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Министерство образования и науки Российской Федерации
НОВОСИБИРСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
81.2Англ № 3653 П 692
ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ КУРС ПЕРВОГО ИЗУЧАЕМОГО ЯЗЫКА.
ПРАВИЛА ЧТЕНИЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
RULES OF READING IN ENGLISH
Методическое пособие
НОВОСИБИРСК
2009
2
ББК 81.432.1-923 П 692
Составитель О.Г. Шевченко, ст. преп.
Рецензент В.Г. Шабаев, канд. филол. наук
Методическое пособие предназначено для развития умения чтения на
английском языке, а также для развития навыков в английском правописании. Пособие адресовано студентам I курса направления «Теория и методика пре-подавания иностранных языков и культур», а также студентам других специ-альностей, совершенствующихся в овладении навыками чтения английских слов.
© Hовосибиpский государственный
технический университет, 2009
3
CONTENTS
UNIT 1 Syllable division .......................................................................... 4
UNIT 2 General rules of reading vowels .................................................. 6
UNIT 3 The letter E in different syllables................................................. 8
UNIT 4 The letter A in different syllables................................................. 9
UNIT 5 The letters I, Y in different syllables .......................................... 10
UNIT 6 The letter O in different syllables .............................................. 11
UNIT 7 The letter U in different syllables .............................................. 13
UNIT 8 Vowels in different syllables ..................................................... 14
UNIT 9 Reading vowels + a group of consonants .................................. 16 UNIT 10 Specific rules of reading vowels. Reading vowel digraphs in the stressed syllable ............................................................... 19 UNIT 11 Reading digraphs of the first group ........................................ 22
UNIT 12 Reading digraphs of the second group ..................................... 22
UNIT 13 Reading digraphs of the third group .......................................... 25
UNIT 14 Reading digraphs of different groups ..................................... 27
UNIT 15 Reading digraphs before the letter R ......................................... 29
UNIT 16 Consonants B, C ...................................................................... 30
UNIT 17 Consonants D, F, G ................................................................... 31
UNIT 18 Consonants H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Z .............. 33
UNIT 19 Reading combinations with consonants ..................................... 36
UNIT 20 Reading letter combinations: wh, kn, wr, ph ............................. 40
UNIT 21 Reading two syllable words with the final –le and –re .............. 41
UNIT 22 How to study English spelling ................................................... 42
UNIT 23 Spelling rules ............................................................................. 44
UNIT 24 The formation of ing-form and ed-form .................................... 47
4
PRONUNCIATION: PHONEMIC CHART
CONSONANTS VOWELS DIPHTHONGS symbol key word
symbol key word
symbol key word
symbol key word
/ p / pen
/ b /
back
/ t / tea
/ d / day
/ k /
key
/ g / get
/ ʧ / chair
/ ʤ / jam
/ f / fat
/ v / very
/ θ /
thing
/ ð /
then
/ s / son
/ z / cheese
/ ʃ / fish
/ ʒ / television
/ h / hot
/ m / come
/ n / sun
/ ŋ / English
/ l / lamp
/ r / red
/ j / yogurt
/ w / wet
/ i: / see
/ ɪ / him
/ е / bed
/ æ / bad
/ ɑ: / car
/ ɒ / hot
/ ɔ: / saw
/ ʊ / put
/ u: / you
/ ⋀ / cut
/ ɜ: / bird
/ ə / Chi-
na
/ еɪ / make
/ əʊ / no
/ aɪ / write
/ ɒɪ / boy
/ ɪə / here
/ ʊə / poor
/ еə / there
/ aʊ /
now
UNIT 1
SYLLABLE DIVISION
A syllable is a speech unit consisting of a sound or a sound sequence one of which is heard to be more prominent than the others. The most prom-inent sound being the peak or the nucleus of a syllable is called s y l l a b i с. Syllabic sounds are generally vowels and sonorants. The latter become syl-labic when joined to a preceding consonant.
A word consisting of only one vowel sound represents a separate sylla-
ble, e.g. I [aɪ], are [ɑ:]. In the case of a diphthong the peak of the syllable is
formed by its nucleus.
5
Among syllabic sonorants we find [l, n] and less commonly [m], e.g.:
apple [ˡæpl], trouble [ˡtr⋀bl], puzzle [ˡp⋀zl].
Many words in English such as parcel, level, special, person and the like could be pronounced with the neutral vowel before the sonorant thus making it non-syllabic:
[ˡpɑ:səl], [ˡlеvəl], [ˡspеʃəl], [ˡpɜ:sən].
Syllable division rules are important when it’s necessary to find a con-venient place to put a stress mark in phonetic transcription. One must know the rules to define the syllable boundaries to make correct syllable division at the junction of words, as wrong syllabic division may cause misunders-tanding.
It is not difficult to count how many syllables a word contains by notic-ing the peaks or the most prominent sounds in it, but it is not generally easy to determine precisely the syllable boundary.
Sometimes the beginning of a syllable is marked by a stress, e.g.
create [krɪˡеɪt].
In other cases the transition from one vowel sound to another indicates
the separation of syllables, e.g. seeing [ˡsi:ɪŋ].
In most general terms syllable division rules can be defined as follows: 1. If there is one consonant at the syllable boundary, it goes to the fi-
nal syllable. The vowel of the first syllable occurs in the open syllable:
cu|bic ty|pist This rule holds true for cases when a consonant is preceded by a long
vowel or a diphthong, as they are always free at the end and there is no need
to close the syllable, e.g. music [ˡmju:zɪk].
But in a case of a short stressed vowel followed by a consonant there are three viewpoints concerning the syllable boundary:
a) the intervocalic consonant belongs to the short vowel preceding it (to
make the short vowel checked), e.g. pity [ˡpɪt-ɪ], better [ˡbеt-ə].
b) The intervocalic consonant belongs to the vowel following it,
e.g. [ˡpɪ-tɪ].
c) The syllable boundary goes through the consonant, e.g. [pɪtɪ]
2. If there are two consonants at the syllable boundary, the first conso-
nant goes to the first syllable: splen|did fun|ny
6
This rule is not true for the words in which one of the two consonants separating the stressed syllable from unstressed one is a sonant, e.g.
ta|ble [ˡtеɪ|bl].
3. If in many syllable words the letter r and one or more consonants come together, the letter r belongs to the vowel preceding it, the other sounds belong to the following syllable: ger|man sur|plus lar|ger thir|dly Mar|xist par|ry
4. The combinations of letters sh, ck, (t)ch, dg, ng which convey the one sound, are considered as two consonants in syllable division:
mid|get tic|ket fis|hy sin|ging
[1, p.134–136].
EXERCISES
1. Transcribe the following words and define the number of syllables. Say what sound is syllabic. Read the words.
a) narrate, drawer, stupid, dragon, Germany b) parcel, level, ruffle, trouble c) lesson, reason, person, kitchen, often, even, twenty, fashion 2. Transcribe the following words. Split them up into syllables. Define
the syllable boundary and say how it is indicated. d) repeat, engage, react, complete, machine, behave e) freer, diary, coward, diamond
[1, p. 317].
UNIT 2
GENERAL RULES OF READING VOWELS
The English alphabet consists of 26 letters. There are 44 sounds (20 vowels and 24 consonants). Each vowel has at least four variants of reading.
The reading of vowel in the stressed syllable depends on the type of the syllable. The type of syllable is defined by what letter follows the stressed vowel. All stressed syllables are divided into four types.
I type of syllable – an open syllable – the syllable with final vowel. The
stressed vowel in the word is read as in the alphabet. For example, me [mi:],
no [nəʊ],note [nəʊt], Pete [pi:t].
7
These are all vowels in the open syllable:
A [еɪ] E [i:] O [əʊ] U [ju:] I [aɪ] Y [aɪ]
take Pete, me no, note tube, tulip like, mine type
II type of syllable – a closed syllable – the stressed vowel is followed by one or several consonants (any consonant, except r). The vowel in a closed syllable is short.
A [æ] E [е] U [⋀] O [ɒ] I, Y [ɪ]
am, bag pen, men cup, bus not, pot myth, gypsy
III type of syllable – a stressed vowel is followed by the consonant r [ɑ:].
Each vowel has its own pronunciation in type III.
a + r [ɑ:] o + r [ɔ:] e + r [ɜ:] i + r [ɜ:] y + r [ɜ:] u + r [ɜ:]
park, dark fork, sort her first myrtle fur
In the case with a double letter r as well as any other double consonant, the stressed vowel of a two syllable word is read according to the II type of
syllable, e.g. marry [ˡmærɪ], sorry [ˡsɒrɪ].
IV type of syllable – the stressed vowel is followed by the consonant r and a vowel.
Each vowel has its own pronunciation in type IV.
a + re [еə] a + re [ɪə] u + re [jʊə] o + re [ɔ:] i + re [aɪə]
fare here pure more fire
Combined table of reading English vowels in I, II, III, IV types of syllable
The final letter in the word vowel consonant vowel + r vowel +r +e (+ consonant)
I II III IV
А а [ еɪ ] [ еɪ ] take [ æ ] cat [ ɑ: ] car [ еə ] care
O o [ əʊ ] [ əʊ ] rose [ ɒ ] dog [ ɔ: ] for [ ɔ: ] more
U u [ ju: ] [ ju: ] use [ ⋀ ] cup [ ɜ: ] fur [ ʊə ] sure
E e [ i: ] [ i: ] Pete [ е ] pet [ ɜ: ] her [ ɪə ] here
8
I i / Y y [aɪ /
waɪ]
[aɪ] Mike
[aɪ] fly
[ ɪ ] pig
[ ɪ ] system
[ɜ:] girl
myrtle
[aɪə] tyre
[2].
UNIT 3
THE LETTER E IN DIFFERENT SYLLABLES
I. Read the words with the letter E
a) mete – eve Pete – these Pete – Steve mete – scene
Pete – theme Swede – grebe – breve
b) fever – ferny Plenum – jerky veto – service Cedar – mercy
Swedish – hermit Negus – merchant velum – servant Venus – merger
Rebus – nervy velar – permit memo – German Cretan – thermal
с) verb –were term – were serve – servant nerve – nervy
serve – were therm – were therm – thermal merge – merger
fern – were serve – service jerk – jerky term – termer
fern – ferny germ – German her – hermit
d) them – these bed – Bede fence – Eve fledge – Bede
met – mete wed – Swede edge – breve
pet – Pete twelve – theme ledge – grebe
e) here – mere – sere – sphere – queer ear – near – dear – rear – tear
deer – beer – veer – steer – fear shear – smear – spear – hear – clear
[3].
II. Transcribe the words and explain the rules of reading.
Pet, Peter, pert, mere, serf, fern, sect, recede, delta, delete, met, mete, jerky, depend, meddle, Ede, Ed, kern, elect, sincere, eke, severe, serpent, sentiment, sediment
[4].
III. Put the words into the appropriate column:
9
E e [i:] [е] [ɜ:] [ɪə] E e [i:] [е] [ɜ:] [ɪə]
detail
term
German
sheep
mermaid
better
here
teeth
certainly
test
cheek
letter
clear
three
red
her
hear
UNIT 4
THE LETTER A IN DIFFERENT SYLLABLES
I. Read the words with the letter A
a) far – car – bar – mar – tar – star car – cart – barn – card – par – carp
carve – starve barge – large march – mar sparse charge
parch – par large – charge charm – chart starch
b) cat – cart bat – bart badge – barge cad – card
mat – smart stab – bard match – march have – hard
cap – cart bad – bard dad – yard bad – bard
c) part – party scar – scarlet hard – hardship dark – darken
part – partner start – starter farm – farmer marsh – marshy
spar – sparker hard – hardy Marx – Marist march – marcher
d) parrot – party carrot – carbon parry – partly carry – carcass
barrack – barber garret – garlic marry – Martin
e) funny – farmer tunnel – tarnish mutter – Martin cutter – carter
gunner – garter hunter – harder vulgar – farming
f) Status – starter Taker – tartan paper – party major – Marxist
Statement – stardom Tamer – tarnish lazy – larder hazy – carter
10
Statesman – starlet Taper – tardy laky – lardy cater – carver
g) grace – graze – pace craze – race – lace mat – mate
brace – braze – race maze – trace – mace back – bake
tack – take shack – shake
h) mare – hare – care dare – fare – air pair – fair – impair
[3].
II. Transcribe the words and explain the rules of reading
Pat, date, dart, data, park, compare, substance, fame, fare, stack, glare, fact, daze, flash, cage, matter, Ada.
III. Put the words into the appropriate column:
UNIT 5
THE LETTERS I, Y IN DIFFERENT SYLLABLES
I. Read the words with the letter I, Y
a) style – tyke dyke – type syce – Tyne
A a [еɪ] [æ] [ɑ:] [еə] A a [еɪ] [æ] [ɑ:] [еə]
age
thank
that
share
Charly
chair
hair
dad
baby
department
dark
name
fair
Carol
America
same
state
air
large
smart
11
b) mile – pile lime – crime gripe – stripe
c) ivy – thirsty liner – dirty vital – firman stylish – virgin
nylon – thirty China – chirpy stylist – circus diner – firstly
miner – thirdly primer – skirmish
d) Thirst – thirsty Fir – skirmish Third – thirdly dirt – dirty
Third – thirty Firm – firman First – firstly sir – circus
chirp – chirpy bird – flirting birch – birchen kirk – skirmish
e) rid – ride – ridge mince – mine – midge
grid – bride – bridge wince – wine – ridge
scrib – scribe – midge wince – wine – ridge
f) mire – hire – tire – fire – tired viral – spiral – firing – hiring
spire – sire – quire – byre – wire wiry – wiring – virus – tyrant
tyre – pyre – lyre – squire – dire miry – siren – spirant – tiring
[3].
II. Transcribe the words and explain the rules of reading
File, fire, fill, bird, nymph, expire, fist, style, stick, shrive, Byrd, type, typical, try, cryptic, incidence, lymph, tryst, intrude, abyss, physical, ivy, Styx, tidy, stylus, system.
III. Put the words into the appropriate column:
UNIT 6
THE LETTER O IN DIFFERENT SYLLABLES
I. Read the words with letter O
I i, Y y [aɪ] [ ɪ ] [ɜ:] [aɪə] I i, Y y [aɪ] [ ɪ ] [ɜ:] [aɪə]
five
sister
third
fire
white
thirteen
history
Ireland
12
a) for – form fork – cork torch – scorch or – storm born – corn
sort – short nor – norm ford – cord torn – thorn
b) thorn – thorny Orb – orbit or – order for – forward
lord – lordly Sort – sorter form – former storm – stormy
North – Nordic port – porter fort – fortress sport – sportsman
Scorch – scorcher
c) cod – corn cock – cord Bob – born code – cord
odd – lord fog – forge Non – morn tone – torn
cone – corn phone – form stone – storm bone – born
d) sharp – short are – form parch – porch are – or
card – cord farm – form far – for farce – force
start – torch charm – storm
e) boss – brose mop – mope nod – node hop – hope
loss – close mock – smoke cross – rose cock – coke
not – note cod – code this – those stock – stoke
rod – rode rod – rode
f) fort – fore – four sport – spore – soar York – yore – your
torn – tore – door short – shore – floor horse – core – hoarse
[3].
II. Transcribe the words and explain the rules of reading.
Stole, sore, omit, photo, coddle, rosy, soppy, gore, solo, sordid, cod, cord, connect, lock, provoke, ode, odd, cork, convene, yoke, Togo.
III. Put the words into the appropriate column:
13
UNIT 7
THE LETTER U IN DIFFERENT SYLLABLES
I. Read the words with the letter U
a) fur – further curl – curly Turk – Turkish urge – urgent
fur – furnish surd – sturdy turk – turnip
fur – furnace surd – surplus nurse – murder
b) but – bart cuff – carve cut – cart us – starve
duck – dark hum – harm bun – barn spun – spar
gull – Carl shut – sharp cud – card gulf – scarf
c) super – surplus Cuban – curly tuna – turbo music – murmur
stupid – sturdy Ruby – scurvy ruler – urgent human – murder
student – surly Lunar – turner truly – urban lucid – churlish
cubic – curdy Unit – turnip fumy – furnace spumy – churchy
d) ruse – Bruce rude – crude plume – flute fluke – plume
rune – prune prude – brute flute – fluke jute – June
[3].
II. Transcribe the words and explain the rules of reading.
O o [əʊ] [ ɒ ] [ ɔ:] [ ɜ:] O o [əʊ] [ ɒ ] [ ɔ:] [ ɜ:]
rosy
Moscow
wore
go
soft
northern
only
possible
ordinary
story
more
short
word
old
hobby
important
oval
forecast
14
Sturdy, stub, corrupt, tuna, mule, vulgar, ugly, unbend, unburden, surge, usher, urchin, pure, super, true, trumpet, tulip, stunk, stupid, abuse, acute, curse, brute, buckle, burner, drug, dune, dusk, due, judo, undercut, rum, rune.
III. Put the words into the appropriate column:
UNIT 8
VOWELS IN DIFFERENT SYLLABLES
I. Put the words into the appropriate column:
U u [ ju:] [ ⋀ ] [ ɜ:] [ jʊə] U u [ ju:] [ ⋀ ] [ ɜ:] [ jʊə]
duty
music
curly
supper
during
study
pure
purple
future
turn
turkey
pupil
Russian
sun
curious
student
summer
15
II. Put the words into the appropriate column:
III. Put the words into the appropriate column
A a A a O o O o
[еɪ] [æ] [еɪ] [æ] [əʊ] [ɒ] [əʊ] [ɒ]
cat
map
rose
on
Kate
date
stop
Rose
skate
name
Tom
pot
hat
bag
no
cock
plate
page
not
nose
has
cap
hello
shop
Jane
plan
shone
clock
[еɪ] [əʊ] [ju:] [i:] [aɪ] [еɪ] [əʊ] [ju:] [i:] [aɪ]
state
ski
United
life
English
go
student
music
oval
only
sky
whine
pupil
green
face
wavy
white
name
describe
old
role
cheek
mole
detail
16
IV. Transcribe the words and explain the rules of reading.
a) Tapper – taper – Tartar Ladder – lazy – larder
Chappy – chafer – charter Manner – maker – market
Pantry – paper – partner
b) pepper – plenum – person vector – Venus – verdict
sherry – rebus – perfect Edwin – Eden – Bernard
tennis – these - thermal
c) Turret – tuna – turner Rubber – ruby – Turkish
Hurry – Hubert – hurdler Under – unit - further
Current – cubic – curly
d) timber – timer – thirty differ – diver – dirty
sister – spider – skirmish clipper – climate – girlish
Finnish – final – firmer
[3].
e) Define the type of syllable; group the words according to the reading rule of a vowel. Read the words.
[⋀] [ɒ] [æ] [е] [ɪ] [⋀] [ɒ] [æ] [е] [ɪ]
subject
history
hobby
sister
what
family
red
story
Africa
Ann
Russia
sun
soft
cottage
sandy
just
better
Spanish
lips
Swiss
mess
Britain
summer
17
Rucksack, hymn [-m], Japan, stem, stark, plunder, best, code, nod, sent, these, cod, spoke, theme, then, enter, cell, dose, depth, less, sit, mile, home, miss, gave, tip, tide, tap, late, mad, made, fill, cake, pine, bat, hate, act, ice, plot, face, stamp, spot, pile, land, mist, mole, mark, cap, nose, harm, start, form, five, pipe, land, fry, ton, tone, cut, shade, shall, blame, prepare, mere, store, care, cure, germ, hurt, hare, a wise man, rare, spare time, pure
[4, p. 213]. Farm, firm, form, fern, start, stork, stern, spurn, skirt, word, sparse,
scorch, churl, garb, garland, hurdle, orchard, surly, turbo, verger, virgin, darter, norther
[5]. Ann can take care of a car. He met her here. A fine girl sits by the fire. Tom has more horses at home. For sure he must buy pure fur in future. I type the myth about tyrants and sly myrmidons.
UNIT 9
READING VOWELS +A GROUP OF CONSONANTS
I. Practice reading the letter o + ld
o + ld = [əʊ] + ld
a) old – cold – fold – hold – bold – gold b) curl – old bird – bold hurl – hold firm – fold turn – told murk –
mold c) oil – old coil – cold toil – told boil – bold soil – sold foil – fold d) boat – bold goat – gold foam – fold soap – sold coat – cold wove – wold
II. Practice reading the letter i + ld, i + nd, i + gh
+ ld [ld]
i = [aɪ] + i + gh = [aɪ]
+ nd [nd]
a) wild – child – mild kind – mind – find – bind – blind – rind
18
high – sigh – nigh – thigh b) fight – night – tight – sight – might slight – light – right – bright –
plight c) eight – weight – weigh – neigh freight – straight
III. Read the letter a + a group of consonants
ss [s] pass
a + st = [ɑ:] + [st] past
sk [sk] ask sp [sp] grasp
1. a) class – pass – glass – grass – brass fast – past – cast – vast – mast ask – task – flask – bask – mask b) past – pass – grasp fast – glass – clasp cast – class – gasp last – grass – rasp
nt [nt] plant
a + nce = [ɑ:] + [ns] dance
nch [nʧ] branch
2. a) France – chance – dance – glance past – trance ask – can’t branch – stanch – ranch – planch fast – France mask – trance plant – grant – can’t – aren’t task – chance clasp – lance gasp – branch pass – stanch cast – grass vast – shan’t
ff [f] staff
a + ft = [ɑ:] + [ft] craft
th [θ] [ð] bath, father
3. a) staff – chaff aft – craft – shaft b) staff – bluff bath – path – lath chaff – fluff 4. a) passing – asking – casting – basking grasping – clasping – gasping – masking branching – planting – glancing – fasting
19
b) passes – glasses – classes dances – chances – glances c) basket – dancer – craftsman – nasty – grafter master – father – rather – after – glassy d) advance – engraft – supplant enchant – implant – entrance command – enhance – replant enclasp – disbranch – transplant 5. a) hind – hand – can’t b) franc – France blind – band – plant Dan – dance kind – and – aren’t cham – chance grind – grand – grant tram – trance c) bat – bath pat – path d) cats – cast fats – fast pats – past lad – lath mats – mast gasps – gasp
a + l + k = [ɔ:]+ [k] = talk
6.
a) talk calk stalk c) corks – calks d) walking – walker chalk walk balk forks – walks talking – talker b) small – talk task – talk storks – stalks chalking – chalky all – chalk bask – balk tall – balk ask – calk call – calk mask – chalk stall – stalk cask – stalk
a + l + m [m] palm
a +l+f = [ɑ:] + [f] half
a+l+ve [v] halve
7. a) calm – palm calf – half calves – halves b) calm – charm palm – farm half – harm balm – barn calf – scarf 8. sold, calm, task, dance, hall, hind, weight, scold, class, France, small,
thrall, wild, balm, salt, cast, staff, tight, grind, walk, mask, might, fold, ball, calf, tall, craft, bath, vast, half, child, false, chance
[3].
20
UNIT 10
SPECIFIC RULES OF READING VOWELS
READING VOWEL DIGRAPHS IN THE STRESSED SYLLABLE
A Digraph is a combination of two letters which is pronounced as one phoneme. All digraphs are divided into three groups:
I. Digraphs are pronounced as diphthongs. The first and the second ele-ments of digraph are conveyed by the first and the second letters of the di-
graph: ei – vein [vеɪn], oi – oil [ɒɪl]
II. Digraphs are pronounced as monophthongs or diphthongs:
au – August [ɔ:gəst], ou – loud [laʊd].
III. In digraphs of this group only the first or the second element is read:
ai – maid [mеɪd] – the first letter is read;
eu – neutral [nju:trəl] – the second letter is read.
The combination of letters i +o, o + e, u+ e in one-syllable word can be referred to the digraph of the III group.
Reading Vowel Digraphs ai, ei, oi, oo, au, ou, oa, ee, ea, ay, ey, oy, eu.
Digraphs of I group Digraph of II Group Digraphs of III group
ei [еɪ] vein
oi [ɒɪ] oil
oy [ɒɪ] boy
ey [еɪ] they
oo at the end of the word
[u:] too
oo + consonant (except
k) [u:] soon
oo + k [ʊ] book
au [ɔ:] August
ou [aʊ] out
ai [еɪ] maid
ay [еɪ] day
oa [əʊ] oak
ee [i:] see
ea [i:] mean
eu [ju:] neutral
[5].
Reading vowel digraphs.
[ʊ] look, book, cook, good, foot
[u:] pool, school, Zoo, too
ee [i:] see, bee, tree, three, meet
21
ea [i:] tea, meet, eat, read, speak, clean, please
BUT: [е] bread, head, breakfast, healthy
ay [еɪ]
away, play, say, may ,today ey grey, they
[2].
READING DIGRAPHS AND SOME LETTER COMBINATIONS
Some digraphs have the similar pronunciation though the letters in the digraph are different.
Digraphs of II group Digraph of the III group
au [ɔ:] author
aw [ɔ:] law
ou [aʊ] out
ow [aʊ] now
oa [əʊ] boat
ow [əʊ] low
The digraph ow has two pronunciation versions. Pronunciations of words with this digraph should be remembered by heart in each case.
The letter o before letters m, n, v and th in the most cases is read as [⋀]:
come [k⋀m], son [s⋀n], love [l⋀v], mother [m⋀ðə].
Exceptions: move, novel, gone, shone, approve, proverb, woman, honour. The letters a, o after w, qu in II and III types of syllables are read not
according to the rule:
w [wɒ] – want, was, watch
+ a
qu [kwɒ] – quantity
w [wɔ:] – war
+ ar
qu [kwɔ:] – quarer
[w] + or [wɜ:] – work, word
[5].
THE COMBINED TABLE OF READING VOWEL DIGRAPHS
Digraphs of I Group
Digraphs of II Group
Digraphs of III Group (one of the letters of digraph has the alphabetical reading)
The first letter The second letter
22
is read is read
ei [еɪ] vein
ey [еɪ] they
oi [ɒɪ] oil
oy [ɒɪ] boy
oo at the end of the
word [u:] too
oo + consonant
(except k) [u:] soon
oo + k [ʊ] book,
cook
au [ɔ:] August
aw [ɔ:] saw
ou [aʊ] out
ow [aʊ] now
ai [еɪ] maid
ay [еɪ] day
ie [aɪ] tie
ye [aɪ] rye
oa [əʊ]coat
oe [əʊ] toe
ow [əʊ] low
ue [ju:] due
ui [ju:] suit
ee [i:] meet
ea [i:] tea
eu [ju:] neutral
ew [ju:] few
In some words after the letter с digraph ei is
read [i:]: re-
ceive, ceiling.
In words good, wood, stood the digraph oo + con-sonant is read as
short [ʊ].
In some words the digraph ou is read
as [⋀]: country,
cousin, young or
[u:] youth, group,
soup, rouble.
In some cases be-fore a consonant the digraph ie is
read as [i:]: field,
believe.
After [ r ], [ l ], [ʤ]
the digraphs ui, ue
are read as [u:]:
blue, fruit, juice. Before the letter d and combination th the digraph ea is
read as [е]: bread,
death.
After sounds [ r ],
[ l ], [ ʤ ] the
digraphs eu, ew
are read as [u:]:
blew, drew, Jew.
UNIT 11
READING DIGRAPHS OF THE FIRST GROUP
I. Read the words with digraphs of the first group:
1. boy toy troy moil roil toil groin loin moist
soy joy cloy noil spoil oil join joist voice
23
2. grey trey fey they rein skein feint veil
3. noisy roily cloister toilet boycott cloistress
poison roister toiler boiler boyish cloyment
4. turmoil enjoy hockey kidney Charley cockney chimney
sepoy abbey volley barley valley trolley turkey Godfrey
5. they – nosey trey – valley grey – Betsey fey – Rodney
grey – Stepney fey – barley trey – Stanley they – Sydney
6. same – they trace – trey wave – vein
face – fey plane – feint crane – rein
[3].
UNIT 12
READING DIGRAPHS OF THE SECOND GROUP
I. Read the words with the digraphs of II group:
1. a) look – took stook – spook rook – crook hook – nook spook – shook shook – cook
foot – good – wood – stood – wool [ʊ]
These are words in which oo is read as the short sound [ʊ]
b) hook – foot look – wood took – wool cook – good stook – stood 2. loo – too – zoo – woo sloop – coop – troop – snoop loom – toon – zoom – swoon hoot – loot – root – moot loop – stoop – room – swoop goof – hoof – roof – oof 3. poodle coller roof – roofer roomer noodle cool – coolness roofless tootle coolant room – roomy 4. a) paw jaw raw law taw slaw maw saw yaw daw caw thaw b) haunt – taunt – vaunt – daunt maund – jaunt – flaunt – taunt
24
haunch – launch – paunch – staunch 5. out – loud mound – round out – south pound – wound gout – pout vouch – couch tout – rout pouch – slouch 6. ow
[aʊ] [əʊ]
vow – row low – tow – throw owl – growl slow – grow – snow clown – crown glow – stow – sow 7. tattoo – taboo saloon – rac(с)oon bamboo – tattoo balloon – baboon spittoon – quadroon 8. low – sallow grow – window own – fellow show – Moscow slow – sparrow throw – yellow sow – pillow 9. a) about without propound renounce aloud aground account announce pronounce denounce around amount b) venous – vinous cirrous – monstrous famous – pompous viscous – ferrous wondrous – nervous 10. a) favour b) fervour c) splendour flavour armour candour vapour parlour savour harbour tumour ardour 11. August – aurist auto – autumn mauser – saucer aura – aural caucus – causal Maundy – saucy awful – sawmill trawler – crawler bawdy – sawder dawdler – sawfish 12. soy – sow toy – tow troy – trow cloy – low boy – bow joy – throw 13.
25
lounge shout shown ground grown scrounge show thrown proud prowl 14. faun – found laud – loud pause – rouse fault – foul haunt – hound maud – mound sauce – house staunch – stout 15. hawk – how claw – clown row – rose dawn – down yaw – oust pawn – pound 16. a) glow – lone mown – stone b) aglow – alone slow – so row – rose bestow – ago mow – no snow – smoke disown – dethrone 17. outer powder outward power sounder shower counter dower trousers clownish boundless dowry bounder dowdy bouncer vowel
18. grey – ale drey – tape
they – same veil – tale
toy – toil soy – soil
boy – boil cloy – spoil
soothe – use smooth – muse
nooze – fuse snooze – use
rood – rude root – rule
loom – plume loot – flute
room – rule groove – Bruce
swoon – jute swoop – June
jaunt – ground pause – hound
launch – lounge haunch – pounce
shawl – shout awe – out
straw – sprout pawn – pound
squaw – scout law – loud
draw – down saw – now
raw – row claw – clown
crawl – crown dawn – town
took – tune nook – nude
shook – June crook – crude
foot – flute crook – crude
good – gloom wood – boom
[3].
UNIT 13
READING DIGRAPHS OF THE THIRD GROUP
I. Read the words with the digraphs of the III group:
1. say way pail tray tail pay stay
day sail wail play plain drain stain
26
2.
a) tail – tailor waive – waiver slay – slayer raid – raider b) May Spain
wait – waiter stain – stainer rain – rainy sail – sailor Raymond
3. gain stain bargain captain plain lain chaplain villain
tain rain curtain certain grain stain mountain Britain
4. grey – grain – grave rein – rain – pane grey – maid – made
they – train – tale vein – vain – vane
fey – faint – wave veil – fail – male
5.
a) tie – die – lie – pie b) tie – try ties – tries
bye – dye – lye – rye die – dry dies – dries
tied – died – lied lie – cry lies – cries
ties – dies – lies pie – ply pies – plies
6.
a) time – tie type – rye b) Willie Flossie Nannie
drive – die dyke – dye Minnie Dickie Millie
Freddie Dannie Margie
Sophie Biddy Mamie
Susie Annie Maggie
7. fee – glee sheet – sheep keep – been – seen freeze – teeth
feel – green lee – bee – see tree – three speed – meet
8. flea – lea heat – neat beam – weak tea – sea please – seat
eat – meat pea – plea read – seal deal – each
9. deep – deeper feel – feeler speed – speeder cheep – cheeper
sleep – sleeper feed – feeder sweet – sweeter peel – peeler
10. eat – eater dream – dreamer steam – steamer deal – dealer
cheap – cheaper speak – speaker stream – streamer preach – preacher
11. mealy cheaply needy cheesy squeaky squeezer
peaty steamy cheeky speedy squeamish squeegee
12. mete – meat – meet these – tweak – three
theme – seam – seem scene – scream – screen
13. easel – eagle beadle – beagle wheedle – beetle feeble – steeple
II. Transcribe the following words, read them.
27
a) weal, veal, teen, weed, zeal, deed, cheese, weald, wheel, beach, freak, treat, Greek, spleen, sneeze, sheep, queen, seal, reap, sheath, heave, peak, feast.
14. toe – woe doe – throe oak – soak oath – boast groan – moan
foe – floe oat – boat oast – coax loath – loaf road – toad
throat – toast
15. soak – soaker toad – toady coast – coastal float – floatage
soap – soaper throat – throaty boat – boatman
toast – toaster coal – coaly boast – boaster
16. toe – toast doe – throat stone – thrown shone – shown
goes – goat woe – foam go – grown so – sown
floe – float throe – oath lone – flown no – throw
17.
a) rue fruit b) suit – fruit – spruit c) endue – imbue – imbrue – ensue
due juice – sluice – cruise
cue fruiter – fruitage – fruity
sue fruitful – fruitless
18. clue – flute sue – ruse juicy – soother sluicing – mooner
due – tune cue – cute cruiser – cooler
rue – rude fruiter – scooter suitor – sooner
III. Transcribe the following words and read them:
spray, paint, cloak, suit, rye, read, ray, scree, nay, roam, lie, spruit, breeze, dye, wail, croak, sue, die, ween, waive, cleave, taint, reeve, due, fruit, jail, shoal, cay, foe, pie, dray.
IV. Read the words with digraph eu and ew [(j)u:]
1. feud Zeus few yew grew threw
deuce Sleuth new chew crew screw
2. neutral – newly Euclid – sewage Eunice – Newton
Teuton – steward feudal – dewy Eugene – Lewis
3. Andrew – mildew sewage – skewer curfew – curlew steward – neutral
28
newish – pewter anew – askew ewer – newal renew - bedew
4. rue – drew flue – flew suit – stew cruise – crews
due – view true – threw sluice – shrewd fruit – flew
due – dew sue – slew juice – chew spruit – pew
UNIT 14
READING DIGRAPHS OF DIFFERENT GROUPS
I. Transcribe these words, read them:
Deep, snow, clean, seat, raw meat, new grain, each toy, low voice, flew low, soothe Brown, shrewd boy, grey soil, show-boat, weak moan, blue mood, good wood, new glue, frail maid, green paint, main jail, took aim, wool goat, staunch crowd, gay queen, plain boot, low lawn, round cloud, foul hawk, sharp teeth, new tooth, dark hood, proud joy, loud noise, good choice, cheap clay, sea coast.
II. Read the following words and word combinations and explain the reading rules.
A) weight, lain, coin, play, neighbour, neutral, grew, pie, pool, took, toy, autumn, how, know, narrow, true, group, bread, peace, feel, dare, mere, where, sore, ore, nasty, salt, lure, sure, jerk, jaw, fruit, foe, paw, hair, dear, chair, peer, car, moor.
B) a white bear, a poor fellow, a new dish, a low couch, a big mouth, a narrow path, a broken chair, an old gypsy, chilly weather, brown bread, good maize, bitter beer, fresh air, red hair, bad flour, repeat each word, cor-rect these mistakes, close the window, take the pill.
III. Read the following words and word combinations and explain the reading rules.
a) farmer – warder varnish – warship barman – wardress farther – warmer
b) former – warder Cornish – warty corner – warmer corny – warship
c) work – worker worse – worser worth – worthy work – workman
world – worldly worst – worsen word – wordy worm – wormy
d) warmer – wormy wardress – worthy quarter – wordy award – a word
29
warder – worker warship – worship reward – reword
IV. Group the words according to the type of reading of the vowel:
Sport, wore, slave, solve, hunt, ward, hard, wove, stove, worry, hurry, pause, paw, care, ware, as, was, soar, sour, sore, war, pore, square, spoor, flour, yarn, yawn, more, moor, pure, urge, lynx, hear, room, raze, roam, here, prey, tire, fair, raise, rise, rood, four, or, there, hair, their, they, blue, blew, ore, boar, feud, few, lie, lay, loud, load, law, fruit, fare, fur, far, fire, cool, coal, curl, girl, dire, dear, true, warm, work, farm, where, your, tyre, fear, deal, quair, queer, quire, quart, world, peace.
V. Read the following words with the first stressed syllable:
valley, Charley, launcher, cooler, sparrow, famous, ferrous, armour, harbour, Monday, August, outer, spacer, rarely, shower, airship, mountain, Mary, Friday, vary, captain, steamer, staring, speaker, freedom, parent, car-ry, warrant, needless, fruitless, neutral, oral, warmer, newly, forum, horror, story, cruiser, fewer, firing, tyrant, spiral, virgin, turrent, purer, poorer.
VI. Read the following words with the final stressed syllable:
Renew, produce, beneath, asleep, despite, inform, obtain, around, be-low, occur, devoice, afire, avail, away, revere, repay, request, require, re-pair, aware, afford, adore, appear, default, mistook, devour, aboard, be-cause, against, awake, ashore, afloat, afraid, ajar, before, demure, anew, inquire, endear, surprise, reward, reserve, sincere, affirm, reform, immure, appeal.
UNIT 15
READING DIGRAPHS BEFORE THE LETTER R
Digraph + r Sound Examples
ai + r ei + r ea + r ea + r oa + r ou + r
[еə]
[ɪə]
[еə]
[ɔ:]
[əʊə]
air, chair their near, dear bear board our, flour
30
I. Read the digraphs ea + d, ea + r + consonant
d [d] head
ea + = [е] +
th [θ] [ð] breath
1. a) head – read – spread – thread – dead – dread feather – weather – breath – death – stead – lead b) heading – deadly heads – threads spreading – dreadful spreads – breaths threading – steady dreads – deaths 2. a) ahead b) heal – head c) heed – head behead deal – dead deep – death bespread steal – stead breed – breath instead beat – breath deed – dead bestread treat – thread reed – read
ea + r + consonant = [ɜ:]+ consonant = learn
3. a) earl – pearl – earn – learn – yearn search – earth – heard – dearth – bearth b) earning earns earner yearning yearns pearler learning learns learner searching searches searcher
II. Read the digraph ou + gh + t
ou + gh + t = [ɔ:]+ [t] = bought
1. ought bought fought thought nought brought sought wrought
[3].
UNIT 16
CONSONANTS B, C
B b
31
1) [b] everywhere including (bb) – bit [bɪt], rubber [ˡr⋀bə].
2) Mute in final – mb (s) and in –mb + ed: lamb [ˡlæm], bombed
[ˡbɒmd].
C c
1) [k] everywhere including (cc): cat [kt], account [əˡkaʊnt].
2) Before (ae), (e), (i), (y), (c) = [s] and (cc) = [ks]: Caesar [ˡsi:zə], cy-
linder [ˡsɪlɪndə], cent [sеnt], cider [ˡsaɪdə], accent [əkˡsеnt], accident
[ˡæksɪdənt].
Digraphs and trigraphs with the letter (c).
ch = [ʧ ]: church [ʧɜ:ʧ ]; ch = [k] before a consonant and after (s):
chronicle [ˡkrɒnɪkl], school [sku:l]; ci = [ʃ ] within the word before an un-
stressed vowel (not mute (e)): social [ˡsəʊʃ əl]; ck = [k]: back [bæk]; cqu =
[kw] acquire [əˡkwaɪə]
[5, p. 40].
EXERCISES
I. Read the words with the letter C.
1. a) cist – cyst b) cab – cad – cam Cum – scum – cut c) since – fence cell – celt can – camp – cap Cub – cud – scud mince – pence cell – cent cob – cod – con since – mince Cis – cess clog – crop – cop fence – pence 2. Pack – stack – slack duck – stuck – struck Deck – neck – reck Nick – stick – click lock – clock – block 3. a) sell – cell – kent b) slap – clap slot – clot sent – cent – kept slump – clump slick – click sit – cyst – kiss slip – clip struck – cluck c) sat – cat sob – cod Sam – cam stud – cud sum – cum sup – cup 4. a) desk – deck brisk – brick fisc – flick disk – dick risk – rick disc – slick
32
b) act – pact fact – pact c) crab – cram crag – crack strick –sect tact – duct crib – script 5. Crimp Rick deck crop lock suck clack Clip Lick neck clock crux struck back Click cress feck dock crump luck sack Dick clap specs sock cluck cram stack Sick fleck cross rock duck cramp lack
[3].
UNIT 17
CONSONANTS D, F, G
D d
1) [d] everywhere including (dd): deed [di:d], rudder [ˡr⋀də].
2) [t] in –ed after c, ch, f, k, ph, sh, ss, x: faced [fеɪst], hoped [həʊpt],
photographed [ˡfəʊtəgrɑ:ft].
3) dg = [ʤ] before (e), (i), (y): edge [еʤ], bridge [brɪʤ].
F f
[f] everywhere including (ff): fifty [ˡfɪftɪ], roof [ru:f], fluffy [ˡfl⋀fɪ].
G g
1) [g] everywhere including (gg): ago [əˡgəʊ], foggy [ˡfɒgɪ].
2) [ʤ] before (e), (i), (y): gem [ʤеm], giant [ˡʤaɪənt], gym [ʤɪm]
(whereas (gg) = [g] even before these vowels: bigger [ˡbɪgə].
Digraphs and trigraphs with the letter (g).
In gn – (g) is mute at the beginning of a word: gnat [næt]; geon, gion =
[ʤən] in unstressed position: region [ˡri:ʤən]; geous, gious = [ʤəs] in
unstressed position: outrageous [aʊt ˡrеɪʤəs]; gh = [g] in initial position:
gherkin [ˡgɜ:kɪn]; gh is mute within a word and in final position: eight [еɪt],
33
thought [θɔ:t], high [haɪ]; gu = [g] in initial position before a vowel : guard
[gɑ:d], guest [gеst].
I. Read the words with the letter G.
1.
a) gem – gym b) gap – gas – gad c) glad – grab – grub
gest – gist got – god – gob gum – glum – grunt
gip – gyp gut – gust – gulp grog – gloss – gos
gin – gim golf – gulf – gas
gum – gun – gull
2. Bag – lag – hag – brag – crag Bug – lug – hug – fug – plug
Beg – leg – keg – cleg – peg Bog – log – hog – fog – flog
Big – pig – brig – grig – big
(d)ge – [ʤ]
If before [ʤ] there is a consonant, ge is written, e.g. hinge. If there is no
consonant before [ʤ], the combination dge is written, e.g. pledge
[5, p. 41].
I. Read the words.
Dog – dodge leg – fledge bad – badge Log – lodge hog – hodge pod – podge Bag – badge brig – bridge bud – budge Plug – plunge egg – edge fled – fledge
UNIT 18
CONSONANTS H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Z
H h
1) [h] before a vowel: how [haʊ].
34
2) Mute in final position, before a consonant and after (x): bah [bɑ:],
Fahrenheit [ˡfɑ:rənhaɪt], exhaust [ɪgˡ zɔ:t].
J j
[ʤ] everywhere: joy [ʤɒɪ].
K k
c) [k] everywhere including (kk): kind [kaɪnd].
Digraphs with the letter (k)
In initial kn (k) is mute: knee [ni:], knight [naɪt]; kh = [k]: khan [kɑ:n].
L l
1) [l] everywhere including (ll): like [laɪk], roller [ˡrəʊlə].
2) Mute in alk, olk: talk [tɔ:k], yolk [jəʊk].
M m
[m] everywhere including (mm): may [mеɪ], hammer [ˡhæmə].
N n
1) [n] everywhere including (nn): noon [nu:n], dinner [ˡdɪnə].
2) Mute in final –mn (s) and –mn + -ed: autumn [ˡɔ:təm], condemned
[kənˡdеmd].
3) [ŋ] before (k), (q), (x) and before i = (k): ink [ɪŋk], lynx [lɪŋks].
Digraphs and trigraphs with the letter (n).
ng = [ŋg]: single [sɪŋgl]; ng = [ŋ] in final position, in final –ng (s), –
ngth and before –ed: long [lɒŋ], strength [strеŋθ], belonged [bɪˡlɒŋd]; nge
(s) = [nʤ (ɪz)] in final position: hinges [ˡhɪnʤɪz]; ngu = [ŋgw] before a
vowel: language [ˡlæŋgwɪʤ]; ngue(s) = [ŋ(z)] in final position: tongue (–
ngues) [t⋀ŋ, ŋ z]
P p
1) [p] everywhere including (pp): pipe [ˡpaɪp].
2) ph = [f]: phosphorous [ˡfɒsfərəs].
Q q Is used, as a rule, only in digraph qu:
1) [kw]: quick [ˡkwɪk].
35
2) [k] before mute (e): mosque [ˡmɒsk].
R r
1) [r] including (rr) only before a vowel (except a mute one): red [rеd],
cry [kraɪ], barren [ˡbærən].
2) mute in final position, before a consonant and before mute (e): car
[kɑ:],
more [mɔ:], cares [kеəz].
3) [ə] between a consonant and mute (e): acre [ˡеɪkə].
4) rh, rrh=[r] where (r), (rr) = [r]: rhyme [raɪm], (rrh) is mute where (r)
and (rr) are mute: catarrh [kəˡtɑ:].
S s
1) [s] everywhere including (ss): sense [sеns], actress [ˡæktrɪs].
2) [z]:
a) between a vowel and final –e, -ed, -er(s) or –ing (s): rise [raɪz], hous-
es [ˡhaʊzɪz];
b) in final –sm (s): sophism [sɒfɪzm];
c) in grammatical inflexions of nouns and verbs in the majority of cases:
ages [ˡеɪʤɪz], teaches [ˡti:ʧɪz]. In these cases (s) = [s] usually after (с), (ch) =
[k], (f), (kh), (p), (ph), (que), (t), (th): cynics [ˡsɪnɪks], wife’s [waɪfs],
myths [mɪθs].
Digraphs and trigraphs with the letter (s).
sc = [s] before (e), (i), (y): scene [si:n]; sh = [ ʃ ]: short [ʃɔ:t]; sion =
[ʒən] in unstressed position after a vowel: vision [ˡ vɪʒən]; sion = [ʃən] in
unstressed position after a consonant: tension [ˡtеnʃən]; ssion = [ʃən] in un-
stressed position: passion
[ˡpæʃən]; stl = [sl]: whistle [wɪsl]; sur = [ʒə(r)] in unstressed position
between vowels: measure [ˡmеʒə]; sur = [ʃə(r)] in unstressed position be-
tween consonant and a vowel: censure [ˡsеnʃə]; ssur = [ʃə(r)] in unstressed
position after a vowel:
36
pressure [ˡprеʃə].
T t
1) [t] everywhere including (tt): treat [tri:t], better [ˡbеtə].
2) Mute in (stl): whistle [wɪsl].
Digraphs and trigraphs with the letter (t).
tch = [ʧ]: catch [kæʧ]; th = [θ]: thin [θɪn]; th = [ð] between a vowel
and final –e, –ed, –er(s), –es, or –ing(s): seethe [si:ð], smoothing
[ˡsmu:ðɪŋ]; ti = [ ʃ ] within a word before an unstressed vowel (but not after
(s) and not before mute (e)): partial [ˡpɑ:ʃl]; tur = [ʧə] or [tjʊə] in unstressed
position before a vowel: feature [ˡfi:ʧə], century [ˡsеnʧərɪ].
V v
[v] everywhere including (vv): vivid [ˡvɪvɪd].
W w
1) [w]: want [wɒnt].
2) Mute in initial wr-; write [raɪt].
3) wh = [w]: when [wеn].
X x
1) [ks]: box [bɒks].
2) [gz] before a stressed vowel and mute (h) + a stressed vowel: exert
[ɪgˡzɜ:t], exhaust [ɪgˡzɔ:st].
3) [z] in initial position: Xerox [ˡzi:rəks].
Digraphs and trigraphs with the letter (x).
xc = [ks] before (e), (i), (y): except [ɪkˡsеpt];
xion = [kʃən] in unstressed position: complexion [kəmˡplеkʃən];
xious = [kʃəs] in unstressed position: anxious [ˡæŋkʃəs];
Z z
[z] everywhere
37
[5, p. 41–44].
UNIT 19
READING COMBINATIONS WITH CONSONANTS
ck [k] black, stick gn [ n ] sign
ng [ŋ] sing, bring, ring, reading
ss [ s ] possible
sh [ ʃ ] she, shop, fish [ ʃ ] pressure
ph [ f ] phone, photograph
sc [ sk ] screen
[ v ] nephew [ s ] scene
th
[ ð ] this, that, the nk [ ŋk ] think
[ θ ] thank, thick
ch
[ ʧ ] chess
[ t ] Thames [ k ] chemistry
wh [ w ] when, white, why [ ʃ ] machine
BUT: [ h ] Who tch [ ʧ ] match
kn [ n ] know, knife qu [ kw ] question
wr [ r ] write, wrong
gh [ f ] ehough
[ – ] high
EXERCISES
I. Put the words to the proper column
th ng kn
[ð] [θ] [ŋ] [n]
thick
morning
thank
knife
38
this
evening
that
know
three
song
those
thin
the
II. Put the words to the proper column
C c C c G g G g
[k] [s] [k] [s] [g] [ʤ] [g] [ʤ]
pencil
nice
page
gentleman
black
can
bag
game
Nick
bicycle
village
cage
place
bicycle
go
candy
cage
glove
Mind!
get [gеt ]
begin [ bɪˡgɪn ]
give [ gɪv ]
III. Put the words to the proper column.
sh [ ʃ ] ch [ ʧ ] ght [ t ] sh [ ʃ ] ch [ ʧ ] ght [ t ]
cheese
lunch
fish
bought
chess
she
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daughter
ship
chips
thought
shop
[2].
IV. Read the words with the sound [ ʧ ].
If there is a consonant before [ ʧ ], the combination of ch is written, e.g.
clinch. If there is no consonant before [ ʧ ], the combination of tch is writ-
ten, e.g. stitch.
1.
a) chess chin chest chill chess chip
chap chop chat chuck champ chut
b) hatch – latch – match – snatch – scratch
fetch - drench – crutch – much – such
itch – hitch – pitch – stitch – rich
2. crutch – grudge etch – edge itch – midge blotch – lodge
punch – plunge fetch – fledge match – Madge botch – bridge
3. stick – stitch pick – pitch mack – match block – blotch
dick – ditch hick – hitch lack – latch feck – fetch
V. Read the words with the sound [ ʃ ].
1.
a) shop – shot shall – sham shrill – shrimp
shell – shelf shock – shod shum – shunt
b) ash – dash – rash – cash mesh – dish – fresh – fish
smash – splash – crash – trash bosh – gosh – gosh – bosh
rush – hush – flush – crush
2. a) chip – ship chop – shop chut – shut
b) cash – catch dish – ditch smash – match
crush – Dutch bosh – blotch ash – scratch
c) mess – mesh fizz – fish mass – smash
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hiss – dish fuss – flush truss – crush
VI. Read the words with different sounds.
1. skip ship scop shop scrub shrub skill shrill scum shun scruff shunt skim shim scull shrill scotch shot skiff shift script shrimp Scott shot 2. Flick fish brick fish Dick dish trick trash Pluck plush pock gosh
VII. Read the words with th.
1. th – [θ] thin thick theft thud myth math thig thump throb thrill Blyth kith thrill thrum thrift thrust depth thrill 2. Read the following pairs of words this – myth that – math with – filth this – pith that – depth with – Smith this – throb that – thrill with – Blyth 3. Read the following words shrill thrill smash math ship third shunt thump shrub throb sham thrum 4. a) then thus ten truss b) then thus hen hush that this tat till that this hat his them stem them hem
[3].
UNIT 20
READING LETTER COMBINATIONS: WH, KN, WR, PH
WH: 1) [w] in most cases except where wh + o = w is not read, e.g.
whole [həʊl]
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2) [h]
1. a) when – which – why – what white – while – whale – why whole – hole – whole – hole
who [hu:] – whose [u:]
b) while – wine when – wet why – wide whale – wane whose – fuse which – witch what – watt white – quite when – wad why – wise whale – wake who – rule when – quench what – squat
KN and WR the first letters are not read, e.g. wrap [ræp], knife [naɪf]
2. a) write – wrote wrest – wreck writhe – wrung wren – wrench writ – wrist wrack – wrap wrong – wring wry – Wrenn b) knit – knock knick – knack knot – knack knob – knop knife – knave knap – knag knife – knave knell – knelt 3. a) wrest – rest write – rite b) wrest – weat wrack – rack wrench – trench wring – wing wrap – rap wren – rent write – white wring – ring wry – try wrench – wench wrung – rung wrote – woke 4. a) knap – nap knot – not b) knap – cat knave – cave knick – Nick knag – nag knick – kick knell – Nell knife – wife knot – cot knack – snack knave – have knife – kite
PH – [ f ]
1. a) phlox Phipps b) phase phone Phelps phon phrase
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UNIT 21
READING TWO SYLLABLE WORDS WITH THE FINAL – le and –re
In the words with final –le with preceding consonants f, c, k, p, b, d, g,
s the final letter e is not read: middle [mɪdl].
But such words have two syllables as l forms the syllable. The reading of the first stressed syllable depends on the number of con-
sonants at the syllable boundary. If there is one consonant, it goes to the fol-
lowing syllable and the first syllable is open: ˡcra|dle ˡta|ble ˡbu|gle
If there are some consonants at the syllable boundary, the first conso-
nant goes to the first syllable and the first syllable is closed: ˡspar|kle
ˡmid|dle ˡ bat|tle
The same rule is with the words with final –re. Only in the words with
final – re the unstressed word contains the sound [ə].
1. sad – saddle dad – daddle can – candle tramp – trample
rat – rattle dab – dabble dan – dandle crack – crackle
bat – battle tat – tattle shack – shackle man – mantle
2. tape – table cape – cable scrape – cradle
state – stable ape – able babe – fable
3. start – startle spark – sparkle crump – crumple chuck – chuckle
mark – marble suck – suckle rum – rumble crump – crumple
4. mud – muddle ruff – ruffle cut – cuttle snug – snuggle
rub – rubble stub – stubble shut – shuttle
5. nib – nibble sip – sipple tick – tickle lit – little
scrib – scribble spit – spittle trick – trickle
rid – riddle pick – pickle sing – single
6. tide – idle tile – title my – cycle
strife – stifle strife – rifle tribe – trifle
7. a) apple crackle stable sable b) marble
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sample trample cable Mable startle
cattle mantle cradle babble – table sparkle
8. centre fibre filter acre
tiger meter spectre luster
9. Transcribe and read the following words.
Rattle, octal, oral, barrel, crystal, frugal, spectral, pebble, mumble, cycle, nickle, nickel, final, table, dazzle, noble, normal, signal, sprinkle, un-cle, wrinkle, fatal, temple, gamble, mantel, little, dangle, rifle, bottle, jungle, saber, mitre, nitre, philter.
UNIT 22
HOW TO STUDY ENGLISH SPELLING
There are six vowel letters and twenty consonant letters in the English alphabet. The number of the sounds they produce varies from 39 to 46 de-pending on the way of counting. Anyway, there are more sounds than the letters that give them. This leads to quite a few differences between pronun-ciation and spelling. In addition to that, there are more than a thousand va-riants in which these sounds may be spelled in English. As a result, the writ-ten word rarely represents the spoken word letter by letter, except in very simple short words. And this makes English spelling difficult to study.
It is very important to connect spelling to pronunciation by studying them together. Both spelling and pronunciation are complicated and the cor-respondence between them is often inconsistent. At the same time they are closely connected to each other, though this connection may not be obvious to language learners. Always mark transcription and say the words aloud when you’re studying the spelling of new words.
It is most useful to organize words in two or three columns on one page for comparison and easier memorization. Analyzing spelling variants for sounds helps to see typical patterns of spelling. You can organize the words in columns in several ways. In a number of cases, proceeding from the sound works very well, for example:
the sound [ f ]
Spelling examples: 1. fate, file, fog, fume; safe, half, roof, cliff; after, defend, offend, suffer; 2. phone, photo; alphabet, symphony; paragraph, apostrophe; 3. cough, enough, laugh, rough, tough.
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In other cases, analyzing a particular letter or letter combination gives a clearer picture, for example:
The combination “gh” and the sounds it gives:
[ g ]: ghost, ghetto, Ghana, ghastly;
[ f ]: cough, enough, laugh, rough, tough;
No sound: though, through, bought. It is also useful to list the words in which the final letters change when
an ending or a suffix is added, for example: study – studies – studied – studying tie – ties – tied – tying occur – occurs – occurred – occurring plan – planned – planning But: plane – planed – planing true – truly; whole – wholly; five – fifth; essence – essential; defence (BrE) /defense (AmE) – defensive; panic – panicky; traffic – trafficking; like – likable; advise – advisable; But: notice – noticeable; manage – manageable. A list of difficult similar words, with meaning and pronunciation, is a
good idea, too, e.g.: accept – except – excerpt; access – assess – excess;
draught [drɑ:ft] – drought [draʊt].
It is not enough just to practice writing new words to memorize their spelling. Memorization is effective only when all types of memory work together (visual memory, auditory memory, articulatory memory, writing / kinesthetic memory). Examine your new words closely, listen to their pro-nunciation by a speaker, say them aloud and write them. Repeat the process several times.
Always study the spelling of new words together with the study of their meaning and usage. This will develop your association memory. This type of memory helps you to remember how the words are used in phrases and sentences, i.e. how they combine with other words in context. Association
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memory also helps to choose the right meaning and spelling, when the word is not easily recognizable from its pronunciation. For example, the words “pair” as “couple”, “pear” as “pear” and “pare” as “peel” sound the same, how do you know which word to write and its meaning? You don’t, if the word is in isolation. But if you hear “a pair of jeans”, “sweet pears” and “to pare an apple”, then the spelling of these words will become clear to you, because your association memory sorts out possible word combinations in phrases and gives you the right variant of spelling for the word in question.
Because there are so many exceptions and inconsistencies in English spelling and in some cases there are no rules at all, a little rote learning may be necessary, for example, with irregular verbs. But reduce that to a mini-mum, as rote learning often leads to stubborn mistakes which later on are hard to get rid of. It is always better to devise some meaningful method to memorize words. Many students combine similar irregular verbs into sepa-rate groups, for example:
1. bet – bet – bet; let – let – let; 2. bend – bent – bent; send – sent – sent; 3. drive – drove – driven; write – wrote – written, etc.
[8 : http://usefulenglish.ru/writing/how-to-study-english-spelling]
UNIT 23
SPELLING RULES
1. Nouns and verbs + -s/-es
Noun + –s bird – birds place – places question – questions
Verb + s think – thinks live – lives remember – remembers
but
+es after –s, -sh, -ch or –x
bus – buses pass – passes address – addresses dish – dishes wash – washes finish – finishes watch – watches teach – teaches sandwich – sandwiches box – boxes also potato – potatoes do – does tomato – tomatoes go – goes
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-f/-fe - -ves
Shelf – shelves knife – knives but roof – roofs
2. y changes to i before –ed
If a word ends in a consonant + y
-y changes to ie before -s
story – stories family – families story – stories city – cities
lorry – lorries country – countries secretary – secretaries
hurry – hurries study – studies apply – applies try – tries
-y changes to i before – ed:
hurry/hurried study/ studied apply/applied try/tries
-y changes to i before – er and –est:
easy/easier/easiest heavy/heavier/heaviest lucky/luckier/luckiest
-y changes to i before –ly:
easy/easily heavy/heavily temporary/temporarily
-y does not change before – ing hurrying studying applying trying -y does not change if the word ends in a vowel + y (-ay/-ey/-oy/uy): play/plays/played enjoy/enjoys/enjoyed monkey/monkeys Exception: day/daily Note also: pay/paid lay/laid say/said 3. Verbs ending in –ie (die, lie, tie) If a verb ends in –ie, ie changes to y before –ing: Lie/lying die/dying tie/tying 4. Words ending in –e (smoke, hope, wide)
Verbs
If a verb ends in –e, we leave out e before –ing:
smoke/smoking hope/hoping dance/dancing confuse/confusing
Exceptions: be/being
Verbs ending in –ee: see/seeing agree/agreeing
If a verb ends in –e, we add –d for the past (of a regular verbs):
smoke – smoked hope – hoped dance – danced confuse – confused
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Adjectives and adverbs
If an adjective ends in –e, we add –r and –st for the comparative and superlative:
wide – wider – widest late – later – latest large – larger – largest
If an adjective ends in –e, we keep e before the adverb ending – ly:
polite – politely extreme – extremely absolute – absolutely
If an adjective ends in –le (terrible, probable etc.), we leave out e and add –y for the adverb:
terrible/terribly probable/probably reasonable/reasonably
EXERCISES
1. Read the nouns with final -f which in plural have -v instead of -f.
beef – beeves knife – knives wolf – wolves shelf – shelves
calf – calves leaf – leaves loaf – loaves thief – thieves
elf – elves wife – wives scarf – scarves
half – halves life – lives self – selves
2. Add the ending –s to the following words: Defy, rely, destroy, marry, relay, restore, refer, decay, vary, hurry, rob-
ber, comma, polar, Tory, imply, employ, racer, baby, pony, expire, rotor, story, obey, extra, villa, recur, rumba.
3. Read the words:
tax – taxes fix – fixes fuss – fusses dress – dresses
wax – waxes pause – pauses boss – bosses horse – horses
fox – foxes cause – causes hiss – hisses breeze – breezes
4. Write s-form from the following words. a) wash, watch, torch, charge, farce, use, price, close, voice, size, sledge,
stage, ounce, curve, urge, freeze, stress, cruise, face, bunch, loss, vex, cash, fizz, church, choose, wince;
b) village, waitress, college, office, instance, cabbage; c) revise, submerge, reduce, oblige, progress, repose, suppress, collapse,
diffuse, immerse, approach, devise, seduce, annex, allege.
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UNIT 24
THE FORMATION OF ING-FORM AND ED-FORM
1. The formation of ING-FORM 1) We do not double the final consonant if the word ends in two conso-
nants. mill milling stick sticking nest + ing = nesting fish fishing sing singing box boxing 2) If the word has one final consonant, we double the consonant when
we add ING-form. plan n planning sit t sitting stop + p + ing = stopping hit t hitting hum m humming Note: for two-syllable words with the final stressed syllable this rule is
the same: mit mitting
gret + consonant + ing = gretting get getting mit mitting
For two syllable words with the first stressed syllable this rule is not used.
matter – mattering rocket – rocketing Note: The final letter l in the final unstressed syllable is always doubled:
travel – traveling signal – signaling channel – channelling 3) We do not double the final consonant if there are two vowel letters
before it. boil – boiling need – needing explain – explaining The formation of ED-form 1. crop cropped grip gripped equip +ed = equipped kiss kissed watch watched
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2. try – tried [traɪd] fancy – fancied [ˡfænsɪd]
reply – replied [rɪpˡlaɪd]
EXERCISES
1. Form ing-form from these words, write them and read. a) dash, pot, mend, tax, drink, bridge, stock, pledge, have, check, fence,
solve, flash, rinse; merce, devolve, collapse, compel, commit, engulf, enrich, infix.
2. Give the infinitive form from these ing-form, write these words and read.
a) cadging, licking, fussing, drinking, brushing, boxing, helping, filch-ing, lunching, solving, sensing, fencing;
longing, detaching, remitting, regressing, revenging, resolving, propelling, forgetting, forgiving, commencing, bewitching, requesting.
3. Form ED-form from these words a) prefer – preferred incur – incurred occur – defer – refer – recur – transfer – confer – b) dry – dried reply – replied cry – apply – fry – comply – pry – defy – try – deny – c) rag – ragged mob – mobbed lag – bob – hug – cub – rib – pin –
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Список литературы
1. Практическая фонетика английского языка: учебник для студен-тов вузов, обучающихся по направлению и специальности «Филоло-гия» / М. А. Соколова и др. – М. : Гуманитар. изд. Центр ВЛАДОС, 2005. – 382 с.
2. http: // scholar. urc. ac. ru / courses/ English rref/ ex. 14. html. Ru [Интернет ресурс].
3. Мкртчян ИГ. Learn to read English words : пособие по технике чтении на английском языке / И.Г. Мкртчян. – М.: Изд-во Междуна-родные отношения, 1977. – 191 с.
4. Киселева Н.И. Практический курс английского языка как второго иностранного : [По спец. «Иностранный язык»] / Н.И. Киселева, Б.А. Лапидус, Л.Г. Мусланова и др. – М: Просвещение, 1993. – 415 с.
5. Практический курс английского языка. 1 курс: учеб. для педву-зов по спец. «Иностр. яз.» / Под ред. В. Д. Аракина. – 5-е изд., испр. – М.: Гуманит. изд. центр ВЛАДОС, 2000. – 544 с.
6. Ахманова О.С. Практический курс английского языка. 7. Тер-Минасова С.Г. Английский язык: пособие для поступающих в
вузы / С.Г. Тер-Минасова, В.И. Фатющенко. – М.: изд-во МГУ, 1993. – 215 c.
8. How to study English spelling // [Интернет-ресурс] / http: / usefu-lenglish.ru/ writing/ how-to-study-english-spelling
9. Murphy R. English Grammar in use / R. Murphy, Cambridge Univer-sity press, 1988. – 327 p.
10. Эксуайзед, В. Хотите говорить по-английски – учитесь правиль-но читать! : или английский спеллинг – это не так уж трудно / В. Эксу-айзед, К. Эсти. – М.: Инфра – М, 1996. – 89 с.
11. http: // www.study.ru/ support/ transcription. Html. [Интернет-ресурс]
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ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЙ КУРС ПЕРВОГО ИЗУЧАЕМОГО ЯЗЫКА. ПРАВИЛА ЧТЕНИЯ АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА
RULES OF READING IN ENGLISH
Методические пособие
В авторской редакции
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