-
&
, 2011
&
. -
. - . - . - .
.
. - . - .
.
. - .
.
. - . - .
-
-
-
-i
. -
1.
.............................................................................................................
-1
1.1
.............................................................................................................
-1
1.2
...........................................................................................
-3
1.3
.....................................................................................................
-3
1.4
...................................................................................
-9
1.4.1 .............................................. -9
1.4.2 .................................................. -13
1.4.3
......................................................................
-19
1.5 K ............................................. -19
1.6 ............... -21
1.7
.........................................................................................
-21
2.
.............................................................................................
-23
2.1
................................................................................................................
-23
2.2 Bruckner ............................... -23
2.3
Bruckner
............................................................................................................
-28
2.4 Bruckner
............................................................
-30
2.5 Bruckner ...................... -33
2.6
...........................................................................
-35
2.7 ............................................ -36
2.8
......................................................................
-38
2.8.1 ............................................ -39
2.9 - ................................. -40
2.9.1
....................................................................
-41
2.9.2
.................................................................
-44
2.9.3 ............................................. -47
2.10
...........................................................................
-47
2.11
......................................................................................................
-50
2.11.1 Y o ................. -50
2.11.2 ............................................ -52
-
. -
-1
1.
1.1
,
,
.
.
30-40%
,
.
, ,
( ), .
/,
.
:
- , ( -
).
- , ( , , ).
- , (, ).
-
. -
-2
:
) ,
.
1.1: .
) ( ),
.
1.2: .
) ,
.
1.3: .
-
. -
-3
1.2
,
.
. 1.4
.
, ,
..
1.3
,
, .
(
1:5000 1:2000)
.
(Digital Terrain Model DTM) ,
.
1.5 1.6 .
1:100
1:200 , .
, 1:100
(.. )
1:200. ,
1:50.
-
.
-
. -
(
)
(
..
.1)
l
l
1.50 1.50
1:3
1:2
2:3
(
.
..
1)
0.2
0
(
.
..
1)
0
.75
.
>
2.5
0
.
(
,
,
)
0.7
51.5
03.7
53.7
51.5
0
0.25
0.25
0.3
0
A
>10
>0.4
0
1:3
:
1.8
01.5
0
(
)
2%
4%
12%
4%
2%
6%
o
:
(m
)
:
(m
) :
1 : 2
1 : 1
)
(
(
..
.
1)
0.0
5 m
(
..
.
260)
2
0.1
0 m
(
..
.
150)
2
0.1
0 m
(
..
.
155)
(
..
.
201)
0
.05 m
(
..
.
265)
(m
)
L
(m
)
1.2
0
2.0
0
2.5
0
:
1 : 3
1 : 2
2 : 3
0.6
0 EII = 8.18 m2
:
,
(, ),
.
,
,
.
1.4.2
:
)
)
:
= + = 14.48 m2 14.5 m2
-
. -
-14
1.4.2.1
,
(i) (Ei)
( )
.
( 1.14).
(O1+O2)/2, (O2+O3)/2, ...
( 1.14)
.
() (),
()
.
.
5,6 (
), 7,8 ( ) 9,10 ( ),
1.14.
-
-15
1
.14:
.
5/2
1
2
12
4
3
34
5
(+)
OO
12
4
3O
O
O5
5/2
7E
6E
67
E88
E99
10
8
7/2
6
7/2
8O
10
10
O
9/2
O9
9/2
. -
-
. -
-16
1.14. ,
. ()
VO VE.
) , .. 1, 2
7, 8
121
O 2
OOV
+= 8
87E
2
EEV
+=
) , . . 5,6
2
2
E V
2
2
OV 56E
55O ==
) .. 9,10
2
2
E V
2
OOV 99E9
109O =
+=
) .. 8,9
898
E 898
O 2
EE V
2
OOV
+=
+=
) .. 7,8
787
E78
O 2
EE V
2
2
OV
+==
-
. -
-17
) .. 10-
1010
O 2
OV =
(
)
1.14
:
:
(1) 2
O
2
OO
2
OO
22
O
22
O
2
OO
2
OO
2
OO
2
OO
1010
9109
8987855
454
343
232
121
opV
++
++
++
++
++
++
++
=
:
VE (2) 22
E
2
EE
2
EE
2
EE
22
E 998
987
876
7656
++
++
++
+=
-
. -
-18
1.4.2.2
:
...,2
,
2
,
2
32211 ++++++++
1, 2, 3, ... ( 1, 2, 3, ...)
V
(1) :
...2
O
2
O
2
OV 323
212
11o +
++
++=
1.4.2.3
.
. ,
( 1.6):
m2
m2
m
m
m
,
.
.
-
. -
-19
1.4.3
(m3)
.
:
1. - =0.90 1.10
2. =1.15
1.5
,
.
.
.
1.15.
, 1.15,
,
.
,
.
-
. -
-20
95
11
5
38
13
12,2
35,8
64
11
0
50
95
11
5
485
2
68
464448
90
65
30
26
110
1 2 2' 3 4 5 5' 6
1 2 2' 3 4 5 5' 6
1 2 2' 3
4
5 5' 6
3'
38
13
3'
10
0
81,5
1.15: .
-
. -
-21
1.6
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
. ,
.
1.7
,
, .
1.16.
-
.
-
-2
0
mm
2m
2m
3m
3m
3m
3m
2m
2m
3m
3m
3m
3m
3m
3m
3
12
34
56
78
910
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
3 x
53 x
11
89 x
13
12
1
4
16-
17
1
.16:
.
. -
-22
-
. -
A-23
2.
2.1
, :
,
.
, .
2.2 BRUCKNER
(mass diagram)
BRUCKNER ( 2.1),
() / , .
BRUCKNER
( 1.16).
()
/ .
,
,
:
: ,
: /
.
, BRUCKNER
.
-
. -
A-24
BRUCKNER
()
().
.
BRUCKNER
2.1:
3V (m )
(m )
2
(km)
Bruckner
(
m
)3
X.. (km)
2.1: ,
BRUCKNER.
BRUCKNER, ,
(+) (-) (
2.2). :
-
. -
A-25
( , )
.
()
.
:
,
,
""
"" (
2.2).
""
(+)
(-)
""
(+)
2.2: BRUCKNER.
.
,
,
( )
.
-
. -
A-26
, ()
() BRUCKNER
( 2.3).
(
m
)3
.. (km)
2.3: .
() ,
,
.
-
, (
2.4),
( 2.6).
(m
)3
A
T
X.. (km)
2.4: Bruckner .
-
. -
A-27
-
, ,
( 2.5).
( 2.6).
(m )3
A
T
X.. (km)
2.5: Bruckner .
BRUCKNER
,
.
1 : 2.000 1 cm = 2.000 m3 .
-
. -
A-28
2.3
Bruckner
.
Bruckner.
=1.
m m2
m2
m3
m3
m3
m3
m2
m2
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
m3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
3 x 5 3 x 11 89 x 13 12 14 16-17
1245
580
1245
580
2+070
2+100
45
38
2+210
2+250
30
20
30
20
20
20
40
2+120
7
8
1
2
3
4 -
25
40
5
6
2+150
2+170
2+190
45
30
41.50
29.00
5.00
6.25
32.50
42.50
37.50
20150
125
650
850
650
850
1500
-
-
-
-
-
-
- 1500
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
150
125
-
18
38
36
33
29
16
-
22.50
4.00
135
1110
620
160
4.50
28.00
37.00
34.50
1110
31.00
150 -
30
690 1.00 125 125
1.00
-
560 1.00 580 560 20 -
1.00 1245 135
620
960
- 565
-
1.00 150
450 1.00 850
650
450
2900 1525
400 -
-1.00 1500 160 1340
0
1110
1130
170
-395
-365
35
1375
5100 5100 5100 2200
[16] = [14] - [15]
[17] = [12] - [15]
[16] - [17] = [14] - [12]
3725
2.6 2.7:
-
. -
A-29
20.00
0.0
0
45
.00
E
29
.00
40.0
0
33
.00
25.0
0
36
.00
0
.00
38
.00
20.0
0
18
.00
38.0
0
30.0030.00 20.00 20.00 20.00
8.42
00
.00
30.0
0
16
.00
45.0
0
40.00
10.53
7'765'54'43'32'21'1 8
2.6: .
20.00
400.0
1
0
.00
0.0
0
4
5.0
0
E
3'
71
7.5
0
37.0
0
0.0
0
1215
.30
0.0
0
0.0
0
1130
.00
1
8.0
0
0.0
0
648
.75
0
.00
41
.50
1110
.00
0.0
0
2
0.0
0
10.53
105.3
1'
15.00
648.75
2
15.00
461.25
32'
85.3
9.47 15.00
412.5
-36
5.0
0
0.0
0
11.0
0
170
.00
3
6.0
0
0.0
0
-18
2.5
0
3
4.5
0
0
.00
-39
5.0
0
8
.00
0.0
0
-42
8.7
0
0
.00
0.0
0
10.00
212.5
10.00
352.5
4
15.00
547.5
4'
11.58
63.7
5 5'
8.42
33.7
6
3
5.0
0
0.0
0
29
.00
70
0.0
0
0.0
0
37
.50
1375
.00
0.0
0
30
.00
20.00
675.0
20.00
665.0
7 7' 8
2.7: .
-
. -
A-30
BRUCKNER, 2.8
, 2.9 (
).
30.00
0
.00
Bruckner( )
1
3
5.0
0
-39
5.0
0
17
0.0
0
-36
5.0
0
11
30
.00
11
10
.00
20.0020.00
2 3
30.00
4
20.0020.005 6 7
40.00
13
75
.00
8
( )
2.8: Bruckner.
20.00
665.0
7'20.00
675.0
8
( )
4'10.00
-18
2.5
0
15.00
648.75
0
.00
Bruckner
'O
1
170
.00
717
.50
111
0.0
0
64
8.7
5
113
0.0
0
121
5.3
0
9.47
85.3
15.00
461.25
1' 2'210.53
105.3
547.5
15.00
3'3
412.5
15.00
4
352.5
10.00
13
75
.00
700
.00
3
5.0
0
-42
8.7
0
-39
5.0
0
-36
5.0
0
11.58
63.7
5'58.42
33.7212.5
6 20.00
400.0
7
2.9: Bruckner
.
2.4 BRUCKNER
BRUCKNER
:
(1) (
), Bruckner
( 2.10).
-
. -
A-31
BRUCKNER
A
(
m
)
3
.. (km)
2.10: .
(2)
,
Bruckner ( 2.11).
.. (km)
BRUCKNER
A
(
m
)
3
2.11: .
-
. -
A-32
(3) ,
.
Bruckner ( 2.12).
2.12: .
-
. -
A-33
2.5 Bruckner
( 2.13)
.
2.13: .
Bruckner .. 1+100 ..
15+000
, ..
(m3)
1+100 3+000 20.000 -
3+000 6+000 - 100.000
6+000 7+000 10.000 -
7+000 9+500 (72m3/m)
9+500 10+800 10.000 -
10+800 12+000 - 20.000
12+000 13+000
13+000 15+000 - 35.000
1+
100
3+
000
6+
000
7+
00
0
9+
500
10
+80
0
12+
000
13+
000
15+
000
-
. -
A-34
:
( ) : 72 m2
.. 1+100 : 10000 m3
: 1.00
2.14: Bruckner .
1+100 15+000
Bruckner 2.14.
130
00
0
120
00
0
-60
00
0
-70
00
0
10
00
0 30
00
0
1+
10
0
3+
00
0
6+
00
0
7+
00
0
9+
50
0
11
00
00
11
00
00
75
00
0
10
+80
0
12
+0
00
13
+0
00
15
+0
00
-
. -
A-35
2.6
( ) .
.
, ( 2.15)
( 2.16).
.
2.15 ( ).
2.16: ( ).
-
. -
A-36
Bruckner
. ,
.
,
2.9.
2.7
2.17: .
Bruckner dw
dy
x '
, dw=x.dy
(
m )
.. (km)
A
x
dw
M M'
dy
h
3
-
. -
A-37
dy
x 2.17.
, () w
, () Bruckner,
.
w = dw = x.dy w = h
0
x.dy
(m3.km).
H (...)
( )
. :
M
.M.A.M
=
M.A.M.(km)=
(
m )
M.A.M.
A
.. (km)
E (m .km)
3)V (m
3
V
3
2.18: ... Bruckner.
2.18 ... ()
Bruckner:
-
. -
A-38
2.8
,
,
, ,
.
1 m3
() CF (/m3).
F (km).
. :
x F = CF
x > F = CF + (x - F)
:
= 1m3 (/m3)
CF = F (/m3)
= 1m3 1 km (/m3 km)
( 2.19).
-
. -
A-39
F
FC
(
/m
)3
(m)x
2.19: - .
2.8.1
(x0)
.
(x0) , 1
1 m3
2 3 .
x0
.
, > F :
1 = (x0 - F) (1)
2 = ( - F) (2)
3 = CF + ( - F) (3)
1 = 2 + 3 (4)
-
. -
A-40
: CF = F (/m3)
= (/m3 km)
(1),(2),(3) (4) :
(x0 - F) = ( F) + CF + ( F)
: x0 = CF + + F
x0 =
CF + + - F (5)
, < F : x0 =
CF + F
> F < F : x0 =
CF +
< F > F : x0 =
CF +
:
CF = 0,70 /m3 , F = 400 m, = 500 m, = 800 m,
= 0,18 /m3 km x0 =18.0
70.0 + 0.50 + 0.80 - 0.40 = 3.89 + 0.90 = 4.79 km
2.9
,
Bruckner.
-
. -
A-41
2.9.1 .
1, 2
1, 2 2.20:
2.20: Bruckner.
1, 2. 1, 2
1,2,3,4
( 2.21).
4
3
2
1
1
22
1
2
11B
2B2A
1A
2
1
V
2.21: 1, 2.
1
2
V
-
. -
A-42
1, 2.
1 2.22
() 2 2.22 ().
1
22
1
2
11B
2B2A
1A
2
1
V
A1
A2 B2
B1 1
2
2
1
V
1
2
1
2
() (1)
1 2
1 2
() (2)
2.22: .
(
) :
1=V[1+2]
2=V[1+2]
2-1=V[1+2-1-2] (1)
1, 2, 1, 2 1 m3
1, 2, 1, 2.
-
. -
A-43
(1) :
d = dV.(1 + 2 - 1 - 2) =>
=dV
dK 1 + 2 - 1 - 2
()
1 2 1 2 (
2.23).
2.23: ().
. 2.23 :
00dV
dK2121 =+=
2.8,
, ,
,
: 1+2=1+2
V
4EE32E1E
1' '1 2' '2 '
2211
2.24: , '.
2211
-
. -
A-44
(') .
(') - () (') ()
= (2+4)-(1+3),
V2
'V
2
'V
2
'V
2
' 22112211 +
+
+
++
=
(1+'1)+(2+'2)-(1+'1)-(2+'2)='1+'2-'1-'2
1+2 = 1+2
'1>1, '2>2, '10
2.9.2
1, 2
1, 2 2.25.
2
1
V
2.25: .
-
. -
A-45
:
(1)
1
() 1.
2
1
() 2.
2.26: .
.
2.26
1 ( )
, .
.
(2)
, 2.27,
1, 2 :
1=V(1+2)
-
. -
A-46
2=V(++)= V(+x0)
(+= x0 , 2.8.1)
2-1= V(+x0-1-2)
)(dV
d
)(dVd
21
21
+=
+=
0
0
x
x
= 0dV
dK + x0 - 1 - 2 = 0
2.8,
, ,
,
: +x0=1+2
() 1
() 2
A2
1
22B
B11A
V
1
2
1
2
1A1B 1
22B2A
1 2
V
2
1
1
2
2.27: .
.
-
. -
A-47
2
1 1
2 2 3
'1 '1
E1
E3 E5
2
1
'2 '2'
3'
3
E2
E4E6 2h
1h3
2.9.3
2.28: .
1+2+3=1+2+3, 1, 1>1 (. 2-29)
2 (
), '1='1 '2+'3='2+'3, :
1-2, =2+3+5-1-4-6,
=2
1[(1+'1)-(1+'1)]h1+
2
1[(2+'2)+(3+'3)-(2+'2)-(3+'3)]h2=
=(1-1)h1+(2+3-2-3)h2>0
1>2 2 .
2.10
Bruckner. (m3)
(m3km)
.
-
. -
A-48
( 2.29):
1 2
Bruckner
.
4 ...
(F).
5 ...
4.
6 5
(F).
7 (m3km)
4 6.
8,9 /
. ... .
3,4 8
.
-
. -
A-49
xF
x>F
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
m3 m
3
MAM (km)
MAM-
F m
3km m
3 m
3
:
2.29: .
-
. -
-50
2.11 2.11.1
Bruckner.
.
:
: F = 0,2 km
1m3 x > F :
K = 1,46 + 0,42 (x - f)
: =3 km
x0.2 x>0.2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
m3 M
3
MAM (km)
MAM 0.2
m3km m
3 m
3
1+180 0+000 1500 1.11 0.91 1365
0+600 0+080 1500 0.36 0.16 240
1+120 0+600 2300 0.36 0.16 368
0+440 0+240 500
1+000 0+800 500
1+180 1+380 2500
1+380 2+020 2600 0.42 0.22 572
1+620 1+820 400
2+440 2+020 1000 0.31 0.11 110
2+300 2+100 400
2+440 2+760 1100 0.26 0.06 66
2+500 2+700 700
3+300 2+760 2800 0.37 0.17 374
3+080 2+880 700
3+300 3+400 1400
: 3200 12800 3095 3900
() x0,2 km:
(3.200+12.800+3.900)x1,46= 29.054
() x>0,2 km:
.1) : 3.095x0,42= 1.300
.2) : 3.900x(3-0.2)x0,42= 4.586
: 34.940
:
,
.
-
. -
A-51
2
.30:
Bru
ckner
2
.11.1
.
12
34
56
78
91
01
11
21
31
41
51
61
71
92
02
12
32
42
52
62
728
29
18
22
0 + 0 0 0
2 + 5 0 0
2 + 4 4 0
2 + 5 5 0
2 + 7 0 0
2 + 7 6 0
0
- 1 5 0 0 0 + 0 8 0
4 3 0 0
2 5 0 0
3 6 0 0
2 5 0 0
3 6 0 0
m
3
3 + 4 0 03 9 0 0
3 + 3 0 02 5 0 0
3 + 0 8 0- 3 0 0
2 + 9 8 0- 1 0 0 0
- 3 0 0 2 + 8 8 0
2 + 3 0 01 5 0 0
2 + 2 0 01 1 0 0
2 + 1 0 01 5 0 0
2 + 0 2 02 5 0 0
1 + 8 2 05 1 0 0
5 1 0 0
5 5 0 0 1 + 7 2 0
1 + 6 2 0
1 + 3 8 02 5 0 0
0 1 + 1 8 0
1 + 1 2 0- 1 5 0 0
1 + 0 0 0- 3 8 0 0
0 + 9 0 0- 4 3 0 0
0 + 8 0 0- 3 8 0 0
0 + 6 0 0- 1 5 0 0
0 + 4 4 0- 3 0 0 0
0 + 3 4 0- 3 5 0 0
0 + 2 4 0- 3 0 0 0
-
. -
-52
2.11.2
2.11.2.1 Bruckner
.
0+
00
0
0+
63
0
50.000
12.000
3m
3m
(km)
(
m )
3
:
: F=200 m
: =1.200 m
: < 200 m
: 1,06 /m3
K : 0,26 /m3km
: (5) 2.8.1,
x0 : x0 = 26,0
06,1 +1,2 = 5,28 km.
x0 > 630 m,
, .
0+
080
0+
000
0+
630
0+
450
0+
250
42.000
50.000
12.000
3m
3m
(
m )
3
(km)
3m
-
. -
A-53
2.11.2.2 Bruckner
.
0+
000
2.800
3m11.700
0+
76
0
9.000
(
m )
3
(km)
3m
3m
:
: F=100 m
: =2000 m
: =1200 m
: 1,06 /m3
K : 0,26 /m3km
: Bruckner
, 2.9.1,
1=1 (=290 m).
0+
00
0
2.800
290 m290 m
0+
57
0
0+
47
0
0+
41
5
0+
230
0+
330
0+
12
5
4.800
3m11.700
10.800
0+
705
0+
76
0
9.000
(km)
3m
3m
(
m
)3
-
. -
-54
2.11.2.3 Bruckner
. 0+
000
50.000
0+
740
12.000
(km)
3m
3m
(
m )
3
: Bruckner
, 2.9.1,
1=1.
1=1 ( , 1 1
), .
0+
000
220 m
0+
300
0+
400
0+
580
335 m
0+
520
0+
185
50.000
0+
680
0+
740
12.000
(
m )
3
(km)
3m
3m
-
. -
A-55
2.11.2.4 Bruckner
.
0+
000
69.500
3.000
11
+225
47.500
(km)
3m
3m
3m
(
m )3
: : F=500 m
: =1000 m
: =500 m
: 0,72 P/m3
K : 0,23 /m3km
: (5) 2.8.1,
x0 : x0 = 0,23
0,72+1,0+0,5-0,5 =4,1 km.
1=1 x0,
x0.
65.500
0+
000
1+
50
0
69.500
6+
000
4.500
39.000 5+
60
0
10
+1
00
3.000
7+
715
8+
215
29.000
3+
00
0
3+
50
0
11
+22
5
47.500
(km)
4,1 km
4,1 km
(
m )3
3m
3m
3m
3m
3m
3m
3m
-
. -
-56
2.11.2.5 Bruckner
.
25.000
0+
00
0
56.500
-8.000 m3
-15.000
9+
00
0
3m
m2
+3
90
3
50.000
3m
3m
66.0003m
6+
055
35.0003m
m55.000 3
(km)
(
m )
3
:
: F=200 m
: =2000 m
: =1200 m
: 1,04 /m3
K : 0,26 /m3km
-57.
-
. -
A-57
: (5) 2.8.1,
x0 : x0 = (1,04 / 0,26)+2,0+1,2-0,2 = 7,0 km.
x0 < 9 km, ,
( 2.9.2),
1+2=+x0. (
4,0+3,5=7,0+0,5).
.
( 2.9.2,
).
0+
625
0+
30
0
4,0 km 3,5 km
310.000 m
4+
99
04+
80
0
4+
030
4+
30
0
7+
535
8+
300
(km)
25.000
0+
000
56.500
-8.000 m3
-15.000
9+
00
0
3m
m
2+
39
0
3
50.000
3m
3m
66.000 3m6+
05
5
35.000 3m
m55.000 3
(
m )
3
-
. -
-58
2
.11.2
.6
B
ruckn
er
:
)
,
)
,
)
.
(m )
3
(m)
200
7200
200
200
200
200
200
m 3
8600
m 3
103
00
m 3
-26
00
m 3
-10
00
m 3
1910
m 3
7980
m 3
0.0
00
m 3
0
100
200
500
1000
0500
20
00
50
00
-
. -
A-59
:
)
:
,
2
.9.1
1+
2+
3=
1+
2+
3 (
72
0+
81
0+
93
0=
11
90
+820
+4
50
).
(m )
3
(m)
720
m11
90
m8
10
m8
20
m9
30
m4
50
m
200
720
0
200
200
20
0
20
0
20
0
m 3
86
00
m 3
10
300
m 3
-260
0m
3
-10
00
m 3
191
0m
3
79
80
m 3
0.0
00
m 3
400
0m
3
0
100
200
500
1000
0500
200
0
50
00
-
. -
-60
)
:
1=
1(9
60
=9
60
).
1+
2=
1+
2(6
70
+8
10=
92
0+
56
0).
(m )
3
(m)
560
m8
10
m92
0 m
670
m
960
m960
m
20
0
7200
200
200
200
20
0
200
m 3
8600
m 3
10
300
m 3
-2600
m 3
-100
0m
3
2195
m 3
1910
m 3
7980
m 3
0.0
00
m 3
4000
3m
2195
2195
2195
3m
0
100
200
500
1000
0500
2000
500
0
-
. -
A-61
)
:
1=
1(9
60
=9
60
).
2=
2(8
15
=8
15
).
3=
3(6
60
=6
60
).
20
0
720
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
20
0
m 3
86
00
m 3
10
30
0m
3
-26
00
m 3
-10
00
m 3
m3
95
0 3
648
0m
3
19
10
m 3
79
80
m 3
0.0
00
m 3
0
100
200
500
1000
0500
20
00
50
00
(m )
3
(m)
66
0 m
81
5 m
81
5 m
96
0 m
96
0 m
66
0 m
-
-i
B.
1.
..................................................................................................................
-1
2.
................................................................
-1
3. ..........................................................
-6
4.
......................................................................
-7
5.
................................................... -9
5.1
..............................................................................................
-9
5.2
........................................................................................................
-9
5.3
....................................................................................................
-12
6. ............................................... -18
6.1 ............................................................
-18
6.2
...........................................................................
-20
6.3
..............................................................................
-24
6.4
...........................................................................
-28
7.
..........................................................................................
-31
7.1 () ............................................. -31
7.2 ...................................... -32
7.3
........................................................................
-33
7.4 ........................................ -34
7.5 () ...................................... -37
7.6 .......................................... -38
8.
.........................................................................
-47
8.1
....................................................................................
-47
8.1.1 -
.................................................................................
-47
8.1.2
................................................................................................
-51
-
-ii
8.2
.............................................................................
-52
8.2.1 -
.............................................................................
-52
8.2.2
............................................................................................
-54
9.
..............................................................................
-56
-
.
-1
1.
-
.
,
() -
.
(.. )
.
. 2.
A)
2.1: .
2.2:
-
.
-2
2.3: ,
.
2.4: ,
.
-
.
-3
2.5: .
)
2.6: ().
-
.
-4
2.7: ().
2.8: .
2.9: .
-
.
-5
2.10: .
2.11: .
-
.
-6
3.
,
, , ,
. ,
:
.
.
.
.
:
,
(
, , /,
..)
.
/, ..
( , ,
, ..)
,
.
,
, ,
-
.
-7
, ,
.
(, ,
, , )
.
4.
()
: () , ()
, () .
, 4.1.
4.2 () , ()
. :
, 4.2(), :
16
8
8
( ), 4.2(), :
0
8
8
2
.
-
.
-8
4.1:
4.2: () ()
.
-
.
-9
5.
5.1
, ,
. ,
70 110 (TAC-ATC, 1999).
70 110,
, , .
5.1.
.
.
(RAS-K-1),
80g (= 72) 120g (=108).
5.2
H ,
,
5.2.
.
-
.
-10
5
.1:
.
(TA
C-A
TC
, 199
9)
(RA
S-K
-1,
1988)
-
.
-11
5
.2:
.
-
.
-12
,
,
. 5%
3%. ,
.
0.5%
. ,
20 m.
.
5.3
1:
.
5.3
. ,
20 m
80g .
5.3: .
50.00m
A
g
50
B
-
.
-13
:
5.4, 80g
.
.
20 m
.
R,
. 30g
241 m (R240 m).
20.0
0m
R=240m
R=240m
/ = / = /
= 104.74 m
= 77.83 m
= 57.83 m
R = /(/2)
R 240 m
50.00m
30 g
g5
0 g
80
?
5.4: .
-
.
-14
2: .
5.5
.
4%
: + 0.00
q = 2.5 %
14.00m
-
5.5:
.
,
. :
: 5%
: 500m
: 25m
, =0.
-
.
-15
E:
:
s = 0.025 + 0.050 = 0.075 w = 500m. :
= s2
H = 18.75m > 12.50m
( 5.6 -
18.75m
HB = -18.75 0.025 = -0.47m.
18.75 + 18.75 = 37.50m
H = -0.47 + 18.75 0.05 = 0.47m.
5%, (
). ()
:
4% , :
= 0.00 + () 0.04 (1)
5%
, :
= -0.47 + [() - 18.75] 0.05 (2)
(1) (2) :
= 5.63m () = 140,63m
:
s = 0,05 - 0,04 = 0.01 = 25.00 / 2 = 12.50m. :
=s
2T= 2500m > 500m
, .
0.00 -0.47 0.47 5.00 5.63 6.13
18.75
0.00 140.6337.50 128.13 153.13
-
.
-16
q = 2.5 %
f = 0.03m
Tk = 12.50m
Hk = 2500m
s = 0.010
A14.00m
Tw = 18.75m
f = 0.35m
Hw = 500m
s = 0.075
B
5%
4%
5.6: .
3: " "
,
( 5.7).
B
q
= 80
= 3%
s
q
q = 2.5%
A
g
1
2s
s1
:
5.7: " " .
-
.
-17
:
s2 ,
.
:
h = hA - s2 A = hA - q + s1
s2 = q - s1
=
=
s2 = q - s1 A s2 = q - s1
s2 = 0,025 0,951057 - 0,03 0,309017 = 1,4506%
-
.
-18
6.
6.1
.
, ,
, .
6.1 (
), (
). , ,
.
6.2 ()
() ()
.
6.1:
.
-
.
-19
6.2: .
-
.
-20
6.2
. R,
2R 17,5g
3R 22,5g. ( 6.3).
1 2.
R 1
A 1
1E
XM
1
T1
X1
1
R
R
2R
2
M 2
3R
B
y 1
2y
1R
M2X
2A2E
2T
X2
R 2
1M
Z
3M
g
22.5
/2
g
(-4
0)
dd
/2
H
6.3: .
-
.
-21
:
1 1
17,5 A = 4 R = 35 R
400 200
1 2
= ( - 40) R
200
2 2
22,5 = 6 R = 67,5 R
400 200
1 1 2 2
A A = ( + 62,5) R
200
2 1 1 1 E = R + R = BA
1 1BA + BM = 2R
g
1R + R + R 17,5 = 2R
g
1R = R (1 - 17,5 ) = 0,0375 R
g
R = 2R (1 - 22,5 ) = 0,1236 R2
= = g
M1X R 17,5 0, 2714 R
R0,692222,52RXg
M2 ========
2R17,52Ryg
1 ====++++
R0,0750R 2)17,5(12Ry1
g1 ============
R0,1854R 1,5)22,5(13Ry2
g2 ============
R0,54282X17,52RX M1g
1 ============
R1,03831,5X22,53RX M2g
2 ============
-
.
-22
RRd 12
====
====++++++++++++==== d2
)R(R
111 R)
0,0861
2
1,0375(0,2714 ++++++++
====++++++++==== d2
)R(R
222 R)
0,0861
2
1,1236(0,6922 +=
.
: .
6.4 .
,
R = 8,00m.
3.7
5m
3.7
5m
3,50m 3,50m
2
120g
1
80g
6.4: .
:
. 6.5
.
-
.
-23
R=
24
m
R=16m
R=24m
R=
16
m
R=8m
R=
8m
R=8m
R=8m
40g
80g
120g
80g
17,5
g
22,5g
22
,5g 17,5g
3,50m 3,50m
3.7
5m
3.7
5m
11
1
1
1 2
2
2
2
2
6.5:
.
R=8,00m
=80g :
: 2222=(80+62.5).8.00./200 = 17.907m
R=8,00m
=120g :
: 1111=(120+62.5).8.00./200 = 22.934m
R1 1 1 1 1 =22
0.300 2.171 4.342 0.600 8.926
R2 2 2 2 2 =22
0.989 5.538 8.306 1.483 11.344
R1 1 1 1 1 =11
0.300 2.171 4.342 0.600 14.319
R2 2 2 2 2 =11
0.989 5.538 8.306 1.483 17.185
-
.
-24
6.3
(80 g 120g)
6.6: (RAS-K-1).
1
55'
77'
M
44'
N
A
B
-
.
-25
6.6 :
1. (1)
2. (1) 10 m
.
3. ( )
6 g , (1).
4. (4) (4' )
1,5m .
5. (5) (5' ) R= 12m
(4) (4) . R (5)
R =8m < 100g.
6. ()
R=0,75m (5) (5).
7. ,
20 m.
(7) (7) (5) (5)
.
8. ()
R=0,75m, (7) (7).
9. :
() (5) (5)
() (7) (7)
() (R=0,75m)
.
,
20m.
-
.
-26
X
6.7 :
1. (8) (5)
R(8)=R(5)+4,50 m.
, 30 m
. ( )
(8).
2. ( )
R = 8m ( 6.8).
3. R 250m.
6.7: (RAS-K-1).
8'8
55'
-
.
-27
X
6.7 :
1. (8) (5) R(8)=R(5)+5,50 m.
, 40 m
. ( ) (8).
2. ( )
R = 12m ( 6.8).
3. R 250m.
6.8: (RAS-K-1).
-
.
-28
6.4
(80 g 120g)
m
6.9: (RAS-K-1).
-
.
-29
6.9, :
1. (1) -
1,75 m - (1i) (1o).
2. (2) .
3. (3) (2)
e
. :
( )20
801.50me += 80 g g 100
g (1)
( )20
1002.50me = 100 g
-
.
-30
2.00 m, 6.3(),
(8) (3) (7)
2.00 m . (8)
.
9. (9) (9i) S
40.0 m
.
(7) (3) .
10. (10) (9i)
1.00 m.
11. (11) - [11, r] - (9) (10)
r=0.75 m. (9)
(7) (11).
12. (12) (3) (11). i Ti
.
-
.
-31
7.
7.1 ()
. . . , , . , . .
7.1: .
-
.
-32
7.2
. . . , , .
7.2: .
-
.
-33
7.3 -
. , .
7.3: .
-
.
-34
7.4
:
(a) : . : 2 : 2 3 : 3 4 : 4
(b) : . : 2 : 2 3 : 3 4 : 4
(c) : . :
2 : 2 3 : 3 (2 ) 3 : 3 (2 )
-
.
-35
7.4.1
7.4: .
-
.
-36
7.4.2
7.5: .
-
.
-37
7.5 ()
() ()
7.6: ().
, , ( cb ba ) [1], [8]. ( ) [6] .
. , (i) (ii) .
-
.
-38
7.6
7.7: .
(1) 11 [1,R] (2) 12 [,R] (2) 22 [2,R]. :
RAL 2
R2L
45
23
R3456L
R40LLX
4
42
22R42240
LR336
L61
RLY
MX X R sin()
R Y R 1 cos( )
-
.
-39
1, R A2, R ,
L1, 1, 1, 1, XM1, R1 L2, 2, 2, 2, XM2, R2
D1D2K
sinRRd 12
D1M1O D22
2tanRRt 11
2tanRRt 22
1M11 xdtT
2M22 xdtT 12 :
2121 R :
21212211 LLAA [m], , 1 2 [rad].
-
.
-40
. ( ). 7.8 7.9 .
1 = 2 = 70 m
R = 50 m
= 94 gon
N1 2 y1 = 114.00 y2 = 119,50 m
s1 = - 0.33 %s2 = + 3.72 %s3 = + 1.45 %
1 2
b = 20.50 + 5.00 m
q = 7 % 1 2
q1 = q2 = 2 % 11
K1N1 = 79.71 m
-
.
-41
Z
(w) (Hk),
7.8: O .
-
.
-42
7.9:
.
-
.
-43
1. :
L RA2
50702
m98
R2L
50298
gon63.3887rad98.0
X 45
23
R3456L
R40L-L
45
23
50345698
504098-98
m9.0078
Y
44
222
R42240L
R336L
61
RL
44
222
504224098
5033698
61
5098
m9.8842
Mx )sin(R-X rad98.0sin50-884.29
m7.4824
-
.
-44
R co-1R-Y rad98.0co-150-884.29
m.7357
t 2-tanRR
24765.1-tan735.750m3.456
T Mx-t
47.482-45.63
m5.971
K1A1 = T = 15.97 m
A1N1 = K1N1 - K1A1= 79.71 15.97= 63.74 m
11N 1111 NA-A
= 98 63.74 = 34.26 m= 22N
21 2-R 98.02-4765.150
m32.911
-
.
-45
1x = K1A1 + L= 15.97 + 98= 113.97 m
2Nx = 22211 Nx = 113.97 + 132.91 + 34.26= 281.14 m
2211 AA 21L2
91.132982
91.132982
m28.913
2.
:
Tw = 11N = 34.26 m
(Hw)
Hw 12ws-sT2
0.0372)(--0.003326.342
m1692
-
.
-46
(yC1) yC1 = 1111N sNy
= 114.00 + 34.26(-0.0033)= 113.887 m
(xc2)
: C1 2
yC1 + ( xC2 xC1 )s2 + ( xN2 xC2 )s3 = yN2
xC2 32N231C21CN2 s-sxs-xsy-y
0.0145-0.0372281.140.0145-113.970.0372113.887-119.50
m254.456
(k)
Tk C2N2 x-x254.456-281.14
m26.684
A (k)
Hk 21ks-sT2
0.0145-0.0372684.262
m3512
-
.
-47
8.
( ), ( ) , . , , .
8.1
8.1.1
, . ("tapered") (8.1).
-
.
-48
8.1: (AASHTO, 2001).
( 8.1), (taper), 50:1 70:1. 4,8m 3,6m , .
( 8.1), ( ), , . .
-
.
-49
(AASHTO, 2001), ( . 8.1):
La: , V'a Va (V'a < Va). ( 8.1) . 300m, , . 2% ( ) 8.1, 8.2
.
Lg: . 0,60m , 90m 150m, .
("taper"): , , , . 110km/h 90m, .
-
.
-50
8.1: La (m) 2% (AASHTO, 2001).
(Km/h)
V(Km/h)
Va(Km/h)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 V'a (Km/h)
0 20 28 35 42 51 63 7050 37 60 50 30 - - - - -60 45 95 80 65 45
- - - -70 53 150 130 110 90 65 - - -80 60 200 180 165 145 115 65 -
-90 67 260 245 225 205 175 125 35 -100 74 345 325 305 285 255 205
110 40110 81 430 410 390 370 340 290 200 125120 88 545 530 515 490
460 410 325 245
8.2: La, (AASHTO, 2001).
(Km/h)
(Km/h) 40 50 60 70 80
-
3 4%
3 4%
60 1,3 1,4 1,4 - - 0,770 1,3 1,4 1,4 1,5 - 0,6580 1,4 1,5 1,5
1,5 1,6 0,6590 1,4 1,5 1,5 1,5 1,6 0,6100 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,7 1,8
0,6110 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,7 1,8 0,6120 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,7 1,8 0,6
5 6%
5 6%60 1,5 1,5 - - - 0,670 1,5 1,6 1,7 - - 0,680 1,5 1,7 1,9 1,8
- 0,5590 1,6 1,8 2,0 2,1 2,2 0,55100 1,7 1,9 2,2 2,4 2,5 0,5110 2,0
2,2 2,6 2,8 3,0 0,5120 2,3 2,5 3,0 3,2 3,5 0,5
: 8.1 8.2.
, , , , 360m ( ), .
-
.
-51
8.1.2
1: , 60Km/h 100Km/h. 3,5%.
: La ( 8.1 ). 8.1, 60Km/h 100Km/h 205m. 8.2, 60Km/h, 100Km/h 3
4% 1,7. :
: 205 1,7 = 348,5m ~350mM : 90m : 440m
(90~150m), ( 8.2).
8.2: ( 1).
-
.
-52
8.2
8.2.1
, , , . ("tapered") ( 8.3).
8.3: (AASHTO, 2001).
-
.
-53
( 8.3 ), , . 2 5. ( ). 3,6m, ( 8.3), ( ).
( 8.3 ), 75m , , . ( ) . ( 300m), , .
, 2%, ( 8.3) ( 8.4).
-
.
-54
8.3: L (m) 2% (AASHTO, 2001).
(Km/h)
V(Km/h)
Va
(Km/h)
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 V'a (Km/h)
0 20 28 35 42 51 63 7050 47 75 70 60 45 - - - -60 55 95 90 80 65
55 - - -70 63 110 105 95 85 70 55 - -80 70 130 125 115 100 90 80 55
-90 77 145 140 135 120 110 100 75 60100 85 170 165 155 145 135 120
100 85110 91 180 180 170 160 150 140 120 105120 98 200 195 185 175
170 155 140 120
8.4: L, (AASHTO, 2001). 3% 4% 0,9 5% 6% 0,8 3% 4% 1,2 5% 6% 1,35
1: 8.3 8.4. 2: .
8.2.2
1: , 60Km/h 100Km/h. 3,5%.
: L . 8.3, 60Km/h 100Km/h 120m. 8.4, 3 4% 0,9. :
-
.
-55
: 120 x 0,9 = 108,0m ~110mM : 75m : 185m
8.4: ( 1).
-
-56
9.
1. AASHTO (2001). "A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and
Streets",American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials(AASHTO), Washington D.C.
2. RAL-K-2 (1976). "Richtlinien fr die Anlage von Landstrassen
(RAL), Teil:Knottenpunkte (RAL-K), Abschnitt 2: Planfreie
Knottenpunkte (RAL-K-2)",Forschungsgesellschaft fr Strassen- und
Verkehrswesen (FGSV), Bonn.
3. RAS-K-1 (1988). "Richtlinien fr die Anlage von Straen (RAS).
Teil:Knotenpunkte (RAS-K). Abschnitt 1: Plangleiche Knotenpunkte
(RAS-K-1).Forschungsgesellschaft fr Strassen- und Verkehrswesen
(FGSV), Bonn.
4. RAS-K-2-B (1995). "Entwurfshinweise fur planfreie
Knotenpunkte anStraen der Kategoriengruppe B",
Forschungsgesellschaft fr Strassen-und Verkehrswesen (FGSV),
Kln.
5. TAC-ATC (1999). "Geometric Design Guide for Canadian
Roads",Transportation Association of Canada, Ottawa.
-
-i
.
1.
..................................................................................................................
-1
2. ..................................... -1
3.
.................................................................................................................
-43.1
.......................................................................................................
-43.2
.............................................................................................................
-53.3 .......................................................
-6
4. ................. -84.1
...................................................................................
-84.2
..............................................................................................................
-84.3
............................................................................................................-104.4
..................................................................-10
5. .......................................-125.1
......................................................................................................-125.2
.......................... -125.3 ...................-165.4
........................................-195.5
.........................................-205.6
............................ -225.7 -
.......................................-23
6.
................................................................................-26
-
.
-1
1.
(RAS-L1995) [4], (AASHTO 2004) [1] (TAC-ATC 1999)[6] , . (, ). ,
, . (RAA-R1 2008) [4], .
- .
2.
, , , , . - , , , .
-
.
-2
, , , . .
, , . , . [3], [4]
[1] [6] [2] . .
1 , . .
-
.
-3
1: . [4]
-
.
-4
3.
, , . , , . (, ) .
3.1
, , , , .
, ( 2).
2: () ,() . [4]
-
.
-5
. , . , . ( 5.5).
3.2 , ( 3)., .
, , . . (4). .
3: . [1]
-
.
-6
3.3 . ( 5).
, , .
4: ( ) ( ) . [4]
5: ) ) [4]
-
.
-7
( 6)., . , .
, , . ( 7).
7: , , ( ) ( ). [6]
6:) ) . [1]
-
.
-8
4.
( , , ) .
4.1
. ( ), ( 8).
8: . . [1]
4.2
.
-
.
-9
, (.. ). ( 9).
Smith Lamm [5] , , 70% ( 10).
9: ) .) . [6]
10: .[5]
-
.
-10
4.3
. , . 5.4.
4.4
. , , , ( ) "" .
[3], [4] , . , , ( 10m), , ( 11).
11: () - () . [4]
-
.
-11
. , . (.. ). [4]
, (broken back). 12.
, , , ( 13) ( 13).
12: . [6]
13: , () (). [4]
()
()
-
.
-12
5.
. .
5.1
, . , . ( 14).
5.2
. , :
14: (). ().[6]
()
()
-
.
-13
. . . -.
(Aufwlbung) , , , . 15.
[3], [4] (Flattern) ( 16).
. , , , ( 17).
15: . [4]
16: () (). [4]
-
.
-14
( ) , , , , (auchen) ( 18).
, . ( 19). (AASHTO 2004) (C-ATC 1999) (roller coaster
effect).
17: , , . . [1]
18: () (). [4]
-
.
-15
, [4] (Springen) . 20, . , .
20: (). (). [4]
, . , ( 21).
19: (). (). [4]
-
.
-16
5.3
, ( 22). ( 23) ( , , , ).
21: . [1]
-
.
-17
. , (., ), . , .
23: E . [4]
22: .[4]
()
()
-
.
-18
, , ( ) . ( 22).
, , . , S - ( 24). , ( ) ( 24). , , ( ), ( 24). , 1 / 4 .
[5]
-
.
-19
5.4
: , . , , 3,5g [4], ( 25).
24: -. [1]) , ) ,) - .
-
.
-20
, , , . .
5.5
. .
25: . () ()
. [4]
()
()
-
.
-21
, 3 , Smith Lamm : SR275
10 ( 8.3./106 ), 3.6./106 . 7 10 , .
SR455 ( 2.4./106) , 5.4./106 .
SR275 1.4./106 ( 3.6./106 ).
, . [5]
. , , 5 10 .
. , ,
-
.
-22
. , , , , .
, . , ( ). (, ) , .
, ., , Smith Lamm, ( ).
5.6
( )
-
.
-23
( 26). .
5.7 -
, , , , , ( 27).
26: -. [1]
27: . [4]
-
.
-24
, . , .
, (.. ) ( 28). 4.4.
, . , ( 29).
28: . (). , , (). [4]
-
.
-25
29: . ., . [4]
-
.
-26
8.
1. AASHTO (2004). A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and
Streets,American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Officials(AASHTO), Washington DC.
2. AUSTROADS (2003). "Rural Road Design: A Guide to the
Geometric Designof Rural Roads", AustRoads Incorporated,
Sydney.
3. RAA-R1 (2008). Richtlinien fr die Anlage von Autobahnen,
(RAA-R1),Forschungsgesellschaft fr Straen- und Verkehrswesen
(FGSV), Kln.
4. RAS-L (1995). Richtlinien fr die Anlage von Straen, Teil:
Linienfhrung(RAS-L), Forschungsgesellschaft fr Straen- und
Verkehrswesen (FGSV),Kln.
5. Smith, B. & Lamm, R. (1993). Coordination of Horizontal
and VerticalAlinement with regard to Highway Aesthetics,
Transportation ResearchRecord 1445, 73-85, Washington DC.
6. TAC-ATC (1999). Geometric Design Guide for Canadian
Roads,Transportation Association of Canada, Ottawa.
-
-i
.
1.
...............................................................................................................
-1
2.
..................................................................................
-22.1
..............................................................
-22.2 .............................................................
-3
2.2.1
...................................................................
-42.2.2 ( ) ................................. -52.2.3 ( )
...................... -62.2.4 (
).................................. -72.2.5
...................................................................................
-8
2.3
...............................................................
-92.4
................................................................................-112.5
....................................................................................-13
3.
..............................................................................-153.1
................................................................................-153.2
...................................................................................-163.3
..............................................................................-20
4.
..............................................................................-23
-
.
-1
1.
6 , .
, .
() ( , ) () (), (), () () , ().
.
-
.
-2
2.
2.1 . , :
Q ( ) Vt ( ) Vs ( ) K ( )
(Q) ( ).
( tV ) ( ).
( sV ) ( ).
(K) ( ).
(1) :
Q = K . sV (1)
-
.
-3
1. L = 4,8 1.900 10 . .: :sV = L / T => sV = (4,8 . / 10 ) x
60 => sV = 28,8 ./
, :K = Q / sV => = 1.900 / 28,8 => = 66 /.
2.2
, . , . :
( ) ( ) ( )
, .
-
.
-4
, .
2.2.1 , , (.. ) . (), 3.3. 1 .
05
101520253035
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
1: , 09:00 - 10:00 (40 ) 3
(: , 1999). 1 40 (1 ) . , 12 , 29 .
-
.
-5
. , .
2.2.2 ( )
. . (, ) (, ). 2 3 .
0,0%
1,0%
2,0%
3,0%
4,0%
5,0%
6,0%
7,0%
00:00
01:00
02:00
03:00
04:00
05:00
06:00
07:00
08:00
09:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
13:00
14:00
15:00
16:00
17:00
18:00
19:00
20:00
21:00
22:00
23:00
2:
(: , 2000).
2 07:00 21:00. , (6,0 - 6,5%)
-
.
-6
, 07:00 21:00. , (1%) (02:00 - 05:00), .
2.2.3 ( ) . , , ( ). 3. ( ) ( ).
0%20%40%60%80%
100%120%140%
3: (: , 1998).
3 ( )
-
.
-7
( ).
2.2.4 ( )
, () , . , . 4 , .
0%20%40%60%80%100%120%140%160%
4:
(: /, 1990).
3 4 (), 2.3. 4 ( 95-105%
-
.
-8
) (90% ), 80% 150% .
2.2.5
, . , .
1: (: , 2000).
1971 1990 1995 1971 1990 1995
. 86.000 100.000 101.000 100 116 117 0,67%. . 71.000 126.000
131.000 100 177 185 2,59% 54.000 64.000 65.000 100 119 120 0,78%
35.000 45.000 46.000 100 129 131 1,15% 43.000 40.000 41.000 100 93
95 -0,20%. 61.000 84.000 94.000 100 138 154 1,82% 60.000 75.000
90.000 100 125 150 1,70% . 44.000 84.000 110.000 100 191 250 3,89%.
40.000 80.000 100.000 100 200 250 3,89%. 35.000 70.000 90.000 100
200 257 4,01%. 40.000 115.000 130.000 100 288 325 5,03%. 19.000
55.000 80.000 100 289 421 6,17% 11.000 30.000 47.000 100 273 427
6,24%*: 1971=100
-
.
-9
1 , 0% 2,5% 24. , 4% 6% 24 .
2.3
, (), (, , ). , (), , .
, , . 2 .
-
.
-10
2: () (TRB, 2000).
0,30% 0,07% 1,20% 0,35% 2,80% 1,14% 8,00% 4,17% 8% 5%
. .
2. 1997 , 19 1996 ( ) 3.000 . : 10% . = 1,20 = 1,50 = 0,85 =
10%: = / 0,10 = 30.000
5 . + /1,20 + /1,501996 =
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
= 27.857
71996 = ( 1996) / 0,85 = 32.773 1997 = 1,10 1996 = 36.050
-
.
-11
2.4 (...) . , . 30 , 5.
5, 30 . , , . 30 .
3 30 , . 30 .
3: 30 (TRB, 2000).
() 15 20% ( ) 20 40% 7% 8%
-
.
-12
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
%
30
5: 30 .
(: , et.al., 2009).
-
.
-13
2.5
. . , , , .
, , . , , ., ' .
, . : ,
-
.
-14
, . , , (...).
, , ( , , ), ( , , .) (, .). (TRB, 2000, . et al., 2009).
... , 15 - 25 ( , ).
-
.
-15
3.
3.1 (traffic capacity) . . , , . 4 .
4: . / (, ,
, , ) , , ( )
, :1. 3.602. 1.80
3. 100 /, 4
4.
-
.
-16
5. 6.
7.
. , , .
2.400 2.200 4 3.200 2 ( ) 1.700 .
3.2 , . , , , , . , 1965 , A F , .
-
.
-17
(Highway Capacity Manual) (TRB, 2000) .
. . , .
. . , , .
C. C . , . .
D. D , . . . .
E. D, . . .
-
.
-18
F. , . . . , .
6, 5 [, , (v/c), ] 4 .
5: , 4 (: TRB, 2000).
A B C D E =100 /
(//) 7 11 16 22 25 (/) 100.0 100.0 98.4 91.5 88.0 v/c 0.32 0.50
0.72 0.92 1.00
(//) 700 1100 1575 2015 2200
=90 / (//) 7 11 16 22 26 (/) 90.0 90.0 89.8 84.7 80.8 v/c 0.30
0.47 0.68 0.89 1.00
(//) 630 990 1435 1860 2100
=80 / (//) 7 11 16 22 27 (/) 80.0 80.0 80.0 77.6 74.1 v/c 0.28
0.44 0.64 0.85 1.00
(//) 560 880 1280 1705 2000
=70 / (//) 7 11 16 22 28 (/) 70.0 70.0 70.0 69.6 67.9 v/c 0.26
0.41 0.59 0.81 1.00
(//) 490 770 1120 1530 1900
A B C D E =100 /
(//) 7 11 16 22 25 (/) 100.0 100.0 98.4 91.5 88.0 v/c 0.32 0.50
0.72 0.92 1.00
(//) 700 1100 1575 2015 2200
=90 / (//) 7 11 16 22 26 (/) 90.0 90.0 89.8 84.7 80.8 v/c 0.30
0.47 0.68 0.89 1.00
(//) 630 990 1435 1860 2100
=80 / (//) 7 11 16 22 27 (/) 80.0 80.0 80.0 77.6 74.1 v/c 0.28
0.44 0.64 0.85 1.00
(//) 560 880 1280 1705 2000
=70 / (//) 7 11 16 22 28 (/) 70.0 70.0 70.0 69.6 67.9 v/c 0.26
0.41 0.59 0.81 1.00
(//) 490 770 1120 1530 1900
-
.
-19
6: (: TRB, 2000).
-
.
-20
3.3
, . , 15 , .
() , 15 .
1,00 0,25. 1,00 15 . 0,25 15 45 . , 0,85 0,95.
7 8 . 7 1.372 , 15 411 0,83 [=1.372 / (4 x 411)], . 8
-
.
-21
7 (1.399 ) 15 (568) 0,62 [=1.399 / (4x 568)], .
, .
05
1015202530354045
8:00
8:03
8:06
8:09
8:12
8:15
8:18
8:21
8:24
8:27
8:30
8:33
8:36
8:39
8:42
8:45
8:48
8:51
8:54
8:57
7: .
05
1015202530354045
8:00
8:02
8:04
8:06
8:08
8:10
8:12
8:14
8:16
8:18
8:20
8:22
8:24
8:26
8:28
8:30
8:32
8:34
8:36
8:38
8:40
8:42
8:44
8:46
8:48
8:50
8:52
8:54
8:56
8:58
8: .
-
.
-22
3. () 0,40 1.800 , 15' . ;: : = . / (4 x . 15 ) . 15 = . / (4 x
) . 15 = 1.800 / (4 x 0,40) = 1.125 .
-
.
-23
4. - .., .., ..-,
, , , 2009.- , ,
, , , 2000.- Transportation Research Board, Highway Capacity
Manual 2000,
Transportation Research Board, National Research Council,
WashingtonDC, 2000.
. - 1. 2.
. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.
. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
. 1. 2. 3. 4.
