SERIES 12 - eprints.uthm.edu.myeprints.uthm.edu.my/id/eprint/11965/1/C1917_d8fd33b7b7ef3ba8227… · permission from The Publisher’s Office of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,

SERIES 12

EDITORS

RUZAIRI ABDUL RAHIM ANITA AHMAD

NURUL ADILLA MOHD SUBHA

Sensor &

Instrumentation System

Series 12

ii

Sensor &

Instrumentation System

Series 12

RUZAIRI ABDUL RAHIM

ANITA AHMAD

NURUL ADILLA MOHD SUBHA

2019

iii

© Penerbit UTHM

First Published 2019

Copyright reserved. Reproduction of any articles, illustrations and content of this book in any form

be it electronic, mechanical photocopy, recording or any other form without any prior written

permission from The Publisher’s Office of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu

Pahat, Johor is prohibited. Any negotiations are subjected to calculations of royalty and honorarium.

Perpustakaan Negara Malaysia Cataloguing in Publication Data

Ruzairi Abdul Rahim, 1967, Anita Ahmad, 1974, Nurul Adilla Mohd Subha, 1984 Sensor

& Instrumentation. Series 12/ Ruzairi Abdul Rahim, Anita Ahmad, Nurul Adilla Mohd Subha

ISBN 978-967-2306-15-3

Published by:

Penerbit UTHM

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia

86400 Parit Raja, Batu Pahat, Johor

Tel: 07-453 7051

Fax: 07-453 6145

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Penerbit UTHM is a member of Majlis Penerbitan Ilmiah Malaysia

(MAPIM)

iv

PREFACE

This book introduces various topics related to sensor and instrumentation systems. The topics cover

researches and studies of sensors and instrumentation applications from various fields such as

biomedical, agriculture, safety, electrical and electronics industries. The topics describe the theory,

research work, circuit design, experiments and system measurement especially in sensor

applications. The presented topics have been selected to prepare engineering students to design the

sensor and instrumentation systems. This book is generally suitable as an accompaniment to

laboratory sessions at engineering institutions.

Ruzairi Abdul Rahim Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik & Elektronik

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)

Anita Ahmad Nurul Adilla Mohd Subha

School of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

v

vi

CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1 Vision Impaired Assisstance (VIA) Cheah Weng Soon, Hor Xian Feng, Tan Pei Seng, Ahmad

Ridhwan Bin Wahap, Mohamed Sultan Bin Mohamed Ali and

Ruzairi Bin Abdul Rahim

CHAPTER 2 Development of Portable Magnetic Sensor for Steel Pipe Crack

Damage and Defect Inspection Elmy Johana Mohamad, Siti Khadijah Narudin, Nur Nadia

Nasir, Ruzairi Abdul Rahim, Omar Mohd Faizan, Zulkifli

Mansor,Tee Kian Sek, Dirman Hanafi, Fadzli Abd Shaib

CHAPTER 3 Colorimetric Device for ECG Yolk Type Classification

Najihah Masruddin, Ida Laila Ahmad, Ruzairi Abdul Rahim,

Dirman Hanafi, Tee Kian Sek , Herman Wahid, Leow Pei Ling

CHAPTER 4 An LPG Leakage Detector System Using IOT Sallehuddin Ibrahim, Arif Afizudin Mohd Iskandar, Mohd Amri Md Yunus and Ruzairi Abdul Rahim

CHAPTER 5 Application of ECT in Two-phase Processes for Oil Industry

Idris Ismail

CHAPTER 6 Visual Signal Device (VSD) For Deaf Sports Jaysuman Pusppanathan, Kamaruzaman Soeed, Izwyn Zulkapri,

Muhammad Iqbal Tariq Bin Idris, Mohd Nazri Bajuri, Fatin Aliah Phang, Siti Zarina Mohd Muji, Zulkipli Ghazali,

Kamarzaman Bin Haji Harun, Mohd Yazid Bain

CHAPTER 7 Detec Tyre Motion and Judge When Skid is Beginning (for

ABS Systems) Hassrizal Hassan Basri, Ruzairi Abdul Rahim, Hhao

Pengyu, Soheil Namazi, Ibrahim Mohd Ali

CHAPTER 8 Diet Planner (Di-Plan) M.S. Hafizi, Azizul H., M.H. Amir, Auni N., N. Syazwani, M. D.

Hasibuzzaman, J. Pusppanathan, M. I. T. Idris, F. A. Phang, N.

D. Nawi, E. J. Mohamad, Z. Zakaria

CHAPTER 9 Semi-automated Chipboard Gluing Jig for Paper Bag

Production Herman Wahid, Muhammad Khairin Rahim, Por Yu Kheng,

Halimatus Saadiah Razali, Muhamad Akmal Aazmi, Siti

Zarina Mohd Muji

CHAPTER 10 Detect Heat, Smoke, and Other Indicators of a Fire in a

Domestic Space Hassrizal Hassan Basri, Ruzairi Abdul Rahim, Hhao

Pengyu, Soheil Namazi, Ibrahim Mohd Ali

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1

15

23

29

37

47

51

61

69

79

CHAPTER 11 Electronic Kayak Ergometer Anita Ahmad, Rusaimi Amira Ruslan, Mohd. Fazril

Ahmadi, Muhamad Nurhalim Mohd Tunin, Ahmed S.M. Ayyad, Elmy Johana Mohamad, Ruzairi Abdul Rahim

CHAPTER 12 Double Sided Tape Attach and Removal Machine (DSTAR)

Anita Ahmad, Muhammad Mutaza Mazlan, Muhammad Nabil

Ishak,Rajasekhar A/L Thanabalan, Nur Rabihah Binti Dulkarim,

Herlina Abdul Rahim, Zulkarnay bin Zakaria

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Sensor & Instrumentation System Series 12 2019 ISBN 978-967-2306-15-3

CHAPTER 3

COLORIMETRIC DEVICE FOR EGG YOLK TYPE CLASSIFICATION

Najihah Masruddin1, Ida Laila Ahmad

1, Ruzairi Abdul Rahim

1, Dirman Hanafi

1,

Tee Kian Sek1 , Herman Wahid

2, Leow Pei Ling

2

1Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia, Parit Raja, Batu Pahat 86400 Johor, Malaysia.

2Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Johor

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Recently, high blood cholesterol has become a life threatening and increasingly common

around the world including our own country, Malaysia. This is a serious matter as it can gradually

increase risk for cardiovascular diseases. Based on the latest 2015 National Health and Morbidity

Survey, 47.7% of Malaysian adults 18 years and above estimated have hypercholesterolemia, or high

blood cholesterol [1]. Egg yolk contain over 80% of the overall vitamins and minerals that can be

found within the egg as a whole [2]. It is important to know the requirements of the daily diets as egg

yolk is higher in cholesterol level compare to egg white. Currently, egg yolk grading is done manually by using colour fan as the international

standard for egg yolk colour measurement for almost 50 years. European countries such as Germany

and France preferred egg yolks with the darkest colour while the northerners prefer pale yellow

yolks. Pale yellow yolks does not indicate that the eggs taken as a sign of sick or malnourished hen

because in many African countries, white corn is typically a part of chicken feed that will produce

eggs with pale yolks [3]. Automation in food industries is in growing demand because of its simplicity, reduction in

production time and it can reduce the human error. Therefore, by having automatic system the

production can be increased by investing in automated equipment. In return, the profitability will

increase with a better accuracy compared to the work done by human.

3.2 PHOTOELECTRIC COLORIMETER APPROACH

Basically, a photoelectric colorimeter is a light sensitive instrument that measures how much

colour is absorbed by an object or substances [4]. The photoelectric colorimetric will specifically

determines colour of the food based on the red, blue and green components of light absorbed as the

human eyes does. Figure 3.1 below shows process of photoelectric colorimeter. Based on the Figure 3.1, light source will produces white light which is made up of RGB

light. Light passes through a lens which focuses the light so that it will moves in one direction only.

Then, the light moves toward coloured glass filter. Some of the white light will reflected when it hits

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the filter while the light colour which would absorbed by the sample are transmitted through the

filter. When the filtered light hits the sample, some of the light will be absorbed. The output may be

displayed in the form of an analogue or digital usually detected by galvanometer as the measurement

device to measure the amount of light transmitted.

Figure 3.1: Basic principle of photoelectric colorimeter [5]

3.3 EGG YOLK CLASSIFICATION GRADING

For almost 50 years, egg yolk colour fan has been used as the international standard for egg

yolk colour measurement. The egg yolk colour fan as shown in Figure 8.2 will be put near the egg

yolk that has been cracked to detect the colour number.

Figure 3.2: Egg yolk colour fan

The blades of the DSM YolkFanTM

should be held immediately above the egg yolk and

viewed vertically from above, with the blade numbers facing down and the yolk positioned between

the tips of the blade. The reader should always face the side of the blade without numbers and show

the number to the assistant for recording. The fan should be closed from one egg to the next to ensure the independence of every measurement [6].

Based on the value of the RGB components, it be can classify the egg yolk into 16 diferrent

24


range colours. Threshold value will be taken from the colour sensor and it will be considered as

reference value. Figure 3.3 shows the RGB colour model.

Figure 3.3: RGB colour model [7]

3.4 PREVIOUS STUDIES

Table 3.1 shows the summary of the previous studies of the colour sensor and the usage of the

colorimetric approach.

Table 3.1: Summary of the previous studies

Author Title Description Ref

R. S. Hunter

Direct – To design a photoelectric tristimulus

Reading instrument to measure the quality index for

1

and J. N. [8][9] Tomato color quality of raw tomatoes using purées of

Yeatman

Colorimeter fresh fruit as specimens.

Recent research in the field of cellular and

S.B. Barker Colorimetric tissue metabolism has emphasized the [10][1

2

and W.H. Determination importance of methods for the precise

1] Summerson of Lactic Acid determination of small amounts of lactic

acid.

Colour Particularly suitable for sorting fruits and

3 Clarence S. Sorting vegetables scanned with a color video camera [12][1 Jones et al. System and and the signals from the camera are digitized 3]

Method and utilized to address a look up table.

Ambient Light

Sensor Auto-

4 David R. Calibration in Used to monitor total ambient light and to [14-

Staab a Lighting prevent excessive illumination. 16]

Control

System

25


3.5 SYSTEM TESTING

In this phase, the RGB colour sensor (TCS3200) which is connected to the Arduino UNO is

used to get the data. The data collected is the value of the RGB from the egg yolk tested. The

colour of the egg yolk is directly influenced by the consumption of the carotenoids as the chicken

feed [5]. The testing is conducted through several conditions; based on the egg types and in dark

and light places. The testing is done using two methods; using egg yolk colour fan and the device

proposed. Two methods used to verify and validate the accuracy and the capability of the proposed

device in achieving the objectives of the project. The sensor need to be calibrated first before being

tested to the egg yolk to prevent from the malfunction of the sensor. The calibration is done by

testing the sensor with different range of yellow colour by using the egg yolk colour fan.

Measurement procedures using the colour fan and the device were shown in Figure 3.4 (a) - (b)

respectively. Based on all the testing and evaluation that has been done, Table 3.2 shows the

tabulate data of overall 10 samples taken.

(a) (b)

Figure 3.4: (a) Manual testing using DSM YolkFanTM

and (b) Automated testing using developed

device.

Table 3.2: Measurement results for egg yolk color determination using DSM YolkFanTM

and

developed device.

Colour Colour

Colour Colour

Number Number

Number

Number

Accuracy

Sample Displayed Displayed in

Displayed

Displayed in (%) using Yolk an Open

using Device

the Dark

Colour Fan Place

1 9 9 9 9 100

2 10 9 9 9 75

3 8 9 9 9 75

4 9 Not displayed 9 9 75

5 9 9 9 9 100

6 15 14 Not displayed Not displayed 15

7 14 14 14 14 100

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8 14 14 14 14 100

9 14 14 14 14 100

10 15 14 14 14 75

Based on the result and analysis obtained in Table 3.2, the percentage of accuracy of the device is

81.5% which is calculated using the following formula: Percentage of Accuracy = Sum of accuracy

Number of Sample

3.6 CONCLUSION

This chapter is to design an automated egg yolk colour device using colorimetric approach. In

order to precisely measure the colour of the egg yolk, a new device has to be developed. It enables

farmers serve very good colour of the egg yolk to the markets as the device will detect the egg yolk

colour very fast and precisely. The selection of proper hardware and software that will be used to

develop the system is very important in order for the device to run smoothly and accordingly to what

were expected.

REFERENCES

[1] Dr Zulfitri Azuan Mat Daud, “Be careful of bad fat and high cholesterol - Star2.com,”

Star2.com, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.star2.com/health/wellness/2017/04/23/be-

careful-of-bad-fat/. [Accessed: 16-May-2018]. [2] A. Stewart, “So What’s The Big Deal With Egg Yolks, Anyway?,” Bodybuilding.com,

2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.bodybuilding.com/content/whats-the-big-deal-with-

egg-yolks-anyway.html. [Accessed: 12-Dec-2017]. [3] A. LeVaux, “Marketing the Perfectly Colored Egg Yolk - Modern Farmer,” 2013.

[Online]. Available: https://modernfarmer.com/2013/12/marketing-perfectly-colored-egg-

yolk/. [Accessed: 12-Dec-2017].

[4] R. C. Dubey, Advanced biotechnology : For B Sc and M Sc students of biotechnology

and other biological sciences. S Chand, 2014.

[5] G. Chatterjee, “Colorimeter,” 2016. [Online]. Available:

https://www.slideshare.net/gangadharchatterjee/colorimeter-66390783. [Accessed: 12-

Dec-2017]. [6] DSM color fans, “Egg Yolk - DSM color fans - Solutions - Products - DSM,” 2015.

[Online]. Available: https://www.dsm.com/markets/anh/en_US/products/products-

solutions/products_solutions_tools/Products_solutions_tools_EggYolk.html. [Accessed: 13-

Dec-2017].

[7] M. Sokolova and A. Fernández-Caballero, “A Review on the Role of Color and Light

in Affective Computing,” Appl. Sci., vol. 5, pp. 275–293, 2015.

[8] R. S. Hunter and J. N. Yeatman, “Direct-Reading Tomato Colorimeter,” J. Opt. Soc. Am.,

vol. 51, 1961.

[9] W. A. Gould, “Quality evaluation of processed tomato juice,” J. Agric. Food Chem., vol.

26, no. 5, pp. 1006–1011, May 1978.

27


[10] S. B. Barker and William H. Summerson, “The Colorimetric Determination of Lactic Acid

in Biological Material,” J. Biol. Chem., vol. 138, pp. 535–554, 1941. [11] M. Sokolova and A. Fernández-Caballero, “A Review on the Role of Color and Light

in Affective Computing,” Appl. Sci., vol. 5, pp. 275–293, 2015.

[12] C. S. Jones, “Color sorting system and method,” Sep. 1989.

[13] T. A. O. S. I., “Programmable Colour Light-to-Frequency Converter

Programmable,” Converter, no. 972, pp. 1–10, 2004.

[14] D. R. Staab, “Ambient light sensor auto-calibration in a lighting control system,”

Ambient Light Sens. auto-calibration a Light. Control Syst., Mar. 2010.

[15] J. M. Oestreich, W. K. Tolley, and D. A. Rice, “The development of a color sensor system

to measure mineral compositions,” Miner. Eng., vol. 8, no. 1–2, pp. 31–39, 1995.

[16] R. L. Stanford, D. L. Meredith, and D. R. Spears, “Computer vision applications in mineral

processing research,” in Conference Record of the 1992 IEEE Industry Applications

Society Annual M

28

Sensor & Instrumentation System Series 12

ISBN 978-967-2306-15-3 2019

This book is an introduction to many of the topics that an engineer needs

to master in order to successfully design experiments and system

measurement. In addition to descriptions of common measurement

systems, the book describes computerized data acquisition systems, sensor

system, and instrumentation system experiments. More comprehensive

studies of available literature and consultation with product vendors are

appropriate when engaging in a significant real-world experimental

program. It is to be expected that the skills of the experimenter will be

enhanced by more advanced courses in experimental and instrumentations

systems design and practical experience.

113

Documents

SERIES 12 - eprints.uthm.edu.myeprints.uthm.edu.my/id/eprint/11965/1/C1917_d8fd33b7b7ef3ba8227… · permission from The Publisher’s Office of Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia,