Seoska narodna kuća u Vojvodini

Seoska narodna kuća u Vojvodini || Traditional rural house in Vojvodina

What or where is Vojvodina?

Narodno graditeljstvo || Vernacular architecture

Narodno graditeljstvo je: jedinstveno za svako područje; ono

je proizvod ljudskog znanja i veštine, definiše ljudsku zajednicu i stepen

njenog razvoja.

tradicionalni arhitektonski izraz koji odražava kulturni indentitet

prostora. Nastalo je kao proizvod podneblja i društveno - istorijskih

uslova

Vernacular architecutre is: unique for every region; it is a product of human knowledge and skills, it defines a comunity and level of its development.

traditional architecure reflects the cultural identity of a place. It is a product of local environment and socio - historical conditions

Geografija Vojvodine || Geography of Vojvodina

Karakteristike podneblja: Vojvodina je sastavni deo Panonske nizije;

ima relativno jedoobrazni ravničarski refelj kojeg karakterišu aluvijalne ravnice oko Dunava, Tise i

Save, lesne zaravni, peščare i dve planine – Fruška Gora i Vršačke planine:

Ceo kraj ima vrlo malo kamena i šuma (posebno Bačka i Banat), tako da je

osnovni građevinski materijal zemlja.

Charachteristics of the region: Vojvodina is an integral part of the Pannonian Plain, with relatively homogenous lowland relief that is characterized by alluvial plains of the Danube, Tisa and Sava, loess plateaus, sandy terran and two mountains - Fruska Gora Vršačke planine.

The whole area has little or no stone or forests (especially Bačka and Banat), so the main building material is earth.

Vojvodina kroz istoriju || Vojvodina throughout the history

Društveno – istorijski uticaji: Za vreme vladavine Otomanskog carstva

na području Vojvodine ( od sredine XVI veka do početka XVIII veka) dešavali su se brojni sukobi između otomanskih

i austrijskih vlasti.

Posle XVIII veka Vojvodina dolazi pod habsburšku vlast:: naseljavanje većeg

broja Srba, plansko oblikovanje naselja (ušoravanje – pravilna

ortogonalna shema naselja); prelezak sa gradnje zemunica na gradnju

nadzemnih kuća

Social and historical influences: During the reign of the Ottoman Empire throughtout the territory of Vojvodina there have been numerous conflicts between Ottoman and Austrian forces.

After XVIII century Vojvodina became a part of the Habsburg Monarchy :: immigration of Serbs; orthogonal scheme of settlements; switch from dugout houses to above-ground houses

Deda Ljalja ispred svoje zemunice u N. Miloševu sredinom XX veka. Pretpostavlja se da je to bila jedna od poslednjih zemunica u Vojvodini

Grandpa Ljalja in front of his dugout house in N. Miloševo. Middle of XX century. It is believed this was one of the last dugout houses in Vojvodina.

Selo u Sremu sa zemunicama u XVII veku. Crtež putopisca Edvarda Brauna iz 1674. godine

A village in Srem with dugout houses in XVII century. Drawing of Edward Brown in year 1674


Poreklo oblika:

“Ušoravanjem” naselja formirale su se uske pravougaone parcele koje su

uticale na oblik kuće. Prvobitna nadzemna kuća je bila bez trema,

pravougaonone osnove, dvodelna -sa sobom za spavanje i kuhinjom

sa ognjištem.

Pretpostavlja se da je trem nastao pod uticajem doseljenih Srba

sa Kosova.

Origin of form: With orthogonal regulation of villages, narrow rectangular plots were formed and they affected the shape of a house. The original house was without porch, with rectangular base - with room for sleeping and a kitchen with a fireplace.

It is assumed that the porch was created under the influence of immigrant Serbs from Kosovo.


Poreklo oblika:

Vremenom ustaljeni tip vojvođanske kuće je postala prizemna

trosobna kuća pravougaone osnove, dvoslivnog trščanog

krova sa zabatom prema ulici, ulazom na trem (tkz. “gonk”) koji

se pruža duž kuće prema dvorištu.

Origin of form: Typical traditional house in Vojvodina is single storey house with three rooms, with gable roof and entrance porch (so-called “gonk") which extends along the house towards the yard.


Kujna:

Kuhinja sa poluotvorenim ognjištem je bila centralna

prostorija preko koje su se grejale dve susedne sobe. U sobi je bila peć povezana sa ognjištem oko

koje je postajala zidana klupa “banak” za okupljanje ukućanja,

sedenje i grejanje.

Kitchen: Kitchen with semi – open fireplace was the central unit through which the two adjacent rooms were heated. There was furnace in room which was connected with the fireplace. Around it a bench, traditionally called banak, would be built to gather a family.


Oblikovanje:

Ulični zabat je mogao da bude manje ili više dekorisan drvenim daskama;

omalterisan, bogato ukrašen (tada se naziva kibla), što postaje simbol

tradicionalne vojvođanske arhitekture

Preko Austrougraske u Vojvodinu su stizali razni stilski uticaji, ali se barok najviše primenjivao, što se vidi u dekorativnim

elementima uličnog zabata, koji su znali da budu prenaglašeni.

Ali, na estetski izgled prevashodno je uticala etnička raznolikost naroda

Vojvodine, svojstvenog i vrlo bogatog folklornog nasleđa

Decoration: Street gable can be more or less decorated with wooden planks, plastered, richly decorated (then called kibble), which became a symbol of the traditional architecture of Vojvodina

Through Austro-hungary various stylistic influences came to Vojvodina, but most exercised was the Baroque, as seen in the decorative elements of street gable, which were sometimes exaggerated.

But the aesthetic is primarily influenced by the ethnic diversity of the people of Vojvodina, peculiar and very rich folk heritage


Građenje:

Zemlja kao građevinski materijal predstavlja važan činilac u konstrukciji seoskih kuća u

Vojvodini.

Kuće su se najčešće gradile kao “nabijače”, od nepečene cigle –

čerpića ili ređe od ilovače u kombinaciji sa pleterom

( karakteristčno za Srem je da se kuće grade od drveta u kombinaciji sa

zemljom - bondručare)

Krov je prvobitno bio od trske pričvršćen žicom, dok se kasnije javlja u

kombinaciji sa crepom, da bi se na kraju prešlo samo na crep

Construction:

Earth as a building material is an important factor in the construction of rural houses in Vojvodina.

Houses are usually built as “nabijača" ; from adobe bricks or rarely as wattle and daub houses (typically for Srem is that houses were built from wood in combination with the ground - bondručare)

The roof was originally covered with reed attached with wire, and later in combination with roof tiles, and finally only roof tile would be used


“Nabijača”

Tradicionalne trodelne kuće su najčešće bile dimenzija 5-6 x 15-18m.

U temelj se postavljala pečena cigla velikog formata, 5 redova cigli pod

zemljom i 3 reda nad zemljom. Tada bi se formirao ram od dasaka širine

i do 80 cm u koji bi se nasipala zemlja u visini do 50 cm. Nakon toga

bi se stavljao sloj pleve, pa bi se zemlja nabijala posebnim maljevima.

Ceo postupak bi se ponavaljao dok zid ne bi dostigao visinu do 2,5 m.

Zid se gradio u celosti, bez otvora za prozore i vrata. Na mestima gde su predviđani otvori u gornjoj visini su

postavljane grede, pa bi se na kraju izbušili otvori.

Nabijača: Traditional houses were most often built with dimensions: 5-6 x 15-18m. The foundation was made from large format bricks; 5 rows of bricks in the ground and 3 rows above.Afterwards, a 80 cm wide frame of wooden planks was formed in which earth would be poured up to 50 cmheight. You would then put a layer of chaff, and the earth was huddled with special hammers. The whole process would repeated until wall reaches height of 2.5 mThe wall was built in its entirety, without openings for windows and doors. At the places where openings were planned beams were put, so at the end of openings were drilled

Moba – ljudi kao pomoć za nabijanje zidova people helping with huddling of earth wall

Documents

Seoska narodna kuća u Vojvodini