwyobebs gamoxatavda.

saqarTvelos pirveli respublika sakmaod mkafiod acxadebda

eklesiisa da saxelmwifos gamijvnis debulebas, Tumca sekularu-

li saxelmwifos Camoyalibebis survili mniSvnelovnad eyrdnobo-

da maSindeli mTavrobis wevrTa social-demokratiul ideebs, anu

reformirebul marqsizms. cnobilia, rom am dros saqarTvelos

demokratiul respublikaSi gatarebuli sekularizaciis procesi

158

niSnavda ara marto eklesiis gamijvnas saxelmwifosagan da eklesi-

is CamoSorebas ganaTlebis sferosagan, aramed „sekularizacias“

Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiTac: saeklesio qonebis CamorTmevasa da

nacionalizacias.

1921 wlis okupaciis Semdeg qarTuli eklesia inarCunebs da-

moukideblobas ruseTis eklesiisagan, Tumca am dros kargavs

Sinagan damoukideblobas, radgan bolSevikuri mmarTvelobis

damyarebis pirveli dReebidanve Sidasaeklesio cxovrebaSi mkve-

Trad ereva sabWoTa saxelmwifos dawesebulebebi, ris gamoc ekle-

sia, rogorc organizacia, iZulebulia, Seasrulos komunisturi

saxelmwifos survilebi da davalebebi. ra Tqma unda, am drosac

ar wydeba individualuri winaaRmdegoba komunisturi reJimis wi-

naaRmdeg saeklesio pirebis mxriv.

rac Seexeba sagangebo, iSviaT SemTxvevas, roca 1922 wels kaTo-

likos-patriarqi ambrosi xelaia (1861-1927) mimarTavs dasavlur

samyaros TxovniT, Caerios saqarTvelos politikur cxovrebaSi,

eklesiis meTauri imjerad gansakuTrebulad gamoxatavs Tavis dan-

iSnulebasa da mniSvnelobas okupirebuli saqarTvelos cxovreba-

Si: igi sakuTar Tavs uwodebs eris „sulier mamas“ da „erTaderT

namdvil moZRvars“, „romlis xelSia am eris gulidan gamomavali

idumali Zafebi da romelsac uSualod esmis misi kvnesa da vae-

ba“. rogorc Cans, am ritorikuli frazebis miRma gamosWvivis nam-

dvili, gulwrfeli survili, raTa eklesiam daikavos dakarguli

saxelmwifoebriobis adgili, raTa swored eklesia Caenacvlos ga-

nadgurebul erovnul saxelmwifos. es mcdeloba sabWoTa mmarT-

velobam aRiqva imgvar gamowvevad da safrTxed, romelsac Tavisi

damsjeli dawesebulebebis meSveobiT daupirispirda devniTa da

eklesiisaTvis xmis CaxSobiT.

magram sabWoTa reJimis pirobebSi TandaTanobiT, gansakuTre-

biT stalinis mmarTvelobis xanaSi, eklesia warmoCndeba rogorc

erovnuli (imperiuli) memkvidreobis nawili, Tundac samuzeumo

nawili, romelic konservacias imsaxurebs da saWiroebs. saxel-

mwifosa da eklesiis urTierTobis stalinuri modeli eklesiis

swored amgvar adgils gulisxmobs da aranairad ar varaudobs

arc religiis aRorZinebas, arc saxelmwifosTan TanamSromlobas

159

(„simfonias“), arc eklesiisaTvis moqmedebis Tavisufali velis

miniWebas, Tumca es modeli beladis sikvdilis Semdeg umTavre-

sad, – Tundac fizikurad sakmaod Serbilebulad, – isev devnis,

isev Seviwroebis, isev ganadgurebis mcdelobis yoveldRiur re-

Jims daubrunda. gansakuTrebiT daundobeli iyo sabWoTa xeli-

sufleba dasavluri religiuri konfesiebis mimarT: dawyebuli

romis kaTolike eklesiidan – damTavrebuli amerikuli axalwar-

moqmnili mimarTulebebiTa Tu mimdinareobebiT. es kidev erTxel

metyvelebs da adasturebs, rom bizantiuri tipis eklesiisadmi

piradad stalinis Tu, zogadad, stalinuri damokidebuleba ru-

suli imperiuli triaduli ideologiis safuZvelze Camoyalibda:

„marTlmadidebloba, TviTmpyrobeloba, xalxuroba“ (romelic po-

lemikurad upirispirdeboda safrangeTis revoluciis mowodebas:

„Tavisufleba, Tanasworoba, Zmoba“, rac, Tavis mxriv, qristianu-

li tradiciisagan emansipirebas aRniSnavs).

aqedan gamomdinare, niSandoblivia, rom stalinuri ideolo-

gia (gansakuTrebiT, meore msoflio omis dros) gamorCeul pativs

miagebda rogorc ruseTis, ise saqarTvelos sakulto istoriul

pirovnebebs – im mefeebsa da mxedarTmTavrebs, romlebic cnobi-

li iyvnen saxelmwifosa da qristianobis dacviT (rac xSirad er-

Tiandeboda kidec: samSoblos farglebi saqristianos farglebad

aRiqmeboda) da romlebic, umetes SemTxvevaSi, eklesiis mier wmi-

danebad iyvnen gamocxadebulni (aRmosavlur-bizantiur tradici-

aSi, zogadad, farTodaa gavrcelebuli mefeTa, mxedarTmTavarTa

Tu gamoCenil erovnul-kulturul moRvaweTa wmidanad Seracx-

va). stalinis SemTxvevSi aluziaca da gangrZobis muxtic aSkara,

erTmniSvnelovani da daufaravi iyo.

saqarTveloSi eklesiis mimarT damokidebuleba sabWoTa re-

Jimis arsebobis ukanasknel xans SesamCnevad icvleba da mniS-

vnelovnad gansxvavdeba centraluri xelisuflebis qmedebebisa-

gan. am periodSi sabWoTa kavSiris ganapira erovnul regionebs, maT

Soris, saqarTvelos, saSualeba eZleva, meti yuradReba miapyros

istoriul memkvidreobas (Tundac istoriul-kuturuli Zeglebis

aRdgenas, Seswavlas, gamocemas). am memkvidreobaSi gansazRvrul

adgils daikavebs qarTuli eklesiac, romelic – gansakuTrebiT

160

saqarTveloSi komunisturi wyobilebis arsebobis bolo ocwleu-

lis ganmavlobaSi – saxelmwifosagan gansakuTrebul xelSewyoba-

sac moipovebs. Tumca im periodSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos ufle-

bamosilebaTa an moqmedebis sivrceTa ramenairi gamijvna, ra Tqma

unda, arc ivaraudeba da arc igegmeba. am drosac, iseve rogorc

sabWoTa kavSiris arsebobis mTeli istoriis manZilze, eklesiis

mimarT saxelmwifo kontroli yovlismomcveli da yovlisgamWo-

lia. eklesiisaTvis namdvili damoukideblobis miniWeba arasodes

ucdia arc sabWoTa kavSiris, arc sabWoTa saqarTvelos komunis-

tur xelmZRvanelobas. amave dros, saTqmelia isic, rom saqarT-

veloSi eklesia mxolod meoce saukunis miwuruls – komunizmis

ngrevisas - Semodis masobrivi cnobierebis velSi, radgan manamde

igi mTlianad periferiul sivrceSi imyofeboda, rac, SesaZloa,

imis asaxsneladac gamodges, Tu ratom ar utevda gansakuTreb-

ulad sastikad da meTodurad gviani aTwleulebis komunisturi

saxelmwifo qarTul eklesias.

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis pirveli nabijebidanve saxel-

mwifo oficialurad acxadebs Tavs sekularulad, amave dros,

adasturebs, rom ar apirebs, Caerios saeklesio cxovrebaSi.

saxelmwifo ayalibebs samarTlebriv pirobebs saero mmarTvelo-

bis gasamijnavad saeklesio mmarTvelobisagan.

Tumca TvalSisacemia, rom komunistur-stalinisturi kanoni-

kuri qarTuli kulturis dadgenili da miRebuli saxis Seryevam

gamoiwvia qveynis eTnonacionaluri identurobis axali sayrden-

ebis Zebnis aucilebloba, xolo es sayrdenebi qarTul eklesiaSi

moiZebna. moxda paradoqsuli ukuqceva: Tu mecxramete saukuneSi

eTnonacionaluri identuroba gamoricxavs eklesiurobas, da arc

meoce saukuneSi momxdara masSi arsobrivi cvlileba, ocdameerTe

saukuneSi am identurobis mTavari safuZveli masobrivi cnobi-

erebisaTvis swored qarTuli eklesia da mis wevrad yofna xdeba.

saqarTvelos moqmedi konstitucia, romelic 1995 wels damt-

kicda, acxadebs, rom saqarTvelos saxelmwifo sekularulia da

rom religiuri da politikuri sivrceebi erTmaneTisagan gan-

calkevebulia. raki saqarTvelos oriaTaswlovan istoriaSi arc

sekularuli saxelmwifos da arc sekularuli sazogadoebis Seqm-

161

nisa Tu Camoyalibebis mcdeloba arasodes yofila da, miT umetes,

arasodes ganxorcilebula, saxelmwifosac da sazogadoebasac,

religiur organizaciebsac da religiur pirebsac am ori sivrcis

gamijvnis kidev xangrZlivi, rTuli da mtkivneuli gza elis.

162

Tavisufleba konstituciis farglebSi da Tavad

konstituciis gaazrebis Tavisufleba

qeTevan eremaZe

konstituciuri marTlmsajulebis roli Seucvlelia im

perspeqtivis SeqmnaSi, rom konstituciam SeZlos zidos tvir-

Ti, ra misiiTac is pirvelobas iCemebs demokratiul da samarT-

lebriv saxelmwifoSi. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos aqvs iSviaTi

SesaZlebloba, konstituciis, misi suliskveTebisa da namdvili

arsis, Rirebulebebis Sesabamisad, ganmartebis gziT: a)misces sa-

fuZveli/Sansi nebismieri drois mmarTvelebs, xelisuflebis xib-

li dainaxon Tavisuflebis uzrunvelyofaSi da ara ZalauflebaSi;

b) imavdroulad, misces TiToeul adamians SesaZlebloba, igrZnos

konstituciis realuri mniSvneloba, konstituciis meSveobiT

misi daculoba, gaxdes konstituciis pragmatuli gamomyenebli

da swored am gziT gaiTavisos misi upirobod dacvis saWiroeba,

aucilebloba.

demokratiis gadarCenas da SenarCunebas xels uwyoben kon-

stituciuri meqanizmebi, romlebic abalanseben politikur xe-

lisuflebas, zRvars udeben mis Zalauflebas, xels uSlian mis

TviTnebobas, aneitraleben Zalauflebis borotad gamoyenebis

riskebs. swored aseTi konstituciuri mandati aqvs xelisufle-

baSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos, romelic, erTi mxriv, uzrun-

velyofs xelisuflebis StoTa dabalansebis, urTierTSekavebisa

163

da gawonasworebis meqanizmis qmediTobas, Sedegad, xelisuflebis

konstituciiT dadgenil farglebSi funqcionirebas, xolo, meore

mxriv – konstituciiT garantirebuli adamianis fundamenturi

uflebebisa da Tavisuflebebis dacvas xelisuflebis gaumarTle-

beli Carevisagan. jamSi, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo icavs kon-

stituciiT ganmtkicebul RirebulebaTa sistemas xelisuflebis

TviTnebobisagan.

imavdroulad, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo konstituciis nor-

maTa ganmartebis Sedegad qmnis cocxal konstitucias. amitom

didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rom man SeZlos konstituciuri Rirebule-

bebis srulyofilad gaazreba da maTze dayrdnobiT uzrunvely-

os qveynis mTavari kanonis praqtikuli qmediToba. TiTqmis yvela

saqmeze uSualod adamianis fundamenturi uflebebis ganxilvi-

sas, sasamarTlom maTi ganmarteba unda daafuZnos TiToeuli am

uflebis Sinaarsis, farglebis, diapazonis srulyofilad gaana-

lizebas, raTa ganmartebis Sedegad miRebuli Sinaarsi srulad

adekvaturi iyos am uflebis konstituciuri wonisa.

Tavisuflebis samarTlebriv masStabs adamianis Rirseba qm-

nis, amitom Tavisufali adamianebis sazogadoeba im saxelmwifoTa

fufunebaa, upiratesobaa, sadac adamianis Rirseba Rirebuleba-

Ta sistemis safuZvelia. Rirseba aris TiToeuli adamianis TviT-

myofadobis safuZveli da Tanabari garantia, iyos sxvebisgan

gansxvavebuli sakuTar unarebze, SesaZleblobebze, gemovnebaze,

ganviTarebis gzis individualur arCevanze damokidebulebiT.

“adamianis Rirseba da pirovnuli Tavisufleba mis ZiriTad ufle-

bebSi, maT adekvatur dacvasa da srulad ganxorcielebaSi gamoix-

ateba.”1 saqarTvelos konstitucia adamianis Rirsebis fundamen-

turi principis aRiarebiT swored aseTi wesrigis garantirebas

emsaxureba, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ki unda iyos efeqturi

instrumenti am wesrigis sicocxlisunarianobis uzrunvelsayo-

fad. saamisod ki man (sakonstitucio sasamarTlom) myar da saime-

do sayrdenebs isev konstituciaSi unda miagnos.

adamianis Rirsebis fundamenturi principis praqtikul real-

1 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26 dekembris gadawyvetileba #/3/407 saq-meze “saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia da saqarTvelos moqalaqe ekaterine lomTa-TiZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”.

164

izaciasa da dacvas uzrunvelyofs konstituciis RirebulebaTa

sistema: „ZiriTadi konstituciuri principebi warmoadgenen ada-

mianis Rirsebis dacvis samarTlebriv garantias”,2 konstituciis

ZiriTadi principebis realizaciisa da gamoyenebis praqtikuli

Sedegebi ki dakavSirebulia Semdegi molodinis dakmayofilebas-

Tan: es principebi „ ... moiTxovs, rom qveynis samarTali uzrun-

velyofdes adamianis ZiriTadi ufleba-Tavisuflebebis sruli

moculobiT aRiarebasa da maTi dacvis yvela saWiro garantiis

Seqmnas“.3

am TvalsazrisiT umniSvnelovanes garantias warmoadgens saqa-

rTvelos konstituciis me-7 muxli, romlis Tanaxmad: „saxelmwifo

cnobs da icavs adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebul uflebebsa da

Tavisuflebebs, rogorc waruval da uzenaes adamianur Rirebule-

bebs. xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas xalxi da saxelmwifo Sez-

Ruduli arian am uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT, rogorc uSual-

od moqmedi samarTliT.” am debulebiT saqarTvelos konstitucia

aRiarebs adamians da mis uflebebs, rogorc umaRles faseulobas.

“faseulobaTa konstituciuri sistema dafuZnebulia ZiriTadi

uflebebis prioritetsa da pativiscemaze“.4

swored amitom saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo konk-

retuli konstituciuri uflebebis ganmartebisas cdilobs daey-

rdnos ara mxolod am uflebebis mareglamentirebel normebs,

aramed konstituciis ZiriTad principebsa da, zogadad, konsti-

tuciaSi ganmtkicebul Rirebulebebs. sasamarTlo savaldebulod

miiCnevs, yovel konkretul SemTxvevaSi gamoiyenos maTi resur-

si konstituciis swori ganmartebisa da, rac mTavaria, adamianis

uflebebis adekvaturi dacvisaTvis. amaze sasamarTlom araerT-

gzis miuTiTa sakuTar gadawyvetilebebSi. kerZod: `konkretuli

davebis gadawyvetisas sakonstitucio sasamarTlo valdebulia,

rogorc konstituciis Sesabamisi debuleba, ise sadavo nor-

2 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26 dekembris #1/3/407 gadawyvetileba saq-meze „saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia da saqarTvelos moqalaqe ekaterine lomTa-TiZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“.3 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos2010 wlis 28 ivnisis #1/466 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“.4 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 7 dekembris #2/3/423 gadawyvetileba saq-meze „saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“.

165

ma gaaanalizos da Seafasos konstituciis ZiriTadi principebis

konteqstSi, raTa es normebi ganmartebis Sedegad ar dascildnen

mTlianad konstituciaSi gaTvaliswinebul RirebulebaTa wes-

rigs. mxolod ase miiRweva konstituciis normis sruli ganmarte-

ba.5 sakonstitucio sasamarTlom msgavsi midgoma gamoxata saq-

meze “saqarTvelos moqalaqe maia naTaZe da sxvebi saqarTvelos

parlamentisa da saqarTvelos prezidentis winaaRmdeg”: `sakon-

stitucio sasamarTlo sadavo normebis konstituciurobis Semow-

mebisas ar aris SezRuduli mxolod konstituciis konkretuli

normebiT. marTalia, konstituciuri principebi ar ayalibebs

ZiriTad uflebebs, magram gasaCivrebuli normatiuli aqti aseve

eqvemdebareba gadamowmebas konstituciis fuZemdeblur princi-

pebTan mimarTebiT, konstituciis calkeul normebTan kavSirSi da,

am TvalsazrisiT, msjeloba unda warimarTos erTian konteqstSi.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom unda daadginos, ramdenad Tavsdeba

gasaCivrebuli aqti im konstituciursamarTlebriv wesrigSi, ro-

melsac konstitucia adgens~.6

am TvalsazrisiT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo gansakuTre-

biT xSirad uTiTebs demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi saxelmwi-

fos principebze, maT mniSvnelobaze da cdilobs, swored aseTi

samarTlebrivi sarCuli daudos konstituciuri davebis gadawyve-

tas: „demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principebi

umniSvnelovanesia konstituciur principebs Soris. isini praqti-

kulad yvela konstituciuri normis ... safuZvels warmoadgenen.

am principebs eyrdnoba mTlianad konstituciuri wyoba. amasTan,

isini avaldebuleben xelisuflebas, SeizRudos konstituciuri

wyobiT, rac gulisxmobs imas, rom xelisuflebis arc erT Stos

ara aqvs ufleba, imoqmedos mxolod mizanSewonilobis, politiku-

ri aucileblobis an sxva motivaciis safuZvelze. xelisufleba

unda eyrdnobodes konstitucias, kanons da mTlianad samarTals.

mxolod ase iqmneba samarTliani marTlwesrigi, romlis gareSec

5 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26 dekembris #1/3/407 gadawyvetileba saqmeze “saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia da saqarTvelos moqalaqe - ekaterine lom-TaTiZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”, II, 1.6 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26 oqtombris N2/2-389 gadawyvetileba saqmeze “saqarTvelos moqalaqe - maia naTaZe da sxvebi saqarTvelos parlamentisa da saqarTvelos prezidentis winaaRmdeg”, II, 3.

166

ver Sedgeba demokratiuli da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo“.7

cxadia, konstituciuri marTlmsajulebis funqciis warmateb-

uloba da miznobrivi qmediToba, pirvel rigSi, mosamarTleebzea

damokidebuli. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos TiToeuli mosamar-

Tlis pasuxismgeblobis tvirTi da, imavdroulad, saqmianobis

uzarmazari xibli swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom, erTi mxriv,

maT aqvT valdebuleba, da meore mxriv, iSviaTi SesaZlebloba,

srulad SeigrZnon, farTod gaiazron konstituciiT dasacavi Ta-

visuflebis (farTo gagebiT) masStabi da qveynis mTavari kanonis

Sesabamisad ganmartebis gziT, xeli Seuwyon samarTlis progre-

sul ganviTarebas. am TvalsazrisiT, erTnairad mniSvnelovania

rogorc mosamarTleTa profesionalizmi, ise maTi Sinagani Tavi-

sufleba da damoukideblobis damajerebeli xarisxi, rac ganWvre-

tads gaxdis maT upirobo mzaobas, gadadgan yvela SesaZlo Tamami

nabiji konstituciuri Rirebulebebis dasacavad.

amitom sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ar unda moqmedebdes TviT-

SezRudvis gziT, es ara mxolod mis ganviTarebas ar Seuwyobs xels,

aramed, sagrZnoblad gaarTulebs im miznebis miRwevas, risTvisac

es instituti arsebobs. „sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mizani da

daniSnulebaa konstituciur uflebaTa iseTi ganmarteba, rome-

lic konstituciis miznebis, konstituciiT ganmtkicebuli Ri-

rebulebebisa da Tavad ZiriTadi uflebis arsis Sesabamisia, rac

uzrunvelyofs uflebiT praqtikulad, realurad da efeqturad

sargeblobas da ar gamofitavs mas Teoriul da iluzorul ufle-

bamde~.8

Tu mosamarTle sakuTar Tavs miscems imis fufunebas, rom

darCes konstituciis konkretuli teqstis, frazebis, sityvebis

mZevlobaSi, tyveobaSi, Seuqmnis sauTar Tavs im komforts, rom

konstituciidan amoikiTxos mxolod is, rac iq sityvasityviT we-

ria, sasamarTlo xels Seuwyobs samarTlebrivi urTierTobebis

didi nawilis konstituciis miRma gatanas, maT konstituciiT

7 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis N1/3/407 gadawyvetileba saqmeze “saqarTve-los axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia da saqarTvelos moqalaqe - ekaterine lomTaTiZe saqarTve-los parlamentis winaaRmdeg”, II, 2. 8 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2011 wlis 22 dekembris gadawyvetileba N1/1/477 saq-meze “saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”, II.

167

daucvelobas, Sedegad, uflebebis darRvevas. am gziT, sasamarT-

lo gamofitavs konstitucias, daukargavs mas mniSvnelobas,

amasTan, gaafermkrTalebs sakuTar mantias, gaaufasurebs konsti-

tuciuri marTlmsajulebis saWiroebas, mizans. imavdroulad, sa-

samarTlo sasaTbure pirobebs Seuqmnis politikur xelisuflebas.

maSin, rodesac sasamarTlos bunebrivi mdgomareobaa, sul mcire,

diskomforti Seuqmnas mas (politikur xelisuflebas). aqve unda

aRiniSnos, rom Zlieria mxolod is xelisufali, romelsac aqvs

unari da neba, aitanos mis gverdiT misgan damoukidebeli sakon-

stitucio sasamarTlo da miiRos rogorc mocemuloba, rom sa-

samarTlo iSviaTad, xSirad an, SesaZloa, yovelTvis, imdenjer,

ramdenjerac aseTi iqneba konstituciis pasuxi, arakonstituci-

urad cnobs politikuri xelisuflebis mier miRebul norma-

tiul aqtebs. radgan konstitucia saerTo gvaqvs yvelas - mo-

samarTleebs, politikosebs, sazogadoebas.

ramdenadac SeZlebs sakonstitucio sasamarTlo yovel jerze

iyos mis winaSe mdgari gamowvevebis adekvaturi da ramdenadac

misi TiToeuli gadawyvetileba moemsaxureba sasamarTlos konsti-

tuciuri datvirTvis miznis realizacias, imdenad Seuwyobs xels

es instituti demokratiis ganviTarebas. am procesSi sasamarTlos

erTnairad moeTxoveba rogorc principuloba da siTamame, ise si-

frTxile da zedmiwevniTi akuratuloba.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom adamianis uflebebis maqsimal-

urad farTod, srulyofilad ganmartebisa da efeqturi dacvis

sasargeblod unda gadadgas yvela SesaZlo Tamami nabiji, Tumca,

imavdroulad, mosamarTlem ar unda dakargos imis SegrZneba, sad

“mTavrdeba” is, rogorc mosamarTle. erTia, rogor, ra diapazon-

iTa da masStabiT xedavs mosamarTle moqmed konstitucias, magram

sruliad gansxvavebulia, Tu rogori konstituciis danaxva surs

mas. mosamarTlis saqmianoba da mcdeloba, Seqmnas, uzrunvely-

os ukeTesi samarTali, SeiZleba efuZnebodes mxolod mis unars,

sworad da profesiulad Seafasos mosamarTlis funqcia arsebuli

konstituciuri wesrigis farglebSi. am funqciis warmatebiT Ses-

ruleba Tanabrad SeuZlebeli iqneba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos

mier sakuTari uflebamosilebis rogorc srulad gamouyeneblo-

168

bis, aseve misi gadametebis SemTxvevaSi. “sakonstitucio sasamarT-

lom unda gamoiyenos yvela resursi, romelsac iTvaliswinebs

konstitucia misi (sakonstitucio sasamarTlos) daniSnulebis,

funqciis efeqturad da adekvaturad gansaxorcieleblad. magram,

imavdroulad, is Tavad unda darCes konstituciis farglebSi,

radgan misi saqmianobis safuZveli da kompetenciis zRvari kon-

stituciaa“.9

maSasadame, erTi mxriv, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqmiano-

bis pirveli da bolo nabiji, misi kompetenciis yvelaze Tamami ga-

moyenebac ki mkacrad konstituciis farglebiTaa limitirebuli,

Tumca, meore mxriv, swored konstituciuri marTlmsajulebis xe-

lovnebaa konstituciis farglebis farTod, Tavisuflad gaazreba

da ganmarteba.

bunebrivia, sakonstitucio sasamarTlosTvis sakuTari gan-

viTarebis gzis uSecdomod gavla, amasTan, damoukideblobis Se-

narCuneba da avtoritetis mopoveba erTiorad rTulia, radgan

is Tavisi saqmianobiT da funqciuri datvirTviT politikis zR-

varze gadis. sakonstitucio sasamarTlo xelisuflebis bunebrivi

oponentia. amas ganapirobebs rogorc misi kompetenciis arsi, ise

saqmianobis Tvisebrioba da sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis samarT-

lebrivi Sedegebi.

politikuri xelisuflebis mier miRebul konkretuli gad-

awyvetilebis gauqmebiT, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo momental-

urad cvlis samarTlebriv realobas. amasTan, xSirad sakonsti-

tucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba iwvevs xelisuflebis mier

axali da sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebis Sesabamisi

gadawyvetilebis miRebis aucileblobas, gardauvalobas. Sedegad,

sasamarTlos gadawyvetileba gavlenas axdens xelisuflebis mier

ama Tu im sferoSi gatarebul politikaze. amitom, rodesac sa-

konstitucio sasamarTlo kanons (sxva normatiul aqtebs) arakon-

stituciurad cnobs da xelisuflebis nebas ama Tu im sakiTxTan

dakavSirebiT Zaladakargulad acxadebs, xSirad sasamarTlos gad-

9 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 5 Tebervlis ganCineba N1/1/549 saqmeze “saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi – irma inaSvili, daviT Tarxan-mouravi da ioseb manjaviZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”, II, 5.

169

awyvetilebis swori samarTlebrivi argumentebis gaazreba da da-

jereba ara mxolod politikuri umravlesobis mxardamWerebs ar

surT, aramed Tavad xelisuflebasac uWirs. calkeul SemTxveva-

Si, konkretuli gadawyvetilebiT ukmayofilo umravlesoba (misi

calkeuli wevrebi) sakuTari problemisTvis Tvalis gasworebas sa-

samarTlos politizirebis sajarod mtkicebas amjobinebs. samwux-

arod, aseT SemTxvevebsac ver gamovricxavT. rTulia da zogjer

SeuZlebelic, daarwmuno politikuri procesis erTi-erTi mxare,

rom man konkretuli dava waago ara mosamarTlis mikerZoebulobi-

sa da politikuri simpatia-antipatiis mizeziT, aramed mxolod da

mxolod imis gamo, rom aseTia mis politikur gadawyvetilebaze

misive qveynis konstituciis pasuxi, romlis SeqmnaSi is Tavadac

monawileobda, rogorc qveynis moqalaqe.

sasamarTlosTvis rTuli SeiZleba aRmoCndes, moerios im gad-

awyvetilebebis talRas, “risxvas”, romelic, SesaZloa, “gabraze-

bulma” xelisuflebam sakonstitucio sasamarTlos “dasasjelad”

gamoiyenos. ris sapirispirodac sakonstitucio sasamarTlos

xelT araferia konstituciis garda. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos

ara aqvs politikuri xelisuflebis msgavsi berketebi “Tavis da-

sacavad”, is debatebSic ki ver Seva ukmayofilo xelisufalTan

da verc sakuTari gadawyvetilebebis axsna-ganmartebas moaxvevs

vinmes Tavs.

arc imis gamoricxva SeiZleba, rom calkeul SemTxvevebSi, mo-

samarTleTa damoukideblobis SenarCunebis fasma gaiaros maTTvis

an maTi ojaxis wevrebisTvis konkretuli da realuri safrTxis Se-

qmnis gzaze. samwuxarod, aseTi safrTxis gamoricxva, gansakuTre-

biT, roca qveyanaSi demokratiis safuZvlebi da Cveva jer kidev

Zalian myifea, ar SeiZleba. am TvalsazrisiT, mosamarTlis yovel-

dRiuri saqmianoba mis yoveldRiur gmirobas ar unda moiTxovdes.

amitom cxadia, politikuri xelisuflebis demokratiulobisa da

samarTlebrivi cnobierebis xarisxs, nebas, hyavdes damoukidebeli

sasamarTlo, Zalian didi mniSvenloba aqvs. am TvalsazrisiT, up-

irvelesi Zalisxmeva zustad am mimarTulebiT sazogadoebis gan-

viTarebaze unda iyos orientirebuli.

bunebrivia, erTi mxriv, mosamarTlis mantiam ar SeiZleba

170

“garyvnas” mosamarTle da “xelSeuxeblobis” konstituciuri ga-

rantiebiT Tavbrudaxveulma miiRos nebismieri gadawyvetile-

ba, romelsac is, ubralod, saWirod CaTvlis. albaT, zedmetia

amis sawinaaRmdegos mtkiceba. magram, meore mxriv, absoluturad

dauSvebelia, politikur xelisuflebas hqondes „legitimuri“

ufleba, yovel jerze Tavs daesxas sasamarTlos, konkretul

mosamarTleebs, romlebic mis mier miRebul gadawyvetilebebs

arakonstituciurad acxadeben da, Sedegad, xSirad politikis

Secvlas aiZuleben, an igive gaakeTos momavalSi aseTi „safrTxis

prevenciisTvis“. amasTan, mniSvneloba ar aqvs, ra formiT gamox-

atavs amas xelisufleba: calkeuli politikosebis arakoreqtuli

gamonaTqvamebiT, mosamarTleebsa Tu maTi ojaxis wevrebze sxva-

dasxva formis zewoliT, sazogadoebis wevrTa waqezebiT, saku-

Tari protesti gamoxaton ukanono gzebiT, Tu sasamarTlosa da

mosamarTleebis mimarT konkretuli pirebis mier Cadenil kanon-

darRvevebze dumiliT _ ardanaxviTa da vergagebiT. TiToeuli

es forma mxolod gemovnebis (ufro sworad, cudi gemovnebis) am-

bavia, Sinaarsi ki erTia _ politikuri xelisuflebis sisuste da

arcodna misgan damoukidebeli sasamarTlos fasisa, pirvel rigSi,

missave interesebSi _ nebismieri politikuri xelisuflebis si-

cocxlisunarianoba swored sasamarTlos damoukideblobis gzaze

gadis. amitom dRemde yvela drois xelisuflebam, romelmac, sxva

sakiTxebTan erTad, arad Caagdo sasamarTlos damoukidebloba,

erTnairi fasi gadaixada.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlosadmi politikuri xelisuflebis

damokidebuleba gamoirCeva kidev erTi ucnauri TaviseburebiT

_ sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis ignorirebis

zogadi tendenciiT. vgulisxmobT sasamarTlos principuli gad-

awyvetilebebis da maTi pozitiuri Sedegebis aRiarebis uunarobas,

survilis arqonas, zogjer, ubralod, gadawyvetilebebis arcod-

nas. namdvilad samarcxvino iqneboda, romelime politikoss imis

mtkiceba daewyo, rom araswori iyo sakonstitucio sasamarTlos

gadawyvetilebebi kanonmdeblobis im normebis arakonstituci-

urad cnobis Taobaze, romlebic iZleoda SesaZleblobas, mo-

samarTlis brZanebis gareSe, pirad cxovrebaSi iseTi intensiuri

171

Carevisa, rogoricaa satelefono mosmenebi, faruli internetur-

TierTobis kontroli an/da romelic araTanazomierad zRudavda

moqalaqeTa Sekrebis Tavisuflebas, kanonis winaSe Tanasworobisa

Tu rwmenis Tavisuflebebs, sakuTrebis uflebas, samarTliani sa-

samarTlos uflebas da sxva. Tumca, rogori gasaocaric ar unda

iyos, aseve rTuli da, samwuxarod, „samarcxvino“ aRmoCnda poli-

tikosebisTvis aseTi gadawyvetilebebis xsenebac ki. da es swored

maSin, rodesac sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier ukve gadawyveti-

li sakiTxebis gadawyvetas Tavad Seudgnen.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebis argamoyeneba

an maTze armiTiTeba, bunebrivia, gadawyvetilebis arsebobas da

mis pozitiur Sedegebs kiTxvis qveS ver daayenebs, verc sasamarT-

los avtoritets daakninebs, Tumca verc aseTi gadawyvetilebebis

miCqmalvis msurvelebs Sematebs rames, garda im uxerxulobisa,

rom droTa ganmavlobaSi obieqturad gaaCens kiTxvebs, ratom ar-

Cies maT swored aseTi taqtika.

cxadia, aseTma sirTuleebma sasamarTlo ar unda gadaaqcios

sazogadoebrivi azris Tu romelime politikuri Zalis mZevlad. sa-

konstitucio sasamarTlosaTvis mTavari gamowveva swored es aris

_ davebis ganxilvisas darCes politikis miRma. sakonstitucio

sasamarTlos gadawyvetilebebma, yovel jerze, unda daarwmunos

sazogadoeba da politikuri xelisufleba, rom gadawyvetileba

efuZneboda mxolod konstitucias. “xazgasmiT unda aRiniSnos,

rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlo ... uzrunvelyofs konstituciis

uzenaesobas da qmediTobas, xels uwyobs mis Sesrulebas rogorc

saxelmwifos, ise xalxis mier... rodesac xelisufleba konsti-

tuciuri Rirebulebebis ignorirebiT an darRveviT moqmedebs, mis

moqmedebas arakonstituciurad cnobs, anu im samarTlebrivi wes-

rigisTvis miuReblad acxadebs, sadac konstitucia uzenaes kanons

warmoadgens“.10

zogadad, sasamarTlos instituciuri da mosamarTleTa per-

sonaluri damoukidebloba kompleqsuri sakiTxia, romlis uzrun-

velyofa, cxadia, xelisuflebis did Zalisxmevas saWiroebs. ar

10 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 28 ivnisis gadawyvetileba #1/466 saqmeze saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg, II-18.

172

SeiZleba ugulvebelyofa im Zalisxmevis mniSvnelobisa, romelic

politikurma xelisuflebam aucileblad unda gaswios sasamarT-

los damoukideblobis myari sakanonmdeblo garantiebis Seqm-

nisTvis. damoukidebloba da miukerZoebloba, saqmis ganxilvisas

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mosamarTlis yovelgvari pirovnu-

li interesis, aseve sasamarTloze nebismieri zemoqmedebis gam-

oricxva, romelmac SeiZleba gavlena moaxdinos saqmis obieqtur

ganxilvsa da gadawyvetaze iseve mniSvnelovania, rogorc kanonis

uzenaesoba, radgan es ukanaskneli Zalze myife da saTuo gaxdeba,

Tu mis dacvas mikerZoebul mosamarTles mivandobT.

demokratiuli gziT mosuli vercerTi xelisufleba ver daim-

saxurebs ndobas da pativiscemas, Tu is ver SeZlebs uzrunvelyos

sazogadoeba Zlieri, kvalificiuri da damoukidebeli sasamarT-

lo xelisuflebiT. adamianebs sasicocxlod gvWirdeba gancda da

imedi, rom SevZlebT sakuTari simarTlis dacvas, radgan amis ga-

reSe, nebismieri uflebiT sargebloba kiTxvis qveS dadgeba da

adamianebis warmatebis perspeqtivebi Tu ganviTarebisken swrafva

yovelTvis myife iqneba.

Tumca, am TvalsazrisiT xelisuflebis valdebulebebis gar-

da, mTavari berketebi Tavad im adamianebis xelTaa, romlebic

miiReben gadawyvetilebas, daikavon mosamarTlis Tanamdeboba da

sakuTar Tavze aiRon uzarmazari pasuxismgebloba, Rirseulad at-

aron mosamarTlis mantia. mosamarTleobis kandidatma mTeli sig-

rZe-siganiT unda gaiazros, gaiTavisos am Tanamdebobis arsi, dan-

iSnuleba, valdebulebebi, pasuxismgebloba da obieqturad gasces

pasuxi mTavar kiTxvas – SeZlebs iyos damoukidebeli da imoqme-

dos mxolod konstituciaze da kanonze dayrnobiT?

mosamarTlis damoukidebloba emyareba mxolod missave wesi-

erebas, profesiul Tavmoyvareobas, samarTlianobis xarisxs da,

cxadia, kvalifikacias. es ukanaskneli mosamarTleebs aZlevs Sina-

gan Tavisuflebas da met TviTdajerebulobas, rac ase mniSvnelo-

vania.

am Tvisebebis gareSe, sasamarTlos damoukideblobis da samar-

Tlianobis molodini fuWi aRmoCndeba, radgan mxolod kargi

kanoni ver ganapirobebs da verc uzrunvelyofs damoukidebel da

173

samarTlian sasamarTlos, kanons mxolod am procesis xelSewyoba

SeuZlia. kanoni ver aiZulebs mosamarTles, gaxdes aseTi, es mx-

olod mis unarze da pirad Tvisebebzea damokidebuli. mosamar-

TlisTvis saWiro pirovnuli Tvisebebisa da adekvaturi mzaobis

gareSe ki, mosamarTlem, masze yovelvari zewolisa Tu amis mcde-

lobis gareSe, SeiZleba miiRos xelisuflebis an dainteresebuli

pirebis maamebeli gadawyvetileba. amitom, am TvalsazrisiT, cxa-

dia, umniSvnelovanesia myari sakanonmdeblo garantiebi, Tumca,

gacilebiT mniSvnelovania Tavad mosamarTlis unari, darCes saku-

Tari profesiis erTguli da daicvas profesiuli Tavmoyvareoba.

mosamarTleebma sakuTari Tavisa da saqmisadmi damok-

idebulebiT unda Seqmnan da aRzardon xelisuflebis kultura,

unda icodnen damoukidebeli sasamarTlos fasi da pativi scen

mas. es yovelTvis erTnairad martivi ver iqneba, magram mosamar-

Tle, romelic ipovis sakuTar TavSi Tavisuflebas, is am Tav-

isuflebis dacvis gzebsac miagnebs. gulwrfelad mjera, rom

mosamarTleebma unda SevqmnaT da davicvaT sakuTari damoukide-

bloba, am TvalsazrisiT mxolod Tundac Zalian kargi kanonis,

srulyofili sakanonmdeblo garantiebis imedad ver davrCebiT,

radgan kanoni SeiZleba dairRves, maT Soris, samwuxarod, xelisu-

flebis mxridanac.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos saqmianobis Sefasebis obieqturi

sazomi misive gadawyvevtilebebia. ramdenad damoukidebeli, samar-

Tliani da kvalificiuria is, amaze mxolod misi gadawyvetilebebi

metyvelebs. amitom yoveli saqme da, Sesabamisad, yoveli momdevno

gadawyvetileba axali gamocda da gamowvevaa sasamarTlosTvis, es

unda iyos kidev erTi wingadadgmuli nabiji profesiuli zrdis

gzaze da kidev erTi utyuari mtkicebuleba rogorc sakuTari

TavisTvis, ise, pirvel rigSi, sazogadoebisTvis mosamarTlis da-

moukideblobisa da Sinagani Tavisuflebisa. Tu erT gamowvevas

mainc Rirseulad ver gaumklavdebiT, Tavs veRar moviwonebT da

verc gavimarTlebT winamorbedi gadawyvetilebebiT.

sabolood, sasamarTlos damoukidebloba da miukerZoebloba,

profesionalizmTan erTad, aris is umTavresi fundamenti, ro-

melic sasamarTlos moutans avtoritets, pativiscemas. mxolod

174

aseT sasamarTlos SeuZlia, droTa ganmavlobaSi safuZveli Cau-

yaros tradicias, romlis ZaliT, rogorc xelisufleba, ise moqa-

laqeni iReben TavisTavad mocemulobad, rom davis samarTlebrivi

gadawyvetis Taobaze saboloo pasuxs iZleva sasamarTlo, rom-

lis gadawyvetileba savaldebuloa Sesasruleblad. imavdroulad,

mxolod konstituciaze dafuZnebul, swor da samarTlian gad-

awyvetilebebs SeuZlia gazardos moqalaqeTa ndoba ara mxolod

sasamarTlosadmi, aramed, zogadad, xelisuflebisadmi.

175

saqarTvelos konstitucia da Tavisufleba: Tavisufleba

saxelmwifosgan Tu Tavisufleba sazogadoebaSi?

ekaterine lomTaTiZe

Sesavali: Tavisufleba post-komunisturi sazogadoebisTvis

konstituciebi afuZneben da boWaven xelisuflebas, calkeu-

li organoebis kompetenciebis gamijvnisa da urTierTkontrolis

meqanizmebis meSveobiT. Tomas jefersonis azriT, konstituciur

uflebaTa bili kontrolis kidev erTi saSualebaa xelisuflebis

borotad gamoyenebis winaaRmdeg.1 Tu me-7 muxliT vixelmZRvan-

elebT, saqarTvelos 1995 wlis konstituciac am Teorias iziarebs:

“xelisuflebis ganxorcielebisas xalxi da saxelmwifo SezRudu-

li arian ... uflebebiTa da TavisuflebebiT, rogorc uSualod

moqmedi samarTliT.” _ adamianebis Tavisufleba xelisuflebas

zRvars uwesebs.

Tumca, saqarTvelos post-komunisturi sazogadoebis cx-

ovrebaze zedapiruli dakvirvebac ki naTels xdis, rom adami-

anebs saxelmwifosgan ufro metis molodini aqvT, vidre sakuTari

uflebamosilebis farglebSi darCena da adamianebis Tavisufle-

baSi Carevisgan Tavis Sekavebaa. socialur usamarTlobebze tip-

1 The Founders’ Constitution, Thomas Jefferson to James Medison, 1789, Vol. 1, 479;იხ. <http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/print_documents/v1ch14s49.html> [17.01.2016].

176

iuri sapasuxo reaqciaa, rom saxelmwifom daicvas adamianebi sx-

vadasxva tipis tanjvisgan, maT Soris im tanjvisganac, romelic

adamianebs sakuTari avtonomiuri gadawyvetilebebis Sedegad mi-

adgaT. ipoTekiT binebis datvirTvis gamo usaxlkarod darCeni-

li adamianebis dasacavad zomebis miRebis dakveTa da dapireba am

problemis STambeWdavi ilustraciaa. amgvar situaciebSi xelisu-

flebasa da Tavisuflebas Soris dinamika radikalurad icvleba -

Tavisufleba xelisuflebis zRvari da misi kontrolis saSualeba

ki ara, xelisuflebis zrunvis da “patronobis” sagania.

saxelmwifos, rogorc adamianebis damzRvevis da socialuri

garantis aRqmasac aqvs konstituciuri safuZveli. erTi mxriv,

preambulaSi gamoxatulia saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa neba, daam-

kvidron “socialuri” da ara mxolod “samarTlebrivi” saxelm-

wifo. meore mxriv ki, konstituciis me-2 TavSi adamianis ZiriT-

ad uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs Soris samoqalaqo da politikur

uflebebTan erTad mocemulia ramdenime mniSvnelovani ekonomi-

kuri, socialuri da kulturuli garantia, romelic saxelmwifos

avaldebulebs garkveuli sikeTeebiT uzrunvelyos2 da dacviT aR-

Wurvos3 Sesabamisi saWiroebis mqone moqalaqeebi.

gansxvavebuli konstituciuri debulebebis gaTvaliswinebiT,

saqarTvelos konstituciaSi Tavisuflebis konceptualizaciisT-

vis marTebuli iqneba mravlismetyvel da lakonur teqsts gavc-

deT. umjobesia, vimsjeloT Tavisuflebis Teoriaze, romelic

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganaviTara calkeuli

konstituciuri uflebebis dacvis procesSi gasuli 19 wlis gan-

mavlobaSi. aRniSnuli Teoriis sxvadasxva nawilis Tavmoyra Sesa-

Zlebels gaxdis mis analizs avtonomiisa da Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb

arsebuli diskursis perspeqtividan. am Teoriis analizi, agreTve,

mogvcems saSualebas, gamovkveToT is sakiTxebi, romlebze pasuxis

gacemac (da, Sesabamisad, Teoriis Semdgomi ganviTareba an Secv-

la), savaraudod, 1995 wlis konstituciis Semdegi oci wlis amo-

cana iqneba.

2 saqarTvelos konstituciis 32-e, 35-e, 37-e muxli, saqarTvelos saparlamento uwyebani # 31-33, 1995. 3 iqve, muxli 30.

177

I. konstituciuri uflebebi _ bunebiTi uflebebi

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier ganviTarebu-

li Tavisuflebis erTiani Teoriis birTvs calsaxad qmnis kon-

stiticiuri uflebebis, rogorc saxelmwifos da sazogadoebis

mier aRiarebuli bunebiTi uflebebis aRqma. bunebiTi uflebebi

socialuri kontraqtis Teoriebis nawilia, romlis Tanaxmadac,

adamianebi dabadebiT arian sruliad Tavisufalni - maT ekuTvniT

sakuTari sicocxle, Tavisufleba da qoneba; saxelmwifo iqmneba

socialuri kontraqtis safuZvelze - adamianebi bunebiTi Tavi-

suflebis nawils nebayoflobiT Tmoben Zaladobisgan dasacavad.4

am midgomis praqtikuli mniSvneloba gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa

2010 wels miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze “saqarTvelos sax-

alxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaRmdeg”5 [SemdegSi

“1/466 gadawyvetileba”].

saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli amtkicebda, rom norma, ro-

melic ucxoelebs ar aZlevda sakonstitucio sasamarTlosTvis

mimarTvis SesaZleblobas, arRvevda samarTliani sasamarTlos

uflebas - konstituciis 42-e muxls. konstituciis 89-e muxli

sakonstitucio sasamarTlosTvis mimarTvis subieqtTa CamonaT-

valSi axsenebs “moqalaqes”. Sesabamisad, mopasuxe amtkicebda, rom

ucxoelebis uflebas Tavad konstitucia zRudavda.

saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlom CaTvala, rom davis

gadawyvetisTvis amosavali iyo konstituciis me-7 muxli,6 romel-

ic acxadebs, rom saxelmwifo “cnobs da icavs adamianis sayovel-

Taod aRiarebul uflebebsa da Tavisuflebebs.” cnobis da dacvis

valdebuleba miuTiTebs, rom ZiriTadi uflebebi yoveli adamianis

Tanmdevi sikeTea; adamianebs uflebebi aqvT mxolod im faqtis

ZaliT, rom isini adamianebi arian.7 sakonstitucio sasamarTlom

wina gadawyvetilebaze dayrdnobiT xazi gausva, rom saxelmwifos

4 Locke J., Second Treatise of Government, 1689, VII, 87, 28;იხ. <http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/assets/pdfs/locke1689a.pdf> [17.01.2016]. 5 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 28 ivnisis #1/466 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg.“ 6 saqarTvelos konstituciis me-7 muxli, saqarTvelos saparlamento uwyebani # 31-33, 1995. 7 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 28 ivnisis # 1/466 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg.“

178

ar SeuZlia mianiWos an waarTvas adamians ZiriTadi uflebebi,

radgan es uflebebi qmnis adamianis arss da saxelmwifos ar Seu-

Zlia misi Secvla.8

aqedan ori kritikulad mniSvnelovani daskvna gamomdinare-

obs. erT mxriv, ZiriTad uflebebs konstitucia ar aniWebs adami-

anebs, es uflebebi konstituciisgan damoukideblad arseboben da

konstitucia mxolod maTi srulad dacvis garantias qmnis. meore,

ufro didi praqtikuli mniSvnelobis daskvnaa, rom konstituci-

amac SeiZleba daarRvios da araTanazomierad SezRudos ZiriTadi

uflebebi: “adamianis uflebebi... uSualod da pirdapir moqmedebs,

rac, pirvel rigSi, boWavs xelisuflebas ara mxolod ama Tu im

normatiuli aqtiT konkretuli uflebis araTanazomierad Semz-

Rudveli danawesebis dadgenaSi, aramed krZalavs konstituciiTve

fundamenturi uflebebis ZiriTadi arsis daZlevas, misi dar-

Rvevis, xelyofis normatiuli safuZvlis Seqmnas.”9

gadawyvetilebis dasabuTebaze bunebiTi uflebebis gavlena

damatebiT vlindeba sasamarTlos gancxadebaSi, rom saxelmwifos

arsebobis mizania uflebebis dacva da xelisuflebis uflebamo-

silebebi emsaxureba konstituciuri uflebebis uzrunvelyofas:

“xelisuflebis romelime organos kompentencia ver daaviwrovebs,

Secvlis, Seamcirebs ama Tu im uflebis Sinaarss, radgan xeli-

suflebis organoTa kompetenciebis konstituciiT gaweris mizani

zustad adamianis konstituciuri uflebebis sruli dacvaa.”

am logikaze dayrdnobiT, sasamarTlom daaskvna, rom konsti-

tuciis 89-e muxli, rogorc sakonstitucio sasamarTlos kompe-

tenciis damdgeni norma, ver SezRudavda 42-e muxls. 89-e muxlis

mizani swored 42-e muxliT gaTvaliswinebuli sasamarTlosTvis

mimarTvis uflebis dacva iyo da saSualeba miznis sawinaaRmdegod

ar unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli. sadavo norma arakonstituci-

urad iqna cnobili.

bunebiTi samarTlis midgoma, erTi mxriv, gansakuTrebiT

mZlavr garantias qmnis ZiriTadi uflebebis dacvisTvis. Tumca,

ganxiluli gadawyvetileba sakonstitucio sasamarTlos ayenebs

8 iqve.9 iqve.

179

rTuli dilemis winaSe: bunebiTi uflebebis dacvis procesSi ar

gacdes sakuTar mandats, rasac moqmedi, dawerili konstitucia

qmnis. aRniSnul riskebTan mimarTebiT damokidebuleba Camoyalib-

da konstituciuri kanonis gasaCivrebis saqmeebSi,10 sadac mosar-

Cleebi iTxovdnen ZiriTad uflebebTan mimarTebiT konstituciaSi

Setanili cvlilebebis arakonstituciurad cnobas.

konstituciuri kanonis gasaCivrebis yvela SemTxvevaSi sa-

samarTlom calsaxad gamoricxa saqarTvelos konstituciis

normebs Soris ierarqiis arseboba.11 sasamarTlom, agreTve, gam-

oricxa sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mier konstituciuri kano-

nis, rogorc konstituciis ganuyofeli nawilis Semowmebis kompe-

tencia da miuTiTa, rom sxvagvari interpretirebis SemTxvevaSi,

adgili eqneboda sasamarTlos mier xelisuflebis uzurpirebas

- sasamarTlos ar SeuZlia gadaamowmos aqti, romelic misi kom-

petenciis safuZvelia, radgan amgvarad sakuTari kompetenciis

Secvlis uflebamosilebac eqneboda.12

2010 wlis Semdeg miRebul mTel rig gadawyvetilebebSi sa-

samarTlo msjelobs sakuTrebaze,13 qorwinebis uflebasa da

pirovnuli ganviTarebis Tavisuflebaze, rogorc bunebiT Tavisu-

flebebze.14 2015 wels miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze “saxalxo

damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”, sasamarTlom aR-

niSna, rom samarTlebriv saxelmwifoSi ZiriTadi uflebebis dac-

va bunebiTi Tavisuflebis ideas emyareba.15 Tumca, aRniSnuli

miTiTebebi uflebis fundamentur mniSvnelobaze xazgasmas emsax-

10 sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2010 wlis 12 ivlisis #2/2/486 ganCineba saqmeze “arasamewarmeo (arakomerciuli) iuridiuli piri „konstituciis dacvis erovnuli liga“ saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 24 oqtombris #1/2/523 ganCineba saqmeze “saqa-rTvelos moqalaqe geronti aSordia saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”, saqarTvelos sakonsti-tucio sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 5 Tebervlis #1/1/549 ganCineba saqmeze “saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi – irma inaSvili, daviT Tarxan-mouravi da ioseb manjaviZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”.11 iqve, II, 11.12 iqve, II, 9; II, 5.13 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 26 ivnisis #3/1/512 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „daniis moqalaqe heike qronqvisti saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II, 32, saqarTvelos sa-konstitucio sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 27 dekembris #2/3/522/553 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „sps “griSa aSordia” saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II, 31, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 29 ianvris #1/1/543 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „Sps “metalinvesti” saqarTvelos parlamen-tis winaaRmdeg, II, 1. 14 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 8 oqtombris # 2/4/532,533 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi - irakli qemokliZe da daviT xaraZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II, 5, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 31 ivlisis #2/1/572 gad-awyvetileba saqmeze „saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II, 11.

180

ureba da naklebi praqtikuli mniSvnelobis matarebelia sadavo

sakiTxis gadasawyvetad.

socialuri kontraqtis da bunebiTi uflebebis Teoriebis

prizmidan, konstitucia gansazRvravs individebis urTierTobas

xelisuflebasTan. Sesabamisad, konstituciuri uflebebi xeli-

suflebis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli uflebebia. Tumca, socialuri

kontraqtis Teoriidan gamomdinareobs saxelmwifos valdebule-

bac, daicvas individebi maTi Tavisuflebis xelyofisgan. amdenad,

bunebiTi uflebebis Teoria, sul mcire, ar gamoricxavs konsti-

tuciis horizontalur efeqts - mis gavlenas kerZo-samarTle-

briv urTierTobebze. marTlac, saqmeSi “saqarTvelos moqalaqe

beqa wiqariSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg” [SemdegSi

“beqa wiqariSvilis saqme”] sasamarTlom ganacxada, rom konstitu-

cia icavs adamianebs nebismieri mesame pirisgan momdinare safrTx-

eebisgan, iqneba es saxelmwifos Tu kerZo pirebis mier Cadenili

uflebis darRveva.16

im Teoriebidan, romlebsac sakonstitucio sasamarTloebi

mimarTaven konstituciis gasavrceleblad saxelmwifosa da in-

dividis urTierTobebis miRma, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sa-

samarTlo mimarTavs calkeuli uflebebidan gamomdinare saxel-

mwifos pozitiur valdebulebebs17 da uflebaTa konfliqtebis

dabalansebis da harmonizaciis valdebulebas, rac ganxiluli

iqneba qvemoT. es saSualebas mogvcems vimsjeloT saqarTvelos

konstituciis “radiaciis efeqtze” individebis kerZo urTierTo-

bebSi da, amasTan, saxelmwifos SesaZlo konstituciur mandatze,

Caerios da wesebi daadginos kerZo interaqciebisTvis konsti-

tuciuri Rirebulebebis dasacavad.

15 iqve. 16 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 24 oqtombris #1/4/592 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqarTvelos moqalaqe beqa wiqariSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II, 82.17 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 26 dekembris #1/3/407 gadawyvetileba saq-meze „saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia da saqarTvelos moqalaqe - ekaterine lomTa-TiZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2012 wlis 24 oqtombris #2/1/524 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa asociacia da saqarTvelos moqalaqe Tamar CugoSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, saqarTvelos sa-konstitucio sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 10 aprilis #2/1/524 gadawvetileba saqmeze „saqarTvelos moqalaqe giorgi gaCeCilaZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“.

181

II. negatiuri da pozitiuri Tavisufleba da neitralitetis

principi

bunebiTi uflebebis idea tiraniasTan brZolis epoqaSi gan-

viTarda da, amdenad, SeuzRudavi politikuri xelisuflebis

winaaRmdeg mimarTuli dacvis saSualebaa. Tumca, rogorc jon

stiuart milma aRniSna me-19 saukuneSi, TviTmmarTvel da demokra-

tiul sazogadoebebSi individualuri Tavisufleba aranaklebi

safrTxis qveSaa - umravlesobis tiraniis safrTxis qveS, yvela

aiZulos icxovros sakuTari gabatonebuli Sexedulebebis da Ri-

rebulebebis Sesabamisad. milis azriT, Tavisuflebis sazogadoe-

brivi wnexisgan dacva imdenadve aucilebelia, rogorc politi-

kuri despotizmisgan, radgan “erTaderTi Tavisufleba, am saxels

rom marTla imsaxurebs, aris Tavisufleba, sakuTari keTildReo-

ba Cveni sakuTari gzebiT veZioT iqamde, sanam ar vecdebiT, sxvebs

wavarTvaT TavianTi keTildReoba an xeli SevuSaloT misi mopove-

bis cdaSi.”18

aRniSnuli Tezisidan gamomdinareobs milis cnobili “zianis

principi”, romlis Tanaxmadac, adamianis iZuleba da mis Tavisu-

flebaSi Careva dasaSvebia mxolod sxva adamianebisTvis zianis

asarideblad. aqedanve gamomdinareobs gansxvaveba im qmedebebs

Soris, romlebic pirvel rigSi da uSualod exeba moqmed pirs

da im qmedebebs Soris, romlebic exeba sxva pirebs: “nebismieri

adamianis qcevis erTaderTi nawili, romelic Riaa sazogadoebis

CarevisTvis, aris is nawili, romelic sxvebs exeba. xolo qceva-

Si, romelic mxolod mas exeba, misi damoukidebloba upirobod

absoluturia.” Sesabamisad, milis Tavisuflebis Teoria ZirSive

gamoricxavs adamianis iZulebas misive sasikeTod da raime formis

paternalizms.

milis gagebiT, Tavisufleba aris is, rasac isaia berlini nega-

tiur Tavisuflebas uwodebs - Tavisufleba iZulebisgan; sivrce,

sadac adamians SeuZlia imoqmedos sxva adamianebis mxridan xelis

18 მილი ს. ჯ., თავისუფლების შესახებ, 1859;იხ. <https://burusi.wordpress.com/2011/02/06/john-stuart-mill-2/> [14.01.2016]. 19 Berlin I., Two Concepts of Liberty, 1958; იხ.<https://www.wiso.unihamburg.de/fileadmin/wiso_vwl/johannes/Ankuendigungen/Berlin_twoconceptsofliberty.pdf> [14.01.2016].

182

SeSlis gareSe.19 negatiuri Tavisuflebisgan gansxvavebiT, pozi-

tiuri Tavisufleba warmoaCens adamians arsebad, romelic danaw-

evrebulia sakuTar gonebas, vnebebs da impulsebs Soris da uWirs

imgvari gadawyvetilebebis miReba, romlebic misTvisve sasikeTo

iqneba.20 Sesabamisad, pozitiuri Tavisuflebis cneba gulisxmobs

adamianis unars, flobdes sakuTar Tavs da iyos disciplinire-

buli, raTa SeZlos misTvis saukeTeso gadawyvetilebebis miReba

da ganxorcieleba. berlini miiCnevs, rom amgvari manipulireba im

Temaze, Tu “realurad” ra unda adamians, saSualebas aZlevs manip-

ulatorebs, iqneba is saxelmwifo, sazogadoeba Tu klasi, Tavisi

neba moaxvion Tavs individebs.21 amasTan, berlinis azriT, mxolod

negatiuri Tavisufleba Seesabameba RirebulebiT pluralizms,

anu imis aRiarebas, rom adamianebs uamravi gansxvavebuli mizani

SeiZleba hqondeT da es miznebi raime damoukidebeli kriteriumi

Sefasebas da rangirebas ar eqvemdebareba _ araTanazomieria.22

RirebulebiT pluralizms ukavSirdeba eTikuri liberal-

izmis erT-erTi mTavari principi23 - saxelmwifo neitralitetis

principi. ronald dvorkinis ganmartebiT, saxelmwifom neitral-

uroba unda SeinarCunos sakiTxze, Tu ra aris kargi cxovreba da

gadawyvetilebebi miiRos maqsimalurad damoukideblad im mosaz-

rebebisgan, romelic ukavSirdeba kargi an Rirebuli cxovrebis

Sesaxeb warmodgenebs.24 dvorkinis Teoriis mixedviT, garkveuli

qmedebebis iZulebiT adamianis cxovrebis gaumjobeseba SeuZlebe-

lia da aqedan gamomdinareobs moTxovna, rom saxelmwifo neitra-

luri iyos.25

perfeqcionistuli liberalizmi mxars uWers ara neitralo-

bis princips da saxelmwifos Caurevlobas individis avtonomiaSi,

aramed pozitiur Tavisuflebas. jozef razis argumenti gamom-

dinareobs avtonomiis imgvari gagebidan, romelic, individis mier

arCevanis gakeTebis unarTan erTad, gulisxmobs adekvaturi ra-

20 iqve. 21 iqve. 22 iqve. 23 Shiffrin S., Liberalism, Radicalism and, Legal Scholarhship, UCLA L. Rev., #1103, 1983, 1128. 24 Dworkin R., Liberalism, Public and Private Morality, Edited by Hampshire S., 1978, 127.25 The Oxford Handbook of Comparative Constitutional Law, Edited by Rosenfeld, M., Sajo A., Kis, 2012, 321.

183

odenobis Rirebuli variantebis arsebobasac, saidanac pirs See-

Zleba amorCeva.26 saxelmwifo da adamianebi valdebulni arian, rom

amgvari adekvaturi odenobis arCevani arsebobdes sazogadoebaSi,

romelic icavs da axalisebs avtonomias, rogorc kargi cxovrebis

aucilebel pirobas.27 razis azriT, avtonomiuri cxovreba Rire-

bulia mxolod maSin, Tu is ixarjeba misaRebi da Rirebuli pro-

eqtebisa da urTierTobebis miRwevaze.28 Sesabamisad, paternal-

isturi RonisZiebebi, romlebic zRudaven cudi da araRirebuli

arCevanis gakeTebas adamianis mier, ar ewinaaRmdegeba avtonomiaze

dafuZnebuli Tavisuflebis doqtrinas.29

bolo dros miRebuli gadawyvetileba beqa wiqariSvilis saq-

meze,30 romelic exeboda didi odenobiT marixuanas SeZena-Sen-

axvisTvis Tavisuflebis aRkveTis sasjelis proporciulobas,

Zalian sainteresoa sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikaSi ada-

mianis avtonomiis, Rirsebis cnebis da miliseuli zianis principis

adgilis gansazRvrisTvis da sxvebze da sakuTar Tavze mimarTuli

qmedebebis gansxvavebis kuTxiT.

sasamarTlom miuTiTa, rom adamianis Rirseba aris TiToeu-

li adamianis TviTmyofadobis da individualurobis garantia da

Tavisuflebis samarTlebrivi masStabi. sasamarTlom Camoayali-

ba saxelmwifos upirobo valdebuleba, TavisuflebaSi (nebismi-

er uflebaSi) Caerios “mxolod maSin, rodesac es gardauvalia

da mxolod imdenad, ramdenadac es obieqturad aucilebelia”.31

imis Sefasebisas, ramdenad gardauvali da aucilebeli iyo jan-

mrTelobis legitimuri miznis misaRwevad mariaxuanas SeZena-mox-

marebisTvis piris Tavisuflebis aRkveTiT dasja, sasamarTlom

kategoriulad gamijna ziani, romelic adgeba Tavad marixuanas

momxmarebel pirs da ziani, romelic SeiZleba miadges sxva pirebs.

sasamarTlom calsaxad miuTiTa, rom adamianis mier sakuTari jan-

mrTelobisTvis zianis miyeneba ar SeiZleba iyos amgvari sasjelis

26 Raz J., Morality of Freedom, University of Oxford, 1986, 409. 27 iqve, 408.28 iqve, 410.29 iqve, 422.30 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 24 oqtombris #1/4/592 gadawyvetileba saq-meze „saqarTvelos moqalaqe beqa wiqariSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“.31 iqve, II, 73.

184

gamarTleba: “konstituciiT, Seusabamoa pirisTvis Tavisuflebis

aRkveTa iseTi qmedebis gamo, romelic mxolod am qmedebis avtors

uqmnis safrTxes da ar aris mimarTuli (ar SeiZleba iyos mimar-

Tuli) sxvaTa uflebebis darRvevisken.”32 aseT situaciaSi sasjels

ar gaaCnia konkretuli prevenciis mizani da piris dasja mxolod

zogadi prevenciisTvis anu sxva pirTa daSinebisTvis adamians

aqcevs saxelmwifos sisxlis samarTlis politikis iaraRad, rac

ewinaaRmdegeba mis Rirsebas _ moTxovnas, rom individs moeqcnen,

rogorc mizans.

miuxedavad imisa, rom sakuTar Tavsa da sxvebze orientire-

buli qcevebi rTuli gasamijnia, rac arTulebs am diqotomiis

gamoyenebas praqtikaSi, sakonstitucio sasamarTlom moaxerxa,

gamoeyenebina es gamijvna saxelmwifosTvis Carevis gansxvavebu-

li farglebis dasadgenad am orTan mimarTebiT, rac intuiciuri

da damajerebelia. Tumca, sasamarTlos mouxdeba am mimarTebiT

poziciis ganviTareba da dazusteba erTmniSvnelovani daskvnebis

Tavidan asacileblad narkotikebis, Tambaqos moxmarebis, evTana-

ziis an janmrTelobisTvis mavne sakvebis regulirebis winaaRmde-

gobriv sakiTxebze samomavlo potenciur samarTalwarmoebaSi.

sakuTar Tavze da sxvebze orientirebuli qcevebis gamijvnis

logikuri daskvna aris mZlavri anti-paternalisturi ganwyoba,

romelic mTel gadawyvetilebaSi igrZnoba, Tumca eleganturad

aris Sejamebuli frazaSi: “saxelmwifo ar unda ereodes adamianis

TavisuflebaSi mxolod imitom, rom is iracionalur qmedebas ax-

orcielebs”.33 es midgoma sakonstitucio sasamarTlom gamoiyena,

agreTve, manamde miRebul gadawyvetilebaSi saqmeze “saqarTvelos

moqalaqeebi - irakli qemokliZe da daviT xaraZe saqarTvelos par-

lamentis winaaRmdeg”,34 sadac aRniSna, “sakuTari pirovnebis Tav-

isufali ganviTarebis ufleba gulisxmobs adamianis uflebas, sa-

kuTari survilebis Sesabamisad ganagos Tavisi cxovreba, Tundac

sazogadoebis umravlesobis an saSualo gonieri adamianis xedviT,

32 iqve, II, 84. 33 iqve, II, 74.34 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 8 oqtombris #2/4/532,533 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi irakli qemokliZe da daviT xaraZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“.35 iqve, II, 35.

185

es survilebi arasaTanado da mizanSeuwoneli iyos.”35

mosarCeleebi aRniSnul saqmeSi davobdnen qmeduunarobis da

fsiqiatriuli daxmarebis kanonmdeblobis mTel rig normebze,

romelic efeqturad arTmevda Sesabamis pirebs raime avtonomi-

uri gadawyvetilebis miRebis SesaZleblobas da srulad anacv-

lebda maT nebas meurveebis gadawyvetilebebiT. Sesabamisad,

gadawyvetileba mniSvnelovania saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sa-

samarTlos praqtikaSi avtonomiaze dafuZnebuli Tavisuflebis

Teoriaze msjelobisTvis.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlom ganmarta konstitucis me-16 mux-

liT daculi pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebis ufleba da aR-

niSna, rom is icavs piris Tavisuflebas Tavisi Sexedulebisamebr

gankargos sakuTari Sinagani samyaro da Tavisi gadawyvetilebebiT

daamyaros da ganaviTaros urTierTobebi garesamyarosTan.36 gad-

awyvetileba erTmaneTis sinonimebad ganixilavs “avtonomiuro-

bas”, “pirovnebis Tavisufal ganviTarebas” da “TviTgamorkvevas”.

is aRniSnavs, rom avtonomiuroba Sedgeba mravali uflebrivi

komponentisgan, romelic konstituciis sxvadasxva muxliT aris

daculi. pirovnebis Tavisufali ganviTarebisTvis aucilebeli

segmenti, romelic ar aris moculi konstituciis sxva muxlebiT,

daculia me-16 muxliT - anu me-16 muxli erTgvarad rezidualu-

ri Tavisuflebis muxlia. mosarCeleebs SeuZliaT am muxlis far-

glebSi idavon maTi Tavisuflebis Selaxvaze, Tu konstituciis

romelime sxva muxli ufro zust da konkretul regulirebas ar

Seicavs maTTvis mniSvnelovani Tavisuflebis aspeqtze.

sasamarTlom aRniSna, rom pirovnebaze zrunvis motiviT misi

ganviTarebis TavisuflebaSi Careva dasaSvebia mxolod piris in-

teresebis dacvis ukiduresi aucileblobis SemTxvevaSi. avtono-

mia gulisxmobs sazogadoebis saSualo wevris SexedulebebTan

SeuTavsebeli gadawyvetilebebis da Tundac sakuTar interesebTan

SeuTavsebeli gadawyvetilebebis miRebasac, radgan amgvari Sec-

domebisgan gamorCeulad maRali inteleqtic ver icavs adamianebs.

sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Teoria calsaxad arakonseqvencial-

isturia da miuTiTebs, rom sakuTar cxovrebaze gadawyvetilebebs

36 iqve, II, 3.

186

iRebs Tavad individi da am gadawyvetilebis Sedegi uflebis Si-

naarsisTvis ararelevanturia: “sakuTari pirovnebis Tavisufa-

li ganviTarebis ufleba moicavs piris Tavisuflebas, sakuTari

SexedulebiT gankargos Tavisi fizikuri Tu gonebrivi sfero

imisgan damoukideblad, misi aseTi gadawyvetileba iqneba dadebi-

Ti Tu uaryofiTi Sedegis momtani misTvis.”37

gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis Rirsi am gadawyvetilebebSi aris

xazgasma imisa, rom sazogadoebaSi miRebuli Sexedulebebi ar aris

individis avtonomiis farglebSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis

sisworis kriteriumi da kerZo pirs ar evaleba maTi gaTvalis-

wineba an Sesruleba. saqmeSi “saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi - giorgi

yifiani da avTandil ungiaZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRm-

deg”38 sasamarTlom calsaxad miuTiTa, rom saxelmwifos ar aqvs

valdebuleba, iyos piris an pirTa jgufis zneobrivi normebis aR-

srulebis instrumenti da uzrunvelyos zneobriobis sakiTxebis

sasamarTloSi gansjadoba.

aRniSnul saqmeSi mosarCeleebi davobdnen, rom maT unda

hqonodaT arasrulwlovanTa ganviTarebaze mavne zegavlenis mqone

gadacemebTan dakavSirebiT sasamarTloSi davis SesaZlebloba,

raTa daecvaT garyvnisgan maTi Svilebi. sadavo norma aRniSnul

SemTxvevaSi mxolod mauwyeblis TviT regulirebis meqanizmis

farglebSi ganxilvas uSvebda. sasamarTlom samarTliani sasamarT-

los uflebaze msjeloba warmarTa mauwyeblis gamoxatvis Tavisu-

flebis gaTvaliswinebiT da miuTiTa, rom mSoblebis ufleba, aR-

zardos Svili sakuTari msoflmxedvelobis Sesabamisad, ar aZlevs

mas uflebas sxva kerZo pirisgan, mag. mauwyeblisgan moiTxovos

misi zneobis Sesabamisi gadacemebis gaSveba.

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebaze saubrisas sasamarTlom ganixila

ara mxolod saxelmwifos, aramed sazogadoebis valdebulebebic

uflebis dacvis TvalsazrisiT da aRniSna, rom am uflebis dasa-

cavad marto sakanonmdeblo garantiebi ar kmara, saWiroa sazo-

gadoebis Semwynarebloba individis uflebebis mimarT: “demokra-

37 iqve, II, 47.38 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 10 noemberis #1/3/421,422 gadawyvetileba saqmeze “saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi - giorgi yifiani da avTandil ungiaZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”, II, 7.

187

tiul sazogadoebaSi adamianebs aqvT Tmenis valdebuleba im

mosazrebebis mimarT, romelTac isini ar iziareben an, Tundac,

Tvlian zneobrivad gaumarTleblad. dauSvebelia konkretuli

piris an pirTa jgufis zneobrivi normebis an msoflmxedvelo-

bis sazogadoebis sxva jgufebze Tavsmoxveva saxelmwifo insti-

tutebis, maT Soris sasamarTlos meSveobiT.”39

aRniSnuli midgoma, erTi mxriv, warmoadgens saxelmwifos

neitralitetis principis mkafio aRiarebas da ganmtkicebas saqa-

rTvelos konstituciur wesrigSi. meore mxriv ki, sasamarTlom

gamoxatvis Tavisuflebisa da kerZo piris an pirTa jgufis zneo-

brivi normebis konfliqtSi Tavisuflebis dacvas mianiWa meti Ri-

rebuleba da xazi gausva, rom piris an pirTa jgufis zneobrivi

normebi an subieqturi gancdebi sxva jgufebis Tavisuflebis Sez-

Rudvas ar unda daedos safuZvlad.

III. Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba - resursebis gadanawileba

saqarTvelos konstituciis me-14 muxlis Tanaxmad, “yoveli

adamiani dabadebiT Tavisufalia da kanonis winaSe Tanasworia...”,

Tumca, am muxlis “Tavisuflebis” debuleba praqtikul mniSvnelo-

bas moklebulia da me-14 muxli Tanasworobis norma-principis wy-

arod miiCneva saqarTvelos konstituciaSi.40 am ori fundamenturi

Rirebulebis urTierTmimarTebas sakonstitucio sasamarTlo Se-

exo beqa wiqariSvilis saqmeSi, Tumca samarTlianobis aRdgenaze,

rogorc sasjelis mizanze msjelobisas. sasamarTlom aRniSna,

rom radganac yvela adamiani Tanabrad Tavisufali unda iyos da

Tanabrad unda sargeblobdes ganviTarebisa da TviTrealizaciis

SesaZleblobebiT, adamianis Tavisufleba ar aris SeuzRudavi da

zRvardadebulia sazogadoebis sxva wevrebis TavisuflebiT.41

dResdReobiT, rodesac saxelmwifoebi iReben pasuxismgeblo-

bas Tanasworobis da ara-diskriminaciuli garemos uzrunvelyo-

39 iqve.40 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2008 wlis 31 martis #2/1/392 gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqarTvelos moqalaqe SoTa beriZe da sxvebi saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II, 2.41 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2015 wlis 24 oqtombris #1/4/592, gadawyvetileba saqmeze „saqarTvelos moqalaqe beqa wiqariSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II, 45.

188

faze ara marto sajaro, aramed kerZo sivrceSic, Tanasworobisa

da Tavisuflebis konfliqti gansakuTrebiT mwvave xasiaTs iRebs.

amgvari konfliqtis magaliTia damsaqmeblebis saxelSekrulebo

Tavisuflebis SezRudva, ar moaxdinon dasaqmebulebis diskrimi-

nacia SromiT urTierTobebSi; religiuri Tavisuflebis SezRud-

va, rac avaldebulebs morwmuneebs, momsaxureba gauwion pirebs,

romelTa qcevis an cxovrebis wesi maT rwmenasTan SeuTavsebe-

lia; sazogadoebrivi gaerTianebebis SezRudva, diskriminaciuli

niSniT ar SezRudon organizaciaSi pirTa gawevrianeba da a.S.

Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis konfliqtisas, ronald dvor-

kinis azriT, amosavali unda iyos saxelmwifos valdebuleba, misi

xelisuflebis qveS myofi pirebis cxovreba gaxados ukeTesi da

TiToeulis sicocxlis mimarT gamoiCinos Tanabari interesi:42

“Tu vinme fiqrobs, rom Tavisufleba da Tanasworoba marTlac

modian erTmaneTTan konfliqtSi garkveul SemTxvevebSi, unda

fiqrobdes, rom Tavisuflebis dacva niSnavs garkveulwilad imgar

moqmedebas, romelic ar gamoxatavs TiToeuli moqalaqis mimarT

Tanaswor interess. veWvob, rom Tu davfiqrdebiT, umravlesoba

Cvengani ar ifiqrebs, rom amis raimenairad gamarTleba SesaZlebe-

lia... nebismieri namdvili winaaRmdegoba Tavisuflebasa da Tanas-

worobas Soris aris winaaRmdegoba, romelSic Tavisufleba unda

damarcxdes.”43 Tanasworobis sasargeblod Tavisuflebis SezRud-

vis argumentad dvorkini miuTiTebs im faqtzec, rom Tavisufleba

izRudeba sxvadasxva sajaro interesis, mag. wesrigis, janmrTe-

lobis, usafrTxoebis uzrunvelsayofad da amis gaTvaliswinebiT

gaugebaria, ratom dgeba eWvqveS Tavisuflebis SezRudva Tanaswo-

robis fundamenturi sikeTis dasacavad.44

Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis mimarTebaze identuri su-

liskveTebaa gamoxatuli saqmeSi “saqarTvelos moqalaqe tristan

mamagulaSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”, sadac sa-

samarTlom aRniSna, rom Tavisuflebis idea gaufasurdeba, Tu is

“erTi da igive Sinaarsis matarebeli da erTnairad xelmisawvdomi

42 Dworkin R., What is Equality Part 3: The Place of Liberty, Iowa L. Rev., 1, #73, 8. 43 iqve 7-8.44 iqve 5.

189

ar iqneba yvelasTvis”.45 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlo

yvelaze axlos mivida Tavisuflebis da Tanasworobis pirdapiri

konfliqtis gadawyvetasTan saqmeSi “saqarTvelos moqalaqe paata

doborjginiZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg.” mosarCele,

Tbilisi metropolitenis yofili TanamSromeli amtkicebda, rom

samsaxuridan profesiuli kavSiris wevrobis gamo anu diskrimi-

naciuli safuZvliT gaaTavisufles. is davobda, rom Sromis kod-

eqsiT gaTvaliswinebuli xelSekrulebis moSlis instituti, rome-

lic damsaqmebels dasaqmebulis gaTavisuflebis uflebas aZlevda

raime dasabuTebis gareSe, uSvebda diskriminacias da, Sesabamisad,

arRvevda konstituciis me-14 muxls. Tumca, sadavo norma kon-

stituciis me-14 muxlTan mimarTebis ar qonis gamo ar iqna arse-

biTad gansaxilvelad miRebuli da, Sesabamisad, sakonstitucio

sasamarTlos am konfliqtis Sefaseba ar mouxdenia.46

amasTan, arsebobs sakonstitucio samarTalwarmoebis mTeli

sfero, romelic, SesaZloa, uSualod Tanasworobis da Tavisu-

flebis konstituciur garantiebs ar exebodes, magram arsebiTad

swored sazogadoebaSi SesaZleblobebis an keTildReobis Tanas-

worobis Rirebulebis dacvas emsaxureba da Cveulebriv Tavisu-

flebis an sakuTrebis uflebis SezRudvis safuZvelze miiRweva _

socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebis samarTalwarmoeba, rome-

lic ganawilebiTi samarTlianobis miRwevis erT-erTi meqanizmia.

ganawilebiT samarTlianoba exeba sazogadoebaSi simdidris

uTanasworo ganawilebis problemas da moiTxovs saxelmwifos-

gan sikeTeTa gadanawilebas, rogorc samarTlianobis uzrunve-

lyofisTvis mniSvnelovan sakiTxs. eTikuri liberalizmis warmo-

madgenlebisgan (mag. rolsi, dvorkini) gansxvavebiT, klasikuri

liberalizmis warmomadgenlebi miiCneven, rom kerZo sakuTrebis

dacva da individebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli stimulebis sistema ga-

moricxavs simdidris gadanawilebas da araefeqturia.47

azrTa ideologiuri sxvadasxvaoba ganawilebiT samarTlia-

45 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 11 ivnisis #1/3/534 gadawyvetileba saqmeze “saqarTvelos moqalaqe tristan mamagulaSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”, II, 3.46 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 9 ivnisis #2/6/465 saoqmo Canaweri saqmeze “saqarTvelos moqalaqe paata doborjginiZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”. 47 Shiffrin S., Liberalism, Radicalism and, Legal Scholarhship, UCLA L. Rev., #1103, 1983, 1126.

190

nobasTan dakavSirebiT aisaxeba, agreTve, socialur uflebebzec:

sadavoa, warmoadgenen Tu ara isini uflebebs da unda xdebodes

Tu ara am uflebebis sasamarTlo gziT dacva. voCex sadurskim

gamoarkvia, rom post-sabWoTa qveynebs Soris saqarTvelos 1995

wlis konstitucia erT-erTia im ori gamonaklisuri konstituci-

idan, romlebic ar Seicaven socialuri da ekonomikuri uflebebis

farTo sias.48 yvelaze gavrcelebuli _ socialuri uzrunvelyofis

uflebac ki ar aris mocemuli sruli saxiT (mxolod umuSevrebis

saarsebo minimumiT uzrunvelyofazea saubari 32-e muxlSi).

socialuri uflebebis mwiri CamonaTvalis miuxedavad, sakon-

stitucio sasamarTlom arsebobis pirvel aTwleulSi, ramdenime

mniSvnelovani gadawyvetileba miiRo veteranTa SeRavaTebiT uz-

runvelyofis,49 parlamentis wevrTa sapensio uzrunvelyofis50 da

momxmarebelTa uflebebis dasacavad51 da Sesabamis sferoebSi kon-

stituciuri standartebis dasadgenad.

socialuri uflebebis arsis Sesaxeb ideologiurma azrTa sx-

vadasxvaobam Tavi iCina saqmeSi “saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli

saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”.52 sadavo iyo “socialuri

daxmarebis Sesaxeb” saqarTvelos kanonis muxli, romelic krZala-

vda socialuri daxmarebis odenobis, Sefasebis meTodologiis

da siRatakis donis gasaCivrebas sasamarTloSi. mosarCelis az-

riT, amgvarad irRveoda socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da social-

uri daxmarebis uflebebis sasamarTloSi dacvis ufleba. swored

sakiTxze _ socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da socialuri daxmarebis

48 sadurski v., sakonstitucio sasamarTloebi konstituciuri uflebebis artikulaciis procesSi centraluri da aRmosavleT evropis post-komunistur qveynebSi, nawili I: socialuri da ekonomi-kuri uflebebi, 17 (European Univ. Inst., Dep’t of Law, EUI Working Paper LAW No. 2002/14, 2002), ix. http://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/id/975/law02-14.pdf/ [17.01.2016].49 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 18 aprilis #1/1/126,129,158 gadawyvetile-ba, saqmeze “baWua gaCeCilaZe, simon TurvandiSvili, SoTa buaZe, solomon sanadiraZe da levan qvacbaia, 2) vladimer doborjginiZe, nineli andriaZe, guram demetraSvili da SoTa patiaSvili, 3) givi donaZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”.50 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 15 oqtombris #1/2/174,199 gadawyvetile-ba saqmeze “saqarTvelos moqalaqeebi - tristan xaniSvili, Tedore niniZe, nodar WiTanava, levan aleqsiZe, giorgi qavTaraZe da sxvebi (sul 12 mosarCele) saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”.51 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2002 wlis 30 dekembris # 1/3/136 gadawyvetileba saq-meze “saqarTvelos moqalaqe Salva naTelaSvili saqarTvelos parlamentis, saqarTvelos preziden-tisa da saqarTvelos maregulirebeli erovnuli komisiis (semekis) winaaRmdeg”, saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2007 wlis 9 Tebervlis #1/1/374,379 gadawyvetileba saqmeze “saqarT-velos moqalaqeebi Salva naTelaSvili da akaki miqaZe saqarTvelos energetikis maregulirebeli erovnuli komisiis (semekis) winaaRmdeg”. 52 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2009 wlis 27 agvistos #1/2/434 gadawyvetileba saq-meze „saqarTvelos saxalxo damcveli saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“.

191

uflebebi unda iyos Tu ara sasamarTloSi gansjadi, mosamarTlee-

bis xmebi orad gaiyo da, Sesabamisad, am uflebebTan mimarTebiT

sarCeli ar dakmayofilda.

am saqmeSi sakonstitucio sasamarTlos orma mosamarTlem

- qeTevan eremaZem da besarion zoiZem gansxvavebuli mosazre-

ba moamzades, sadac aRniSnes, rom socialuri uflebebis dacvis

valdebuleba gamomdinareobs saqarTvelos konstituciaSi moce-

muli socialuri saxelmwifos principidan. gansxvavebuli azris

avtorebma aRniSnes, rom, marTalia, es principi farTo Sexed-

ulebis Tavisuflebas aZlevs saxelmwifos am uflebebis dacvis

gzebis arCevis TvalsazrisiT, magram arsebobs ori upirobo

valdebuleba: socialuri uflebebis kanonmdeblobiT aRiareba

da adamianis uunarobis an siRaribis SemTxvevaSi, misi saarsebo

minimumiT uzrunvelyofa. mosamarTleTa azriT, aq saxelmwifos

arCevani ar aqvs da am valdebulebebze uaris Tqma socialuri

saxelmwifos principis ugulebelyofas niSnavs.

socialuri saxelmwifos principis Sinaarsis ufro vrceli

ganmarteba mogvianebiT miRebul saqmeebSi ar gvxdeba miuxedavad

imisa, rom sakonstitucio sasamarTlos mouxda emsjela socialur

uflebebze. saqmeSi “ruseTis moqalaqeebi - oganes darbiniani, ru-

dolf darbiniani, susanna Jamkociani da somxeTis moqalaqe-mile-

na barseRiani da lena barseRiani saqarTvelos parlamentis wi-

naaRmdeg”,53 mosarCeleebi iTxovdnen ufaso zogad ganaTlebas,

rac xelmisawvdomi ar iyo ucxo qveynis moqalaqeebisTvis.

sasamarTlom daakmayofila moTxovna da xazi gausva ganaT-

lebis uflebis fundamentur mniSvnelobas pirovnuli ganvi-

Tarebis, Tavisuflebis da demokratiul sazogadoebaSi cxovre-

bisTvis, agreTve sicocxlis bolomde uswavlelobis stigmis da

marginalizaciis gamousworebeli Sedegis Tavidan asarideblad:

“ganaTlebis dafinansebas ver ganvixilavT, rogorc saxelmwifos

mier pirisTvis miniWebul privilegias an Semweobas. pirvel rigSi

imitom, rom ganaTlebis uflebis srulfasovani realizacia sa-

sicocxlod aucilebelia demokratiuli saxelmwifos ganviTare-

53 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2014 wlis 12 seqtmebris # 2/3/540 gadawyvetileba saqmeze “ruseTis moqalaqeebi - oganes darbiniani, rudolf darbiniani, susanna Jamkociani da somxeTis moqalaqe-milena barseRiani da lena barseRiani saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg”.

192

bisTvis, amave dros - ganaTlebis xelmisawvdomobis SezRudva

mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi waarTmevs adamians srulfasovani

cxovrebis SesaZleblobas.”54

miuxedavad imisa, rom saqme ganaTlebis uflebas exeboda, sa-

samarTlom ufro metad gaamaxvila yuradReba mis mniSvnelobaze

samarTlebrivi da demokratiuli saxelmwifosTvis da mxolod ax-

sena socialuri saxelmwifos principi. praqtikulad, igive mid-

goma iqna gamoyenebuli “socialuri daxmarebis saqmeSic”, sadac

sasamarTlo ver SeTanxmda socialuri uflebebis gansjadobaze,

magram sadavo norma arakonstituciurad cno Tanasworobis an sa-

kuTrebis uflebis sasamarTlo dacvis saWiroebis gamo.

imis gamo, rom socialuri saxelmwifos principi, iseve, ro-

gorc calkeuli socialuri uflebebi SedarebiT amorfuli ga-

rantiebia da davas iwvevs gansxvavebuli ideologiebis mqone

pirebs Soris, sasamarTlo arCevs, saqmis gadawyveta daafuZnos

ufro didi istoriis da mniSvnelobis mqone princips - rogoricaa

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos principi da sayovelTaod aRiarebul

samoqalaqo da politikur uflebebs - Tu amis saSualeba arsebobs.

Sesabamisad, sikeTeTa gadanawilebis da sazogadoebis calkeuli

nawilebis gaZlierebisa da marginalizaciis aRsakveTad, Tu arse-

bobs naklebad winaaRmdegobrivi gza, logikuria, rom sasamarTlo

ufro usafrTxo gzas gamoiyenebs, rasac samoqalaqo da politi-

kuri uflebebi sTavazoben (diskriminaciis akrZalva, sakuTrebis

ufleba, samarTliani sasamarTos ufleba).

IV. “meore ocwleulis” gamowvevebi

sakonstitucio sasamarTlo Tavisi arsebobis pirvel

ocwleuls asrulebs, rogorc negatiuri Tavisuflebis Cempioni.

paternalisturi RonisZiebebis konstituciurobaze msjelobisas,

sasamarTlo naklebad interesdeba, ra sikeTeebi SeiZleba miiRos

Tavad uflebaSezRudulma adamianma Carevisgan. Tu adgili aqvs

im qmedebebis SezRudvas, romelic mxolod qmedebis avtors ex-

eba, saxelmwifos ekisreba gamarTlebis TiTqmis ararealisturi

54 iqve II, 19.

193

tvirTi, rac, maRali albaTobiT, yovelTvis Tavisuflebis sa-

sargeblod gadawydeba. sasamarTlo sakmaod mtkiced da Tanmim-

devrulad icavs adamianis avtonomias, maT Soris iracionaluri

gadawyvetilebebis miRebis avtonomias. is xazs usvams, rom ada-

mians ufleba aqvs, ar gaiTvaliswinos sazogadoebrivi Sexedule-

bebi, ufleba aqvs, ar moergos sazogadoebaSi sxva piris an pirTa

jgufis zneobriv normebs da saxelmwifoc ar unda iyos amgvari

zneobrivi normebis aRsrulebis instrumenti.

meore mxriv, rodesac adgili aqvs uflebebis konfliqts, sa-

samarTlo xazs usvams saxelmwifos valdebulebas, Caerios da go-

nivrulad daabalansos interesebi, moaxdinos maTi harmonizacia

da koliziuri uflebebis Tanaarsebobis uzrunvelyofa.55 am mx-

riv gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworobis

konfliqti, razec sasamarTlos SeiZleba mouxdes msjeloba, gan-

sakuTrebiT “diskriminaciis yvela formis aRmofxvris Sesaxeb”

saqarTvelos kanonis konteqstSi, romelic mTel rig SezRudvebs

uwesebs kerZo pirebs diskriminaciis akrZalvis uzrunvelsayofad.

Tanasworobis Rirebulebis dacvis erT sferoSi - ganawilebiTi

samarTlianobis sferoSi, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos praqtikam

mniSvnelovani gardatexa ganicada. pirvel aTwleulSi sasamarT-

lom ganixila ramdenime mniSvnelovani socialuri uflebis saqme

da iyo aqtivisturi maTTan mimarTebiT. 2007 wlidan sasamarTlos

damokidebuleba aSkarad Seicvala da calkeuli socialuri ufle-

bebis gansjadoba kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadga. socialuri samar-

Tlianobis misaRwevad, sasamarTlo ufro aqtiurad iyenebs samo-

qalaqo da politikur uflebebs, Tavisufali da demokratiuli

saxelmwifos princips, vidre socialuri saxelmwifos princips

da Sesabamis konstituciur garantiebs. momavalSi saqarTvelos

ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da Tavad sasamarTloSi warmodgenili

ideologiebis cvlis fonze, SegveZleba davinaxoT, ganawilebi-

Ti samarTlianobis sferoSi sasamarTlos aqtivizmi gaizrdeba

Tu gagrZeldeba resursebs ganawilebaSi Carevisgan TavSekavebis

politika.

55 saqarTvelos sakonstitucio sasamarTlos 2013 wlis 10 aprilis #2/1/524 gadawyvetileba saq-meze „saqarTvelos moqalaqe giorgi gaCeCilaZe saqarTvelos parlamentis winaaRmdeg“, II,12.

194

konstitucia da socialuri samarTlianoba:

socialuri saxelmwifos deklarirebuli principis

Sinaarsis ZiebaSi

Tamar cxadaZe

Cven ar varT sulelebi! Cven mxolod Raribebi varT! da gvaqvs ufle-

ba, am gansxvavebis aRiareba moviTxovoT.

orhan pamuki, Tovli

is, rac siRaribis sapirispiroa, ar aris simdidre... is, rac siRarib-

is sapirispiroa, ...aris samarTlianoba.

braian stivensoni, „unda vilaparakoT usamarTlobaze“

(TED leqcia, 2012)

saqarTvelos konstituciis preambulaSi vkiTxulobT: „saqa-

rTvelos moqalaqeTa uryevi nebaa, davamkvidroT „demokratiuli

sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, so-

cialuri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, uzrunvelvyoT adamianis

sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebani da Tavisuflebani...“ Zalian

mokled Tu SevajamebT, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom konstituciis miRe-

bidan pirveli 20 weli am ganacxadis „demokratiul“, „samarTle-

briv“ da „ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis“ komponentebis Sinaarsze Wi-

dilSi gavatareT. kiTxva, romelic mxolod bolo ramdenime wlis

195

ganmavlobaSi gaJRerda seriozulad da ukve met-naklebad SeiZina

simZafre, exeba imas, Tu ras gulisxmobs saqarTvelos saxelmwi-

fos konstituciiT gansazRvruli socialuroba.

socialuri saxelmwifo, an, rogorc xSirad uwodeben, keTil-

dReobis saxelmwifo aris mmarTvelobis forma, romelSic saxelm-

wifo zrunavs moqalaqeebis ekonomikur da socialur keTildReo-

baze, rac gulisxmobs SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobis, simdidris

samarTliani gadanawilebisa da socialuri riskebisagan dacvis

uzrunvelyofas. mkvlevrebi keTildReobis saxelmwifos or - vi-

wro da farTo ganmartebas ganasxvaveben. viwro mniSvnelobiT,

keTildReobis saxelmwifo gulisxmobs saxelmwifos mier zomebis

miRebas moqalaqeTa keTildReobis ZiriTadi moTxovnebis (ro-

goricaa janmrTeloba, ganaTleba, TavSesafari, stabiluri Se-

mosavali, piradi socialuri servisebi) dasakmayofileblad, rac

xorcieldeba saxelmwifos mier SeTavazebuli Tu dafinansebuli

servisebis an socialuri fuladi daxmarebis saxiT. xolo farTo

mniSvnelobiT socialuri saxelmwifo, aseve, gulisxmobs saxelm-

wifos mniSvnelovan rols ekonomikis marTvasa da organizebaSi,

ekonomikuri warmoebisa da ganawilebis procesebSi Carevas indi-

videbsa da klasebs Soris SesaZleblobebis gadanawilebis mizniT.1

am ganmartebebidanac Cans, rom socialuri saxelmwifo, nebismier

SemTxvevaSi da nebismieri mniSvnelobiT, rogorc wesi, upirispir-

deba imas, rasac minimalur saxelmwifos uwodeben.

konstituciis miRebis droidan mainc, saqarTvelos saxelm-

wifo arc ritorikiT Tu gacxadebuli intenciiT da, rasakvir-

velia, arc praqtikiT ar yofila mimarTuli socialur saxelm-

wifod Camoyalibisken meore, Zlieri mniSvnelobiT. meore mxriv,

saxelmwifo danaxarjebis mniSvnelovani da sul ufro mzardi naw-

ili socialur programebs eTmoba. niSnavs es imas, rom nel-nela

konstituciiT gansazRvrul socialur saxelmwifod vyalibdebiT,

oficialurad aseTi kursis ararsebobis miuxedavad?

Tanamedrove saxelmwifoTagan bevris, maT Soris, saqarTvelos

konstituciaSi eqsplicituradaa aRiarebuli adamianis e. w. meo-

1 Gugushvili D., Do the Benefits of Growth Trickle-down to Georgia’s Poor? A case for a Strong Welfare System (PhD in Social Policy), University of Kent, Kent, United Kingdom, 2014, 175.

196

re Taobis - ekonomikuri, socialuri da kulturuli - uflebebi.

saqarTvelos konstituciiT, saxelmwifo aRiarebs yvela adamianis

Tavisuflebas da kanonis winaSe Tanasworobas (muxli 14), aRiarebs

Sromis Tavisuflebas da iRebs pasuxismgeblobas, daicvas Sromis

uflebebi (muxli 30), aRiarebs profkavSirebis Seqmnisa (muxli

26) da gaficvis uflebas (muxli 33). konstitucia saxelmwifos

avaldebulebs, xeli Seuwyos umuSevrad darCenili moqalaqeebis

dasaqmebas da gansazRvros umuSevarTa saarsebo minimumiT uzrun-

velyofis pirobebi (muxli 32), aRiarebs ganaTlebisa (muxli 35)

da janmrTelobis dazRveviT sargeblobis (muxli 37) sayovelTao

uflebebs da iRebs pasuxismgeblobas, kanoniT dadgenili wesiT

daafinansos moqalaqeTa ganaTleba (muxli 35) da uzrunvelyos

ufaso samedicino daxmareba (muxli 37).

Tumca, arc konstituciaSi am muxlebis arseboba da arc Se-

sabamisi saerTaSoriso instrumentebis aRiareba, rasakvirve-

lia, pirdapir ar iTargmneba socialuri saxelmwifos arsebobad.

saxelmwifos mier socialur-ekonomikuri uflebebis aRiarebidan

da maTi garantiebis efeqtur uzrunvelyofamde cvalebadobis da

gansxvavebis didi area rogorc Teoriuli Sexedulebebisa da ri-

torikis, ise maTi praqtikaSi ganxorcielebis TvalsazrisiT. pir-

velsac, Tavis mxriv, ori aspeqti aqvs: erTia normatiuli Sinaar-

sis dava imis Sesaxeb, saxelmwifos ra tipis valdebulebebi da,

Sesabamisad, saxelmwifos mowyobisa da politikis rogori ideali

gamomdinareobs socio-ekonomikuri uflebebis aRiarebidan; sxvaa

dava sakiTxze, Tu ra SeiZleba iyos saxelmwifo politikis real-

uri miznebi arsebuli realobis SezRudvebis gaTvaliswinebiT. es

orive dava centralurad figurirebda bolo aTwleulebis saqa-

rTvelos socialur da politikur istoriaSi, xolo praqtika, am

periodis udidesi monakveTis ganmavlobaSi, arsebiTad, arc erTis

logikas ar Seesabameboda. erTi dazusteba: am davebis centra-

lurobis mtkicebiT ar vgulisxmob, rom isini gansakuTrebulad

Rrma an niuansirebulia, da an imas, rom isini socio-ekonomikuri

uflebebis aRiarebis problematizebis konteqstSi artikulirda

- konstituciaSi socio-ekonomikuri uflebebis aRiarebis Sedege-

bis sakiTxi yvelaze naklebad iyo sajaro politikis Sesaxeb de-

197

batebis eqspliciturad mniSvnelovani RerZi bolo aTwleulebis

ganmavlobaSi.

ritorika: minimaluri saxelmwifo

saqarTvelos uaxlesi istoriis konteqstSi, dava saxelmwifos

da sajaro politikis Sesaxeb TiTqmis eqskluziurad „demokratia

cum kapitalizmze“ tranziciisa da Tavisufali bazris ritorikis

farglebSi artikulirda ise, rom sityvaTSeTanxmebebi „socialuri

saxelmwifo“ an „socialuri samarTlianoba“ am debatebSi TiTqmis

ar gaJRerebula. „ZiZa-saxelmwifoze“ nagulisxmevi ocnebis, ro-

gorc sabWoTa cnobierebis gadmonaSTis daSveba, demonizeba da

socialuri problemebis erT-erT mTavar wyarod gamocxadeba pop-

ularuli ritorikuli xerxi iyo minimaluri saxelmwifos, Tavis-

ufali bazris, ekonomikuri da SromiTi urTierTobebis deregu-

laciis, sazogadoebrivi sakuTrebis maqsimalurad privatizebisa

da amave jgufis sxva ideebis sasargeblo propagandis instrumen-

tebis maragidan. neoliberalizmis es ideologia „ganviTarebuli

dasavleTis“ ualternativo msoflmxedvelobriv safuZvlad cxad-

deboda da igulisxmeboda, rom Tavisufal sabazro ekonomikaze

gadasvla da kapitalizmis ganviTareba TavisTavad gamoiwvevda

adamianTa cxovrebis standartebis gaumjobesebas.

am ritorikis dinamikisa da misi udidesi gavlenis gasagebad

mravali faqtoris gaTvaliswinebaa saWiro: erTi mxriv, msoflios

doneze, dasavlur samyaroSi 80-iani wlebidan isedac gaZliere-

buli memarjvene politika da neoliberaluri diskursi, romlis

gavlenac sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam kidev ufro gazarda; meore

mxriv, dasavleTis qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis

politika yofil aRmosavlur blokSi;2 mesame da Zalian mniSvnelo-

vani - saxelmwifo struqturebis sruli kolafsi, ufunqcioba

da korumpireba saqarTvelos damoukideblad arsebobis pirvel

2 Gowan P., The Global Gamble: Washington’s Faustian Bid for World Dominance, London-New York: Verso, 1999, 192-193.3 es faqtorebi, TavisTavad, rasakvirvelia, ara aris erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli. maT Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis detaluri kvleva saintereso saqme iqneboda. aq ubralod vgulisx-mob, rom isini erTmaneTs amyarebs da xels uwyobs, Tumca, arc erTi maTgani, calke aRebuli, aucileblobiT ar ganapirobebs romelime sxvas. garda amisa, ra Tqma unda, ar igulisxmeba, rom es yvela relevanturi faqtoris sruli CamonaTvalia.

198

aTwleulSi da kidev ufro meti xnis ganmavlobaSi.3 am da sxva

faqtorebis moqmedebis Sedegad, saqarTveloSi minimaluri saxel-

mwifos, Tavisufali bazris, privatizaciisa da biznesis deregu-

laciis ritorika imdenad dominanturi gaxda, rom saqarTvelos

damoukideblobis istoriis pirveli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi TiTqmis

ualternativod Canda. Tu amas gaviTvaliswinebT, gasakviric ki

iqneba, rom 1995 wels konstituciis preambulaSi saerTod moxvda

fraza „socialuri saxelmwifo“ da konstituciaSi socialuri da

ekonomikuri uflebebis aRiarebaze mimarTuli muxlebi Sevida.4

marTalia, SeiZleba sakamaTo iyos is, marTlac ramdenad dominan-

turi iyo es ideologia konstituciis miRebis dros da uSualod

momdevno wlebSi (es sagangebo istoriuli kvlevis sagania), magram

2004 wlidan is oficialurad daedo safuZvlad saxelmwifo poli-

tikas. albaT, gadaWarbeba ar iqneba arc imis mtkiceba, rom 2003

wels xelisuflebis Secvlis dros neoliberaluri ideebi ukve

sakmaod popularuli iyo ara mxolod politikur elitaSi, aramed

sxva klasebSic da es, garkveulwilad, iyo axali politikuri Za-

lis mxardaWeris safuZveli.

aqve unda vaxsenoT qarTul (da bevr sxva post-sabWoTa) kon-

teqstSi neoliberaluri ritorikis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani as-

peqti, romelic dRemde ar aris sakmarisad problematizebuli:

sabWoTa kavSiris warmodgena socialuri saxelmwifos paradig-

mul nimuSad, misi da mTeli sabWoTa gamocdilebis demonizeba

da aqedan gakeTebuli daskvna socialuri saxelmwifos ganuxor-

cieleblobaze Tu arastabilurobaze (ori sxvadasxva SesaZlo

formuliT: sabWoTa boroteba (igulisxmeba socialuri saxel-

mwifo), rogorc (1) individualuri Tavisuflebis mteri an (2)

ekonomikuri stagnaciis mizezi). es ritorika, garda imisa, rom

4 am mxriv, istoriulad saintereso dokumentia 1997 wels gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelo „saqarT-velos konstitucia. safuZvlebisa da Sinaarsis mimoxilva“, romlis mesame TavSic („adamianis so-cialuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli uflebebi“) avtori, fridon sayvareliZe wers: „saqarTvelos konstituciis preambulaSivea dafiqsirebuli, rom saqarTvelos moqalaqeTa uryevi nebaa „...daam-kvidon socialuri... saxelmwifo...“, rac kargad gvixatavs im politikur koniunqturas, romlis drosac iqna miRebuli es konstitucia da rac, udavod, memarcxene Zalebis zegavlenis Sedegia.“ xolo Semdeg abzacSi agrZelebs: „unda iTqvas, rom adamianis uflebaTa cnobili damcvelebi saer-Tod uaryofen konstituciaSi socialuri uflebebis dafiqsirebis aucileblobas…“ marTalia, es komentari, savaraudod, faqtobrivad arazustia da frazis „socialuri saxelmwifo“ konstituci-is teqstSi Sesvla bevrad ufro SemTxveviTi garemoebebiT iyo ganpirobebuli, vidre memarcxene Zalebis gavleniT, magram is kargad gamoxatavs zogad damokidebulebas konstituciis socialur uflebebze mimarTuli aspeqtis mimarT.

199

socialuri saxelmwifos sabWoTa kavSiris modelTan usafuZv-

lo gaigivebas emyareba, Camoyalibda erT-erT yvelaze sicocx-

lisunarian, dRemde gavlenian memad „sabWoTa adamianis“ Sesaxeb,

romelic ramdenime damoukidebeli ideis klasters warmoadgens.

magaliTad: arakompetenturi, zarmaci da uiniciativo adamiani,

romelic saxelmwifosgan elis rCenas; romelsac Trgunavs Tavisu-

fleba da „ideaTa Tavisufal bazarze“ arsebuli farTo arCevani;

romelsac eSinia sakuTar bedze pasuxismgeblobis aReba; romlis

TviTgadarCenis strategiebic korufciasa da „xalturas“ emyare-

ba; romelsac samyaros erTiani, totaluri axsnis moTxovnileba

aqvs, da a. S. mTeli es ritorika emyareba sabWoTa gamocdilebis

aradiferencirebuli, erTiani da statikuri saxiT warmodgenas

da, rac ufro mniSvnelovania, sabWoTa adamianis memiT efeqturad

moxda mTeli Taobebis stigmatizeba da marginalizeba (an, sul

mcire, legitimizeba Sua asakisa da xandazmuli adamianebis Sromi-

Ti bazridan marginalizebisa, romelic zogadad gazrdilma umu-

Sevrobam da saxelmwifo samsaxurebidan masobrivma daTxovnebma

gamoiwvia). sainteresoa, rom damoukideblobis adreul wlebSi

sabWoTa kavSiris demonizebis ZiriTadi sivrce religiuri da na-

cionalisturi diskursi iyo, xolo mogvianebiT neoliberalurma

ekonomikurma ideologiam daisakuTra da Tavisi miznebisTvis ga-

moiyena negatiuri damokidebulebebis es kapitali.

Sesabamisad, Tu 2004 wlamde (anu konstituciiis miRebidan me-9

wlamde) socialuri uflebebis ugulebelyofa ZiriTadad saxel-

mwifo struqturebis sruli impotenciis da korufciis CarCoSi

Tavsdeba (mTavar oficialur argumentad jer kidev saxelmwifos

siRaribe da sisuste saxeldeba, Tumca, ukve sakmaod Zlierad

ismis minimaluri saxlmwifosa da Tavisufali bazris, rogorc

„dasavleTisken“ ualternativo gezis, da saxelmwifo servisebis

arsobrivi araefeqturobis ritorika), 2004 wlidan neoliberal-

uri ideologiis oficialurad aRiarebasTan erTad, saxelmwifos

politika proaqtiulad cdilobs mas moergos da, konstituci-

iT garantirebuli socialuri uflebebis ugulebelyofiT, maq-

simalurad argebs mas kanonmdeblobas. amis Sedegia, magaliTad,

Sromis bazris TiTqmis sruli deregulacia 2006 wels miRebuli

200

Sromis kodeqsiT, antimonopoliur kanonmdeblobaze uaris Tqma,

dabegvris progresuli sistemis proporciuli sistemiT Secvla,

samedicino institutebis TiTqmis sruli privatizeba, sabavSvo

baRebisa da sxva socialuri servisebis gauqmeba an minimumamde

dayvana da sxva. kanonmdeblobaSi am mimarTulebiT gadadgmuli

mniSvnelovani nabiji iyo 2011 wels miRebuli organuli kanoni

ekonomikuri Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, romelic biujetis xarjeb-

is, biujetis deficitis, saxelmwifo valis maqsimalur zRvrebs

adgens (mSp-sTan SefardebiT) da gamiznulia, rogorc arCeuli

ekonomikuri strategiis konstituciuri garantia.5

miuxedavad imisa, rom 2004 wlidan saqarTvelos xelisufle-

bam oficialurad miiRo reformebis mTavar saxelmZRvanelod

neoliberaluri ekonomikuri doqtrina da e. w. vaSingtonis kon-

sensusis ZiriTadi principebi (momWirneoba saxelmwifo xarjebSi,

privatizacia da bazrebis liberalizacia), erTiani nacionalu-

ri moZraobis mmarTvelobis 9-wlian periodSi xelisuflebis ri-

torika (da arc praqtika) erTgvarovani da Tanmimdevruli ar iyo.

magaliTad, rogorc lela rexviaSvili aCvenebs, 2008 wlidan ofi-

cialur ritorikaSi win wamoiwia socialurma problemebma, ramac

Sedegad winaaRmdegobrivi narativebi mogvca: erTi mxriv, ofi-

cialur ritorikaSi gaizarda maxvili siRaribeze, umuSevrobaze

da xalxis cxovrebis doneze, Tumca, xelisuflebam am probleme-

bis xelSesaxebi gadaWra ver SemogvTavaza; meore mxriv, xelisu-

fleba oficialurad isev inarCunebda minimaluri saxelmwifosa

da ekonomikaSi Caurevlobis ritorikas, Tumca, imave dros, ga-

naxorciela rigi Carevebisa (Tavi gamoacxada ekonomikaSi mTavar

investorad, arCevda prioritetul seqtorebs, (magaliTad, mSen-

eblobas), romelTa ganviTarebasac xels uwyobda da sxva.6 Tum-

ca, isic mniSvnelovania, rom saxelmwifos mier ganxorcielebuli

calkeuli intervenciebis miuxedavad, kanonmdebloba, romliTac

2004-2008 wlebSi deregulacia da liberalizacia ganxorcielda,

2008 wlidan ara Tu ar Seicvala, aramed kvlavac imave mimar-

TulebiT ganviTarda.5 jonsi s., saqarTvelo - politikuri istoria damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, socialur mecnierebaTa centri, Tbilisi, 2013, 261.6 G Rekhviashvili L., Development and the Role of the State; Visions of Post-Revolutionary Georgian Government, Center for Social Sciences, 2012, 12-13; იხ. <http://css.ge/files/Papers/Lela_Rekhviashvili,_Development_and_the_Role_of_the_State,_Sept._2012_Eng_final.pdf > [21.01.2016].

201

praqtika: neoliberaluri reformebi da siRaribesTan

brZola

neoliberaluri Tvalsazrisi gadaWriT ar uaryofs social-

uri saxelmwifos yvela elements: erTi mxriv, praqtikulad, arc

erT dasavlur saxelmwifoSi, sadac neoliberaluri reformebi

ganxorcielda, saxelmwifos socialur danaxarjebze bolomde

uari ar uTqvams da arc sruli privatizacia ganuxorcielebia.

meore mxriv, Teoriulad, neoliberaluri doqtrinis mxardamWer-

Ta umravlesoba aRiarebs saxelmwifos, sul mcire, erT social-

ur funqcias: zrunvas siRaribis daZlevasa Tu Semsubuqebaze (im

dazustebiT, rom, rogorc wesi, moiTxoven siRaribis absolutur

terminebSi da ara fardobiTad gansazRvras). marTalia, neolib-

eralizmis erT-erTi umTavresi argumentia mtkiceba, rom liber-

alizaciaze mimarTuli saTanado reformebis Sedegad miRebuli

ekonomikuri zrda gamoiwvevs yvelaze Raribi fenebis keTildRe-

obis zrdasac absolutur terminebSi, magram mainc aRiarebulia,

rom mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili kvlav darCeba siRaribis zR-

vars qvemoT da maTTvis saxelmwifom unda uzrunvelyos adamianis

Rirsebis Sesatyvisi minimaluri keTildReoba. amrigad, neolib-

eraluri politikis Sedegebi, Tundac mxolod sakuTari stand-

artebiT, unda Sefasdes imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad realurad

gamoiwvia man ekonomikuri zrda; ramdenad realurad gazarda (an

ar Seamcira) aman yvelaze Raribi fenebis keTildReoba; da ramde-

nad efeqturad muSaobs socialuri dacvis meqanizmebi siRaribis

zRvars miRma darCenilTaTvis.

TiToeul am parametrze seriozuli msjeloba politikuri

ekonomikis debatebSi CarTvas moiTxovs, rac aq SeuZlebelia. mx-

olod SevniSnavT, rom bevri mkvlevari akritikebs, erTi mxriv,

neoliberalizmis ZiriTad daSvebebs Tavisufali bazris (misi

bunebrivobis, miukerZoeblobis an srulyofilebis) Sesaxeb, da

meore mxriv, vaSingtonis konsensusis ZiriTad principebs (Gugush-vili 2014: 71).7 garda amisa, kvlevebis didi raodenoba aCvenebs, rom

msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi neoliberalur reformebs araerT-

gvarovani Sedegebi hqonda ekonomikuri zrdis daCqarebis Tval-

202

sazrisiT (ramdenime qveyanaSi, sadac specifikuri faqtorebi moq-

medebda, maT marTlac mohyva swrafi ekonomikuri zrda, Tumca es

arasgziT ar iyo maTi sayovelTao Sedegi); amasTan, am reformebis

gatarebis Semdeg TiTqmis yvelgan Seicvala Semosavlebis ganaw-

ileba ufro maRalSemosavliani fenebis sasargeblod, xolo ganvi-

Tarebad qveynebSi uTanasworobis aseT zrdas ar mohyolia Raribi

fenis keTildReobis amaRleba (rogorc neoliberaluri ideolo-

gia prognozirebs). piriqiT, TiTqmis yvelgan gaizarda siRaribe;

siRaribis donis gazrda neoloberalurma reformebma bevr ganvi-

Tarebul qveyanaSic gamoiwvia.8 (iqve: 76-79).

erTiani nacionaluri moZraobis 2004 wlis winasaarCevno kam-

paniaSi siRaribis daZleva programis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani kom-

ponenti iyo. igive miznebi gacxadebuli iyo yvela momdevno samo-

qmedo gegmaSic, magram arc erTxel ar iyo zustad miTiTebuli

konkretuli amocanebi da monitoringis meqanizmebi.9 amis miRwev-

is gzad, rogorc iTqva, neoliberaluri reformebiT ekonomikuri

zrda da Semdeg Rarib fenebSi simdidris „CaJonva“ igulisxmeboda.

dimitri guguSvilis SefasebiT, „gasakviri ar aris, rom ekono-

mikisa da marTvis sistemebis reformebTan SedarebiT, socialu-

ri sistemis reformebi mxolod mokled ganixileboda; socialuri

dacvis sistemaSi ZiriTadi maxvili keTdeboda pensiebis gazrdaze

da miznobrivi socialuri daxmarebis gamoyofaze maTTvis, visac

es marTla sWirdeba.”10

saqarTveloSi neoliberalurma reformebma pirvel etapze

marTlac gamoiwvia swrafi ekonomikuri zrda - 2003-2008 wlebSi

mSp 4 miliardi aSS dolaridan 13 miliardamde gaizarda. Tumca,

es zrda momxda ara warmoebis mniSvnelovani zrdis xarjze, aramed

iseTi seqtorebis zrdis xarjze,11 romelTa dasaqmebis maCvenebel-

ic dabalia.12 garda amisa, saxelmwifo xarjebis minimizaciaze, in-

7 sainteresoa piter gouenis Semdegi dakvirveba: kapitalizmis gansazRvreba, romelsac Sokuri Terapiis Teoria (vaSingtonis konsensusis versia aRmosavlur blokisTvis) iyenebda, sami punq-tisagan Sedgeboda: (1) Ria vaWroba, (2) valutis konvertirebadoba, (3) kerZo sakuTreba, rogorc ekonomikuri zrdis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli. amaTgan mxolod mesamea, amtkicebs goueni, kapital-izmis arsebiTi maxasiaTebeli; xolo pirveli ori sagareo urTierTobebs exeba da arc erTi azriT ar aris aucilebeli kapitalizmisTvis: bevr SemTxvevaSi, kapitalizmi maT gareSe arsebobda da maTi arsebobac SesaZlebelia kapitalizmis gareSe; ix. SeniSvna 1, 71.8 iqve, 71-79.9 iqve, 87.10 iqve.

203

stitutebis gajansaRebaze, bazrebis deregulacia-liberalizaci-

aze mimarTuli reformebis Sedegad TiTqmis ganaxevrda sajaro

moxeleTa ricxvi. amitom, erTi SexedviT paradoqsulad, ekono-

mikuri zrdis paralelurad, mniSvnelovnad (11.5%-dan, 15%-mde)

gaizarda umuSevroba.

siRaribis, iseve, rogorc umuSevrobis zusti Sefasebebi sakma-

od problematuria. Tumca, udavoa, rom saqarTveloSi siRaribis

done, yvelaze dabali standartebiT SefasebiTac ki, neoliberal-

uri reformebis msvlelobaSi ekonomikuri zrdisa da Semosavlis

uTanasworobis gaRrmavebis kvaldakval maRali rCeboda. d. gu-

guSvilis mier Catarebuli analizis Sedegebi aCvenebs, rom 2004

wlidan siRaribis done 18.2%-dan nelnela gaizarda da 28.9%-s

miaRwia 2007-Si, 2008-Si Semcirda 3%-iT da kidev 0.4%-iT Sem-

cirda 2009-Si, magram 2011-Si isev gaizarda 26.2%-mde da 2004

welTan SedarebiT 44%-iT maRali iyo. am zrdis udidesi nawili

aixsneba soflad siRaribis TiTqmis gaormagebiT.13 sayuradReboa,

rom amave periodSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda zogadad socialu-

ri dacvis xarjebic da miznobrivi socialuri daxmarebebic, ris

gareSec siRaribis zrda kidev ufro radikaluri iqneboda.14 es

monacemebi naTlad metyvelebs rogorc neoliberaluri „CaJonvis“

Teoriis gadaWarbebul optimizmze, ise socialuri dacvis arsebu-

li sistemis araadekvaturobaze.

wina abzacSi miTiTebuli siRaribis masStabebis erT-erTi

mniSvnelovani wyaroa jandacvis sferoSi mimdinare procesebi

bolo aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi. msoflio bankis 2009 wlis kvle-

vam aCvena, rom qveyanaSi jandacvis saerTo danaxarjebis 71%-s e.

w. „jibidan gadaxdebi“ Seadgenda, rac gansakuTrebiT did gavle-

nas axdens siRaribis saerTo maCveneblebze.15 jandacvis sistemis

gaumarTaobis gamo, bazisuri samedicino momsaxureba da medika-

mentebi miuwvdomelia rogorc RaribTaTvis, ise saSualo Semosav-

lis mqone jgufebisTvis, xolo gadaudebeli samedicino xarjeb-

11 ix. SeniSvna 5, 260. 12 ix. SeniSvna 1, 99. 13 iqve, 137. 14 iqve, 115. 15 iqve, 105-106.

204

is dasafarad mosaxleobas xSirad uwevs uZravi qonebis gayidva.16

msoflio jandacvis organizaciis 2009 wlis angariSis mixedviT,

samedicino momsaxurebis gamoyenebiT, saqarTvelo bolodan meore

adgilzea evropaSi maSin, rodesac 100000 sul mosaxleze eqimebis

raodenobiT - meore adgilze.17 jandacvis sferos marketizaciis

am katastrofuli Sedegebis miuxedavad, 2013 wlamde saxelmwi-

fos TiTqmis araferi gaukeTebia problemasTan gasamklaveblad.

finansdeboda mxolod ramdenime specifikuri programa da jan-

mrTelobis dazRveva garkveuli miznobrivi jgufebisTvis, ramac

mxolod umniSvnelod Seamcira „jibidan gadaxdebis“ moculoba.

2013 wlidan saxelmwifom Seqmna sayovelTao jandacvis sistema,

romlis winaaRmdegac arsebiTad ori saxis argumenti ismis: ar-

amiznobriobis gamo misi naklebi efeqtianoba realuri saWiroe-

bis mqoneTaTvis da, nawilobriv, amis gamo misi finansuri ara-

stabiluroba. savaraudod, am argumentebs aqvs garkveuli Zala

da saxelmwifo jandacvis dRevandeli programa mniSvnelovan

srulyofas saWiroebs. Tumca, unda vaRiaroT, rom sayovelTao

jandacvis SemoReba erTi (Tu erTaderTi ara) mkafio nabijia, ro-

melic konstituciiT garantirebuli „socialurobisken“ gadadga

Cvenma saxelmwifom.

siRaribisa da umuSevrobis zrdas xeli gamorCeulad Seu-

wyo da, zogadad, moqalaqeTa socialuri uflebebisTvis gansa-

kuTrebuli Sedegebis mqone iyo deregulacia Sromis kodeqsSi -

2006 wels miRebulma Sromis kodeqsma, faqtobrivad, araviTari

ufleba ar dautova daqiravebuls, xolo damqiravebels TiTqmis

SeuzRudavi Tavisufleba mianiWa rogorc samuSao pirobebis gan-

sazRvris, ise samsaxuridan daTxovnis gadawyvetilebis Tvalsaz-

risiT. marTalia, Sromis kodeqsSi 2013 wels Setanili cvlile-

bebiT garkveulwilad gaumjobesda daqiravebulTa uflebrivi

mdgomareoba, magram jer kidev ar arsebobs Sromis inspeqciis

adekvaturi instituti, romlis gareSec Sromis maregulirebeli

kanonmdeblobis realuri aRsruleba ver moxdeba.

garda amisa, Sromis orive kodeqsi minimalurad mgrZnobiarea

16 iqve, 113-14.17 iqve.

205

Sromis bazarze qalebis winaSe arsebuli dabrkolebebis mimarT.

xolo qalebisaTvis anazRaurebad SromaSi monawileobis Tanas-

wori SesaZleblobebis micema ara mxolod nebismieri socialuri

saxelmwifos aucilebeli principia, aramed es siRaribesTan brZo-

lis erT-erT gadamwyvet strategiad aris aRiarebuli.

siRaribis da umuSevrobis dauZleveli problemebi mniS-

vnelovnad ukavSirdeba ganaTlebis politikis xarvezebsac. erTi

mxriv, ganaTlebaze mTliani danaxarji meryeobda mSp-s 2.2%-dan

2.5%-mde, rac nebismieri standartiT Zalian dabalia.18 ganaT-

lebis xarisxis gaumjobeseba instituciuri reformebis gziT

igegmeboda, romelTa Soris ZiriTadi iyo skolebis marTvis de-

centralizeba, saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis dafinanseba

studentebis mier mopovebuli Tu moswavleTaTvis gamoyofili

grantebis safuZvelze, umaRles saswavleblebSi Caricxvebisa da

swavlis dafinansebisTvis erTiani erovnuli gamocdebis sistemis

Seqmna (iqve). TiTqmis yvela es reforma arsobrivadac da deklar-

irebuladac mimarTuli iyo ganaTlebis sistemaSi damkvidrebu-

li korufciuli praqtikebis aRmofxvraze ise, rom maT dizainSi

naklebad iyo gaTvaliswinebuli socialuri samarTlianobis mo-

sazrebebi. ufro zustad, marTalia, xazi esmeboda korufciuli

praqtikebis Secvlas „meritokratiuli“ - miRwevasa da damsaxure-

baze dafuZnebuli - da, am azriT, samarTliani sistemiT, magram

ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli meqanizmebi, rom axali sistema arse-

buli struqturuli uTanasworobebis reproduqciis xelSemwyobi

ar yofiliyo. bolodroindeli kvlevebi kargad aCvenebs realuri

uTanasworobebis mimarT ganaTlebis politikis am „sibrmavis“ Se-

degebs. magaliTad, mniSvnelovnad uTanasworoa umaRlesi ganaT-

lebis misawvdomoba geografiuli warmoSobis mixedviT: umaRles

saswavleblebSi Caricxuli abiturientebis absoluturi umravle-

soba - 81% - urbanuli centrebidan aris;19 amasTan, did qalaqebSi

(gansakuTrebiT, dedaqalaqSi) mcxovrebi moswavleebisTvis bevrad

ufro maRalia ufro prestiJul umaRles saswavlebelSi Caricx-

vis albaToba, vidre soflad (gansakuTrebiT, maRalmTian sof-

18 iqve, 112.19 Chankseliani M., Rural Disadvantage in Georgian Higher Education Admissions: A Mixed-Methods Study, Com-parative Education Review, Vol. 57, No. 3, 2013, 445.

206

lebSi) mcxovrebi moswavleebisTvis, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca zo-

gadi unarebis gamocdaSi miRebuli qulis (romelic prestiJul

umaRles saswavlebelSi Caricxvis mniSvnelovani prediqtoria)

mixedviT gansxvaveba ar aris;20 metic, sxvadasxva faqtoris gaT-

valiswinebiT, erTi da imave xarisxis umaRlesi ganaTlebis fasi

(anu ojaxis mier saxelmwifo dafinansebis zemoT gaweuli danax-

arjebi) soflad mcxovrebi ojaxisTvis qalaqSi mcxovreb ojaxze

ufro maRalia da es maSin, rodesac soflis mcxovrebTa saSua-

lo Semosavali qalaqSi mcxovrebTa saSualo Semosavlis daaxloe-

biT naxevaria.21 kvlevebi aseve aCvenebs, rom ganaTlebaSi miRwevis

ganmsazRvreli faqtoria mSoblebis socialuri mdgomareoba da

misi mniSvneloba saqarTveloSi 1970 wlis Semdeg dabadebulTaT-

vis kidev ufro gaizarda; garda amisa, adamianis warmatebulad

dasaqmebis perspeqtivaze socialuri warmoSobis didi gavle-

na dasturdeba TviTon misi ganaTlebis cvladis gakontrolebis

SemTxvevaSic.22 rogorc es magaliTebi adasturebs, ganaTlebis

sistemaSic, romlis reformac 2004 wlidan gatarebul reformebs

Soris erT-erT yvelaze warmatebulad saxeldeba, xelmisawvdomo-

bis realuri Tanasworoba ver iqna uzrunvelyofili da, SeiZleba

iTqvas, arc yofila eqsplicituri mizani - es ukanaskneli fesv-

gadgmuli korufciuli praqtikis daZleva ufro iyo.

amas saintereso sakiTxTan mivyavarT: ra Tqma unda, koruf-

ciis daZleva samarTlebrivi da socialuri saxelmwifos Senebis

sruliad aucilebeli komponentia, magram ganaTlebis sistemis

SemTxveva mxolod erTi magaliTia imisa, rom korufciis aRmofx-

vra da institutebis Seqmna, TavisTavad, ar aris arc egalitaruli

sistemis Camoyalibebis da arc socialuri problemebis gadaWris

garantia. politikis mxolod antikorufciuli da instituciebis

Senebaze orientirebuli fokusis Sedegebis kidev erTi saint-

20 Canqseliani m., geografiuli uTanasworoba saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi miRebisas: prestiJuli umaRlesi saswavleblebis arCevisa da saswavleblebSi Caricxvis albaToba, social-ur mecnierebaTa centri, 2012; ix. <http://css.ge/files/Papers/Maia_Chankselini,_Sept_2012_Geo.pdf> [21.01.2016].21 Chankseliani M., The Financial Burden of Attending University in Georgia: Implications for Rural Students, 2013, 43: 311-328.22 Gugushvili A., Ascriptive Inequality and Life Chances in Georgia, Center for Social Sciences, 2012; იხ. <http://css.ge/files/Papers/Alexi_Gugushvili,_ASCRIPTIVE_INEQUALITY_AND_LIFE_CHANCES_IN_GEORGIA,_sept._2012_ENG.pdf> [21.01.2016].

207

ereso SemTxvevaa 2004-2012 wlebSi quCis vaWrobis SezRudvis da

formalizebis mcdelobebis istoriaa. am SemTxvevis analizis sa-

fuZvelze lela rexviaSvili Tavis uaxles kvlevaSi aCvenebs, rom

warmatebuli instituciuri reforma aucileblad ar iZleva im

Sedegebs, rasac isini TiTqos avtomaturad unda iwvevdes: gadam-

wyveti mniSvneloba aqvs TviTon axali institutebis dizainsa da

Sinaarss.23

saqarTveloSi bolo periodSi Catarebuli reformebisa da

socialuri samarTlianobisTvis maTi Sedegebis es mimoxilva, ra

Tqma unda, fragmentuli da SerCeviTia. SeiZleboda kidev gagvegr-

Zelebina bolodroindeli politikis (an, zogierT SemTxvevaSi,

politikis deficitis) sxva aspeqtebze saubari: garemos dacvisa

da bunebrivi resursebis mdgradi gamoyenebis politikis gaqrobis

wertilamde minimizacia, moqalaqeTa sruli daucveloba mtace-

bluri sesxebisgan, usaxlkarobisgan, SromiTi eqspluataciisgan

da a.S. Tumca, imedi maqvs, ukve ganxiluli sakiTxebi bolo wleb-

Si gatarebuli neoliberaluri politikis socialuri Sedegebis

sakmarisi ilustraciaa.

aq kidev erT reformas gavixseneb, romlis kavSiric social-

ur problemebTan SeiZleba erTi SexedviT aSkara ar iyos, magram

romelic (garda imisa, rom Zalian uSualo da pirdapir kavSirSia

moqalaqeebis winaSe saxelmwifos pasuxismgeblobasTan), neolib-

eraluri reformebis saintereso ilustraciia liberalizaciis,

saxelmwifos minimizaciisa da korufciis aRmofxris veqtorebis

urTierTkveTaze: mxedvelobaSi maqvs avtomobilebis savaldebu-

lo teqdaTvalierebis gauqmeba 2004 wels. oficialuri argumenti,

romliTac teqdaTvaliereba gauqmda, iyo sistemis korumpirebu-

loba da araefeqturoba. rogorc vici, misi gauqmebis realuri

motivi aseve iyo ekonomikuri zrdis xelSewyoba da bevri am gad-

awyvetilebas amiT amarTlebs, Tumca, es ar iyo oficialuri ar-

gumenti. aq sainteresoa am SemTxvevis swored es aspeqti: aSkarad

saWiro (aRiarebulad mainc) instituti imis gamo, rom korumpire-

23 Rekhviashvili L., Informalization of the Countermovement: Institutional Reforms and Informal Economic Prac-tices in Post-Revolutionary (2003-2012) Georgia (PhD in Political Science), Central European University, Buda-pest, Hungary, 2015, 214.

208

buli iyo, reformirebis nacvlad gauqmda. amasTan, gauqmda ise,

rom kanonma ar uzrunvelyo momavlis romelime konkretul momen-

tSi misi xelaxla SemoReba.

am Tavis dasasruleblad isev neoliberalur ritorikas

davubrundebi da mis im aspeqts gavixseneb, romlis Suqzec saint-

eresod gamoCndeba 2004 wlidan Catarebuli reformebi: vgulisx-

mob imas, rac am ritorikaSi figurirebs, rogorc racionaluri

dagegmvis mimarT skepticizmi Tu gonebis ampartavnebis winaaRm-

deg gafrTxileba. xSirad am skepticizmidan gamohyavT xolme

„zemodan dagegmili“ cvlilebebis dauSvebloba da minimaluri

saxelmwifos sasurveloba. magaliTad, poperi, neoliberalizmis

erT-erTi klasikosi, „gonebis mokrZalebis“ poziciidan memarcx-

ene ideologebs brals sdebs zedmet optimizmSi adamianis gonebis

SesaZleblobebis mimarT _ (rom sazogadoebis fundamenturad gar-

daqmnis maTi gegmebi ar iTvaliswinebs adamianuri Semecnebis fal-

ibilur, cdomad xasiaTs); da swored amiT xsnis maT gaumarTleb-

el ambicias, sazogadoebis radikaluri gardaqmnis gzaze bolomde

moSalon arsebuli socialuri institutebi da „sufTa dafidan“

daiwyon sasurveli sazogadoebis Seneba. haiekisTvisac, neolib-

eralizmis kidev ufro didi klasikosisTvis, minimaluri saxelm-

wifos sasargeblo da saxelmwifos intervenciebis sawinaaRmdego

erT-erTi mniSvnelovani argumentia saimedo racionaluri prog-

nozebis SeuZlebloba ekonomikisa da, zogadad, socialuri mov-

lenebis sferoSi.

Tu ramdenad Tanmimdevrulad Seesabameba ideologiis am as-

peqts saqarTveloSi Catarebuli reformebi, TavisTavad saintere-

so sakiTxia. mis analizs aq ar vecdebi. mxolod TviTon ideaze

gavakeTeb Semdeg komentars: gonebis SesaZleblobebis am (savsebiT

gamarTlebuli) mokrZalebuli Sefasebis aucilebeli Sedegi, al-

baT, ar unda iyos gadaWarbebuli optimizmi spontanuri wesri-

gis mimarT (romelsac xSirad, Tundac karikaturulad, ybadaRe-

buli „bazari daaregulirebs“ formuliT gamoxataven). es meore

ukiduresoba, vfiqrob, ufro gulubryvilo da usafuZvloa, vidre

gonebisa da racionalurobis Tundac gadaWarbebuli rwmena (mi-

uxedavad evoluciis Teoriis Tu sistemebis Teoriis mixvedre-

209

bisa imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saocar SedegebTan SeiZleba migviyva-

nos SemTxveviTma procesebma - anu, „sufTa Sansis TamaSma“). brma

procesebis mimarT gadaWarbebuli optimizmi uTuod aris ufro

gulubryviloba, vidre optimizmi gonebis gaTvlebis mimarT da,

amasTan, jer aravis moufiqrebia damajerebeli argumentebi, ro-

melic dagvarwmunebs, rom pirveli ufro metad usafrTxoa, vidre

meore.

siRaribesTan brZola Tu samarTlianoba?

saqarTvelos saxelmwifos bolo aTwleulebis ganviTarebis

socialurobis Tu antisocialurobis am fragmentuli mimoxilvis

Semdeg, Sevexebi Teoriul sakiTxs, aris Tu ara socialuri saxel-

mwifos erTaderTi gamarTleba da racionalizacia is idea, rom

saxelmwifom ar unda dauSvas Tavis moqalaqeTa keTildReobis

garkveul minimums qveviT Casvla, sul erTia, humanurobas dae-

myareba es idea Tu adamianis Rirsebis uzenaesobis mosazrebebs.

rogorc ukve iTqva, am ideas calsaxad arc neoliberaluri

da minimaluri saxelmwifos momxreebi uaryofen. maTi didi nawi-

li eTanxmeba saxelmwifos socialur xarjebs siRaribis Sesamsub-

uqeblad. xolo isini, vinc aseT xarjebs ewinaaRmdegebian, Tavis

argumentebs isev im mosazrebas amyareben, rom socialuri saxelm-

wifo, sxvadasxva mizezis gamo (ekonomikuri stagnaciis gamowveviT

Tu „ufaso mgzavrobis“ waxalisebiT), siRaribes ki ar amcirebs,

aramed zrdis, xolo Tavisufali ekonomika da minimaluri saxel-

mwifo, sazogadoebis „jamuri“ gamdidrebis xelSewyobiT, siRari-

besac amcirebs (Tumca, rogorc vnaxeT, konteqstebis umravleso-

baSi, saqarTvelos CaTvliT, es Teoria swori ar gamodga). orive

TvalsazrisSi ugulebelyofilia is faqti, rom sazogadoebis

struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi ganapirobebs siRaribis reproduq-

cias, rom siRaribe an misgan Tavis daRweva ar aris arc individ-

ualuri unarebis da arc individualuri gamarTlebis funqcia da

swored am struqturul uTanasworobebTan gasamklaveblad aris

saWiro sakmaod vrceli socialuri saxelmwifo.24

socialuri saxelmwifos aqamde mocemuli raison d’être jer

210

mainc mxolod yvelaze uaresad myofTa xvedris gaumjobesebas em-

yareba. socialuri samarTlianobis es idea samarTlianobis jon

roulziseuli Teoriis komponentia. mis mixedviT, samarTliani

sazogadoebis bazisuri struqtura unda eTanxmebodes bazisuri

sikeTeebis (Tavisuflebebis, SesaZleblobebis, simdidris da Se-

mosavlis, sakuTari Tavis pativiscemis socialuri safuZvlebis)

ganawilebis Semdeg or princips: (1) TiToeul adamians erTnairad

unda hqondes bazisuri Tavisuflebebis yvelaze farTo sistema,

rac SeTavsebadia sxvebis analogiur TavisuflebasTan; (2) so-

cialuri da ekonomikuri uTanasworobebi unda arsebobdes mx-

olod imdenad, ramdenadac (a) maTi arseboba ukeTesia maTTvis,

vinc yvelaze cud mdgomareobaSia, da (b) isini dakavSirebulia

poziciebTan, romlebic yvelasTvis Riaa.25 roulzis Teoria ar

gulisxmobs, rom nebismieri ekonomikuri uTanasworoba usamarT-

loa, magram misi pirdapir Sedegia, rom nebismieri politika, ro-

melic ekonomikur uTanasworobas zrdis, gamarTlebas moiTxovs

da aseTi gamarTleba mxolod ufro cud mdgomareobaSi myofTa

interesebs unda emyarebodes. Sesabamisad, socialuri dacvis

ama Tu im programis, Tu redistribuciaze mimarTuli ama Tu im

24 sainteresoa, rom adam smiti, romelic ekonomikuri liberalizmis da minimaluri saxelmwifos up-irveles adeptad miiCneva, xedavda am saWiroebas: „adamians, romelic cxovrebas ramdenime martivi operaciis SesrulebaSi atarebs... arasodes sWirdeba azrovnebis an warmosaxvis daZabva... amitom bunebrivad kargavs am Cvevas da, rogorc wesi, suleli da umecari xdeba... gonebis gaSeSebis gamo, is kargavs ara mxolod racionalur saubarSi monawileobiT siamovnebis miRebis, aramed nebismieri guluxvi, keTilSobili, an nazi grZnobis gancdis unarsac, da, Sesabamisad, unars, samarTlianad gansajos Tundac piradi cxovrebis yvelaze Cveulebrivi movaleobebi... yvela ganviTarebul da civilizebul sazogadoebaSi es aris mdgomareoba, romelSic Raribi muSa, anu adamianTa didi naw-ili, aucileblad Cavardeba, Tuki mTavroba nabijebs ar gadadgams amis Tavidan asacileblad“ - werda is Tavisi politekonomikuri magnus opusis mexuTe TavSi (Smith 1776: V.1.178, Cemi Targmani). epigrafad gamoyenebuli pamukis citata, imedi maqvs, gamokveTs struqturuli mizezebis ugule-belyofis Sedegad socialuri gansxvavebebis individualur gansxvavebebze dayvanis tendencias (Tumca, pamukis pasaJis (da fanonis ufro adrindeli sentenciis, romelsac pamuki iyenebs) konte-qsti garkveulad gansxvavebuli da ufro mravalSriania). sainteresoa, rom adam smiti, romelic ekonomikuri liberalizmis da minimaluri saxelmwifos upirveles adeptad miiCneva, xedavda am saWiroebas: „adamians, romelic cxovrebas ramdenime martivi operaciis SesrulebaSi atarebs... arasodes sWirdeba azrovnebis an warmosaxvis daZabva... amitom bunebrivad kargavs am Cvevas da, rogorc wesi, suleli da umecari xdeba... gonebis gaSeSebis gamo, is kargavs ara mxolod raciona-lur saubarSi monawileobiT siamovnebis miRebis, aramed nebismieri guluxvi, keTilSobili, an nazi grZnobis gancdis unarsac, da, Sesabamisad, unars, samarTlianad gansajos Tundac piradi cxovre-bis yvelaze Cveulebrivi movaleobebi... yvela ganviTarebul da civilizebul sazogadoebaSi es aris mdgomareoba, romelSic Raribi muSa, anu adamianTa didi nawili, aucileblad Cavardeba, Tuki mTavroba nabijebs ar gadadgams amis Tavidan asacileblad“ - werda is Tavisi politekonomikuri magnus opusis mexuTe TavSi (Smith 1776: V.1.178, Cemi Targmani). epigrafad gamoyenebuli pamukis citata, imedi maqvs, gamokveTs struqturuli mizezebis ugulebelyofis Sedegad socialuri gansx-vavebebis individualur gansxvavebebze dayvanis tendencias (Tumca, pamukis pasaJis (da fanonis ufro adrindeli sentenciis, romelsac pamuki iyenebs) konteqsti garkveulad gansxvavebuli da ufro mravalSriania).25 Rawls J., A Theory of Justice, Harvard University Press, 1971.

211

politikis winaaRmdeg argumenti ver iqneba, magaliTad, is, rom is

amcirebs warmoebis efeqturobas an aferxebs ekonomikur zrdas,

Tuki argumenti amave dros ar aCvenebs, rom mis Sedegad uares-

deba maTi mdgomareoba, vinc yvelaze cud dReSia. Tumca, rou-

lzis Teoria ar gamoarCevs memarcxene an memarjvene politikas,

socialur an minimalur saxelmwifos, rogorc socialuri samar-

Tlianobis moTxovnasTan ufro SesabamisobaSi myofs. is Riad

tovebs sivrces debatebisTvis, Tu gadanawilebis romeli poli-

tika moitans yvelaze cud dReSi myofTaTvis saukeTeso Sedegebs

- es ekonomikis mecnierebam unda gadawyvitos.

magram arsebobs socialuri samarTlianobis sxva koncef-

ciebic, romlebic Teoriuladac gamoricxavs imis SesaZleblobas,

rom ekonomikuri zrda, Tuki is simdidreSi gansxvavebebis gaR-

rmavebis gziT mimdinareobs, ufro samarTlian saxelmwifosTan

migviyvans (Tundac romelime absoluturi kriteriumiT marTlac

gaaumjobesos yvelaze uaresad myofTa mdgomareoba, rac, rogorc

neoliberaluri reformebis gamocdilebam aCvena, bevrad ufro

iSviaTi SemTxvevaa, vidre sapirispiro Sedegi).

aseTi argumentis kargi nimuSi ekuTvnis nensi freizrs, ro-

melic redistribucias, rogorc socialuri samarTlianobis

aucilebel komponents, demokratiis, rogorc Tanaswori poli-

tikuri monawileobis ufro farTo CarCoSi aTavsebs da mas akav-

Sirebs aRiarebasTanac, rogorc samarTlianobis aseve aucilebel

komponentTan.26 amrigad, freizerisTvis ekonomikuri mniSvnelo-

vani uTanasworoba socialuri usamarTlobis formaa ara mxolod

misi genezisis gamo (eqspluatacia iqneba es Tu marginalizacia),

aramed, imitomac, rom is gamoricxavs politikur Tanasworobas.

an, rogorc neoliberaluri reformebis sxva kritikosebic amt-

kiceben, Tu demokratia yoveli adamianisTvis erT xmas niSnavs,

es reformebi pirdapir Zirs uTxris demokratias, radgan war-

moudgeneli masStabiT zrdis simdidris araproporciul gadanaw-

ilebas da politikur Zalas ukargavs moqalaqeTa udides nawils.

marTlac, empiriuli kvlevebi aCvenebs, rom, magaliTad, aSS-Si

26 Fraser N., Social Justice in the Age of Identity Politics: Redistribution, Recognition, and Participation, 2013, Frazer N., and Honneth A., Redistribution or Recognition? A Political-Philosophical Exchange, London-New York: Verso, 7-109.

212

ekonomikuri uTanasworobis zrdis kvaldakval sul ufro mcird-

eba rigiTi moqalaqeebisa da samoqalaqo interesTa jgufebis gav-

lena samTavrobo politikaze, da sul ufro arsebiTi xdeba masze

ekonomikur elitebsa da biznes-interesebis warmomadgeneli orga-

nizebuli jgufebis gavlena.27 Tu am arguments gaviTvaliswinebT,

aSkara gaxdeba, rom socialuri samarTlianobis redistribuciuli

aspeqti mxolod „yvelaze cud dReSi myofTa“ cxovrebis xarisxis

gaumjobesebas ki ar exeba, aramed, zogadad, moqalaqeTa poli-

tikur Tanasworobas, ramdenadac es ukanaskneli damokidebulia

ekonomikuri uTanasworobisa da simdidreSi gansxvavebebis mzardi

ufskrulis Semcirebaze. amrigad, redistribuciis politika da

ekonomikuri samarTlianoba uSualo kavSirSia samoqalaqo-poli-

tikur uflebebTan. problemas Tu am kuTxiT SevxedavT, aRmoCn-

deba, rom socialuri saxelmwifo ar aris mxolod an upiratesad

socialur-ekonomikuri uflebebis garanti (radgan es ukanaskneli

SeiZleba gavigoT ekonomikuri uTanasworobis mimarT neitralu-

rad, mxolod keTildReobis minimumis uzrunvelyofad), aramed

mimarTulia uTanasworobis sawinaaRmdegod, mimarTulia samoqa-

laqo uflebebze.

amis gacnobiereba dagvanaxebs Tavisuflebisa da Tanasworo-

bis cnobili dilemis uadgilobasac.28 ukve hana arendti amtkiceb-

da, rom Tavisuflebis cneba umTavresad politikur qmedebas,

marTvaSi monawileobas ukavSirdeba da fiqrobda, rom es moiTxovs

gadaudebel saWiroebebze zrunvisgan garkveul Tavisuflebas.29

magram Tu vaRiarebT mWidro kavSirs did ekonomikur uTanaswo-

robebsa da moqalaqeTa didi nawilis politikuri Zalis Semcire-

bas Soris, Tavisuflebasa da Tanasworobaze mimarTul politikas

Soris kidev ufro aSkara kavSiri gamoCndeba.

27 Gilens M., and B.I. Page., Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens. Perspectives on Politics, 2014, 12: 564-581.28 garda imisa, rom moCvenebiT alternativas gvaZalebs, es dilema emyareba RirebulebiT ierarqias, romelic yvelaze maRla individualur Tavisuflebas ayenebs, rasac bevri avtori garantirebu-lad ar iRebs. magaliTad, saba mahmudi aCvenebs, rom konkretul istoriul-geografiul sivrceSi arsebuli diskursis elementia subieqtisa da agentis metafizika, romelic Tavisuflebis survili subieqtis yvelaze arsebiT konstituciur elementad gulisxmobs; da dasavlur dominantur kon-cefciebSi nagulisxmevi am metafizikis universalizeba usafuZvloa (Mahmood S., Politics of Piety. The Islamic Revival and the Feminist Subject. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005).adamianis uflebaTa evrocentristuli modelis kritikis erTi mimarTuleba emyareba swored imis mosazrebas, rom masSi Tavisuflebis mniSvneloba gazviadebulia da arasworad eniWeba upiratesoba politikur da samoqalaqo uflebebs socialur da ekonomikur uflebebTan SedarebiT.

213

politikur uflebebsa da socialur saxelmwifos Soris kav-

Siri kargad Cans saqarTvelos bolo aTwleulebis ganviTarebis

Semdegi Sefasebidanac: „ganviTarebad qveynebSi, sadac socialuri

uTanasworoba sufevs, msgavsi [saxelmwifos Sekvecis] strategia

aferxebs moqalaqeebisTvis politikuri uflebebis miniWebis pro-

cess da SesaZleblobaTa gafarToebas... saqarTvelo „SezRuduli

wvdomis“ sazogadoebrivi wyobaa, sadac mobiluroba da qveynis

politikur sistemaSi Sesasvleli blokirebulia siRaribiT, uTa-

naswoorobiTa da sistemuri ierarqiebiT“.30

Tu amas vaRiarebT, albaT unda vifiqroT, rom SesaZlebelia

iyos socialuri saxelmwifo, romelic ar iqneba demokratiuli,

magram, rogorc Cans, SeuZlebelia iyo demokratiuli saxelmwifo,

romelic ar iqneba socialuri, am sityvis saTanadod Zlieri az-

riT.

29 Arendt H., Freedom and Politics: A lecture, Chicago Review, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Spring), 1960, 28-46.30 jonsi s., saqarTvelo - politikuri istoria damoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg, socialur mecnierebaTa centri, Tbilisi, 2013, 261.

214

saqarTvelos konstitucia _ erovnuli saxelmwifo da

imperiuli memkvidreoba

giorgi maisuraZe

konstituciebis preambula

konstitucia, rogorc saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanoni, ara mx-

olod samarTlebrivi dokumentia, romlis meSveobiTac saxel-

mwifo wyobileba da samarTlebriv-politikuri sistemebi gani-

sazRvreba, aramed asaxavs misi Semqmneli da mimRebi xalxis im

konkretul istoriul viTarebaSi gaCenil politikur ganwyobas

da realobas, romlis pirobebSic es umaRlesi kanoni daiwera. am-

denad, konstitucia istoriuli dokumenticaa, romelSic isto-

riulad ganpirobebuli sinamdvile da misgan gamomdinare miznebi

da swrafvebi airekleba. am TvalsazrisiT, gansakuTrebiT mniS-

vnelovania konstituciis preambula da pirveli muxli, romleb-

Sic TiTo winadadebiT jer moqalaqeebis, rogorc konstituciis

Semoqmedisa da subieqtis vinaoba, xolo Semdeg saxelmwifos gan-

sazRvrebebia mocemuli. preambulis Semdeg, konstituciis pirve-

li muxli saxelmwifos mTavar idealsa da princips gansazRvravs,

romlis dacvasa da ganmtkicebasac konstitucia emsaxureba. mag-

aliTad, meore msoflio omisa da nacisturi reJimis sisastikeebis

Semdeg, 1949 wels Seqmnili germaniis federaciuli respublikis

215

konstituciis pirvel winadadebaSi aseT mTavar idealad adamianis

Rirsebaa dasaxelebeuli: „adamianis Rirseba xelSeuxebelia. misi

pativiscema da dacva aris saxelmwifo Zalauflebis yvela Stos

mizani“. 1947 wels miRebuli italiis respublikis konstituci-

is pirveli muxli Sromis uflebas usvams xazs da mas asaxelebs

saxelmwifos ganmsazRvrelad: „italia aris demokratiuli, Sroma-

ze dafuZnebuli respublika“. 1946 wels ganaxlebuli da 1789 wlis

revoluciur idealebze dafuZnebuli safrangeTis konstituciis

pirveli muxli sagangebod gamoyofs laicizms, romelic demokra-

tiasa da socialur saxelmwifosTan erTad respublikis mTavari

monapovaria: „safrangeTi aris ganuyofeli, laicisturi, demokra-

tiuli da socialuri respublika.“ laicizmi anu saxelmwifosa da

eklesiis, saero da sasuliero sferoebis mkacri gamijvna, im prin-

cipadaa miCneuli, romelmac safrangeTis konstituciiT deklari-

rebuli adamianTa Tanasworuflebianoba unda uzrunvelyos.

samive zemoT motanili magaliTi am saxelmwifoTa istoriul

ganviTarebas da istoriulad ganpirobebul politikur da samarT-

lebriv idealebs asaxavs, romlebic saxelmwifoebriobis ganmsaz-

Rvrel da makonstituirebel principebadaa Camoyalibebuli. 1995

wels miRebul saqarTvelos konstituciis preambulas da pirvel

muxls am prizmidan Tu wavikiTxavT, saWiro iqneba im politikuri

da istoriuli konteqstebis aRdgena da gaazreba, romlebic Ta-

namedrove saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis fuZemdebluri prin-

cipebia.

preambula

Cven, saqarTvelos moqalaqeni, romelTa uryevi nebaa, davam-

kvidroT demokratiuli sazogadoebrivi weswyobileba, ekonomi-

kuri Tavisufleba, socialuri da samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo,

uzrunvelvyoT adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebani da

Tavisuflebani, ganvamtkicoT saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-

ba da sxva xalxebTan mSvidobiani urTierToba, qarTveli eris

mravalsaukunovani saxelmwifoebriobis tradiciebsa da saqa-

rTvelos 1921 wlis konstituciis istoriul-samarTlebriv mem-

216

kvidreobaze dayrdnobiT RvTisa da qveynis winaSe vacxadebT am

konstitucias.

pirveli Tavis pirveli muxli:

1. saqarTvelo aris damoukidebeli, erTiani da ganuyofe-

li saxelmwifo, rac dadasturebulia 1991 wlis 31 marts

qveynis mTel teritoriaze, maT Soris afxazeTis assr-Si

da yofil samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi Catarebuli

referendumiT da 1991 wlis 9 aprilis saqarTvelos saxel-

mwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqtiT.

2. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos politikuri wyobilebaa

demokratiuli respublika.

3. saqarTvelos saxelmwifos saxelwodebaa „saqarTvelo“.

saqarTvelos konstituciis preambulis Tanaxmad, demokra-

tiuli weswyobileba, ekonomikuri Tavisufleba, socialuri da

samarTlebrivi saxelmwifo, adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli

uflebani da Tavisuflebani ara ukve arsebuli mocemuloba, ar-

amed miznebi da survilebia, romlebic konstituciis meSveobiT

unda ganxorcieldes. amdenad, is momavlis proeqtia, samuSao ge-

gmaa, rac mis awmyoSi arsebobas gamoricxavs. mocemulobaa kon-

stituciis pirveli muxliT gansazRvruli saxelmwifoebrivi da-

moukidebloba, Tumca ukve 1995 wlis politikuri realobidan

gamomdinare, rodesac saqarTvelos iurisdiqcia aRar vrcelde-

boda afxazeTsa da yofili samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqis

teritoriis udides nawilze, saqarTvelos „erTianoba da ganuy-

ofeloba“ aRar warmoadgenda faqts da mxolod samarTlebriv re-

alobas asaxavs. amdenad, misi realobad qceva kvlavac momavlis

gegmaa, romlis legitimur safuZvelsac konstitucia warmoad-

gens.

ukve arsebuli mxolod saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-

ba da sxva xalxebTan mSvidobiani urTierTobaa, romelic, Tum-

ca ganmtkicebas saWiroebs, magram es mocemuloba, erTi mxriv,

1921 wlis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis samarTlebriv

memkvidreobas, meore mxriv, „qarTveli eris mravalsaukunovan

saxelmwifoebriobis tradiciebs“ emyareba. saxelmwifoebriobis

217

tradicia legitimaciis araiuridiuli, ritorikuli formulaa,

romelic, iseve, rogorc konstituciis gamomcxadebeli-subieq-

ti - „Cven, saqarTvelos moqalaqeni“ - saqarTvelos kulturul

da samarTlebriv TviTidentifikacias emsaxureba. amdenad, am ori

formulis analizi saSualebas mogvcems axali qarTuli erovnuli

saxelmwifoebriobis warmoSobis istoriuli konteqstebi gaviaz-

roT, romlebmac konstituciaSi gancxadebuli erovnuli idento-

bis formebis warmoSoba ganapirobes.

„Cven...“

1883 „Sinaur mimoxilvaSi“ ilia WavWavaZe werda: „saidam dagvCe-

mda es saubeduro Tviseba? ram gadaaCvia Cveni Wkua, goneba, guli,

sayovelTao saqmes? ram dagviba Tvali da yuri marto maszed, ra-

sac „Cemobis“ feri adevs da ara „Cvenobisa“? Cvens istorias rom

SevxedoT, magis mizezs ver vipoviT. erTs wuTs rom Cveni Tvali

da yuri marto „Cemobazed“ gaCerebuliyo da „Cvenoba“ daviwyebas

miscemoda, maSinve suls gavafrTxobdiT da Cveni eri mtversaviT

aigveboda dedamiwis zurgidam. Cveni Zal-Rone, Cveni erovnuli

simtkice da daurRvevloba marto imaSi iyo, rom yovels Cvengans

jer „Cven“ hqonda saxeSi da mere „me“. uamisod, aki vambobT, Cve-

ni cxovreba erTs wuTsave moispoboda. es kargad icodnen CvenTa

winaparTa da amitom saca da roca mZlavri „Cven“ wamodgeboda

xolme, maSin yoveli kaci Tavis sakuTar „mes“ ukan daayenebda“.1

mravlobiTi ricxvis pirveli piris nacvalsaxeli _ Cven ilia

WavWavaZesTan koleqtiuri identobis formis saxes iRebs da is

xelovnurad Seqmnil cnebad - „Cvenobad“ - gardaiqmneba. „Cvenoba“

is kategoriaa, romelsac calkeuli individebi iseT organizebul

koleqtivad unda gaeerTianebina, rogorsac „eri“ ewodeba. XIX

saukunis meore naxevarSi gaaqtiurebuli termini eri Tvisobrivad

gansxvavdeba am sityvis Sinaarsobrivi winamorbedisgan: eri Sua

saukuneebSi adamianTa im simravles aRniSnavda, romelzec ilia

WavWavaZe 1872 werda, rom is istoriaSi ar Canso: „Cveni istoria

[...] marto omebisa da mefeebis istoriaa, eri arsad Cans, me ki

1 WavWavaZe i., Sinauri mimoxilva. 1883 weli, Tebervali., tomi VI, Tbilisi, 1927, 328.

218

aseTi agebulebis adamiani var, rom mefeebis da omebis saxe ar

mizidavs xolme. saqme xalxia da xalxi Cvens istoriaSi ar Cans.“2

TergdaleulTa TaobaSi eri „naciis“ Sesatyvisi xdeba, anu

isini ers istoriis subieqtis statuss aniWeben. eris erTobis

ganmsazRvreli ki ara monarqis figura, an sarwmunoebrivi erTo-

baa, rogoric es Sua saukuneebisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, aramed

istoriuli mexsierebaa: „arc erToba enisa, arc erToba sarwmu-

noebisa da gvartomobisa ise ar SeamsWvalebs xolme adamians erT-

maneTTan, rogorc erToba istoriisa. eri, erTis Rvawlis damdebi,

erTs istoriul uRelSi bmuli, erTad mebrZoli, erTsa da imave

Wirsa da lxinSi gamotarebuli _ erTsulobiT, erTgulobiT Zlie-

ria.“3

ilia WavWavaZis poetur narativSi Cndeba eris loialobis su-

bieqti - „mamuli“, romelTan mimarTebaSic eri, adamianebis er-

Toba, „Cvenobad“ unda qceuliyo. terminologiuri TvalsazrisiT,

es sityva berZnuli patris da laTinuri patria-dan momdinareobs,

Tumca Tavdapirveli mniSvnelobiT mSobliur qalaqs an adgils

aRniSnavda. pirveli Sinaarsobrivi saxecvlileba am terminma ukve

romis imperiaSi ganicada, rodesac laTinur formulaSi pro patria mori (mamulisTvis dacemuli meomrebis heroizacia) ukve ara mx-

olod warmomavlobis adgili, aramed romis imperia, mTeli misi

instituciebiTa da RirebulebaTa sistemiT igulisxmeboda.4 „war-

modgenam „mamulis“ Sesaxeb ... gadalaxa qalaqis Zveli sazRvrebi

da daukavSirda nacionalur samefos, „samefo gvirgvins“, rogorc

nacionaluri da teritoriuli erTobis xilul simbolos“.5

mamulis rogorc sakuTari qveynis anu samSoblos cneba XVIII

saukunis evropaSi gaCnda, sadac man feodaluri miwaTmflobelo-

bis Sinaarsi dakarga da koleqtiuri identobis aRmniSvnelad da

loialobis subieqtad gadaiqca. am terminiT „warmosaxviTi erTo-

ba“ (Imagined community) iqmneba da swored am erTobis loialobis

subieqtia ara monarqi, romelic Sua saukuneebSi saxelmwifos ga-

nasaxierebda, aramed samSoblo, mamuli.

2 kiknaZe z., ilias mamuli, wignidan: saqarTvelo aTaswleulTa gasayarze, Tbilisi, 2005, 36.3 WavWavaZe i., osmalos saqarTvelo, iveria, N:9, 1877.4 Kantorowicz E., Pro Patria Mori in Medieval Political Thought, in: Selected Sudies, New York, 1965, 310. 5 iqve, 313.

219

amocana, romelic ilia WavWavaZis winaSe idga, im principis

gaazreba iyo, romelic qarTvelebis gamaerTianebeli, maTi koleq-

tiuri identobis ganmsazRvreli iqneboda. daqucmacebuli saqarT-

velo ruseTis imperiis SemadgenlobaSi, marTalia, misi provinciis

statusiT, magram mainc gamTlianda. politikurad gaerTianebuli

xalxi ki sakuTar saxelmwifoSi ar aRmoCnda anu mis erTianobas

politikuri subieqtis saxe ar miuRia. aseT viTarebaSi erTobis

iseTi faqtori unda moZebniliyo, romelic usaxelmwifood, impe-

riis administraciul erTeulad yofnis pirobebSi xalxs saerTo

kulturuli mexsierebiTa da mizanswrafviT gaerTianebas moaxerx-

ebda. iliaseuli „mamuli“ arc saxelmwifoa da arc qveynis teri-

toria - is zegeografiuli warmodgenaa,6 romelic miTopoeturi

figurebisa da simboloebisgan Sedgeba. maTi meSveobiT erTgvari

„kontraprezentuli“ miTosi iqmneba, romelic warsulidan mam-

ulisaTvis Tavganwirvis motivis wamoweviT, awmyoSi am motivis

gaqrobas aRniSnavs da mis momavlSi kvlavgaCenis imeds iZleva.

es ilia WavWavaZiseuli „mamulis“ narativis centraluri princip-

ia: warsulis, rogorc gamocdilebis safuZvelze momavlis pro-

eqtis Seqmna (am principis TiTqmis pirdapiri ilustraciaa poe-

ma „aCrdili“). Tavad mamulic, rogorc momavlis proeqti, unda

gacocxldes („Cemi mamuli, saqarTvelo, dRes micocxldeba!“)7,

xelaxla daibados. ar aris SemTxveviTi is faqti, rom ilia Wav-

WavaZis poemis „qarTvlis dedis“ qvesaTauri „scena momavali cx-

ovrebidanaa.“ mamulis gacocxlebis funqcia ki ilias WavWavaZis

Seqmnil kidev erT miTologiur figuraze - „qarTvlis dedaze“

gadadis, romelmac mamuls samsxverplo mzadyofnaSi myofi vaJk-

acebi unda gauzardos.

ilia WavWavaZiseuli erovnuli narativi saqarTvelos ruse-

Tis imperiis farglebSi axal, Tanamedrove erad Camoyalibebas

emsaxureboda. Tumca, am proeqtSi eri, nacia araa saxelmwifosTan

mibmuli: upirvelesi mizani ara saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblo-

bis aRdgena, romelic saqarTveloSi mxolod monarqiis saxiT iyo

cnobili, aramed saerTo kulturul da istoriul cnobierebaze

6 ix., SeniSvna 2, 37.7 WavWavaZe i., qarTvlis deda, wignidan: rCeuli nawarmoebebi xuT tomad, Tbilisi, 1985, 161.

220

damyarebuli warmosaxviTi erTobis Seqmna iyo. amdenad, XIX sauku-

nis meore naxevarSi gaCenili qarTveli eris proeqti im principeb-

zea agebuli, romelic „kulturuli naciisas“ miesadageba.

„kulturuli nacia“

„kulturuli naciis“ fenomeni XIX saukunis miwurulis evro-

paSi gaCnda. am terminis erT-erTi pirveli Teoretikosi, germane-

li istorikosi fridrix maineke erebis or kategorias ganasxvaveb-

da: kulturuli naciebi da saxelmwifo naciebi. Tu saxelmwifo

naciebis TviTSegneba maT saxelmwifoebriobaze iyo mibmuli,

kulturuli naciebi saxelmwifosgan damoukideblad arsebobd-

nen da maTi erovnuli integraciis ganmsazRvreli ara saerTaSo-

riso samarTlis subieqtoba, an konstitucia iyo, aramed saerTo

kultura, Tavisi enobrivi, religiuri, sulieri da materialuri

kulturis tradiciebiT.8 aseTi kulturuli naciebi XIX saukunis

evropaSi iyo germania da italia, romlebic erTi saxelmwifoTi

ar iyvnen gaerTianebuli, magram am erebis erovnuli TviTSegnebis

faqtori maTi kulturebi iyo da sakuTari Tavis swored kultur-

asTan da ara romelime saxelmwifosTan gaigiveba. swored amgvari

modelis saqarTveloSi Semotana scades ilia WavWavaZem da Terg-

daleulebma.

kulturuli naciis proeqti, zogadad da konkretulad is

modelic, romelic XIX saukunis meore naxevris saqarTveloSi

gaCnda, faqtobrivad am kulturis da misi Semadgeneli ZiriTa-

di elementebis - saliteraturo enis, kulturuli simboloebisa

da artefaqtebis gamogonebiT iwyeba. iqmneba tradicia, romel-

ic tradiciuli wes-Cveulebebis sanacvlod, mocemuli kulturu-

li elementebis mudmiv qmnadobas da ganaxlebas gulisxmobs. es

procesi mZafri polemikebis fonze mimdinareobs da arasdros

homogenuri araa, anu romelime erT eTnikur jgufamde da mis

tradiciul yofasa Tu rwmena-warmodgenebamde ar daiyvaneba.

piriqiT, kulturuli nacia ara warmomavlobiT Tu sisxliT naTe-

saobis princips, aramed kulturul elementTa erTobas emyareba.

8 Meinecke F., Weltbürgertum und Nationalstaat, München,1962,12-14.

221

es elementebi ki sxva kulturebTan gacvliTa da sinTeziT miiRe-

ba. aseT dros xSiria sxva kulturebidan kulturuli Sinaarsis

investiciebi, anu is, rac qmnadobis procesSi myof kulturaSi

ar aris mocemuli an mis wiaRSi warmoSobili, misi ucxoeTidan

Semotana da gaTaviseba xdeba. magaliTad, 1851 wels, ruseTis im-

periis kavkasiis mefis nacvlis, mixeil voroncovis, iniciativiT

daarsebul Tbilisis operas araferi saerTo qarTul erovnul

tradiciebTan ar hqonia, magram is drois umokles monakveTSi qar-

Tuli kulturis organul nawilad iqca da umniSvnelovanesi roli

iTamaSa saqarTvelos, rogorc kulturuli naciis SeqmnaSi.

garda operis, Teatris, sajaro biblioTekis, wera-kiTxvis gam-

avrcelebeli sazogadoebis, qarTuli Jurnal-gazeTebis, mogvi-

anebiT ki universitetis daarsebisa, aranakleb mniSvnelovani iyo

iseTi cnebebisa da artefaqtebis gamogoneba, rogoricaa „mamuli“,

„samSoblo“, „eri“, romlebic, Tumca qarTuli leqsikuri fon-

didan iyo aRebuli, magram maTSi Cadebuli Sinaarsi XIX saukunis

evropuli da rusuli modelebis analogiiT iyo qarTulTan mis-

adagebuli. kulturuli naciis Seqmnis TvalsazrisiT gadamwyveti

mniSvneloba hqonda axal saliteraturo enas da literaturas,

rogorc medias, romelmac swored XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi

SeiZina saerTo-saxalxo funqcia. literatura da saliteraturo

ena Tuki aqamde romelime socialuri klasisa Tu instituciis sa-

kuTreba iyo, am droidan misi nacionalizacia daiwyo da is saer-

To-erovnul saunjed gamocxadda. aman Tavad mwerlis profesia

da literaturuli kritika gaaCina.

mokled rom SevajamoT, kulturuli nacia ara „bunebrivi“ Tu

„genetikuri“ memkvidreobiT miRebuli mocemuloba, aramed, Sei-

Zleba iTqvas, artefaqtia, sxvadasxva warmomavlobis da gansx-

vavebul garemoebebSi warmoSobili elementebis SerwymiT miRe-

buli heterogenuli konstruqcia, romelic erovnuli identobis

ganmsazRvreli ZiriTadi faqtoris funqcias iZens. gansxvavebiT

mentalitetisagan an mentaluri erTobisgan, kulturuli iden-

toba, romelic kulturuli naciis wiaRSi iqmneba, am erSi gaer-

Tianebuli adamianebis kulturasTan cnobier kavSirs, kulturis,

rogorc erTgvari konstituciis cnobier miRebas da gaTavise-

222

bas gulisxmobs. kultura aris kulturuli naciis mTeli Rire-

bulebaTa sistemisa da moraluri warmodgenebisaTvis formisa da

garegnobis mimcemi. kulturuli naciis kultura SeiZleba masal-

ad iyenebdes folklors, istorias, magram is ar aris anonimuri

an koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis produqti. piriqiT, mwerlebma, xelo-

vanebma, inteleqtualebma – kulturuli naciis mTavari reprez-

entantis adgili daikaves da eris, rogorc koleqtiuri Tu „war-

mosaxviTi erTobis“ faqtobriv avtorebad iqcnen.

eri da imperia

qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis idea XIX saukunemde mxolod

erT formas, Sua saukuneebis politikur Teologiaze damyarebul

monarqias icnobda da bagrationebis dinastiasTan ganuyoflad

iyo dakavSirebuli. 1801w. qarTuli monarqiis gauqmebam koleq-

tiur mexsierebaSi erTgvari travmatuli fiqsaciis saxe miiRo da

mniSvnelovanwilad ganmsazRvrelic ki gaxda im procesebisa, rom-

lebic momdevno ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelos politi-

kur cnobierebaSi mimdinareobda da dResac mimdinareobs.

saxelmwifoebriobis dakargvis travmatuloba sulier da in-

teleqtualur Zalisxmevas iseTi simboluri wesrigis Seqmnisken

mimarTavs, sadac xelovnurad gawyvetili procesis gagrZele-

ba SesaZlebeli iqneboda. amgvari mizanmimarTuleba politikur

realobaze araadeqvaturi reaqciebiTac gamoixateba, rac poli-

tikurze warmosaxviTis dominirebas gulisxmobs. realobasTan

mimarTebaSi warmosaxviTis araadeqvaturoba imis gadarCenis mcd-

elobaa, ris arsebobasac realobaSi safuZveli aRar gaaCnia. amiT

awmyo ki ar ibadeba warsulidan, aramed warsulis, anu ukve aRar

arsebulis proeqciebis asparezad gadaiqceva. istoria ar imijne-

ba Tanamedroveobisgan da orives adgils warmosaxuli uwyvetoba

ikavebs. am ganwyobas gamoxatavs grigol orbelianis 1832 wels

dawerili leqsi „he, iveriav“. saqarTvelo am leqsSi „cxovars“

aris Sedarebuli „romelsaca mwyemsi ar uvlis“. monarqiis gauqme-

ba „saSinel warxdenad“ aris warmodgenili, misi aRdgena ki „saRm-

rTo vali“ da „pativis gzaa“. saxelmwifoebriobis ideali warsul-

223

Si, Tamaris da daviTis epoqaSia moTavsebuli, momavlis proeqti

ki warsulis aRdgenaa: „vin aRmoCndes momcemi warsul dReTa!“

am paradigmis radikalurad Secvla da amosaval wertilad ar-

sebuli realobis aRiareba scada ilia WavWavaZem. misi mizani Tavad

saxelmwifos subieqtis, eris Seqmna iyo, romelsac jer kulturu-

li avtonomia unda moepovebina, xolo Semdeg saxelmwifoebrioba-

ze efiqra. kulturuli avtonomia iyo maqsimumi, razec, imdroin-

deli realobidan gamomdinare, saqarTvelos SeeZlo eocneba. 1909

wels arCil jorjaZe saqarTvelos kulturul avtonomias misi

momavali erovnul-teritoriuli avtonomiis winapirobad miiC-

nevda. misi azriT, avtonomia aucilebeli etapi unda yofiliyo

saqarTvelos sazogadoebisaTvis mis erTian „erovnul sxeulad“

gardasaqmnelad.9 imperiul wesrigSi es ar unda yofiliyo utopia,

ramdenadac imperiebi, maT Soris ruseTic, sakuTar Tavs zenacio-

nalur saxelmwifoebad miiCnevdnen da ar gulisxmobdnen dapyro-

bili xalxebis srul asimilacias.10 Tumca XIX saukunis miwuruls,

gansakuTrebiT imperator aleqsandre III-is mmarTvelobis dros

(1881-1894), Tavad ruseTSi mZlavrdeba rusuli nacionalizmi,

romelsac Tan axlavs rusifikaciis politikac.11 imperiis nacio-

nalizaciam da agresiulma rusifikaciis politikam xeli Seuwyo

masSi mcxovreb xalxebSi erovnuli grZnobebis gamZafrebas. na-

cionalurisa da imperiulis urTierTSejaxebam ruseTis imperi-

aSi daaCqara dapyrobili xalxebis erebad integraciis procesi

da gaaZliera erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobebi, romelTa

erTgvar gamoZaxilad zogierT mkvlevars 1920-iani wlebis sabWo-

Ta erovnuli politikac miaCnia.12 procesebis amgvarma ganviTare-

bam gaaadvila 1917 wlis Tebervlis revoluciis Sedegad ruseTis

imperiis daSla da mis nangrevebze erovnul saxelmwifoTa gaCena.

1918 wels gamocxadebuli saqarTvelos damoukideblobac am isto-

riuli procesis nawili iyo.

amerikeli istorikosis ronald grigor sunis azriT, 1918-

9 jorjaZe a., SeTanxmebis imedi, samSoblo da mamuliSviloba, Tbilisi, 1990, 262. 10 Миллер А, Империя Романовых и национализм, Москва, 2008, 148.11 Зайончковский П. А., Российское самодержавие в конце XIX столетия (политическая реакция 80-х — начала 90-х годов), Москва, 1970, 118-124.12 ix. SeniSvna 10, 170.

224

1921 wlebis saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikiT damTavr-

da qarTveli eris xelaxali formirebis pirveli etapi.13 es etapi

1801 wels qarTl-kaxeTis samefos gauqmebiTa da ruseTis imperi-

uli mmarTvelobis damyarebiT daiwyo da 1921 wels wiTeli armiis

intervenciiTa da saqarTvelos gasabWoebiT dasrulda. XIX sauku-

nis qarTveli eris proeqti ruseTis imperiis wiaRSi Seiqmna da

is am imperiaSi mimdinare nacionalizmisa da imperiulobis Sida

urTierTdapirispirebis nawili iyo. samwlianma saxelmwifoebriv-

ma damoukideblobam ki qarTuli erovnuli idea saxelmwifosTan

gadaaba. amieridan erovnuli TviTSegneba, formalur doneze

mainc, saxelmwifoebriv suverenulobas daukavSirda.

„erovnuli TviTSegneba“ (национальное самосознание) 1920-ian

wlebSi bolSevikebis mier Semotanili terminia, romlis mixedvi-

Tac sabWoTa kavSiris administraciul-teritoriuli dayofa da

erovnuli politika xorcieldeboda. am politikis asamoqmedeblad

kidev erTi termini iqna gamogonili: korenizacia (коренизация),

romelic pirobiTad „fesvgadgmvad“ SeiZleba iTargmnos. saqme

exeba sabWoTa kavSiris erovnul-eTnikuri niSniT administraci-

ul-teritoriul mowyobas, romelic ssrk-Si mcxovrebi erovne-

bebis ierarqiul daxarisxebas efuZneboda.14 eTnografebis,

lingvistebisa da statistikosebisgan Sedgenili komisiebi gansaz-

Rvravdnen rogorc calkeul moqalaqeTa erovnul mikuTvnebulo-

bas, aseve ama Tu im erovnebis ganviTarebis donesa da xarisxs,

romlis mixedviTac am erebsa Tu erovnebebs unda miniWeboTad

mokavSire an avtonomiuri respublikisa Tu olqis statusi. ase

gaCnda 15 mokavSire respublika, maT Soris saqarTvelos ssr, Ta-

visi, masze daqvemdebarebuli avtonomiuri respublikebiTa da

olqiT. yovel aseT warmonaqmns saxeli „satitulo naciis“ mixed-

viT daerqva da umaRlesi Tanamdebobebis dakavebac am satitulo

erovnebis mqoneebiT ganisazRvra. rogorc sabWoTa istoriis erTi

Tanamedrove germaneli mkvlevari iorg baberovski ambobs, es iyo

„indigenizirebis gamarjveba internacionalizmze“,15 rac imas niS-

13 Suny R. G., The Making of the Georgian Nation, Stanford, 1988, 296.14 Martin T., Affirmative Action Empire. Nations and Nationalism in the Sovet Union 1923-1939, London, 2001, 9-15, 132-18215 Baberowski J., Stalinismus und Nation, 2006, 202, წიგნიდან: Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, 1954.

225

navs, rom sabWoTa imperia Tavis sawyisebSive erovnul-eTnikur

principebs daefuZna da klasobriv-socialurma meore planze ga-

daiwia. 1930 wels, skkp XVI yrilobaze warmoTqmul Tavis saan-

gariSo moxsenebaSi, stalinma aseTi formula daamkvidra: „formiT

erovnuli, SinaarsiT socialisturi“, rac nawilobriv da faqto-

brivad axladgamogonili sabWoTa erebis da erovnuli kulture-

bis maqsimalur ganviTarebas gulisxmobda.16 amasTanave, erovnu-

loba mTlianad eTnikurobasTan, eri - eTnosTan gaigivda.

eris eTnosamde dayvana erovnulis gaeTnografiulebasac niS-

navda. sabWoTa gamonagonia qarTvelis, rogorc Coxosnisa da Cix-

tikopianis stilizacia. 30-iani wlebi sabWoTa kavSirSi erovnu-

lobis inscenirebebisa da siamayis zeimebi iyo, ramac sabWoTa

adamianebis cnobierebaSi Sefaruli nacionalizmisa da Sovinizmis

stereotipebis gaCenasa da gamZafrebas xeli Seuwyo. eris eTnos-

Tan gaigivebis Sedegad, saqarTvelos teritoriaze mcxovrebi yve-

la eTnikurad araqarTveli qarTveli eris cnebisgan gaucxovda

da, faqtobrivad, ukanonod mcxovrebTan an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi,

droebiT, stumrad myofTan gaigivda, romelmac adre Tu gvian

aqauroba unda datovos. sabWoTa periodSi Caisaxa qarTuli na-

cionalizmi, misi yvelaze primitiuli da feTqebadi - eTnocen-

tristuli - formiT.

40-iani wlebi meore naxevarSi stalinis ideologebma axali kam-

pania wamoiwyes „uZiroobis“ (безпочвенность) da kosmopolitizmis

winaaRmdeg, romelsac aseulobiT adamiani Seewira. saqme exebo-

da, upirveles yovlisa, sabWoTa istoriografiaSi erovnuli is-

toriebis damkvidrebis princips, ramac mogvianebiT istoriuli

mecnierebis mTlianad politikuri instumentalizacia gamoiwvia

da eTnikuri niSniT daZabulobebis foni Seamzada. stalinis xa-

naSive qarTuli istoriografia qmnis saqarTvelos da qarTu-

li kulturis uZvelesobis da sxva kulturebze aRmatebulobis

ideas, rac dakarguli da gasurogatulebuli saxelmwifoebriobis

kompensaciadac SeiZleba iqnas gagebuli.17 amave periodSi, qarTu-

li filologiuri aRmoCenebiTa da kvlevebiT, istoriografiasTan

16 Сталин И., Сочинения, том 12, Москва, 1952, 269.17 Maisuradze G., Franziska Thun-Hohenstein, „Sonniges Georgien“. Figuration des Nationalen im Sowjetimperi-um, Berlin, 2015, 283-303.

226

erTad, momzadda axali qarTuli nacionaluri narativisa da na-

cionalizmis masalebi, romlebmac sabWoTa imperiis ngrevis pro-

cesSi politikuri ideologiebisa da praqtikebis saxe miiRo.18

saboloo jamSi, erovnulma formam socialisturi Sinaarsebis

adgili daikava da oficialur doneze internacionaluri sabWoTa

kavSiri nacionalizmebisa da eTnikuri niSniT Sovinizmis inkuba-

torad iqca, rac 80-iani wlebis bolos, zemodan nebadarTuli si-

tyvisa da gamoxatvis liberalizaciis pirobebSi mTeli simZafriT

gamoCnda, rodesac erT dros „moZme sabWoTa erebi“ erTmaneTs

daerivnen. aseT politikur da emociur fonze 1989 wlis ivnisSi

gamoqveynebul erT interviuSi cnobilma sabWoTa fizikosma da

disidentma andrei saxarovma Semoitana gamoTqma „mcire imperia“.

saxarovis azriT, romelic imdroindelma qarTulma sazoga-

doebam saqarTvelos Seuracxyofad da mtrulad miiCnia, sabWoTa

kavSiri iseTi principiT iyo mowyobili, rom masSi Semavali moka-

vSire respublikebi, romlebic imperiul CagvraSi imyofebodnen,

Tavadve gadaiqcnen „mcire imperiebad“, romlebic zustad iseve

epyrobian TavianT avtonomiur warmonaqmnebsa da eTnikur um-

ciresobebs, rogorc maT Tavad imperia eqceva. saxarovi erT-erT

aseT magaliTad saqarTvelos asaxelebda, romlis damokidebule-

bac afxazeTisa da samxreT oseTis avtonomiebisadmi imperiulia.19

anu, imisaTvis, rom qarTvelma saqarTveloSi Tavi baton-patronad

igrZnos, mas sWirdeba masze daqvemdebarebuli erTeulebis yola,

romlebzedac iZaladebs da amiT hegemonobis iluzias Seiqmnis.

Tuki saqarTveloze ruseTi an sabWoTa imperia Zaladobs, rom-

lis winaSec patara saqarTvelo uZluria, maSin man Tavisze pa-

tara da susti unda ipovos, romelze Zaladobac mas Tavs did da

Zlierad ganacdevinebs. „erovnuli umciresobebi“ am Tvalsazris-

iT idealuri saCuqari aRmoCnda, Tumca aseTi mimarTulebiT svla

Zaladobis msxverpls moZaladesTan mimikriul kavSirSi abams, rac

Cagruls mCagvrelad aqcevs, anu sakuTari daCagrulobis kompen-

sacia sxvisi CagvriT miiRweva. Tumca ki aseTi kompensacia mxolod

fsiqologiuria da is politikur Tu socialur realobas araTu

18 iqve, 308.19 Сахаров А., Степень свободы, Тревога и надежда, Москва, 1991, 290-312.

227

ar cvlis, aramed kidev ufro metad amZafrebs.

1990 wels, pirveli mravalpartiuli arCevnebis Sedegad da-

kompleqtebulma parlamentma, romelSic absoluturi umravleso-

ba antisabWoTa, erovnuli moZraobidan gamosul Zalas - saarCev-

no bloks „mrgvali magida - Tavisufal saqarTvelos“ - hqonda,

gaauqma samxreT oseTis avtonomiuri olqi, rasac saqarTvelos

teritoriaze pirveli saomari dapirispireba moyva. 1991 wlis 9

aprils gamocxadebuli damoukidebloba wlis bolos samoqalaqo

omSi gadaizarda. 1992 wlis 14 agvistos dawyebulma omma afx-

azeTis avtonomiur respublikaSi saqarTvelo, faqtobrivad, daS-

la-ganadgurebis piras miiyvana. 1995 wels, rodesac saqarTvelos

konstitucias xeli moewera, centraluri xelisufleba qveynis

teritoriis 20%-s ver akontrolebda. Sesabamisad, saqarTvelos

konstituciis pirveli muxli - „ saqarTvelo aris damoukidebeli,

erTiani da ganuyofeli saxelmwifo, rac dadasturebulia 1991

wlis 31 marts qveynis mTel teritoriaze, maT Soris afxazeTis

assr-Si da yofil samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi Catarebu-

li referendumiT...“ - ar warmoadgenda faqtobriv realobas. am-

denad, konstitucia politikuri ganacxadicaa, romelic qveynis

gamTlianebis iuridiuli safuZveli unda gamxdariyo. amitomac

2008 wlis 8 agvistos saqarTvelos prezidentma mixeil saakaSv-

ilma cxinvalze samxedro ieriSs „sakonstitucio wesrigis aRdge-

na“ uwoda. omis Sedegad saqarTvelos konstituciis gavrcelebis

areali kidev ufro metad dapataravda. daSoreba konstituciur

da politikur realobebs Soris ki gaizarda. aqedan gamomdinare,

saqarTvelos konstitucia, misi miRebidan 20 wlis Semdeg, kvla-

vac momavlis proeqtad rCeba.

228

konstitucia da fundamenturi wesrigi.

konstituciis kulturuli winapirobebi

zaal andronikaSvili

„sWirdeba Tu ara qarTuli politikur proeqts istoriuli

narativi“ - iyo SekiTxva, romelze pasuxis gacemac am krebulis

redaqtorebma SemomTavazes. sanam am SekiTxvas pasuxs gavcemde,

sakmaod grZeli gzis gavla momiwevs, romelic konstituciis, ro-

gorc samarTlebrivi dokumentis da konstituciis, rogorc faq-

tobrivi mdgomareobis daumTxvevlobaze gaivlis.1

„swavlebaSi saxelmwifo ganviTarebebis Sesaxeb“ germane-

li iuristi georg ielineki (1851-1911), konstituciis Teoriis

erT-erTi klasikosi, ambobda, rom nebismier ganviTarebas sWir-

deba wesrigi, romelic misi nebis Sesabamisad aRsruldeba, rom-

lis teritoriac SemosazRvrulia da sadac mowesrigebulia misi

wevrebis mdgomareoba mas SigniT da masTan mimarTebaSi“. aseT

1 madlobas vuxdi eka mesxs, vaxuSti menabdes, nodar TofuriZes da emzar jgerenaias konsulta-ciebisa da jer kidev gamouqveynebeli manuskriptebis mowodebisaTvis, romelTa gareSec am statiis daweras ver SevZlebdi. saTaurSi gamotanili “fundamenturi wesrigis” (die Grundordnung) cnebis Teoriul nawilSi veyrdnobi prof. dr. zigrid vaigelTan erTad gamocemul krebuls Grundordnun-gen. Georgraphie, Religion und Gesetz, Zur Frage der Grundordnungen in Europa nach 1989, Einführung, Berlin, 2013, 7-25, Andronikashvili Z., Ordnung pluraler Kulturen, Figurationen europäischer Kulturgeschichte, vom Osten her gesehen, Staats Unordnungen und Ent-Ortung. Theoretisches über Grundordnung als Kritik an Carl Schmitt”, Zaal Andronikashvili, Andreas Pflitsch, Tatjana Petzer, Martin Treml, Berlin, 2013, 333-339, saqarT-velos 1921 da 1995 wlis konstituciebis, iseve rogorc saqarTvelos damfuZnebeli damoukidebe-li aqtis teqstisaTvis wignebis arqonis gamo, ix. <http://constcommission.ge/1921>, <http://www.parliament.ge/ge/kanonmdebloba/constitution-of-georgia-68>,<http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe?e=d-01000-00---off-0samartal--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-ka-50---20-about---00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8 00&a=d&c=samartal&cl=CL4.6&d=HASH94f31acac791d01db4028e.2>, [14.11.2015]. 2 Jellinek G., Die Lehre von den Staatsverbindungen, 264, Grimm D., Verfassung II, Geschichtliche Grundbegriffe, Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland, Otto Bruner, Werner Conze und Reinhard Kosseleck, 1990, 893

229

wesrigs is konstitucias uwodebda.2 dRevandeli mniSvnelobiT,

konstitucia saxelmwifos an saxelmwifoTa gaerTianebis ZiriTad

samarTlebriv dokuments ewodeba, romelic saxelmwifos formas,

wyobilebas, teritoriul mowyobas, teritoriul erTeulebTan

da sxva saxelmwifoebTan urTierTobas, iseve, rogorc mis ter-

itoriaze mcxovreb adamianebTan urTierTobas, maT ZiriTadad

uflebebsa da movaleobebs gansazRvravs da awesrigebs. sityva

konstituciis dRevandeli mniSvneloba xangrZlivi istoriuli

ganviTarebis Sedegia. XVIII saukunidan XX saukunemde konstituci-

is cneba daviwrovda da samarTlebrivi dokumentis mniSvneloba

miiRo maSin, rodesac XVIII saukuneSi da iqamde saxelmwifos ar-

sebul politikur mdgomareobas aRwerda. konstituciis cnebis

istoriisadmi miZRvnil statiaSi germaneli samarTalmcodne dit-

er grimi wers: „kostitucia Tavdapirvelad gamocdilebis amsax-

veli cneba iyo, romelic saxelmwifos politikur mdgomareobas

safuZvlianad aRwerda. mogvianebiT […] xdeba terminis reduqcia

saxelmwifos samarTlebriv mdgomareobamde da Tanamedrove kon-

stitucionalizmze gadasvlisas uTanabrdeba kanons anu aRweriTi

cnebidan preskriptul cnebad iqceva.“3 grimi am transformacias

imiT xsnis, rom kontituciis cneba Tanamedrove konstitucio-

nalizmze gadasvlasTan erTad, faqtiurad, kanonTan gaigivda da

Tavisi araiuridiuli (istoriuli da kulturuli) komponente-

bi nel-nela CamoiSora. es komponentebi ZiriTadi kanonis winap-

irobasa da safuZvels warmoadgens, romelsac romelime erToba

politikur-samarTlebriv erTeulad Camoyalibebis mizniT iRebs.

swored am istoriul da kulturul winapirobebs gulisxmob-

da saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis mTavrobis Tavmjdomare noe

Jordania, rodesasc saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis konsti-

tuciis proeqtis ganxilvisas „faqtiur konstitucias“ da konsti-

tucias, rogorc samarTlebriv dokuments ganasxvavebda da ambob-

da, rom meore pirvels ise unda moergos, rogorc tanisamosi:

„ai aseTia nawilebi Cveni faqtiuri konstituciisa. Tumca Cven wer-

ilobiT konstitucia dRevandlamde ar gvqonia. magram Tqven iciT, rom

3 iqve, 863..

230

Cven gvaqvs politikuri organizacia, es organizacia da kanoni savsebiT

dayrdnobilia am 3 klasis arsebobaze da maT urTierTobaze, aqedan Tqven

xedavT, rom Cvens cxovrebaSi gadamWreli mniSvneloba aqvs am sam klass,

romelic yovel qveyanaSi da yovel dros yofila uaRresad demokratiuli

klasi. rogorc davinaxeT, CvenSi araviTari safuZveli ara aqvs monarqias,

aqedan cxadia, rom CvenSi unda iyos respublika, magram Tu am respub-

likaSi gadamWreli mniSvneloba aqvs demokratiul klasebs, TavisTavad

cxadia, es respublika unda iyos demokratiuli. amnairad demokratiuli

respublika savsebiT xatavs Cveni cxovrebis viTarebas da es respublika

aris swored namdvili gamoWrili tanisamosi, romelic unda ecvas Cvens

sazogadoebas da Cvens saxelmwifos.“4

saxelmwifo samarTalsa da konstituciis TeoriaSi konsti-

tuciis araiuridiuli aspeqtebi mxolod eqstra an supralegalu-

ri, zekanonieri an kanonsmiRma kategoriebiT aRiwereba. swored aq

xedavs germaneli iuristi hainc monhaupti sakonstitucio samar-

Tlis centralur problemas: “konstituciis araiuridiuli cneba

an legitimuri xelmwifebis zepozitiur wesrigs an sazogadoebaSi

realur Zalauflebriv urTierTobebs ukavSirdeba, swored maT

kavSirSi iuridiul konstituciasTan unda veZeboT konstituciis

Teoriis ZiriTadidi problemebi”.5

ai am „faqtiuri konstituciis“ aRsaniSnavad gamoviyeneb cne-

bas „fundamenturi wesrigi“ (Die Grundordnung). radganac konsti-

tuciis, rogorc iuridiuli dokumentis, qveynis ZiriTadi kano-

nis iuridiuli cnebidan istoriuli gamocdileba amovardnilia

da samarTalmcodneobis interesis sagans ar warmoadgens, funda-

menturi wesrigis cneba kulturis TeoriaSi saxelmwifo wesrigis

istoriuli da kulturuli ganzomilebis sakvlevad gamoiyeneba.

konstituciis cnebis araiuridiuli komponentebi pirdapir

ukavSirdeba erTobis istoriul gamocdilebas, mrwamss da princi-

pebs, romlebsac konstitucia normatiul Zalas aniWebs. ZiriTadi

principebis Camoyalibebisas upiratesoba sxvadasxva proporciiT

SeiZleba mieniWos eTnikur, religiur, geografiul, kulturul,

4 saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucia, emzar jgerenaias redaqtorobiT, ix.

<http://www.nplg.gov.ge/gsdl/cgi-bin/library.exe?e=p-01000-00---off-0constite--00-1----0-10-0---0---0direct-10---4-------0-1l--11-ka-50---20-about---00-3-1-00-0-0-11-1-0utfZz-8-00&a=d&cl=CL1> [14.11.2015]. 5 Mohnhaupt H., Verfassung (I), 833.

231

socialur an moraluri aspeqts. ase magaliTad, saqarTvelos

pirveli konstituciis proeqtis ganxilvisas, l. Sengelaia akri-

tikebda socialuri sakiTxisaTvis naklebi yuradRebis miqcevas:

„warmodgenili proeqti konstituciisa aris marto politiku-

ri uflebrivi. rac Seexeba social-ekonomiur mxares, […] Zalian

mkrTalad aris gatarebuli. […] Tu socialisturi xanaa, maSin so-

cializatoruli muxlebi unda iyos socialistebis mier Sedge-

nil konstituciaSi. unda iyos Sromis sayovelTao begara, binis

sakiTxi, unda iyos nacionalizacia da socializacia konstituci-

aSi gatarebuli da sxv.”6

SemdgomSi saqarTvelos konstituciis istoriul da kul-

turul aspeqtebs saqarTvelos 1921 da 1995 wlis konstituciis

magaliTze ganvixilav da amaTgan gamovyof sams: geografias, is-

torias da religias.

I. geografia

erT-erTi pirveli, vinc samarTlis TeoriaSi teritoriis mniS-

vnelobaze gaamaxvila yuradReba, iyo germaneli iuristi da samar-

Talmcodne karl Smiti (1888-1985). Smiti pirdapir ukavSirebda

erTmaneTs wesrigis cnebas da teritorias. is Tvlida, rom yoveli

wesrigi aucileblad teritoriuli wesrigia da Semoitana „konk-

retuli wesrigis kategoriebSi azrovnebis“ (das „konkrete Ord-nungsdenken“) cneba. Tavisi wignSi „zRva da xmeleTi“ Smiti werda:

„yoveli fundamenturi wesrigi sivrculi wesrigia“.7 SmitisaTvis

adamianis arsebobis geografiuli winapiroba ori elementisagan

Sedgeba: zRvisa da xmeleTisagan (romelTac Smiti Tavisi wignis

bolos haersac umatebs). Tu xmeleTi kanonis, nomosis sferoa -

zRva Tavisufalia, zRvis cxovreba „avantiuristebis da mekobree-

bis“8 _ kanongareSe adamianebis cxovrebaa. kanons ki safuZvels

xmeleTis, miwis ganawileba uyris. aseT „fundamentur wesrigs“,

daweril da dauwerel kanonebs, saxelmwifomdel da arasaxelm-

5 saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucia. 6 Schmitt C., Land und Meer: Eine weltgeschichtliche Betrachtung, Köln, 1981, 16. 7 iqve, 29.8 Schmitt C., Nomos der Erde im Völkerrecht des Ius publicum Europeum (1950), Berlin, 1997,

232

wifoebriv samarTals Smiti uwodebs nomoss da am cnebas ganasx-

vavebs, misi azriT, pozitivisturi samarTalmcodneobis mier mi-

sakuTrebuli kanonis cnebisagan.9 „nomosi aris dedamiwis miwis

nakveTebis garkveul wesrigad danawilebis saorientacio sazomi

da amdenad politikuri, socialuri da religiuri wesrigis moce-

muli forma“,10 romelSic sivrculad aisaxeba xalxis politikuri

da socialuri wesrigi.11 Smitis centraluri miTosi aris momTab-

are tomebis mier teritoriis dapyroba da momTabare cxovrebis

wesidan miwaTmoqmedebaze, teritoriul mimagrebulobaze gadasv-

la. misTvis wesrigi mxolod miwaze mimagrebis formiT arsebobs.

nebismier SemTxvevaSi, ar unda gavyveT „konkretuli wesrigis kat-

egoriebSi azrovnebis“ iuridiul implikaciebs, romlebmac Smi-

ti, saboloo jamSi, nacisturi reJimis „mTavari iuristi“ gaxada.

samagierod, dRemde SegviZlia visargeblod misi samarTlis fi-

losofiuri komponentebiT. maT Soris, erT-erTi mTavari momen-

tia samarTlis samarTalgare (eqstralegaluri) safuZvlebi - anu

zogadad SekiTxva: ra aris samarTlis safuZveli, ras efuZneba

samarTali.

qveynis konstitucia aucileblad gansazRvravs teritoriul

mowyobas. es mowyoba TavisTavad istoriuli gamocdilebis naw-

ilia. is, rom saqarTvelos dRevandeli, 1995 w. konstiucia Tavis

pirvel muxlSive teritoriul sakiTxs exeba, pirdapir kavSirSia

1992-1993 wlebSi afxazeTis omTan da afxazeTsa da samxreT ose-

Tze saxelmwifo kontrolis dakargvasTan. (gansxvavebiT qarTu-

lisagan, germaniis ZiriTadadi kanoni Tavisi istoriuli gamoc-

dilebidan, nacional-socialisturi diqtaturidan gamomdinare,

pirvel muxlSi adgens, rom adamianis Rirseba xelSeuvalia). ma-

Sin, rodesac 1921 wlis konstituciis pirveli muxli lakonurad

ambobs, rom “saqarTvelo aris Tavisufali, damoukidebeli da

ganuyofeli saxelmwifo”. 1995 wlis konstitucia pirvel muxlSi

ukve azustebs, rom “saqarTvelo aris damoukidebeli, erTiani da

9 Schmitt C., Nomos der Erde im Völkerrecht des Ius publicum Europeum (1950), Berlin, 1997, ნომოსის ცნების კანონის ცნებასთან დაპირისპირების და მისი ანტისემიტური იმპლიკაციების შესახებ იხ. Gross R., Carl Schmitt und die Juden, Frankfurt am Main, 2000, 71. 10 Schmitt C., Nomos der Erde im Völkerrecht des Ius publicum Europeum (1950), Berlin, 1997, 40.7 iqve, 39.

233

ganuyofeli saxelmwifo, rac dadasturebulia 1991 wlis 31 marts

qveynis mTel teritoriaze, maT Soris afxazeTis assr-Si da yo-

fil samxreT oseTis avtonomiur olqSi Catarebuli referendu-

miT”, meore muxlis pirvel punqtSi ki damatebiT ganmartavs, rom

“saqarTvelos saxelmwifos teritoria gansazRvrulia 1991 wlis

21 dekembris mdgomareobiT”. konstitucia miuTiTebs saqarTve-

los, rogorc damoukidebeli saxelmwifos sazRvrebze, romlebic

emTxveva saqarTvelos sabWoTa socialisturi respublikis saz-

Rvrebs, magram aRar asaxavs imJamindel de faqto mdgomareobas.

teritoriis sakiTxi jer kidev saqarTvelos pirveli konstituci-

is ganxilvisas iyo mniSvnelovani, Tumca, Tavad konstitucias

es, erTi SexedviT, arc ki etyoba. saqarTvelos pirveli konsti-

tuciis 1920 wlis proeqtis meore muxli saqarTvelos neitralur

saxelmwifod acxadebs. am proeqtis ganxilvisas vasil wereTeli

“saqarTvelos respublikaSi” 1920 wlis 30 ianvars werda: “ra aris

neitraluri saxelmwifo? ai ra: saqarTvelo aravis ar unda Seed-

avos da arc aravin saqarTvelos unda Seedavos sazRvrebis gamo.

saqarTvelo, maSasadame awindeli sazRvrebiT Semofargluli unda

darCes da samudamod xeli unda aiRos Tavis istoriulsa da eT-

nografiul nawilze - WaneT - ispir - SavSeT - artaan - olTis

- TorTumze, loreze - soWze da sx.”12 imave gazeTis furclebze

pavle sayvareliZe neitralitetis cnebis ganxilvis Semdeg wer-

da, rom marTalia, saqarTvelos “geografiuli, politikuri da

saerTaSoriso mdgomareoba da interesebi gvikarnaxebs mudmivi

neitralitetis gamocxadebas da misi cnobisaTvis swori da frTx-

ili politikis warmoebas”, magram konstituciuri neitraliteti

im samomavlo momentisaTvis gadaaqvs, rodesac saqarTvelo Tavis

istoriul teritoriul sazRvrebs aRadgens.

“cxadia Cven neitraluri saxelmwifo ver viqnebiT, Tu Cveni saqarT-

velos bunebrivi, istoriul–politikuri da saxelmwifoebrivi sazRvrebi

ar iqnen aRdgenili. samahmadiano saqarTvelo ganukveTeli nawilia saqa-

rTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi organizmis. amitom rodesac neitraloba-

ze vlaparakobT, vgulisxmobT Cven bunebriv sazRvrebs da saqarTvelos

12 saqarTvelos 1921 w. konstitucia.

234

saxelmwifoebriv teritorias. swored ai am bunebriv geograful da isto-

riul sazRvrebSi da saxelmwifoebriv teritoriis mTlianobis farglebSi

gvinda viyoT Cven neitraluri saxelmwifo. mxolod aseT pirobebSi Segvi-

Zlia gulwrfelad vaRiaroT da davicvaT mudmivi neitraliteti [...].”13

rogorc vxedavT, teritoriuli sakiTxi, qveynis faqtobrivi

da “idealuri” teritoria, romelSic is Tavis Tavs xedavs, kon-

stituciaSi did rols TamaSobs maSinac ki, rodesac amaze pirda-

pir ar laparakobs. isic vnaxeT, rom teritoriuli sakiTxi uSua-

lod ukavSirdeba istoriul gamocdilebas da istoriul narativs.

II. istoria

fundamentur wesrigs ara marto sivrculi implikaciebi aqvs

(vgulisxmob imas, rom am wesrigs garkveul teritoriaze aqvs Zala).

mas aqvs, agreTve, droiTi implikaciebic: nebismieri wesrigi aris

ucvleli an miiswrafvis ucvlelobisaken. inglisur Act of Settle-ment-Si (1701), romelic awesrigebda inglisis taxtis memkvidreo-

bas, weria, rom kaTolikebi an kaTolikebTan daqorwinebuli pre-

tendentebi „samudamod“ gamoiricxebian taxtis memkvidreobidan.

jon lokis CrdiloeT kerolainisTvis daweril sakonstitucio

proeqtSi (1669) weria, rom 120 Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina aris „the sacred and unalterable form an rule of Government of Carolina for ever“.14 xdeba wesrigis sakralizacia da misi gadasrola reli-

giur registrSi. fundamenturi wesrigis ucvlelobisaTvis xazis

gasma migvaniSnebs wesrigis droiTobis problemaze zogadad da

misi (wesrigis) warmoSobis momentze kerZod. modiT, kidev erTx-

el davubrundeT karl Smits. Smits esmoda nomosi (fundamentu-

ri wesrigi) ara statikurad, rogorc ucvleli wesrigi, aramed

rogorc istoriuli damfuZnebeli wesrigis da orientaciis aqti

„konstituierende[n] Ordnungs- und Ortungsakt“15 – aseTebad is miiCne-

vda qalaqebis an koloniebis daarsebas, teritoriis dapyrobas -

13 iqve.14 Locke J.,The Fundamental Constitutions of Carolina, წიგნიდან Grimm D., Verfassung II, Geschichtliche Grund-begriffe, Historisches Lexikon zur politisch-sozialen Sprache in Deutschland, Otto Bruner, Werner Conze und Reinhard Kosseleck, 1990, 865.15 ix. SeniSvna 10, 47.

235

nebismier movlenas, romelic istoriulad afuZnebda adamianebis

erTobas. es aqti, romliTac erToba pirvelad sazRvravs, awesri-

gebs, anawilebs miwas - organizacias ukeTebs mas - aris movlena am

sityvis yvelaze Zlieri mniSvnelobiT: „sivrculi sawyisi wesrigi“

- nebismieri Semdegi konkretuli wesrigis da samarTlis wyaro.16

yoveli Semdegi dawerili da dauwereli wesi, Smitis TqmiT, am

sivrcis momwesrigebeli pirvel-aqtisagan iRebs Zalas.17 amito-

mac am amosaval, sawyis wertilSi wesrigi da orientacia, wesrigi

da samarTali erTmaneTs emTxveva. magram ar unda dagvaviwydes,

rom Smitis ase gagebuli nomosis cneba esencialisturad gagebul

teleologias gulisxmobs - nomosi, rogorc damfuZnebeli aqti,

ukve xdeba sazogadoebis telosi, mizani.18

rodesac Cven vlaparakobT fundamentur wesrigze, ar unda

dagvaviwydes, rom wesrigis pretenzia maradisobaze, iseve, ro-

gorc misi teleologiuri kanoni miTologiuri konstruqciebia.

am SemTxvevaSi gacilebiT sainteresoa im momentebze dakvirveba,

rodesac wesrigSi (maradisobis gagebiT), dro aRwevs: anu is, rom

nebismieri wesrigi SeTanxmebadi da Secvladia.19 es dro erTobis

cxovrebaSi ZiriTadad maSin aRwevs xolme, rodesac misi nomosi

iwereba an Tavidan iqmneba: dafuZneba, kvlavdafuZneba, gandevna,

dapyroba. saqarTvelos pirvelsa da meore konstituciasac gada-

sawyveti hqonda sakiTxi dafuZnebis Tu kvlavdafuZnebis Sesaxeb,

rac pirdapir gulisxmobda garkveul istoriul narativs, romlis

kvalsac saqarTvelos pirvel da meore konstituciaSi axla mi-

vyvebi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom dafuZnebis, konstituirebis momenti,

erTi mxriv, mudmivobis, samaradJamobis inscenirebas akeTebs,

(is, rom swored inscenirebasTan gvaqvs saqme, konstituciis

cvilelebis SesaZlebloba gviCvenebs, romelic damfuZnebeli aq-

tis gameorebis saSualebas iZleva), meore mxriv konstiucias kan-

onis abstraqtuli sakanonmdeblo normis formas aZlevs. rogorc

17 Aus dem inneren Maß eines konstituierenden, raumordnenden Ur-Akt 47, damfuZnebel da dafuZnebul Zalauflebebs Soris gansxvavebisaTvis ix. Negri A., Insurgencies. Constituent Power and the Modern State, Minneapolis/London, 1999. 18 Meuter G., Carl Schmitts „nomos basileus“ oder: Der Wille des Führers ist das Gesetz, Über den Versuch, die konkrete Ordnung als Erlösung vom Übel des Positivismus zu denken, 2000, 25.19 SeadareT, Arendt H., On Revolution, New-York, 1963.

236

davrwmundiT, masSi mainc vxedavT istoriuli gamocdilebis da

dafuZnebis momentisaTvis arsebuli politikuri proeqtis kvals.

TavisTavad dafuZneba ara marto garkveuli istoriuli gamoc-

dilebis gaazrebis Sedegia, aramed am istoriuli gamocdilebis

garkveul WrilSi danaxvis da aRqmis Sedegic. amis magaliTebi

SegviZlia rogorc saqarTvelos 1921, ise 1995 wlis konstituc-

iebSi vnaxoT. ase, magaliTad, 1921 wlis konstituciis ganxilvi-

sas, l. Sengelaia swored warsulidan gamotanili daskvnebis moma-

valSi proecirebis aucileblobaze saubrobda:

“dRes Cvens winaSe aris „tabula raza“ (sufTa dafa), romelzedac unda

daiweros ara marto is, rac faqtiurad aris, rogorc es Jordaniam sTqva,

aramed isic, rac unda iyos mSromeli klasebis sasargeblod, […] warsul

sxdomaze Jordaniam sTqva, rom konstitucia igivea saxelmwifosaTvis, rac

tanisamosi adamianisaTviso. […] amitom Cven mas iseTi tanisamosi unda

SeukeroT, romelic gamoadgeba xval, zeg da Semdeg is tanisamosi unda

SeukeroT mas da me-20 saukunis revoliucionur socialistur fasonze da

ara me-18 saukunis burJuaziul reaqcionur fasonze. aq unda moxdes re-

alizacia revoliuciis monapovarTa. dRes unda vsTqvaT axal monobisaken

mivdivarT, Tu Tavisuflebisaken.”20

1921 wlis konstitucias preambula ar aqvs, rac Zalian iS-

viaTia. samagierod, mas win uZRvis konstituciuri mniSvnelobis

mqone saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aqti, romelsac damoukide-

beli saqarTvelos fuZemdebluri principebi istoriuli gamoc-

dilebidan gamohyavs.

“damoukidebeli da Tavisufali saxelmwifo. meTvramete

saukunis dasasruls yovel mxriT mtrisagan Seviwrovebuli saqa-

rTvelo Tavis nebiT SeuerTda ruseTs im pirobiT, rom ruseTi

valdebuli iyo saqarTvelo gareSe mtrisagan daecva. ruseTis di-

dis revoluciis msvlelobam ruseTSi iseTi Sinagani wyobileba

Sehqmna, rom mTeli saomari fronti sruliad daiSala da rusis

jarmac dauteva amierkavkasia. darCnen ra Tavisi ZalRonis amarad,

saqarTvelom da masTan erTad amierkavkasiam TviT idves Tavis

20 saqarTvelos 1921 wlis konstitucia.

237

sakuTar saqmeebis gaZRola da patronoba da Sesaferi organoe-

bic Sehqmnes; magram gareSe ZalTa zegavleniT amierkavkasiis erTa

SemaerTebeli kavSiri dairRva da miT amierkavkasiis politiku-

ri mTlianobac daiSala. qarTveli eris dRevandeli mdgomareoba

aucileblad moiTxovs, rom saqarTvelom sakuTari saxelmwifoe-

brivi organizacia Sehqmnas, misi saSualebiT gareSe Zalis mier

dapyrobisagan Tavi gadairCinos da damoukidebel ganviTarebis

mtkice safuZveli aagos.”

saqarTvelos damoukideblobis winapirobad miCneulia damou-

kidebeli, Tavisufali saxelmwifos arsebobis tradicia. isto-

riuli narativis implicituri logika saqarTvelos damoukide-

blobas marTalia ukavSirebs saqarTvelos rogorc damoukidebel

saxelmwifod arsebobis mravalsaukunovan tradicias, magram misi

konstituirebis aucilebloba Seqmnili politikuri mdgomare-

obidan da ruseTis mier amierkavkasiis faqtobrivad datovebis

faqtidan gamohyavs. damatebaSi “aqti saqarTvelos damoukide-

blobisa” es mdgomareoba ufro detaluradaa ganmartebuli. ar-

gumentacia samnabijiania:

1. saqarTvelos samefo samTavroebs ruseTTan XVIII-XIX sauku-

neSi dadebul xelSekrulebebs moqmedeba formalurad ar

SeuwyvetiaT.

2. saqarTvelos “latenturad” SenarCunebuli hqonda Tavi-

si saxelmwifoebrioba da erovnuli TviTSegneba ruseTis

SemadgenlobaSic ki “SeerTebuli ruseTTan saqarTvelos

mefeTa mier saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebaTa dadebiT saqa-

rTvelo, romelic arasodes ar yofila ruseTis iaraRis

ZaliT dapyrobili, ganagrZobda TviT ruseTis erT sauku-

nis batonobis drosac ki erovnul cocxal organizmis ar-

sebobas da mxolod xelsayrel dros eloda, raTa aRedgi-

na Tavisi gardausvleli erovnuli uflebani da sakuTari

politikuri da erovnuli miswrafebani ganexorcielebina.”

3. saqarTvelom damoukidebloba moipova istoriulad gaCe-

nili Zalauflebrivi vakuumis Sedegad “didi omis ganmav-

lobaSi brest-litovskis zavamdis, ruseTis erTgul saqa-

rTvelos aRar SeeZlo umoqmedod darCeniliyo im dros,

238

rodesac ruseTis mTavrobam Tavisi moqmedebiT mters

sazRvrebi gauRo da xelSekrulebiT saqarTvelos pro-

vinciebi dauTmo. mas Semdeg, rac amier-kavkasiidan ruse-

Tis saxelmwifo sruliad gahqra da saqarTvelom dainaxa,

rom sakuTar Zalebis amara aris mitovebuli […] yovel

xelSekrulebaTagan sruliad ganTavisuflebuli sakuTar

saxelmwifos Seqmnas Seudga.”

4. istoriul saxelmwifoebriobaze dayrdnobiT, faqtobrivi

mdgomareobidan gamomdinare, qarTveli xalxi gamoxatavs

damoukidebeli saxelmwifos dafuZnebis nebas. “amrigad qa-

rTvel ers, aRidgina ra ruseTis batonobis mier darRveu-

li uflebani, surs Tavisuflad Sehqmnas Tavisi saxelm-

wifo da moawyos Tavisi saerTaSoriso damokidebuleba,

raTa SesZlos rogorc mis, agreTve kavkasiis sakeTil-

dReod xangrZlivad da uzrunvelyofiT isargeblos Tavis

aRdgenili uflebebiT.”

arc isaa interesmoklebuli, ra daskvnebs akeTeben saqarT-

velos damoukideblobis aqtis da konstituciis avtorebi saqa-

rTvelos istoriul gamocdilebidan. miuxedavad imisa, rom da-

moukideblobis aqtis damatebaSi naxsenebia rogorc “bagratidTa

samefo” aseve saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebi, saqarTvelosaT-

vis: a) monarqia miuRebel formadaa miCneuli; b) saqarTvelo uni-

tarul saxelmwifodaa danaxuli; g) saqarTveloSi gauqmebulia

wodebebi da yvela adamiani Tanasworadaa miCneuli; d) arcerT

religias saxelmwifoSi upiratesoba ar aqvs mopovebuli. Sesabam-

isad, miuxedavad saxelmwifoebriobis arsebuli tradiciisa, saqa-

rTvelo, arsebuli istoriuli realiebidan gamomdinare, sruliad

axali tipis saxelmwifod, demokratiul respublikad fuZndeba.

swored am saxelmwifos ukavSirebs Tavis Tavs dRevandeli

saqarTveloc, oRond am kavSiris istoriuli, simboluri da iu-

ridiuli statusi damatebiT ganmartebas moiTxovs da istoriis

interpretaciis sagania. 1990 wlis 14 noembers saqarTvelos ax-

lad arCeuli uzenaesi sabWos pirvelive sesiaze gamocxadda gar-

damavali periodi, romlis ganmavlobaSic unda momzadebuliyo

saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenis safuZvlebi. Sevida

239

cvlilebebi saqarTvelos ssr-s konstituciaSi. preambulaSi, ro-

melic Tavidan Camoyalibda, faqtiurad, saqarTvelos istoriis

mokle kursi iyo moyolili, gansakuTrebuli yuradReba ki XIX da

XX saukunis istoriaze gamaxvilda:

“saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrioba, romelic saukuneTa siRrmeSi iRebs

saTaves, XIX saukunis dasawyisSi dakargul iqna ucxo Zalis Carevis Sede-

gad. qarTveli xalxi arasodes Sehguebia saxelmwifoebriobis dakargvas.

1917 wlis TebervalSi daemxo ruseTis imperia, ramac qarTvel xalxs Ses-

aZlebloba misca 1918 wlis 26 maiss damoukideblobis aqtis gamocxadeb-

iT aRedgina saukuneze meti xnis win ruseTis TviTmpyrobelobis mier

gauqmebuli saxelmwifoebrioba. qarTvelma erma Tavisi politikuri neba

ganaxorciela 1919 wlis 12 marts, rodesac damfuZnebeli krebis pirvel

sxdomaze qveynisa da istoriis winaSe cno da daadastura adre miRebuli

damoukideblobis aqti, Semdeg ki 1921 wlis 21 Tebervals miiRo saqarT-

velos konstitucia. 1921 wlis Teberval-martSi sabWoTa ruseTma uxeSad

daarRvia 1920 wlis 7 maisis samSvidobo xelSekruleba da SeiaraRebu-

li agresiis gziT moaxdina saqarTvelos okupacia, rasac SemdgomSi mo-

hyva misi faqtobrivi aneqsia. sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi saqarT-

velos iZulebiTi yofnis mTeli periodi aRiniSna sisxliani teroriTa

da represiebiT (gansakuTrebiT 1924, 1936-38, 1949-51, 1956 wlebSi), risi

ukanaskneli gamovlinebac iyo 1989 wlis 9 aprilis tragedia. am movlenam

Tvisebrivad axal etapze aiyvana saqarTvelos erovnul-ganmaTavisufle-

beli moZraoba. erovnul-ganmaTavisuflebeli moZraobis erT-erTi umniS-

vnelovanesi etapi dasrulda 1990 wlis 28 oqtombers, rodesac saqarTve-

los uzenaesi sabWos mravalpartiul, demokratiul arCevnebSi gaimarjves

erovnulma Zalebma. amiT daiwyo axali xana, romelic unda dagvirgvindes

saqarTvelos sruli saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgeniT”.21

konstituciis 68-e muxlis axali redaqcia saqarTvelos

pirdapir acxadebda pirveli respublikis samarTalmemkvidred:

„saqarTvelos respublika aris suverenuli saqarTvelos demokra-

tiuli respublikis memkvidre saxelmwifo. igi ZaladobiT aris

Seyvanili ssr kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi.”22

21 sagazeTi „axali saqarTvelo“, 1990 wlis 15 noemberi, N2-3 (21011), 2.22 iqve.

240

istoriis aseTi xedvis simboluri dadastureba iyo ara mar-

to saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis simbolikis aRdgena, aramed

damoukideblobis dRis 26 maiss gamocxadebac. magram, meore mx-

riv, _ simbolur doneze _ ararsebulad gamoacxada sabWoTa saqa-

rTvelos 70 weliwadi. ase vTqvaT, „undo“ gaukeTa. es iyo pirveli

„kosmetikuri“ nabiji, romelic gansabWoebis problemis realu-

ri Sefasebisa da misi gadawyvetis nacvlad, simboloebs miadga

da realuris simbolurad gadawyveta moindoma. damoukideblobis

1991 wlis 9 aprils gamocxadebac simboluri iyo. oRond amjerad

politikuri ritorikis doneze.23 parlamenti ixsenebda 1989 wlis

9 aprilis movlenebs, rodesac sabWoTa jarma mSvidobiani demon-

stracia sisxlianad daarbia. 1989 wlis 9 aprili 1991 wlis 9

aprilSi Cawerilia da simbolurad akeTebs imas, rac 1989 wlis

9 aprils ar gakeTebula - acxadebs damoukideblobs imitom, rom

politikuri ritorika swored 1989 wlis 9 aprils miiCnevda qar-

Tuli damoukideblobis „pirvelad scenad“ (Urszene). nacionalu-

ri saxelmwifoebi aseT sawyis momentebs xSirad ixseneben xolme:

frangebi 14 ivliss, bastiliis aRebis dRes, romelic maTTvis

revoluciis simbolod da „pirvelad scenad“ iqca. espanelebi

12 oqtombers, kolumbis mier amerikis aRmoCenis dRes. qarTuli

arCevani am mxriv problemuri aRmoCnda imitom, rom iq, sadac

sxvebi gamarjvebis dRes aRniSnavdnen, qarTvelebma damarcxebis

dRe gaixsenes.oRond es damarcxebis dRe gamarjvebis dRec aris

- qristianuli TvalsazrisiT. saqarTvelos parlamentis spiker-

ma, Semdeg ki prezidentma zviad gamsaxurdiam, rogorc Cans, Zve-

li qarTuli martirologiuri paradigma aaRorZina. am paradigmas

saaRdgomo liturgiis erTi pasaJi udevs safuZvlad: „sikvdiliTa

sikvdilisa damTrgunveli“. (gamsaxurdias politikur mistikaSi

saqarTvelos simbolo mkvdreTiT aRmdgari lazare iyo). 9 apr-

ilis msxverplSewirva qarTul politikur miTologiaSi damou-

kideblobis aRdgenis winapiroba gaxda. qarTveli eri (9 aprils

23 „simboluria saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenis gamocxadeba 9 aprils, vinaidan am dRes gadawyda saqarTvelos bedi. 9 aprilis wamebulTa sulebi dagvcqerian Cven da xaroben zeciur naTelSi, rameTu aRsrulda neba maTi, aRsrulda neba qarTveli erisa – gaumarjos damoukideb-el saqarTvelos! gvfaravdes RmerTi!“, z. gamsaxurdia, gamosvla saqarTvelos damoukideblobis aRdgenasTan dakavSirebiT, ix. <https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/portali:saqarTvelos_istoria/rCeuli_citata> [ 14.11.2015].

241

daRupulebi pars pro toto) mokvda, magram mkvdreTiT aRsdga, am-

jerad ukve damoukidebeli hipostasiT. (swored amas gulisxmob-

da saqarTvelos pirveli prezidenti zviad gamsaxurdia, rode-

sac „qristes gzaze“ saubrobda da am gzas barabas gzas(erovnuli

damoukideblobisaTvis politikuri da ara „sakraluri“ brZolis

gzas), SeiZleba erTob moufiqrebladac, upirispirebda. qarTuli

politikuri miTologia sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas da damoukide-

blobis mopovebas qarTvelebis damsaxurebas miawers da cdilobs

miCqmalos, rom saqarTvelos, iseve rogorc danarCen 14 sabWo-

Ta respublikas, damoukidebloba Tavisi ZalisxmeviT ar miuRia

(miuxedavad imisa, rom sabWoTa respublikebs Soris saqarTvelom

damoukidebloba erT-erTma pirvelma gamoacxada).

ritorikul doneze gansxvaveba 9 aprilsa da 26 maiss Soris

sruliad sawinaaRmdego WrilSi iyo danaxuli: pirveli respublika

(normaluri politikuri procesi) iyo „barabas gza“ da amitomac

„RmerTma Tavisufleba wagvarTva“, xolo 9 aprili iyo „qristes

gza“ - wamebis gza. qaristianuli ritorika samarTlebriv simbo-

likasTan winaaRmdegobaSi movida. simbolur doneze ki arCevani

- aseve problemuri - samarTlebrivi simbolikis („barabas gzis“)

sasargeblod gakeTda. oRond, rogorc Cans, amiT amasTanave „bara-

bas gzis“ „qristes gzaze“ moqcevac unda momxdariyo.

ramdenadac simboluri iyo 26 maisis arCeva damoukideblobis

dRed, imdenadve simboluria 9 aprilis uaryofa. ufro sworad,

simboluri ki ar aris, niSandoblivia, imitom rom kanonmdebels,

ara mgonia, gaazrebuli hqonoda, ras niSnavda es TiTqos triv-

ialuri arCevani. 9 aprilis anu damoukideblobis axali dRis

uaryofa niSnavda imas, rom maSindelma kanonmdebelma, faqtiurad,

uari Tqva sruliad axali qarTuli saxelmwifos konstituirebaze

- simbolurad is pirvel respublikas daukavSira, xolo samarTle-

brivad ki sabWoTa saqarTvelos.

amitomac realuri gansabWoebis procesi mxolod simboluriT

Caanacvla da amiT saqarTvelos meore respublikis fundamenturi

problema, sabWoTa memkvidreobis ara marto ideologiuri, aramed

instituciuri daZleva, ubralod, miCqmala.

istoriuli narativis da faqtobrivi mdgomareobis konstitu-

242

ciaSi asaxvis TvalsazrisiT, 1995 wlis konstitucia aranakleb

problemuri iyo. 1995 wlis konstituciaSi pirvel respublikasTan

samarTalmemkvidreobis sakiTxis problemurobaze samarTalm-

codne nodar TofuriZem gaamaxvila yuradReba.

TofuriZis samarTlebrivi SefasebiT, yvelaze miSvnelovani ki

am deklaraciaSi is aris, rom igi eyrdnoba 1991 wlis 31 marts

referendumiT gamoxatul saqarTvelos mosaxleobis erTsulovan

nebas, saqarTvelos saxelmwifoebrivi damoukidebloba aRadginos

1918 wlis 26 maisis aqtis safuZvelze, rac mxolod imas niSnavs,

rom saqarTvelos mosaxleoba, Tavisi suverenuli nebis gamoxat-

ulebiT, sakuTari saxelmwifoebrivi damoukideblobis aRdgenas

ukavSirebs saqarTvelos demokratiul respublikas da axdens

masTan identificirebas saxelmwifo kontinuitetis safuZvelze”24

1995 wlis konstitucia preambulaSi eyrdnoba rogorc 1921

wlis konstitucias, aseve 1991 wlis 31 martis referendums da 1991

wlis 9 aprilis damoukideblobis aRdgenis aqts. miuxedavad amisa,

meore muxlSi konstitucia saqarTvelos teritorias 1991 wlis 21

dekembris mdgomareobiT gansazRvravs. nodar TofuriZis Sefase-

biT, “konstituciis es Canaweri erTmniSvnelovnad gamomdinareobs

saxelmwifos dsT-Si gawevrianebis Sedegebidan da Tavisi Sinaar-

siT ukavSirdeba ara saxelmwifos identurobisa da kontinuitetis

koncefcias, aramed „axali saxelmwifos“ - „saqarTvelos“ paradig-

misaTvis safuZvlebis Cayris mcdelobas. amgvarad, konstituciis

meore muxli koliziaSia saqarTvelos mosaxleobis mier 1991 wlis

31 marts referendumze gamoTqmul nebasTan da winaaRmdegobaSi

modis saxelmwifos ZiriTadi kanonis winmswreb debulebebTan.”25

Sesabamisad, konstituciaSi erTdroulad gvaqvs dRevandeli saqa-

rTvelos ori istoriuli versia: pirveli saqarTvelos pirveli

respublikis kontinuent saxelmwifod miiCnevs, xolo meore mas

axal, sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Sedegad warmoSobil saxelmwifod

warmoaCens. konstituciis preambulas, pirvel da meore muxlebs

Soris imaleba ara marto 1991 wlis 22 dekembris SeiaraRebuli

dapirispireba da saxelmwifo gadatrialeba, aramed SeiaraRebuli

24 TofuriZe n., saqarTvelos saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi subieqtoba, (sadisertacio naSromi, gamouqveynebeli manuskripti).25 iqve.

243

konfliqtebi afxazeTsa da samxreT oseTSi, afxazeTsa da samxreT

oseTze faqtiuri kontrolis dakargva, dsT-Si Sesvla da saqarT-

velos saxelmwifoebriobis da misi istoriis swored am movlen-

ebis Semdgomi gadaazreba. maSin, rodesac preambula da pirveli

muxli saqarTvelos sabWoTa kavSirSi yofnas danaSaulad acxadebs

da misi gauqmeba surs, meore muxli saqarTvelos swored sabWoTa

kavSiris daSlis Sedegad dafuZnebul saxelmwifod acxadebs.

III. religia

saqarTvelos istoriuli narativis kidev erTi versia konsti-

tuciis kidev erT umniSnvnelovanes araiuridiul aspeqtTan, re-

ligiasTan aris dakavSirebuli. saqarTvelos pirveli konstitucia

mkacrad sekularuli iyo. konstituciis 31-e muxli sarwmunoebis

Tavisuflebis garantias iZleoda, xolo 143-e muxli adgenda, rom

„arc erT sarwmunoebas ara aqvs upiratesoba”. saqarTvelos da-

moukideblobis aqtis damateba erTxel axsenebda sarwmunoebas da

ambobda, rom saqarTvelos samefo-samTavroebma SeZles daecvaT

“mTlianoba sarwmunoebisa da saerTo civilizacia”. religiis

TvalsazrisiT, 1995 wlis konstitucia iseTive winaaRmdegobrivi

aRmoCnda, rogorc istoriuli narativis SemTxvevaSi. miuxedavad

am konstituciis sekularuli xasiaTisa, 1995 wlis konstitucia

1921 wlis konstituciasTan SedarebiT erT nabijs ukan dgams,

romlis asaxsnelad mcire istoriuli eqskuris gakeTeba dam-

Wirdeba. 1980-iani wlebis bolos da 90-iani wlebis dasawyisSi,

eklesias “ideologiur” sivrceSi seriozuli konkurenti hyavda _

erovnuli moZraoba. saqarTvelos pirveli prezidentis ideolo-

giuri doqtrina Camoyalibebulia (sakmaod ekleqturi formiT)

leqciaSi “saqarTvelos sulieri misia”. es teqsti sakralurobis

matareblad qarTvel ers miiCnevs da ara eklesias. eduard Se-

vardnaZem, xelisuflebaSi mosvlis Semdeg, legitimurobis defi-

citis Sevseba, sxvaTa Soris, eklesiis daxmarebiT scada. swored

misi damsaxurebaa eklesias da saxelmwifos Soris sazRvrebis mo-

Sla. SevardnaZem saprezidento ficis sekularuli forma ar ik-

mara da prezidentad sveticxovlis sakaTedro taZarSi “ekurTxa”.

244

amgvari “kurTxeva” arc konstituciuri, arc religiuri Tvalsaz-

risiT gamarTlebuli ar yofila _ prezidenti ar aris mefe, rom

eklesiaSi taxtze dabrZanebuli ekurTxos da demokratiulad ar-

Ceul prezidents ar sWirdeba “sarkaluri legitimacia” - iSleba

sazRvari demokratiasa (legitimaciis wyaro xalxia) da monarqias

(legitimaciis wyaro RmerTia)26 Soris. meore mniSvnelovani nabi-

ji, romelic SevardnaZis mmarTvelobis wlebSi gadaidga, konsti-

tuciaSi Setanili cvlileba iyo. es Sesworeba aRiarebs “eklesiis

gansakuTrebul rols saqarTvelos istoriaSi”. ras unda niSna-

vdes es “gansakuTrebuli roli”? riTi gansxvavdeboda es roli,

vTqvaT, “Tavad-aznaur-glexobis” (nikoloz baraTaSvilis formu-

la rom moviSvelioT) rolisagan? erTi mxriv, es “gansakuTrebuli

roli”, garkveul wilad, gaxda safuZveli eklesiasa da saxelmwi-

fos Soris gaformebuli sakonstitucio SeTanxmebisa, romelmac

“gansakuTrebuli istoriuli rolis” awmyoSi konvertacia moaxdi-

na - saqarTvelos marTlmadidebeli eklesia erTaderTi eklesiaa

saqarTveloSi.27 meores mxriv, konstituciaSi Cawerili es formu-

la SeiZleba wavikiTxoT rogorc pasuxi zviad gamsaxurdias “eris

sulier misiaze”. am formulis mixedviT, “sulieri misiis” matare-

beli qarTveli eri ki ara, qarTuli marTlmadidebeli eklesiaa.

1801 wlidan moyolebuli, rodesac ruseTis imperiam jer qa-

rTl-kaxeTis samefo SeierTa, Semdeg ki saqarTvelos danarCeni

samefo-samTavroebic, koloniuri xelisuflebis erT-erTi pirve-

li nabiji eklesiis damoukideblobis gauqmeba gaxda. saqarTvelos

eklesias rusi egzarqosi marTavda da eklesia (yovel SemTxvevaSi,

misi zeda eSelonebi) saqarTveloSi gamruseblur politikas at-

arebda. qarTveli eris idea, romelmac bagrationTa dinastiuri

miTi Secvala, samocianelTa inteleqtualuri produqti iyo da

sekularuli proeqti gaxldaT. maSinac ki, rodesac ilia WavWavaZe

sarwmunoebaze saubrobs, sarwmumoeba erovnulobasTan ufro unda

davakavSiroT, vidre eklesiasTan. ilia WavWavaZis “politikur Te-

26 andronikaSvili z., maisuraZe g., sekularizacia da sekularizaciis bedi saqarTveloSi, seku-larizacia: konceptebi da konteqstebi, g.zedaniasa da m. RaRaniZis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2009, 266-286. 27 sakonstitucio SeTanxmebasTan dakavSirebiT ix. Meskhi E., God as President’s Junior Partner, Inter-pretations of De-Secularising Church-State Relations in Georgia, Hague, 2006, gamouqveynebeli manuskripti.

245

ologiaSi” mefes xalxi anacvlebs da swored is (da ara eklesia)

aris sarwmunoebis, rogorc qristianuli, ise “mamulis religiis”

matarebeli.28 saqarTvelos pirveli respublika - miuxedavad misi

social-demokratiuli mTavrobisa da saqarTvelos pirvel kon-

stituciaSi social-demokratiuli ideebis simravlisa - swored

samocianelTa inteleqtualuri Zalisxmevis wyalobiT gaxda Sesa-

Zlebeli. 1801 wlidan moyolebuli “perestroikis” dromde, saqa-

rTvelos marTlmadidebel eklesias qarTuli saxelmwifoebriobis

CamoyalibebaSi, iseve rogorc “erovnuli diskursis” SeqmnaSi, didi

roli ar Seusrulebia.29 1987 wels saqarTvelos kaTolikos-patri-

arqma ilia II-m ilia WavWavaZe wmindanad Seracxa da ilia WavWavaZe

saeklesio tradiciaSi Cawera. amiT eklesia Seecada im “ideolo-

giuri vakuumis” amovsebas, romelic mas qarTul “erovnul di-

skursSi” 150-ze meti wlis ganmavlobaSi hqonda. swored es Tari-

Ri SegviZlia miviCnioT saqarTvelos uaxles istoriaSi eklesiis

damoukidebel politikur moTamaSed Camoyalibebis TariRad.

damoukidebeli politikuri agentis roli eklesias saqarTvelos

istoriaSi aqamde arasodes Seusrulebia. Tu saqarTvelos samefo-

Si eklesia da saxelmwifo gayofili ar yofila im TvalsazrisiT,

rom eklesia samefo xelisuflebas eqvemdebareboda, eklesiis da-

moukidebel politikur moTamaSed Camoyalibeba - paradoqsulad

- mxolod sekularul saxelmwifoSi - eklesiisa da saxelmwifos

gayofis Sedegad gaxda SesaZlebeli. Tanamedrove saeklesio isto-

riografia istoriis gadaweras da saqarTvelos istoriaSi eklesi-

is rolis gazrdas cdilobs - es xdeba daviT aRmaSeneblis an ilia

WavWavaZis moZRvarTa rolis sruliad dausabuTebeli gadaWar-

bebis saSualebiT - daviT aRmaSeneblisa da ilia WavWavaZis miR-

wevebi maT moZRvrebs miewereba. amiT ki saqarTvelos istoriaSi

eklesiis “gansakuTrebuli rolis” “dasabuTeba” xdeba. “warsuli

imitom gavixseneT, rom igi gakveTili unda iyos Cveni dRevandeli

da momavali cxovrebisa da saqmianobisaTvis” - ambobs saqarTve-

los kaTolikos-patriarqi ilia II 2009 w. saaRdgomo epistoleSi.

28 andronikaSvili z., mamulis dabadeba literaturis sulidan. enis reforma rogorc sekular-izaciuri proeqti, ilia WavWavaZe - 170, i. ratianis redaqtorobiT, Tbilisi, 2007, 157-173.929 sabWoTa saqarTveloSi eklesiisa da saxelmwifos urTierTobis Sesaxeb ix. maisuraZe g., Caketili sazogadoeba da misi darajebi, Tbilisi, 2011.

246

magram imisaTvis, rom dRevandel cxovrebaze swori Sexeduleba

SeviZinoT, saWiroa, rom istoriac “saTanadod” vicodeT, anu vi-

codeT istoriis iseTi versia, romelic eklesiis “gansakuTrebul

rols” warmoaCens. amiT iqmneba warmodgena, TiTqos eklesia iyo

yovelTvis saqarTvelos politikuri istoriis namdvili warm-

marTveli _ gakveTili, romelic Cven unda viswavloT, imaSi md-

gomareobs, rom axlac da momavalSic ase unda iyos. am CanaweriT

konstitucia winaswar daeTanxma saqarTvelos istoriuli nara-

tivis swored eklesiis mier SemoTavazebul versias.

1921 wlis konstituciisagan gansxvavebiT, 1995 wlis konsti-

tucia ar yofila sajaro debatebis da sxvadasxva politikur

partiasa da jgufs Soris miRweuli konsensusis Sedegi. am kon-

stituciisagan gansxvavebiT, Cveni dRevandeli konstitucia „ze-

modan“ xalxisTvis micemuli konstituciaa da ara xalxis (Tavi-

si warmomadgenlebis meSveobiT) politikuri sxeulis dafuZnebis

aqti. Sesabamisad, 1995 wlis konstitucia, noe Jordanias dasawy-

isSi xsenebuli metafora rom gamoviyeno, ar yofila maSindeli

saqarTvelosaTvis morgebuli tansacmeli. is iyo postsabWoTa

saqarTvelosaTvis tipiuri mcdeloba, arsebuli winaaRmdegobe-

bi ara sajaro debatebisa gziT gadaeWra, aramed erT, mxolod

eqspertebis mier Sedgenil dokumentSi ase Tu ise miCqmaluli ko-

liziebis xarjze moeTavsebina. swored es daumTxvevloba „faqti-

ur konstitucias“ da konstitucias, rogorc samarTlebriv aqts

Soris gviCvenebs, rom saqarTvelo jer kidev ar aris fundamentur

wesrigze SeTanxmebuli. es daumTxvevloba gaxda 1995 wlis Semdeg

konstituciis araerTgzis sakmaod mniSvnelovani reformirebis

mizezi, jer saprezidento, Semdeg ki saparlamento respublik-

isaken, sarwmunoebis Tanasworobidan erTi eklesiis aSkara upi-

ratesobisaken. dRes saqarTvelos ara imdenad istoriuli nar-

ativi sWirdeba, ramdenadac sakuTari uaxlesi (da ara marto)

istoriis kritikuli gadaazreba, romlis Sedegi, iseve rogorc

1921 wels, iqneba axali, ara marto eqspertebis, aramed safuZ-

vliani sajaro gansxilvis Sedegad miRebuli konstitucia, rome-

lic marTlac dRevandeli saqarTvelos Targze iqneba gamoWrili

da romelic saqarTvelos istoriul problemebs ki ar damalavs,

247

aramed maTi gadawyvetis gza iqneba.

248

249

giorgi xubua

iuridiul mecnierebaTa doqtori; iv. javaxiSvilis saxelo-

bis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis profesori; miunxenis

teqnikuri universitetis energiisa da geopolitikis mimar-

Tulebis akademiuri direqtori; aris 70-ze meti samecniero

naSromis avtori.

gia nodia

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori da amave

universitetis kavkasiuri kvlevebis saerTaSoriso skolis di-

reqtori; damoukidebel kvleviT centr mSvidobis, demokrati-

is da ganviTarebis kavkasiur institutis xelmZRvaneli;

mecnierebisa da ganaTlebis ministri (2008).

merab RaRaRaniZe

literaturis, kulturisa da religiaTa mkvlevari, Teologi;

filologiisa da filosofiis doqtori; Tbilisis Tavisufa-

li universitetis profesori; gamoqveynebuli aqvs orasamde

statia da Svidi wigni; misi redaqciiT gamocemulia ocdaxuTi

wigni.

avTo demetraSvili

samarTlis doqtori, Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

emeritusi; politeqnikuri universitetis sajaro samarTlis

laboratoriis xelmZRvaneli; saxelmwifo sakonstitucio

komisiis wevri (1990-1991;2014-2016), mdivani (1993-1995), Tav-

mjdomare (2009-2010); sakonstitucio sasamarTlos Tavmj-

domare (1996-2001); veneciis komisiis wevri (1997-2002); ius-

ticiis sabWos wevri (2001-2004); ,,konstituciuri samarTlis“

ramdenime saxelmZRvanelos avtori da Tanaavtori.

qeTevan eremaZe

aris samarTlis doqtori; Tbilisis saxelmwifo universite-

tis asocirebuli profesori. saqarTvelos sakonstitucio

sasamarTlos wevri (2006-dRemde); aris ori wignis da ocamde

samecniero statiis avtori.

250

vaxuSti menabde

samarTalmcodneobis bakalavri, sociologiis magistri; il-

ias saxelmwifo universitetis samarTlis skolis asocirebu-

li profesori sajaro samarTlis mimarTulebiT; saqarTvelos

saxalxo damcvelis, saqarTvelos axalgazrda iuristTa aso-

ciaciisa da adamianis uflebebis swavlebisa da monitoringis

mkvlevari.

zaal andronikaSvili

literaturaTmcodne, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis aso-

cirebuli profesori da berlinis literaturis da kulturis

kvleviTi centris mecnier-TanamSromeli; swavlobda istoria-

sa da literaturas Tbilisis saxelmwifo, zaarlandis da gio-

tingenis universitetebSi; Tanaredaqtoria (zigrid vaigelTan

erTad) am TemisaTvis miZRvnili krebulisa Grundordnungen.

Geographie, Religion und Gesetz (berlini 2014)

Tamar cxadaZe

filosofosi, ilias saxelmwifo universitetis asocirebuli

profesori. swavlobda ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis univer-

sitetis filosofiis da sociologiis fakultetze; sxvadasxva

periodSi muSaobda miwveuli mkvlevris an doqtorantis sta-

tusiT apalaCis saxelmwifo universitetSi (aSS), stenford-

is universitetSi (aSS), centraluri evropis universitetSi

(ungreTi); araerTi samecniero publikaciis avtori da ram-

denime samecniero krebulis redaqtori muSaobs filosofi-

isa da genderis kvlevis klasikuri teqstebis qarTul enaze

Targmnaze. Targmnili aqvs milis, uolstonkraftis, freges,

kunis, quainis, devidsonis, kripkes, batleris da mravali sxva

avtoris Sromebi.

giorgi maisuraZe

ilias saxelmwifo universitetis sruli profesori; social-

uri da kulturis kvlevebis institutis xelmZRvaneli; swav-

lobda TbilisSi, zaarbrukebsa da berlinSi istorias, fi-

251

losofias da kulturis mecnierebas; muSaobda saqarTvelos

mecnierebaTa akademiis filosofiis institutSi, berlin-

is literaturisa da kulturis kvlevis centrSi; aswavlida

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetsa da berlinis humboldtis

universitetSi.

252

253

Documents

Semdeg - Open Society Georgia Foundation · Sesavali sityva: giorgi margvelaSvili saqarTvelos prezidenti 20 weli gavida mas Semdeg, rac damoukideblobaaRdgenilma qarTvelma erma 1995