Seminar PEI-UGM 2010

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List of Odonata in Upland Paddy From Northern SumateraAmeilia Zuliyanti Siregar1, Che Salmah Md. Rawi2, and Zulkifli Nasution3

1Postgraduate Student in School of Biological Sciences University Science Malaysia2School of Biological Sciences University Science Malaysia

3Dept. Agrotechnology Universitas Sumatera Utara

[email protected], [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Odonata community are considered effective predators to control pests organisms in

rice fields. In the upland ricefields Manik Rambung Village in Northern Sumatera

(Simalungun District) during 2008-2009, 19 species, 3 families, and 2 sub-orders of

Odonata were collected and evaluated. The higher composition recovered 2 seasons

(dry and wet) showed in Zone A (518 individuals), then followed by zone B (376

individuals), and the lower score recorded from zone C (298 individuals). Sub-orderZygoptera separate in family Coenagrionidae (4 species), such as Pseudagrion

microcephalum, Ischnura senegalensis, Agriocnemis femina, A. pygmaea; then

family Gomphidae (2 species), consist of Ictinogomphus acutus and Gomphidia

abbotti; while Anisoptera devided family Libellulidae (8 species) such as

Potamarcha congener, Orthetrum sabina, Diplacodes trivialis, Crocothemis servilia,

N. terminata, N. ramburii, Tholymis tillarga, and Pantala flavescens. However,

distribution of Odonata were fluctuated in 3 plots (lowland, terrace, and control).

Keywords: List, Odonata, Upland, Rice Field, North Sumatera.

ABSTRAK

Komunitas Capung termasuk pemangsa efektif untuk mengontrol organisme hama

tanaman padi. Pada padi dataran tinggi di Desa Manik Rambung, Sumatera Utara

(Kabupaten Simalungun) selama tahun 2008-2009, 19 spesies, 3 famili, dan 2 sub-

ordo Capung dikoleksi dan dievaluasi. Komposisi tertinggi dalam 2 musim (panas dan

hujan) menunjukkan ditunjukkan di zona A (518 individu), diikuti oleh zona B (376

individu), dan terendah tercatat pada zona C (298 individu). Sub-ordo Zygoptera

terbagi atas famili Coenagrionidae (4 spesies), yaitu Pseudagrion microcephalum,

Ischnura senegalensis, Agriocnemis femina, A. pygmaea; kemudian famili

Gomphidae (2 spesies), terdiri atas Ictinogomphus acutus dan Gomphidia abbotti;

sedangkan Anisoptera terbagi atas famili Libellulidae (8 spesies) seperti Potamarcha

congener, Orthetrum sabina, Diplacodes trivialis, Crocothemis servilia, N. terminata,

N. ramburii, Tholymis tillarga, dan Pantala flavescens. Bagaimanapun, distribusi

capung berfluktuasi pada 3 plot (dataran rendah, berteras, dan kontrol).

Kata Kunci: Daftar, capung, dataran tinggi, sawah padi, Sumatera Utara.

1
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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INTRODUCTION

Rice is one of the three major cereal crops, the others are wheat and corn. Unlike

these latter, rice is grown largely in seasonally flooded fields. Rice is grown

predominantly in the tropics and subtropics. De dutta (1987) describes the increase

has been achieved largely by greater mechanization of farming, higher yielding

varietes of rice, high levels of fertilizer use and widespread use of pesticides and

herbicides.

Tropical rice field usually have a particulary diverse insect fauna which serve as an

important food source for fishes (Fernando, 1993). Based on the latest finding by Orr

et al (2004), the Indonesian odonates fauna comprises about 750 species. They

include zygopterans and anisopterans. Libellulidae is the most dominant family found

in various ecosystems in Indonesia and Malaysia (Che Salmah et al., 1998). In

Cambodia, 24 species of Odonata were recorded day trips to the Siem Reap area in

lowland areas of Cambodia (Orr, 2005). There were at least 14 species of rice field

Libellulidae (Odonate) in Northern Peninsular Malaysia (Che Salmah, 1996),

Gunnathilagaraj et al (1999) recorded 16 species of Odonata in rice fields of Tamil

Nadu, India. Barrion & Litsinger (1994) listed 14 species of Odonata in rice fields ofAsia and Africa, and 19 species of dragonflies (Odonata) in Thailand (Asahina, 1976),

one of important group of freshwater invertebrates in the rice fields. The carnivorous

and voracious odonate larvae occupy at te apex of food chain of invertebrate life.

Arai (1996) has discussed the cycling of organic and inorganic materials in modern

rice farming in Japan, which treats it as an industry, as a threat to ecological stability

and contrary to the long-term goals of human welfare. Succesion of the insect

community structures in rice fields follows the patterns of water availabilty and

phrases of rice growth (Heckman, 1974). While Benke (1978) noted that predation by

invertebrates was one of the primary determinants of community structure and

production of aquatic insects. Odonates are striking aquatic and aerial component of

wetland environment, in term of both biomass and their influence as predators.

Two major factors threaten the existence of dragonflies in their natural environments

in Indonesia especially in North of Sumatra. Firstly, the intensive use of pesticides in

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rice fields had tremendously reduced the diversity of dragonfly fauna as well as other

rice pest predators (Heckman, 1979; Barrion & Litsinger, 1994). Secondly, the

destruction of fresh water habitats due to industrializations and urban development

destroyed numerous dragonfly breeding habitats. Despite these many species

occurring in this country, very little information has been published on biological and

ecological aspects of Indonesia fauna.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Odonata were sampled from a ten ha rice field plot in Manik Rambung village in the

Simalungun district, North of Sumatera. The area is located at 253 52.8N and 99

0024.4E, about 90 km from Medan City at 594 - 602 meter above sea level (asl)

(Figure 1). Thetemperature in this place ranged between 23 and 37C. This area is

loated in a dry zone with a rainfall of 10.7 to 16. 4 mm in a year. The rice fields

received water for rice planting mainly from the Siborna dam, about 75 km North of

Simalungun. The area which borded by main road in the west and mini forest in the

southeast. Scattered human settlements are found in the area. Usually two rice crops

were grown in a year. The District Office of Agriculture Simalungun advises the

farmers in this district on rice cultivation schedules. Rice cultivation in this field was

partly mechanized and pesticides were minimally used.

Rice Field Phases

Rice Field Phases

The six phases was defined according to shaded water areas and physical conditions

of the field adopted from Mogi & Miyagi (1990). A fallow field phase (FI),

uncultivated and filled with short but dense hygrophilous weeds, such as Eleocharis

tetraquera. The plough field phase (PII) which is slightly undulated due to the

ploughing process, and tyre tracts left by the tractors. Transplantation phase (TIII)

with transplanted approximately 30 cm high. The water level could reach up to 5-40

cm. A middle field = tiller phase (TIV), the rice plants have completed tillering but

yet to eared. A mature field phase (MV) has rice plants which completly shade the

water surface. It starts when the plants ear, produce flower panicles, develop grains

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until the yellowing of the grains. A Preharvest phase (PVI) is usually drained to

hasten ripening of grains to facilitate harvesting of rice.

Collection of Odonata Larvae

Sampling commenced in August 2008 until to August 2009. The areas studied were

devided into 3 rice fields (plots), consisting of lowland (A), terrace (B), and control

(C) in the rice fields. Thirty Odonata samples were collected every two weekly from

each field along it leeves. Combine technique sampler (Core and Sweeping net) were

used sampling of Odonata. A mesh size of 30-45 cm, depth 80 cm were suitable to

sample odonate and was used throughout the study. The Odonata were identified

using keys of Kumar (1973a, 1973b), Asahina (1976), Chowdury & Akhteruzzaman

(1981), Shanti (1998), and Orr (2004). In this study, we are compare composition in 2

seasons rice culture practice (dry and wet). The insecticide using Matador and Mipsin,

then herbicide were Rhodiamin and Ally. The farmers given fertilizer NPK twice in

every season planting paddy, exception plot C is one time.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

RESULTS

Compositions of adults Odonata are shown in the Table 1 and Table 2 calculated

biological diversity indices of odonate in upland rice fields, Manik Rambung.

Table 1 Compositions of Odonata in rice fields (average number from 2 season),

Manik Rambung, North Sumatera.A=lowland rice plots; B=terrace rice

plots, C=control rice plots.

Species A B C

Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet

Zygopteran

Coenagrionidae

Argiocnemis rubescens

Agriocnemis femina

A.pygmaea

Ischmura senegalensis

Pseudagrion microcephalum

P.pruinosum

P. rubriceps

3

61

26

16

0

2

2

4

78

38

20

5

2

0

2

54

19

21

3

2

0

4

80

33

15

6

3

0

1

25

22

11

1

2

0

3

31

17

3

1

1

0

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Anisopteran

Gomphidae

Ictinogomphus acutus 2 0 1 2 0 0

Libellulidae

Acisoma panarpoides

Crocothemis serviliaLibellulidae

Diplacodes trivialis

Neurothemis fluctuans

N.terminata

Orthetrum sabina

O.testaceum

Pantala flavescens

Potomarcha congener

Tholymisaurora

T. tillarga

4

5

3

7

1

76

7

30

1

3

5

0

5

4

2

1

71

0

33

0

0

1

3

2

2

4

1

33

1

23

4

3

6

0

5

1

1

1

67

2

23

1

0

0

0

2

1

8

3

54

5

22

2

0

3

0

0

1

3

0

57

1

18

0

0

0

Total Zygoptera 110 147 101 141 62 56

Total Anisoptera 144 117 83 51 100 80

Total number of odonata 254 264 184 192 162 136

Total number of potential

preys

629 429 183 1064 813 186

Description of Odonata

They were divided two orders, such as Zygoptera and Anisoptera. Zygoptera separte

in family Coenagrionidae (4), such as Pseudagrion microcephalum, Ischnura

senegalensis, Agriocnemis femina, A. pygmaea; then family Gomphidae (2), consist

of Ictinogomphus acutus,Gomphidia abbotti; while Anisoptera devided family

Libellulidae (8) such as Potamarcha congener, Orthetrum sabina, Diplacodes

trivialis, Crocothemis servilia, N. terminata, N. ramburii, Tholymis tillarga, and

Pantala flavescens.

Fluctuations suborder Odonata consist of Zygoptera and Anisoptera in rice field

shown in figure 1 (lowland), figure 2 (terrace), and figure 3 (control).

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0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Ag Sp Oc No De Ja Fe Ma Ap Ma Jn Jl Ag

2008 Month 2009

Numberin

di

Zygoptera Anisoptera

Figure 1. Fluctuations sub-order Odonata (Zygoptera and Anisoptera) in lowland

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug

2008 Month 2009

Individuals/2


Figure 2. Fluctuations sub-order Odonata (Zygoptera and Anisoptera) in terrace

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug

2008 Month 2009

Numberindiv

idu

2


Figure 3. Fluctuations sub-order Odonata (Zygoptera and Anisoptera) in control

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DISCUSSIONS

The Odonate in rice field of Manik Rambung, North of Sumatra were quite diverse,

consist of 3 families, 14 genera, and 19 species. Ghahari et al (2009) recorded 30

species from 19 genera and 8 families of Odonata were collected and evaluated.Meanwhile Kandibane et al (2007) revealed the inventory of 12 Odonata with 9

species dragonflies and 3 species damselflies. Then Ansori (2006) recorded 4 species

(Ortetrum sabina, Crocothemis servilea, Neurothemis terimata, and Anaciaeshna

jaspidea) in some fields in Bandung, Indonesia. However, the densities of family

Gomphidae Ichtinogomphus acutus was much lower which recorded in this study.

Minimum pesticide application as used in this rice field plots had proven no harmful

effect on the odonates.

Fiften families insects were also recorded by Heckman (1974, 1979) in rice fields of

Laos and Thailand that were completly free of pesticides. Similar number of taxa

were collected in the Phillipines (Mogi & Miyagi, 1990). The existence of odonata in

the rice field was totally dependent on the availability of water. Temporary drying

especially in rain fed rice fields was a major factor that reduced the abundance of

most insect communities (Mogi, 1993). However, odonata is the largest insect order,

which is entirely predaceous in rice ecosystem. Both naiads and adults are the

voracious predators on other insect (Krishnasamy et al., 1983).

Fluctuation Odonata (zygoptera and anisoptera) quite similar in lowland (A) and

terrace zones (B). Only in control zone (C), the farmers given fertilizer NPK one

times in rice fiels and without using pesticide.We are assumption the lower population

of Odonata related and depend to microhabitat, food source, and environment

unsuitable for them. However, odonata is the largest insect order, which is entirely

predaceous in rice ecosystem. Both naiads and adults are the voracious predators on

other insect (Krishnasamy et al.,1983). Families Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae are

predators. Many species of they are aggressive, eating on most of other insects.

Cannibalistic libellulids consume all types of aquatic species of suitable sizes and

textures (Pritchard, 1964; Thompson 1978; Folsom & Collins, 1984, Blois, 1985)

such as corixids (Folsom, 1980) and Anopheles mosquitoes.

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Minimum insecticide application using Matador and Mipsin, then herbicide used by

Rhodiamin and Ally in manik Rambung for two zones, lowland and terrace. Arai

(1996) has discussed the cycling of organic and inorganic materials in modern rice

farming in Japan, which treats it as an industry, as a threat to ecological stability and

contrary to the long-term goals of human welfare. Succesion of the insect community

structures in rice fields follows the patterns of water availabilty and phrases of rice

growth (Heckman, 1979). Odonata are striking aquatic and aerial component of

wetland environment, in term of both biomass and their influence as predators. Then

large amount of fertilizers and herbicides were applied to the actively growing rice

plants. Nutrients availability coupled with high penetration of sunlight resulted in high

production of phytoplankton (Ali, 1988). The abundance of food resulted in

proliferation of prey species which eventually led to an increase in predator

abundance, it has been reported that the mean total density of macroinvertebrates was

positively correlated with the densities of predators such as odonates and predatory

midges (Thorp & Cothran, 1984).

The abundance of relatively diverse animal community in this rice field implied a

continuous availability of preys in this habitat. Although factors such as prey

availability and refugia determined the actual preys available to the predaotors,

mortality due to starvation was presumably uncommon for most predator species.

Families Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae are predators. Many soecies of them are

aggressive, eating on most of other insects. Cannibalistic libellulids consume all types

of aquatic species of suitable sizes and textures (Chutter 1961, Pritchard 1964;

Thompson, 1978; Folsom & Collins, 1984; Blois 1985) such as corixids (Folsom,

1980) and Anopheles mosquitoes.

In this study libellulids appeared to be the most important predators due to their high

population densities as compared to other predators. Neverheless dysticids, hydro-

philids notonectids and damselfly larvae had caused 89% mortality of mosquito larvae

in artificial ponds (McDonalds & Buchanan, 1981). Therefore the prey-predator

interactions play an important role in regulating the community of aquatic insects in

this rice field.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This research was funded in National Strategic Donation by Ministry of Education

Higher Republic of Indonesia. We thank some farmers, Mr. Silalhi, Mr. Napitupulu,

Mr. Sinaga, and Mr. Boy Risman Silalahi for field assistance.

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