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The Dual Textual History of the Song of Habakkuk in the
Ethiopic Manuscript Tradition
Annual Society of Biblical Literature Meeting, 2014, San Diego
Samuel Aldridge and Shaun Short,
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Song of Habakkuk: Introduction
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
It is our aim today to show that, within the Ethiopic canon, the Psalter and Biblical
traditions of the Song of Habakkuk display two different scribal agendas, creating two different stories of textual transmission that are highly, but not entirely, independent of
one another.
Song of Habakkuk: Introduction
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
It is our aim today to show that, within the Ethiopic canon, the Psalter and Biblical
traditions of the Song of Habakkuk display two different scribal agendas, creating two different stories of textual transmission that are highly, but not entirely, independent of
one another.
Different in level of alteration
Song of Habakkuk: Introduction
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
It is our aim today to show that, within the Ethiopic canon, the Psalter and Biblical
traditions of the Song of Habakkuk display two different scribal agendas, creating two different stories of textual transmission that are highly, but not entirely, independent of
one another.
Different in level of alteration Different patterns of textual clustering
Song of Habakkuk: Introduction
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
It is our aim today to show that, within the Ethiopic canon, the Psalter and Biblical
traditions of the Song of Habakkuk display two different scribal agendas, creating two different stories of textual transmission that are highly, but not entirely, independent of
one another.
Different in level of alteration Different patterns of textual clustering Different in types of textual variants (TVUs) present
Song of Habakkuk: Introduction
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
It is our aim today to show that, within the Ethiopic canon, the Psalter and Biblical
traditions of the Song of Habakkuk display two different scribal agendas, creating two different stories of textual transmission that are highly, but not entirely, independent of one another.
Different in level of alteration Different patterns of textual clustering Different in types of textual variants (TVUs) present Discussion of any interaction between the traditions
Song of Habakkuk: The Base Texts
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Psalter Base Text Ludolf, Hiob. Psalterium
Davidis Aethiopice et latine. Francfort sur le Main, 1701.
Song of Habakkuk: The Base Texts
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Psalter Base Text Ludolf, Hiob. Psalterium
Davidis Aethiopice et latine. Francfort sur le Main, 1701.
Biblical Base Text Löfgren, Oscar. Jona, Nahum,
Habakuk, Zephanja, Haggai, Sacharja und Maleachi Äthiopisch unter Zugrundelegung des Oxforder Ms. Huntington 625 nach mehreren Handschriften. Paris, Uppsala and Leipzig, 1930.
Song of Habakkuk: The Psalter Manuscripts
Witness
Manuscript Date
W1 EMML 2064 C 14th W2 Bibliotheque National 10 C 14th W3 Codex Barbarini Or. 2 C 14th W4 EMML 2010 C 14th/15th W5 Abbadie 105 1468-1478W6 EMML 4415 C 15th W7 EMDL 0290 C 15th W8 IES 837 C 15th W9 Vatican Etiopico 7 C 15th W10 Davies Dabra Libanos C 16th W11 EMML 2496 C 15th/16th W12 EMML 2497 C 16th W13 EMML 2602 C 16th W14 EMML 3112 Late C 16th W15 EMIP 1 Herron Codex C 17th W16 EMIP 0099 C 17th W17 EMIP 1911 C 17th
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Witness Manuscript DateW18 Tanasee Collection
103C 17th
W19 UNESCO Collection 10.06
C 17th
W20 EMIP 0009 C 18th W21 EMIP 342 C 18th W22 EMIP 1084 C 18th W23 Yale Ethiopic C 18th W24 EMDL 274 Late C 18th W25 Green Collection Ms
120C 19th
W26 EMIP 0110 C 19th W27 EMIP 0161 1865-1913W28 EMIP 0486 Ṭəqəmt 2,1897
ECW29 EMIP 0925 Early C 20th W30 EMIP 1043 Early C 20th W31 Green Collection Ms
310C 19th / C 20th
W32 Green Collection Ms 313
C 20th
W33 Green Collection Ms 317
C 19th / C 20th
Song of Habakkuk: The Biblical Manuscripts
Witness
Manuscript Date
W1 IES 77 C 20th W2 EMIP 1029 C 15th/16th W3 EMIP 746 1719W4 EMIP 881 C 17thW5 UNESCO 10.04 C17th/18th W6 Davies’ Axum Church of
ZionC 15th
W7 EMIP 1063 C 19th/20th W8 UNESCO 10.34 C 19th W9 EMIP 2007 C 18th W10 IES 436 C 15th W11 EMML 6686 C 17th W12 EMML 1768 C 15th W13 EMML 1481 Early C 17th W14 EMML 2080 C 16th W15 EMML 6930 C 18th W16 Cerulli 75 1930W17 EMIP 1095 C 19th
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Witness Manuscript DateW18 UNESCO 10.65 C 18th/19th W19 EMIP 949 C 20th W20 Huntington 625 C 14th W21 GG 152 C 16th W22 GG 181 C 16th W23 GG 106 1694W24 EMML 1842 1662W25 EMML 2440 1663W26 EMML 7584 C 16th W27 Princeton Garret 7 C 16th/17th W28 Abb 55 C 15th/16th W29 *Wien 16 C 19th W30 JE5E C 19th W31 Abbadai 35 C 17th W32 EMML 349 1923-1924W33 EMML 36 C18th/19th
Song of Habakkuk: Uniformity of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
• By “uniformity” we are referring to the extent the text that is affected by textual variation. The less of the base text affected by variation, the more “uniform” the tradition.
Song of Habakkuk: Uniformity of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
• By “uniformity” we are referring to the extent the text that is affected by textual variation. The less of the base text affected by variation, the more “uniform” the tradition.
• We have chosen to display this as a percentage of the base text.
Song of Habakkuk: Uniformity of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
• By “uniformity” we are referring to the extent the text that is affected by textual variation. The less of the base text affected by variation, the more “uniform” the tradition.
• We have chosen to display this as a percentage of the base text.
• Calculated by the following formula:
Song of Habakkuk: Uniformity of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Words in TVUs
Words in Base Textx100
Song of Habakkuk: Uniformity of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT13.14
%Psalter Tradition
26 TVUs consisting of 36 words274 word base text
Base text unaffected by TVUs
Base text affected by TVUs
Song of Habakkuk: Uniformity of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
70.00%
13.14%Psalter Tradition
26 TVUs consisting of 36 words274 word base text
Biblical Tradition
108 TVUs* consisting of 167 words240 word base text
Base text unaffected by TVUs
Base text affected by TVUs
*19 TVU’s excluded due to ignoring of those textual variations that arise solely in UNESCO 10.34 and EMIP 949. Total 127 TVUs
Song of Habakkuk: The Clustering of Texts
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Song of Habakkuk: The Clustering of Texts
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Grouping of similar texts together to form textual clusters
Song of Habakkuk: The Clustering of Texts
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Grouping of similar texts together to form textual clusters
Used to create a clearer picture of the divergence in a tradition.
Song of Habakkuk: The Clustering of Texts
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Grouping of similar texts together to form textual clusters
Used to create a clearer picture of the divergence in a tradition.
Achieved by using Hierarchical Clustering using an Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA).
Song of Habakkuk: The Clustering of Texts
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Grouping of similar texts together to form textual clusters
Used to create a clearer picture of the divergence in a tradition.
Achieved by using Hierarchical Clustering using an Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA).
Results shown as a dendrogram.
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Psalter Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Psalter Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Psalter Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Psalter Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Psalter Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Psalter Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Psalter Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Biblical Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Biblical Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Biblical Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Biblical Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Biblical Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Biblical Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Biblical Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Biblical Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Biblical Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Biblical Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Biblical Texts
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
Dendrogram of Biblical Texts
Song of Habakkuk: Types of TVUs
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Song of Habakkuk: Types of TVUs
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Psalter texts Vast majority are small changes▪ Strophe 3c: ሥኖ (W05) / ስኑ (W29) / ስና (W07)
Most discriminating variant is በ መንሱት / እም መንሱት (strophe 2f)
Song of Habakkuk: Types of TVUs
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Psalter texts Vast majority are small changes▪ Strophe 3c: ሥኖ (W05) / ስኑ (W29) / ስና (W07)
Most discriminating variant is በ መንሱት / እም መንሱት (strophe 2f)
The exception: Barbarini Or. 2
Song of Habakkuk: Types of TVUs
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Psalter texts Vast majority are small changes▪ Strophe 3c: ሥኖ (W05) / ስኑ (W29) / ስና (W07)
Most discriminating variant is በ መንሱት / እም መንሱት (strophe 2f)
The exception: Barbarini Or. 2 Several small additions and minuses
Song of Habakkuk: Types of TVUs
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Psalter texts Vast majority are small changes▪ Strophe 3c: ሥኖ (W05) / ስኑ (W29) / ስና (W07)
Most discriminating variant is በ መንሱት / እም መንሱት (strophe 2f)
The exception: Barbarini Or. 2 Several small additions and minuses One noticeable minus ▪ Probable homeoteleuton on repetition of …ወአ
Song of Habakkuk: Types of TVUs
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Psalter texts Vast majority are small changes▪ Strophe 3c: ሥኖ (W05) / ስኑ (W29) / ስና (W07)
Most discriminating variant is በ መንሱት / እም መንሱት (strophe 2f)
The exception: Barbarini Or. 2 Several small additions and minuses One noticeable minus ▪ Probable homeoteleuton on repetition of …ወአ
One significant addition in strophe 17b▪ Base Text: ወኢይከውን ፍሬ ውሰተ ዐጸዳ ወይን
▪ Bar. Or. 2: ወኢይከውን ፍሬ ውሰተ ዐጸዳ ወይን አእጸደተ ኢትዮጵያ ይደነግፃ
▪ Addition matches strophe 7b of Psalter text
Song of Habakkuk: Types of TVUs
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Biblical texts Amount of TVU’s is far greater▪ 108 TVUs consisting of 167 words in Biblical
texts▪ 26 TVUs consisting of 36 words in Psalter
texts
Song of Habakkuk: Types of TVUs
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Biblical texts Amount of TVU’s is far greater▪ 108 TVUs consisting of 167 words in Biblical texts▪ 26 TVUs consisting of 36 words in Psalter text
Diversity of TVU’s far more expansive▪ Suffixal changes▪ Prepositional changes ▪ Word order; syntax▪ Substitutions▪ Additions and subtractions
Song of Habakkuk: Types of TVUs
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Biblical text, strophe 17d ወኃልቁ አባግዕ እምቅማሕ And they were destroyed, the sheep of the pastures (Fam. 2) ወአኅለቀ አባግዕ ሲሳዮ And I will destroy the sheep of
(his) nourishment (Fam. 3) ወኅልቀ ሲሣየ አባግዕ And it was destroyed, the nourishment of sheep (Fam.4&10) ወየራልቁ አባግዕ እምቅማኅ And they will be destroyed, the
sheep of the pastures (Family 5) ወሐልቁ አባግዕ እመብልዕ And they were destroyed, the sheep
of provision (Family 6) ተሐጒሉ አባግዕ እመብልዕ You will lose, the sheep of
provision (Fam. 7, 8 and 9)
Song of Habakkuk: Types of TVUs
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Biblical text, strophe 17e ወአልህምት እምጎል And the oxen of the stables (Families 2, 5 and 6) ወኢይረክቡ አልህምት ዘይቀምኁ ውስተ ምቅማኆሙ
And they will not be fattened, the oxen that graze within their pastures (Families 3, 4 and 10) ወእልህምትኒ ኢይትረከቡ በውስተ ጎል : And the oxen will not ever again be fattened within the stable (Families 7, 8 and 9)
Song of Habakkuk: Interaction of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Is there any overlap in variant points between the Psalter and Biblical Traditions of the Song of Habakkuk?
Song of Habakkuk: Interaction of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Is there any overlap in variant points between the Psalter and Biblical Traditions of the Song of Habakkuk? Only 3 TVUs are found in both traditions
▪ Within the Psalter tradition these 3 belong to the 16 that solely serve to separate W01 (C14th)and W05 (C15th) from the rest of the Psalter tradition
Song of Habakkuk: Interaction of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Is there any overlap in variant points between the Psalter and Biblical Traditions of the Song of Habakkuk? Only 3 TVUs are found in both traditions
▪ Within the Psalter tradition these 3 belong to the 16 that solely serve to separate W01 (C14th)and W05 (C15th) from the rest of the Psalter tradition
W05 Strophe 6d ኢድባ ር (base text: አውግር) ▪ ኢድባር also as an erasure in the singular C16th biblical MS EMML 2080
Song of Habakkuk: Interaction of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Is there any overlap in variant points between the Psalter and Biblical Traditions of the Song of Habakkuk? Only 3 TVUs are found in both traditions
▪ Within the Psalter tradition these 3 belong to the 16 that solely serve to separate W01 (C14th)and W05 (C15th) from the rest of the Psalter tradition
W05 Strophe 6d ኢድባ ር (base text: አውግር) ▪ ኢድባር also as an erasure in the singular C16th biblical MS EMML 2080
W05 Strophe 6b ወሶበሂ (base text: ወሶበ)▪ Found in 3 biblical MSS, two C19th, one C17th
Song of Habakkuk: Interaction of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Is there any overlap in variant points between the Psalter and Biblical Traditions of the Song of Habakkuk? Only 3 TVUs are found in both traditions
▪ Within the Psalter tradition these 3 belong to the 16 that solely serve to separate W01 (C14th)and W05 (C15th) from the rest of the Psalter tradition
W05 Strophe 6d ኢድባ ር (base text: አውግር) ▪ ኢድባር also as an erasure in the singular C16th biblical MS EMML 2080
W05 Strophe 6b ወሶበሂ (base text: ወሶበ)▪ Found in 3 biblical MSS, two C19th, one C17th
W05 Strophe 8a addition of አፍለግ▪ Found in the majority of the Biblical MSS
Song of Habakkuk: Interaction of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Is there any other interaction at all between the Psalter and Biblical Traditions of the Song of Habakkuk? No family of the Biblical Tradition lines up
precisely with the Psalter Tradition However three later dated Biblical families do
seem to be influenced by the Psalter Tradition in some way▪ Family 7: Comprised of Witness 14 EMML 2080 C16th; Coincides
with a later branch of the Transitional and Standardized Forms of the Text.
▪ Family 8: C19th – C20th; Coincides with the Textus Receptus ▪ Family 9: C17th – C19th, Coincides with the Standardized Form of
the Text
Song of Habakkuk: Interaction of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
You will lose the sheep of provision; and the oxen will not ever again be fattened within the stable
Biblical Families 7, 8 and 9 Strophes 17d and e
ተሐጒሉ አባግዕ እመብልዕ ወእልህምትኒ ኢይትረከቡ
በውስተ ጎል
Psalter Tradition Strophes 17d and e
ተኃጒሉ አባግዕእመብልዕ
ወአልህምትኒ ኢይትረከቡ በውስተ ጎል
Song of Habakkuk: Interaction of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Many such places of obvious similarity However, each of the three Biblical families
distinguishes themselves form one another and the Psalter Tradition at many points
Song of Habakkuk: Interaction of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
Many such places of obvious similarity However, each of the three Biblical families
distinguishes themselves form one another and the Psalter Tradition at many points
Thus the Biblical Tradition comes into contact with the Psalter Tradition, at some point, and is in some way influenced by it Earliest we can see this happening is during C16th
Most pronounced after C17th
Song of Habakkuk: Interaction of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
One-directional influence only Whatever social clime resulted in this
interaction remains of interest to us Area of research we wish to explore in the
future
Song of Habakkuk: Interaction of Traditions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
One-directional influence only Whatever social clime resulted in this
interaction remains of interest to us Area of research we wish to explore in the
future
Does not change our overall conclusion
Song of Habakkuk: Conclusions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
We have established that there are two separate scribal agendas at work here They function by two different sets of rules
Song of Habakkuk: Conclusions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
We have established that there are two separate scribal agendas at work here They function by two different sets of rules ▪ In the Psalter Tradition the rule is one of immutability▪ Points of variance (TVUs) are few and inconsequential▪ 5oo+ years of a tradition in stasis
Song of Habakkuk: Conclusions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
We have established that there are two separate scribal agendas at work here They function by two different sets of rules ▪ In the Psalter Tradition the rule is one of immutability▪ Points of variance (TVUs) are few and inconsequential▪ 5oo+ years of a tradition in stasis
▪ In the Biblical Tradition the rule is one of diversity▪ Points of variance (TVUs) are multiple and assorted ▪ Speaks to the freedom of linguistic license
Song of Habakkuk: Conclusions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
We have established that there are two separate scribal agendas at work here They function by two different sets of rules ▪ In the Psalter Tradition the rule is one of immutability▪ Points of variance (TVUs) are few and inconsequential▪ 5oo+ years of a tradition in stasis
▪ In the Biblical Tradition the rule is one of diversity▪ Points of variance (TVUs) are multiple and assorted ▪ Speaks to the freedom of linguistic license
▪ They do not vary internally at the same points▪ Example of Psalter influence on certain Biblical Families is a
one directional phenomenon by which the above rules are not broken
Song of Habakkuk: Conclusions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
We have established that there are two separate scribal agendas at work here The two scribal agendas could result from
different social climes
Song of Habakkuk: Conclusions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
We have established that there are two separate scribal agendas at work here The two scribal agendas could result from
different social climes▪ The Psalter Tradition is exacted within the liturgical
setting▪ Is hence accessible to the common clergy and laity▪ Is representative of religious practice in action
Song of Habakkuk: Conclusions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
We have established that there are two separate scribal agendas at work here The two scribal agendas could result from
different social climes▪ The Psalter Tradition is exacted within the liturgical
setting▪ Is hence accessible to the common clergy and laity▪ Is representative of religious practice in action
▪ The Biblical Tradition is perpetuated within the monastic setting▪ Is accessible to and influenced by the scribal elite▪ Evolves in a very different way and is given to nuanced
inflection
Song of Habakkuk: Conclusions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
We have established that there are two separate scribal agendas at work here The two scribal agendas could result from different
social climes▪ The Psalter Tradition is exacted within the liturgical setting▪ Is hence accessible to the common clergy and laity▪ Is representative of religious practice in action
▪ The Biblical Tradition is perpetuated within the monastic setting▪ Is accessible to and influenced by the scribal elite▪ Evolves in a very different way and is given to nuanced inflection
Whatever original archetype birthed these two traditions is lost to us now
Song of Habakkuk: Conclusions
Textual History of the Ethiopic Old
Testament
THEOT
The End