6. 6 : | 2013 1.
.........................................................................................................................................103
a.
..................................................................................................................................104
b.
(DOE))..............................................................................104
c.
........................................................................................................................106
2. ,
...............................................................................................................106
C.
...................................................................107
1.
..............................................................................................................................107
a.
...........................................................................................................................................107
b.
..............................................................................................................................................................109
c.
.....................................................................................................................................................109
d.
..........................................................................................................................................109
2.
.........................................................................................................109
3.
.......................................................................................................................................109
4.
......................................................................................................................................110
D.
.....................................................................................................................................................110
1.
...........................................................................................................................................................110
2.
.........................................................................................................................111
3.
.....................................................................................................................................................111
E. ,
.............................................................................................................112
III.
.....................................................................................................114
A.
.........................................................................115
B. :
.............................................................................................................................................................................119
1.
...................................................................................................119
a. ,
....................................................................................................119
b. , .............................................120 c.
...............121 (i) (leverage
theory)..............................................................................................122
(ii)
............................................................................................................122
(iii)
................................................................................................................123
(iv)
.........................................................................................................124
2.
.......................................................................................................................................................................125
a.
..................................................................................................................125
b. , ,
....................................................................................126
3. ............128 a.
........................................................................................................................................129
(i) .....................................129 (ii)
....................................................................................132
b.
................................................................................................133
c. .........................138 (i) .......138 (ii)
............................................................................................................................................................141
(iii) ...................143 d.
...............................................................145
C. :
/..............................................................................................................................148
7. 7 : | 2013 1.
..............................................148 a.
.......................................................................................................................................148
b.
.........................................................................................151
2.
..................................................................................................155
a.
............................................................................................157
b.
.................................................................................159
c.
(F)RAND...........................................................................................................161
d.
...................................................................................................164
e.
......................................................................................................................................164
3.
...............................................................................................................................165
a.
............................................................................................................................................165
b.
................................................................................................................................167
c.
......................................................................................................................................168
4.
.................................................................................................168
a. , ...................168 b.
.........................................174 (i) ,
............................................174 (ii)
.............................................................................................174
(iii) .............................174 5.
....................................................................................................................................................................175
IV. (
).............................................................................................180
V.
.................................................................................................................................................186
A. ....................................................187 1.
............................................................................................................187
2.
......................................................................................................................................................................189
B.
...........................................................................................................190
VI.
...................................................................................................................................................................196
.................................................................................................................................
202
27. 27 : | 2013 1 : - - (, -); - ex ante , - - - ; - - - ex
ante,,, - - - , - - - exante - ex ante -,,- -() - ex post , - ex
ante ; - - - - ; - ex ante - - ,, - ex ante,- ; - - - () ex post -
-- - - - ex ante; ex post - ()- - -ex ante; .: [WIPO 2011,
p.85]
44. 44 : | 2013Acemoglu D., Akcigit U. Intellectual Property
Rights Policy,Competition and Innovation // Journal of the
EuropeanEconomic Association. 2012. Vol. 10. 1. P. 1-42.Aghion P.,
Griffith R. Competition and Growth. ReconcilingTheory and Evidence.
Cambridge, USA: MIT Press, 2005.Aghion P., Bloom N., Blundell R.,
Griffith R., Howitt P.Competition and Innovation: An inverted-U
relationship //Quarterly Journal of Economics. 2005. Vol. 120.
2.P.701-728.Aghion P, Harris C., Howitt P., Vickers J. Competition,
Imitationand Growth with Step-by-Step Innovation // Review
ofEconomic Studies. 2001. Vol. 68. 3. P. 467-492.Aghion P., Howitt
P., Prantl S. Patent Protection, ProductMarket Reforms and
Innovative Investments. URL:
http://www.development.wne.uw.edu.pl/uploads/Courses/aghion_howitt_prantl_2012.pdf2012.Aghion
P., Howitt P., Prantl S. Revisiting the RelationshipBetween
Competition, Patenting and Innovation. URL:
http://www.development.wne.uw.edu.pl/uploads/Courses/aghion_howitt_
prantl_2012_2.pdf. 2011.Agrast M. D, Botero J. C., Ponce A. WJP
Rule of Law Index.Washington D. C.: The World Justice Project,
2010.Ahn S. Competition, Innovation and Productivity Growth:
aReviewofTheoryandEvidence.OECDEconomicsDepartmentWorking Papers,
2002, 17.Arrow K. Economic Welfare and the Allocation of
Resourcesfor Invention / The Rate and Direction of Inventive
Activity:Economic and Social Factors / Universities-National
Bureau(ed.). UMI, 1962. P. 609-626.Auriol E., Biancini S.,
Paillacar R. Intellectual Property RightsProtection in Developing
Countries. URL: www.etsg.org/ETSG2012/Programme/Papers/396.pdf.
2012.Avdasheva S., Shastitko A Rules on Retailer-
SupplierRelationships in the Competition Policy of the
RussianFederation: How and Why Misunderstanding EconomicsThreatens
the Competitiveness of the Sector // CPI AntitrustChronicle, July
2012 (2).Baker N. R., Souder W. E., Shumway C. R., Maher P.
M.,Rubenstein A. H. A Budget Allocation Model for LargeHierarchical
R&D Organizations // Management Science,1976,Vol. 23, 1. P.
59-70.Barnett J. Private and Public Supply of Intellectual
PropertyRights. Paper Presented at 16th Annual Conference of
TheInternational Society for New Institutional Economics,
2012.Benhamou F., Farchy J. Droit dauteur et copyright.
P.:LaDecouverte, 2009.Bird R. Defending Intellectual Property
Rights in the BRICEconomies // American Business Law Journal 2006.
Vol.43. Issue 2. P. 317-363.Bitzer J., Schrder P. J. H. Open source
software, competitionand innovation // Industry and Innovation
2007. Vol. 14. 5. P. 461-476.Blundell R., Griffith R., Van Reenen
J. Market Share, MarketValue and Innovation in a Panel of British
Manufacturing Firms// The Review of Economic Studies 1999. Vol. 66.
3. P.529-554.Boldrin M., Levine D. Against Intellctual Monopoly.
CambridgeUniversity Press, 2008.Boldrin M., Levine D. Whats
Intellectual Property Good for?URL:
http://dklevine.com/archive/refs4786969000000000082.pdf.
2011.Bruland K., Smith K. Knowledge Flows and
Catching-UpIndustrialization in the Nordic Countries: The Roles of
PatentSystems / Odagiri H., Goto A., Sunami A., Nelson R.
(eds.).Intellectual Property Rights, Development, and Catch-Up:an
International Comparative Study. N. Y.: Oxford UniversityPress,
2012. P. 63-94.Carroll M. One Size Does Not Fit All: A Framework
for TailoringIntellectual Property Rights // Ohio State Law Journal
2009.Vol. 70. 6. P. 1 361-1 434.Casadesus-Masanell R., Ghemawat P.
Dynamic MixedDuopoly: A Model Motivated by Linux vs. Windows
//Management Science 2006. Vol. 52. 7. P. 1 072-1084.Chang H. F.
Patent Scope, Antitrust Policy, and CumulativeInnovation // RAND
Journal of Economics. 1995. Vol. 26. Issue 1. P. 34-57.Correa C.
Intellectual Property and Competition Law: ExploringSome Issues of
Relevance / ICTSD Issue Paper. 2007. 21.Dasgupta P., Stiglitz J.
Industrial Structure and the Natureof Innovative Activity, Economic
Journal. 1980. Vol. 90. 358. P. 266-293.
45. 45 : | 2013David P. Intellectual Property Institutions and
the PandasThumb: Patents, Copyrights, and Trade Secrets in
EconomicTheory and History / Wallerstein M., Mogee M., Schoen
R.(eds.). Global Dimensions of Intellectual Property Rights
inScience and Technology. Washington D. C. : National AcademyPress,
1993.DreyfussR.TheRoleofIndia,China,BrazilandOtherEmergingEconomies
in Establishing Access Norms for IntellectualProperty and
Intellectual Property Lawmaking / NYU Schoolof Law Public Law &
Legal Theory Research Paper Series.Economides N., Katsamakas E.
Linux vs. Windows:A Comparison of Application and Platform
InnovationIncentives for Open Source and Proprietary
SoftwarePlatforms/ NewYork University Law and Economics
WorkingPapers. 2005. 32.Economides N., Katsamakas E. Two-sided
competitionof proprietary vs. open source technology platforms
andthe implications for the software industry // ManagementScience.
2006. Vol. 52. 7. P. 1 057-1 071.Engelhardt S. v. Quality
competition or quality cooperation?License-type and the strategic
nature of open source vs.closed source business models / Jena
Economic ResearchPapers, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena and
Max-Planck-Institute of Economics. 2010. 2010-034.Engelhardt S. v.,
Maurer S. M. The new (commercial) opensource: Does it really
improve social welfare? / BerkeleyGoldman School of Public Policy
Working Paper. 2010. 10-001.Etro F. Competition, Innovation and
Antitrust. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 2007.Fan J., Gillan S., Yu X.
Innovation or Imitation? The Role ofIntellectual Property Rights
Protections. URL:
http://ihome.cuhk.edu.hk/~b109671/doc/research_woking_paper/11.pdf.2010.Friedman
D. D., Landes W. M., Posner R. A. Some Economicsof Trade Secret Law
// Journal of Economic Perspectives. 1991. Vol. 5. 1. P.
61-72.GalliniN.PromotingCompetitionbyCoordinatingPrices:WhenRivals
Share Intellectual Property. URL:
http://cis.ier.hit-u.ac.jp/Japanese/society/120412houtokeizai/Gallini.pdf.
2012.Gallini N. Competition Policy, Patent Pools and
CopyrightCollectives // Review of Economic Research on
CopyrightIssues. 2011. Vol. 8. 2. P. 3-34.Gans J., Persson L.
Entrepreneurial CommercializationChoices and the Interaction
between IPR and CompetitionPolicy / IFN Working Paper. 2012.
895.Ganslandt M., Maskus K. Intellectual Property Rights,
ParallelImports and Strategic Behavior // IFN Working Paper.
2007.704.Ganslandt M., Maskus K. Parallel imports and the pricing
ofpharmaceutical products: evidence from the European
Union//Journal of Health Economics. 2005. 23. P.1035-1 057.Gaudeul
A. Consumer welfare and market structure in a
modelofcompetitionbetweenopensourceandproprietarysoftware/MPRA
Paper. University Library of Munich, Germany. 2008.19555.Generic
Competition and Drug Prices. US Food andDrug Administration. URL:
http://www.fda.gov/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofMedicalProductsandTobacco/CDER/ucm129385.htm.Geroski
P. Market Structure, Corporate Performance andInnovative Activity,
Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995.Gilbert R. Intellectual
Property? A Review of Michele Boldrinand David Levines Against
Intellectual Monopoly // Journal ofEconomic Literature. 2011. Vol.
49. 2. P. 421-432.Goh A.-T., Olivier J. Optimal Patent Protection
in a Two-SectorEconomy // International Economic Review. 2002. Vol.
43. Issue 4. P. 1 191-1 214.Goldberg P. Intellectual Property
Rights Protection inDeveloping Countries: the Case of
Pharmaceuticals / AlfredMarshall Lecture // Journal of the European
EconomicAssociation. 2012. Vol. 8. 2-3. P. 326-353.Grabowski H. G.
and Vernon J. M. Brand loyalty, entry, andprice competition in
pharmaceuticals after the 1984 Drug Act,Journal of Law and
Economics. 1992. Vol. 52. 35. P.31-50.Hassan E., Yakib O.,
Diepeveen S. Intellectual Property andDeveloping Countries: A
review of the literature. URL:
www.rand.org/pubs/technical_reports/2010/RAND_TR804.pdf.2010.How
Increased Competition from Generic Drugs HasAffected Prices and
Returns in the Pharmaceutical Industry.Congressional Budget Office,
July, 1, 1998. URL:
http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/ftpdocs/6xx/doc655/pharm.pdf.Jansen
J. Share to scare: technology sharing in the absenceof intellectual
property rights / Preprints of the Max PlanckInstitute for Research
on Collective Goods. 2009. 36.Kamien M. I., Schwartz N. L. Market
Structure and Innovation.Cambridge University Press, 1982.Kinsella
N. Against Intellectual Property. Auburn, Alabama:Ludwig von Mises
Institute, 2008.
46. 46 : | 2013Kitch E. Elementary and persistent errors in the
economicanalysis of intellectual property // Vanderbilt Law Review.
2000. 53. P. 1 727-1 741.Knox D., Richardson M. Trade policy and
parallel imports//European Journal of Political Economy. 2002. Vol.
19. P.133-151.Lago R., Costa N. Antiretroviral manufacturers and
thechallenge of universal access to drugs through the
BrazilianNational STD/AIDS Program // Cadernos de Sade Pblica.
2009. Vol. 25. 10. P. 2 273-2 284.Lambardi G. Software innovation
and the open source threat/NET Institute Working Paper, The
Networks, ElectronicCommerce, and Telecommunications (NET)
Institute. 2009. 9-15.Landes W., Posner R. An Economic Analysis of
CopyrightLaw// The Journal of Legal Studies. 1989. Vol. 50. 2.
P.325-363.Lerner J., Tirole J. Some Simple Economics of Open
Source//The Journal of Industrial Economics. 2002. Vol. 50. 2. P.
197-234.Lerner J., Tirole J. The scope of open source licensing
//Journal of Law, Economics and Organization. 2005. Vol.21. 1. P.
20-56.Li C., Maskus K. The impact of parallel imports on
investmentsin cost-reducing research and development // Journal
ofInternational Economics. 2006. 68. P. 443-445.Li C., Robles J.
Product innovation and parallel trade //International Journal of
Industrial Organization. 2007. 25. P.
417-429.LiebowitzS.Copyingandindirectappropriability:Photocopyingof
journals // The Journal of Political Economy. 1985. Vol.93. 5. P.
945-957.Llanes G., de Elejalde R. Industry equilibrium with open
sourceand proprietary firms / Harvard Business School
WorkingPapers. 2009. 09-149.Machlup F. An Economic Review of the
Patent System / Studyof the Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks and
Copyrights.15. Washington D. C. : Congressional Printing Office,
1958.Maskus K., Chen Y. Vertical Price Control and Parallel
Imports:Theory and Evidence // Review of International Economics.
2004. Vol. 12. 4. P. 551-570.Maskus K. E. Intellectual Property
Rights in the GlobalEconomy. Washington D. C. The Insitute for
InternationalEconomics, 2000.Matson M., Winn S. Intellectual
Property and Market Powerin the Seed Industry: The Shifting
Foundation of Our FoodSystem // URL:
http://ssrn.com/abstract=2153098. 2012.Maurer S. M., Scotchmer S.
Open source software: thenew intellectual property paradigm / T.
Hendershott (ed.).Handbook of Economics and Information Systems.
Elsevier,2006. P.285-319.Mazzoleni R., Martins Costa Povoa L.
Accumulation ofTechnological Capabilities abd Economic Development:
DidBrazils IPR Regime Matter? / Odagiri H., Goto A., Sunami
A.,Nelson R. (eds.). Intellectual Property Rights, Development,and
Catch-Up: an International Comparative Study. N. Y. :Oxford
University Press, 2012. P. 280-314.Moschini J. Competition Issues
in the Seed Industry and theRole of Intellectual Property //
Choices. 2010. Vol. 25. 2. P. 1-14.Mowery D. IPR and US Economic
Catch-Up / Odagiri H., GotoA., Sunami A., Nelson R. (eds.).
Intellectual Property Rights,Development, and Catch-Up: an
International ComparativeStudy. N. Y. : Oxford University Press,
2012. P. 31-62.Mustonen M. Copyleft the economics of linux and
otheropen source software / Discussion Papers of the Departmentof
Economics, University of Helsinki. 2001. 493.Mustonen M. Copyleft
the economics of linux and otheropen source software // Information
Economics and Policy. 2003. Vol. 15. 1. P. 997-121.Nordhaus W. An
Economic Theory of Technological Change// American Economic Review,
Papers and Proceedings. 1969. 51. P. 18-28.Odagiri H., Goto A.,
Sunami A. IPR and the Catch-Up Processin Japan / Odagiri H., Goto
A., Sunami A., Nelson R. (eds.).Intellectual Property Rights,
Development, and Catch-Up:an International Comparative Study. N. Y.
: Oxford UniversityPress, 2012. P. 95-129.Odagiri H., Goto A.,
Sunami A., Nelson R. (eds.). IntellectualProperty Rights,
Development, and Catch-Up: an InternationalComparative Study. N. Y.
: Oxford University Press, 2012.Papadopoulos T. Copyright, Parallel
Imports and NationalWelfare: The Australian Market for Sound
Recordings // TheAustralian Economic Review. 2007. 71. P.
434-447.Raff H., Schmitt N. Trade policy and parallel imports //
Journalof International Economics. 2007. 71. P. 434-447.Reducing
the price of HIV/AIDS treatment. AVERT(aninternational HIV and AIDS
charity). URL: http://www.avert.org/generic.htm#ref7.
47. 47 : | 2013Reichman J. Intellectual Property in The
Twenty-First Century:Will the Developing Countries Lead Or Follow?
// Houston LawReview. 2009. Vol. 46. 4. P. 1 115-1 185.Saha A.,
Grabovsky H., Birnbaum H., Greenberg P. and BizamO. Generic
Competition in the US Pharmaceutical Industry//International
Journal of the Economics of Business. 2006. Vol. 13. 1. P.
15-38.Saint-Paul G. Growth effects of nonproprietary
innovation//Journal of the European Economic Association. 2003.
Vol.1. 23. P. 429-439.Sampat B. The Accumulation of Capabilities in
IndianPharmaceuticalsandSoftware:TheRolesthatPatentsDid(andDid Not)
Play / Odagiri H., Goto A., Sunami A., NelsonR.(eds.).Intellectual
Property Rights, Development, and Catch-Up:an International
Comparative Study. N. Y.: Oxford UniversityPress, 2012. P.
361-377.Scheufen M. What Scientists Can Learn from the Penguin:Open
Access and Open Source / Paper presented at theAnnual Congress of
SERCI in Bilbao. 2011.Schmidtke R. Private provision of a
complementary publicgood / CESifo Working Paper Series, CESifo
Working Paper.2006. 1 756.Scotchmer S. Openness, open source, and
the veil ofignorance// American Economic Review. 2010. Vol. 100. 2.
P.165-171.Sen R. A strategic analysis of competition between
opensource and proprietary software // Journal of
ManagementInformation Systems. 2007. Vol. 24. 1. P. 223-257.Sen R.,
Subramaniam C., Nelson M. L. Determinants ofthe Choice of Open
Source Software License // Journal ofManagement Information
Systems. 2008. Vol. 25. 3.P. 207-239.Sepetis K., Cox A.
Intellectual Property Rights Protection
inChina:TrendsinLitigationandEconomicDamages.URL:http://www.nera.com/extImage/PUB_IPR_Protection_China_0109_final.pdf.
2009.Shastitko A. Collective Dominance Through the Lens
ofComparative Antitrust // Antitrust Chronicle. Summer 2011,Vol. 8,
2. URL: https://www.competitionpolicyinternational.com/
collective-dominance-through-the-lens-of-comparative-antitrust.Shastitko
A., Kurdin A. Intellectual Property Rights ProtectionVersus
Antitrust: Tug of War? // CPI Antitrust Chronicle. 2011. Vol. 12.
1.ShavellS.,vanYperseleT.RewardsVersusIntellectualPropertyRights //
Journal of Law and Economics. 2001. Vol.44.Snyder N. Intellectual
Property Rights and China: A Surveyof Adjudicated Trademark Dispute
Cases from GuangdongProvince // Washington Undergraduate Law
Review. 2010. Vol. 3. Issue 3. P. 82-107.Stiglitz J. Economic
Foundations of Intellectual PropertyRights// Duke Law Journal.
2008. Vol. 57. P. 1 693-1 724.Szymanski S., Valetti T., Demange G.
Parallel Trade, PriceDiscrimination, Investment and Price Caps //
EconomicPolicy. 2005. Vol. 20. 44. P. 705-749.Tamai T., Torimitsu
Y. Software Lifetime and its EvolutionProcess over Generation.
Software Maintenance, 1992,Proceeding Conference on. P. 63-69.Teece
D. J. Firm Organization, Industrial Structure, andTechnological
Innovation. Journal of Economic Behavior &Organization. 1996.
Vol. 31. 2. P. 193-224.The 2010 EU Industrial R&D Investment
Scoreboard. EuropeanCommission, JRC/DG RTD, 2011.The Pharmaceutical
Research and Manufacturers of America(PhRMA). URL:
http://www.phrma.org/news-media/related-resources/key-industry-factsabout-phrma.U.
S. National Institutes of Health (NIH). ClinicalTrials.gova
registry and results database of federally and privatelysupported
clinical trials conducted in the United States andaround the world.
URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov.UNCTAD. Competition policy and the
exercise of intellectualproperty rights. 2008.Valletti T.,
Szymanski S. Parallel Trade, International Exhaustionand
Intellectual Property Rights: A Welfare Analysis // CERPDiscussion
Papers. 2005. 5 022.Varian H. R. Markets for Information
Goods,1998. University ofCalifornia, Berkley.Verani S. Open source
development in a differentiated duopoly,Economics Discussion /
Working Papers, The University ofWestern Australia, Department of
Economics. 2006. 05-06.Vives X. Innovation and Competitive
Pressure. Journal ofIndustrial Economics. 2008. Vol. 56. 3. P.
419-446.Weber S. The Success of Open Source. Cambridge, MA
andLondon, UK : Harvard University Press, 2004.Wiggins S. and
Maness R. (2004). Price competition inpharmaceuticals: The case of
anti-infectives. EconomicInquiry. 2004. Vol. 42. 2. P.
247-263.Williams S. Free as in Freedom Richard Stallmans Crusade
forFree Software. CreateSpace Independent Publishing
Platform,2002.
48. 48 : | 2013Winkofsky E. P., Baker N. R., Sweeney D. J. A
decision processmodel of R&D resource allocation in
hierarchical organizations.Journal of Management Science. 1981.
Vol.27. 3. P.268-283.WIPO. World Intellectual Property Indicators
2012. WorldIntellectual Property Organization, 2012.WIPO. World
Intellectual Property Report 2011: The ChangingFace of Innovation.
World Intellectual Property Organization,2011. Working Paper, 2009.
09-53.World Economic Forum, The Global Competitiveness
Report2012-2013 / ed. K. Schwab. 2012.Xue L., Liang Z.
Relationships between IPR and TechnologyCatch-Up: Some Evidence
from China / Odagiri H., GotoA., Sunami A., Nelson R. (eds.)
Intellectual Property Rights,Development, and Catch-Up: an
International ComparativeStudy. N. Y.: Oxford University Press,
2012. P. 317-360. . ., . . -: , - // . 2012. 9. .110-125. . ., . .
// . 2011. 2. . 122-139. . ., . ., . . - . .:, 2011. . . // . 2010.
2. DSM Group. : - 2012. ( 2012 .). URL:
http://www.dsm.ru/marketnews/1147_27.08.2012. .- . 2012. 4 //URL:
http://acto-russia.org/files/bulletin_4.pdf. .- 2012. 5 //URL:
http://acto-russia.org/files/bulletin_5.pdf. ., . -. / . . . . ..:
, 2004. 535 . . ., . . - / . . . . . : , 2011.338. : - . -, . (/),
2008. . URL: http://www.gk-rf.ru. . 4 . . 1: (. ...). M.: , 2008.
720 . . . . M.:-, 2006. 632 . -,- . 11 2006. 3.8/16924 3234234 - .
- 14 1997. 17 - 333 - . 2011. 2012 .
,142012.URL:http://www.pharmexpert.ru/analytics/4/2615. ()
30.12.2001. 195-. URL: http://base.garant.ru/12125267. . ., . . (.)
- . . : , 2006. . 1027 // - . :- / . . . -. .: , 2010. . ., . . - -
// - . . 2012. 9 (). -. , 10 2011 . URL:
http://www.pharmexpert.ru/analytics/6/2206. . - // . 2011. 5. //
URL: http://www.remedium.ru/section/detail.php?
ID=49781&from=sub&SHOWALL_1=1. 18 2008 . 09 -8013/2008.
URL:http://base.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc;base=MARB;n=343312.
54. 55 : | 2013 6. , , , . ( ) , , , 1902 .: - , - , , - , ,,
() 7. , , , , , , () . , 1902 . - . , . 1272 - , , - , - - . , , -
, . , - , - , . , , -6 .: Jack Walters & Sons Corp. v. Morton
Building, Inc., 737 F.2d 698, 704(7th Cir. 1984).7 51 RGZ 139
Duotal. . : Christopher Heath, Parallel Imports andInternational
Trade (WIPO Report presented at the Annual Meeting of
theInternational Association for the Advancement of Teaching and
Researchin Intellectual Property at the headquarters of WIPO in
Geneva (July 7 to 9,1999). URL:
http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/ip_business/export/international_exhaustion.htm.
, , - , - .- : (- - ), ( ) . - - , - 8. - . - , . - - . , - , , . ,
, ., , - 9, , - , - - . , , 8 , -- . , , , - .9 Kirtsaeng v. John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., No. 11697 (U.S. March 19, 2013).
URL:http://www2.bloomberglaw.com/public/desktop/document/Kirtsaeng_v_John_Wiley__Sons_Inc_No_11697_2013_BL_71417_US_Mar_19/1.
55. 56 : | 2013 , - 10. , , , - . , -, , - - . , , - , , 11. ,
- - -, . , - XVII. , -, , , , - , 12. - ,, -10The Constitution
describes the nature of American copyright law byproviding Congress
with the power to secur[e] to [a]uthors for limited [t]imes the
exclusive [r]ight to their [w]ritings. Art. I, 8, cl. 8. The
Founders,too, discussed the need to grant an author a limited right
to excludecompetition. But the Constitutions language nowhere
suggeststhat its limited exclusive right should include a right to
divide markets ora concomitant right to charge different purchasers
different prices for thesame book, say to increase or to maximize
gain. Neither, to our knowledge,did any Founder make any such
suggestion. We have found no precedentsuggesting a legal preference
for interpretations of copyright statutes thatwould provide for
market divisions. To the contrary, Congress enacteda copyright law
that (through the first sale doctrine) limits copyrightholders
ability to divide domestic markets. And that limitation is
consistentwith antitrust laws that ordinarily forbid market
divisions. Ibid, P. 3132.11 , : The common-law firstsale doctrine,
which has an impeccable historic pedigree, makes nogeographical
distinctions. Ibid, Syllabus, P. 3.12 In the early 17th century
Lord Coke explained the common laws refusal topermit restraints on
the alienation of chattels. Lord Coke wrote: [If] aman be possessed
of a horse, or of any other chattel and give or sell hiswhole
interest therein upon condition that the Donee or Vendee shall
notalien[ate] the same, the [condition] is voi[d], because his
whole interest isout of him, so as he hath no possibilit[y] of a
Reverter, and it is against Tradeand Traffi[c], and bargaining and
contracting betwee[n] man and man: and itis within the reason of
our Author that it should ouster him of all power givento him.
Ibid, P.17. -, , - 13. , , - . - - - , - . , , - , , - 14. , , - .
, , - - , - 15. , - , - - , 16. , , . 13A law that permits a
copyright holder to control the resale or otherdisposition of a
chattel once sold is similarly against Trade and Traffi[c],and
bargaining and contracting. Ibid, P.1714I would resist a holding
out of accord with the firm position the UnitedStates has taken on
exhaustion in international negotiations. Ibid,Dissenting Opinion,
P. 2215Because economic conditions and demand for particular goods
varyacross the globe, copyright owners have a financial incentive
to chargedifferent prices for copies of their works in different
geographic regions.Their ability to engage in such price
discrimination, however, is under-mined if arbitrageurs are
permitted to import copies from low-price regionsand sell them in
high-price regions. Ibid, Dissenting Opinion, P.2.16Weighing the
competing policy concerns, our Government reached theconclusion
that widespread adoption of the international-exhaustionframework
would be inconsistent with the long-term economic interests ofthe
United States. Ibid, Dissenting Opinion, P.20
56. 57 : | 2013 . , . , - , : - - , , - , 17. , , , . - - - , -
. - - ,.. -.17While the Government has urged our trading partners
to refrain fromadopting international-exhaustion regimes that could
benefit consumerswithin their borders but would impact adversely on
intellectual-propertyproducers in the United States, the Court
embraces an international-exhaustion rule that could benefit U.S.
consumers but would likelydisadvantage foreign holders of U.S.
copyrights. Ibid, Dissenting Opinion,P.20
57. 58 : | 2013 , - - . . , , - , ., - (, - ), - - . , . 6 - ()
, - ( ) (). , , . 6 , - - - . , - - , - ,.. , - ., 1998 . , -, , -
. - , - 18. , - , , -19. , , , -. , , . - , -. - , , , 22.04.2004 .
171-: , - -, ; , , -.18Report (1998) of the Working Group on the
Interaction between Tradeand Competition Policy to the General
Council, Section 120.
URL:https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S0061.aspx?Id=19500&IsNotification=False.19The
Set of Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles and Rules for
theControl of Restrictive Business Practices (first adopted by the
GeneralAssembly on Dec. 5, 1980 and reviewed in 1985, 1990, 1995
and 2000respectively), Sec. D (4)(e). URL:
http://r0.unctad.org/en/subsites/cpolicy/docs/CPSet/cpset.htm.2.
-
58. 59 : | 2013 . - - - . , - - . : - ; - . , , 20 , () - - . -
, - -. (- ), , - . . , - - , , , - . , . - - , -. , . - 300 , 1,5 -
- . - () .20Stothers C. Parallel Trade in Europe: Intellectual
Property, Competition andRegulatory Law. Hart Publishing, 2007. ,
., - - . , , , - ,, - ,, , - . -, - . -, - , , - 21 ( , - -
).21Fisher W., Syed T. Infection: The Health Crisis in the
Developing Worldand What We Should Do About It. Chapter 6:
Differential Pricing. StanfordUniversity Press (forthcoming).
Available at. URL:
http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/Drugs_Chapter6.pdf.
59. 60 : | 2013 - . , - 3TC/AZT/EFV 2002 . $ 1 226 $ 3 619. (1
339) , ( ). - . - 22 -23. . , , - - . - , , - - ( ).1 2 3 6,9 342
237 17,7 194 145 3,0 47 14,2 3,8 16 45,3: 31,4 599 441,2 , 2011 .,
, 20042009 . 0,5 , .22Danzon P., Furukawa M. Prices and
Availability of Pharmaceuticals:Evidence from Nine Countries //
Health Affairs, 2003. URL:
http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/hlthaff.w3.521
v1/DC1.23Hellerstein R. Do Drug Prices Vary Across Rich and Poor
Countries? //Social Science Research Council Publication. 2003. P.
29.24Kanavos P., Costa-I-Font J., Merkur S., Gemmill M. The
Economic Impactof Pharmaceutical Parallel Trade in European Union
Member States:A Stakeholder Analysis / Special Research Paper.
London School ofEconomics and Political Science. 2004.25 West P.,
Mahon J. Benefits to Payers and Patients From Parallel Trade /
YorkHealth Economics Consortium. 2003.26Enemark U., Pedersen K. M.
Parallel imports of pharmaceuticals inDenmark, Germany, Sweden and
the UK, 20042009: An analysis ofsavings / University of Southern
Denmark, Odense. 2011. 27 - . , 19951998 . - 19 %. -, , . -28, - ,
20 - , - - ( -). , , - - . - , -, -, - --29. , , , , , . , , - - -.
, - , -, -.27 Ganslandt M., Maskus K. Parallel imports and the
pricing of pharmaceuticalproducts: evidence from the European Union
// Journal of Health Economics.2005. 23. P. 10351057.28 Eren-Vural
I. 2007. Domestic Contours of Global Regulation: Understandingthe
Policy Changes on Pharmaceutical Patents in India and Turkey //
Reviewof International Political Economy. 2007. Vol. 14. 1. P.
105142.29MacGillivray R. Parallel Importation: A Framework for a
Canadian Positionon Exhaustion of Intellectual Property Rights //
SJD Thesis. University ofToronto, Faculty of Law. 2008.
76. 77 : | 2013Adams v. Burke, 84 U.S. 17 Wall. 453 (1873).
URL:
http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/84/453/case.html.Barfield
C., Groombridge M. Parallel Trade in thePharmaceutical Industry:
Implications for Innovation,Consumer Welfare and Health Policy //
Fordham IntellectualProperty, Media & Entertainment Law
Journal. 1999. 1. P. 185265.Bobbs-Merrill Co. v. Straus, 210 U.S.
339 (1908). URL:
http://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/210/339.Danzon P.,
Epstein A. Eects of regulation on drug launchand pricing in
interdependent markets / NBER WorkingPaper. 2008. 14 041.Danzon P.,
Furukawa M. Prices and Availability ofPharmaceuticals: Evidence
from Nine Countries //
HealthAffairs.2003.Vol.22.6.P.521536.URL:http://content.healthaffairs.org/cgi/content/full/hlthaff.w3.521v1/DC1.Enemark
U., Pedersen K. M. Parallel imports ofpharmaceuticals in Denmark,
Germany, Sweden and the UK,20042009: An analysis of savings /
University of SouthernDenmark, Odense. 2011.Eren-Vural I. Domestic
Contours of Global Regulation:Understanding the Policy Changes on
PharmaceuticalPatents in India and Turkey // Review of
International PoliticalEconomy. 2007. Vol. 14. 1. P.
105142.European Commission Decision for Cases: IV/36.957/F3Glaxo
Wellcome (notification), IV/36.997/F3 Aseprofar andFedifar
(complaint), IV/37.121/F3 Spain Pharma (complaint),IV/37.138/F3 BAI
(complaint), IV/37.380/F3 EAEPC (complaint)// Official Journal of
the European Communities.
ArticleL302/1.URL:http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:
l:2001:302:0001:0043: en: PDF.Fisher W., Syed T. Infection: The
Health Crisis in theDeveloping World and What We Should Do About
It. StanfordUniversity Press. URL:
http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/people/tfisher/Infection.htm).Ganslandt
M., Maskus K. Parallel imports and the pricingof pharmaceutical
products: evidence from the EuropeanUnion // Journal of Health
Economics. 2005. 23. P.10351057.Goldberg P. Alfred Marshall Lecture
Intellectual PropertyRights Protection in Developing Countries: The
Case ofPharmaceuticals // Journal of the European
EconomicAssociation. MIT Press. Vol. 8. 23. P. 326353.Heath C.
Parallel Imports and International Trade (WIPOReport presented at
the Annual Meeting of the InternationalAssociation for the
Advancement of Teaching and Researchin Intellectual Property at the
headquarters of WIPO inGeneva (July 7 to 9, 1999). URL:
http://www.wipo.int/sme/en/ip_business/
export/international_exhaustion.htm.Hellerstein R. Do Drug Prices
Vary Across Rich and PoorCountries? // Social Science Research
Council Publication.2003. P. 29.Intellectual Property and
Development: Lessons from RecentEconomic Research. Editors: Fink
C., Maskus K. Washington,DC: World Bank and Oxford University
Press. 2005.Jack Walters & Sons Corp. v. Morton Building, Inc.,
737 F.2d698, 704 (7th Cir. 1984).Kanavos P., Costa-i-Font J.,
Merkur S., Gemmill M. TheEconomic Impact of Pharmaceutical Parallel
Trade inEuropean Union Member States: A Stakeholder Analysis
/Special Research Paper. London School of Economics andPolitical
Science. 2004.Kanavos P., Holmes P. Pharmaceutical Parallel Trade
in theUK / Civitas: Institute for the Study of Civil Society.
London.2005.LiC.,MaskusK.Theimpactofparallelimportsoninvestmentsin
cost-reducing research and development // Journal ofInternational
Economics. 2006. Vol. 68. P. 443455.Li C., Robles J. Product
innovation and parallel trade //International Journal of Industrial
Organization. 2007. 25. P. 417429.MacGillivray R. Parallel
Importation: A Framework for aCanadian Position on Exhaustion of
Intellectual PropertyRights // SJD Thesis. University of Toronto,
Faculty of Law.2008.Maskus K., Chen Y. Vertical price control and
parallel imports:theory and evidence // Review of International
Economics. 2004. Vol. 12. 4. P. 551557.Papadopoulos T. Copyright,
Parallel Imports and NationalWelfare: The Australian Market for
Sound Recordings //The Australian Economic Review. 2000. Vol. 33.
4. P.337348.Porter M. How competitive forces shape strategy //
HarvardBusiness Review. March-April 1979. P. 137145.C
77. 78 : | 2013Restrictions on the Parallel Importation of
Books: ProductivityCommission Research Report. Australian
GovernmentProductivity Commission. 2009.Richardson M. An elementary
proposition concerningparallel imports // Journal of International
Economics. 2002. Vol.56. 1. January 2002. P. 233245Stiglitz J.
Whither Socialism? Cambridge and London: MITPress. 1989.Stothers C.
Parallel Trade in Europe: Intellectual Property,Competition and
Regulatory Law. Hart Publishing, 2007.Supap Kirtsaeng, dba
Bluechristine99, Petitioner v. JohnWiley & Sons, Inc. Supreme
Court of the United StatesDecision. 19 March 2013.The Set of
Multilaterally Agreed Equitable Principles andRules for the Control
of Restrictive Business Practices (firstadopted by the General
Assembly on Dec. 5, 1980 andreviewed in 1985, 1990, 1995 and 2000
respectively). Sec.D (4) (e). URL:
http://r0.unctad.org/en/subsites/cpolicy/docs/CPSet/cpset.htm.Valletti
T., Szymanski S. Parallel Trade, InternationalExhaustion and
Intellectual Property Rights: A WelfareAnalysis // CERP Discussion
Papers. 2005. 5022.West P., Mahon J. Benefits to Payers and
Patients fromParallel Trade / York Health Economics Consortium.
2003.Wilson T. Unbinding book barrier: Why Australia shouldscrap
parallel import restrictions on books. Institute of PublicAffairs.
2009.WTO Working Group on the Interaction between Trade
andCompetition Policy Report to the General Council/ Section120.
URL: https://docs.wto.org/dol2fe/Pages/FE_Search/FE_S_S0061.aspx?
Id=19500& IsNotification=False. . . : . -. . / - . .: , 2003. -
- / . . . .2012. . . . 13- 20
2013.https://forum.china-iphone.ru.https://forum.xumuk.ru.http://chemport.ru/forum.https://habrahabr.ru.https://chemistlab.ru/forum.
78. 79 : | 2013 :
79. 80 : | 2013 : (Ioannis Lianos) (University College of
London),. , , . * (Despoina Mantzari) (UCL) , (Clare Boucher),
(Tony Clayton) (Sir Robin Jacob) - ., . (Rochelle Dreyfuss) - (New
YorkUniversity), . ,
