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Skladištenje i korištenje stajnjaka/gnojovke,
tehnike primjene organskih gnojiva
Dr. sc. Robert Spajić dipl.ing.agr.
Poljoprivredni fakultet u Osijeku,
Sveučilište J.J. Strossmayera u Osijeku
Implementacija IPPC/IE Direktive u postrojenjima za intenzivan uzgoj živine i svinja
Institut za Stočarstvo, Beograd 30.06.2016.
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Tehnologija uzgoja svinja i peradi
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
• Skladište/spremnik gnojovke – primjer zemljane laguna –
dno od kompaktne gline
- vodonepropusnost
- nemogućnost otjecanja nitrata u tlo i podzemne vode
- monitoring na razini godine – svake godine
- 5 godina svake godine – nakon čega Ministarstvo može
odreditit drugu frekvenciju/učestalost praćenja
Spremnici za gnojovku, stajnjak
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Skladištenje gnojovke na osnovu klimatskih zona (IPPC, 2003)
EU Member State External Manure Storage Capacity (Months)
Climate
Belgium 4-6 Atlantic/Continental
Luxembourg 5 Atlantic/Continental
Denmark 6-9 Atlantic
Finland 12 Boreal
Germany 6 Continental
Austria 4 Continental
Greece 4 Mediterranean
Ireland 6 Atlantic
Italy 3 for solid & 5 for slurry Mediterranean
Portugal 3 - 4 Mediterranean
Spain 3 or more Mediterranean
Sweden 8 – 10 Boreal
The Netherlands 6 for pig slurry Atlantic
UK 4 -6 Atlantic
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Skupljanje
Primjena /
Upotreba
Tretiranje
Skladištenje
Sustav zbrinjavanja gnojovke/stajnjaka
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
VRSTE RUKOVANJA
gnojovkom / stajnjakom
Vlažnost < 70 % mehanički
KRUTI
TEKUĆI
Vlažnost > 90 % hidraulično
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Defecirani materijal u osnovnom obliku
nije ni kruta tvar ni tekućina
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Sustav skupljanja gnojovke/fecesa ispiranjem
Zemljana laguna
Izvor: European Commission – IPPC Document 2003
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Lagune danas – nakon 30 i više godina
Primarna prijemna jama u zemlji
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Sekundarna prijemna jama u zemlji
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Lagune
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Otvorena laguna sa folijom
• plastificirani pokrov
• plutajući pokrov (sjeckana slama,
LECA ili prirodna pokorica)
• valjano rješenja kao i nadzemni spremnici
• obložene zadovoljavajućom kompaktnom
glinom ili plastičnom folijom
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Laguna za gnojovku
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Laguna za gnojovku – najnovija
tehnološka rješenja
Nadzemni spremnik
Izvor: European Commission – IPPC Document 2003
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Montažni metalni i betonski spremnici za skladištenje gnojovke
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Lagune VS nadzemni spremnici Lagune – pozitivni elementi • Veliki kapaciteti zapremine
• Značajno niža cijena izgradnje (cca 15 - 21 EUR/m3)
• Manje zahtjevna dokumentacija
• Jednostavnija izvedba
Lagune – negativni elementi • Trajnost kraća ukoliko se ne održavaju
• Mješanje mase zahtjevnije (brod mješalica)
• Zapremina oborinskih voda zahtjeva veće kapacitete
• Monitoring vodonepropusnosti
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Lagune VS nadzemni spremnici Nadzemni spremnici – pozitivni elementi • Mješanje mase jednostavnije (mikseri za mješanje gnojovke)
• Moguće odvojiti oborinsku vodu
• Veća trajnost
• Postavljanje pokrova jednostavnije
Nadzemni spremnici – negativni elementi • Značajno veća cijena izgradnje (cca 40 – 55 EUR/m3)
• Zahtjevnija dokumentacija
• Zahtjevnija izvedba
• Veći utrošak energije za mješanje po m3
• Manja zapremina
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Spremište krutog stajnjaka - perad
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Separacija gnojovke / stajnjaka
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Odvojene krute tvari iz stajnjaka
obično sadrže od 65 %– 85 % vlage.
Sadržaj vlage u odvojenim
krutim tvarima iz stajnjaka
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Ako zadržimo 50% krute tvari iz gnojovke koja sadrži 6%
ukupne krute tvari, uklonit ćemo ~ 3% krute tvari iz
otpadne vode. Ako obnovljena vlakna imaju gustoću od
~ 570 kg / m3 (otprilike 60% one u gnojovki) možemo
očekivati smanjenje od ~ 5% u zapremini za potrebe
skladištenja gnojovke.
Primjer smanjenja zapremine
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Homogenost / Izmješanost gnojovke – MET. I BET. SPREMNICI
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Homogenost / Izmješanost gnojovke - LAGUNE
Ključ je što bolja homogenost gnojovke, ali oprez!
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Homogenost / Izmješanost gnojovke – LAGUNE –
nova tehnološka rješenja
• Kompaktnost i
homogenost gnojovke –
jedan od najvažnijih
koraka u procesu primjene
organskih gnojiva u
gnojidbi kultu
• Razrjeđenost –
determinira upotrebu
(m3/ha)
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Iz preporuka BAT- ova, NRT Korištenje prirodne stelje u uzgoju svinja
Višeobročno hranjenje svinja i peradi – smanjen rasip hrane (N, P, Zn, Cu)
Tretiranje gnojovke na farmi - skladištenje, aplikacija, korištenje aditiva prilikom skladištenja gnojovke
Koncentracija suhe tvari u gnojovci (smanjenje/povećanje) – navodnjavanje
Posvetiti pažnju prilikom aplikacije gnojovke na površinama sa nagibom
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
• Analizirati gnojovku i stajnjak svinja i peradi prije
inkorporiranja u tlo
• Aplikacija gnojovke i stajnjaka je zabranjena:
- u periodu studeni – siječanj
- na smrznuto tlo
- kada se očekuju padaline ili smrzavanja tla – neovisno o
dobu godine
- 210 kgN/god – prve četiri godine članstva u EU
- 170 kgN/god od 01.07.2017. godine (RH)
- IZUZETAK : dvije žetve godišnje ??????
Operativno korištenje – gnojovka,
stajnjak
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Izračunavanje količine stajnjaka za
primjenu
• Pravilna količina ovisi o:
– Kulturi koja će se uzgajati
– Prethodnoj kulturi (da li je bila leguminoza?)
– Očekivanom prinosu
– Koncentraciji hranjiva u stajnjaku/gnojovci
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
PROSJEČNE VRIJEDNOSTI UZORAKA GNOJOVKE
2011, 2012, 2013 GODINA - (PRIMJER U RH)
Analiza gnojovke
godina
Analiza gnojovke po farmama (prosjek) za 2011, 2012, 2013 godinu
ST (%)
ST
(kg/tone)
ukupni N
(%)
ukupni N
(kg/tone)
N/NH4
(%)
N/NH4
(kg /tone)
ukupni P
(%/ST)
ukupni P
(kg/tone)
ukupni K
(%/ST)
ukupni K
(kg/tone)
2011 3,24 32,36 0,33 3,33 0,22 2,22 2,03 0,72 7,98 1,94
2012 3,09 30,28 0,36 3,54 0,24 2,38 1,75 0,55 8,80 2,04
2013 3,31 33,12 0,42 4,19 0,26 2,63 1,91 0,66 7,26 2,11
• Na oko 95 uzoraka gnojovke
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Dušikov ciklusDušik iz
atmosfere N2
Atmosferska
fiksacija i
depozicija
Gnojiva životinj.
porijekla i
biološke tvari
Industrijska fiksacija
(komercijalna gnojiva)Berba
Volatilizacija – NH3
Denitrifikacija
Otjecanje i
erozija
Ispiranje
Organski
dušik
Amonijak
(NH4)
Nitrat
(NO3)
Biljne
rezidue
Biološka
fiksacija kod
leguminoza Unos u
biljku
Unos u tloSastavni
dioGubitak iz tla
-+
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Ciklus fosfora
Gnojivo život.
porijekla i
krute biološke tvariMineralna
gnojiva
Berba
Otjecanje i
erozija
Ispiranje
(obično minimalno)
Organski fosfor
•Mikrobni
•Biljne rezidue
•Humus
Primarni
minerali
(apatite)
Biljne
rezidue
Unos u
biljku
Zemljana
otopina fosfora
•HPO4-2
•H2PO4-1
Sekundarni spojevi(CaP, FeP, MnP, AlP)
Mineralne površine
(glina, željezni i
aluminijski oksidi,
karbonati)
Unos u tloSastavni
dioGubitak iz tla
Atmosferska
depozicija
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
3
15 000
Nukleus
farma
2
15 000
1
14 000
8
18 000
4
18 000
9
24 000
5
15 000
10
18 000
6
15 000
17
18 000
7
15 000
12
25 000
16
18 000
21
26 000
13
15 000
11
18 000
14
15 000
18
18 000
15
12 000
19 20
46 000
Ukupno 340.000 – 370.000 m3 gnojovke godišnje
Proizvodnja gnojovke (m³/god.) primjer u praksi
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Proizvodnja gnojovke i stajnjaka – potreba za oraničnim
površinama po UG (primjer u praksi RH)
Sektor UG uk. ha * Uk.gnojovka
m³/god.
Uk. stajnjak
m³/god**
Svinjogojstvo 18566 9323 297 000 -
Mliječno goved. 7700 3208 71 000 55 000
Tov junadi 5145 2143 - 45 000
UKUPNO 31411 14674 368 000 100 000
* 2.1 UG po ha za svinjogojstvo, 2.4 UG po ha za govedarstvo (NN 56/08) – kasnije 1.
akcijski plan
** procjena za količinu stajnjaka / god.
*** procjena potrebe (ha) za aplikaciju gnojovke (na bazi 50 m3/ha – 370 000 m3/god)
= 7500 ha – uz max. 210 kg N po ha
**** procjena potrebe (ha) za aplikaciju gnojovke (na bazii 40 m3/ha – 370 000 m3/god)
= 9200 ha – uz max. 170 kg N po ha
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Nekada smo zbrinjavali gnojovku, a gdje je dušik !
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Prijevoz i površinska aplikacija
Aplikacija cisternama
• Udaljenosti do 3km
• Manja isplativost, veći troškovi
• Veće udaljenosti – neisplativ trošak
aplikacije
• Značajno sabijanje tla
• Veliki gubitak nutrienata i do 85%
(N) – ZAŠTO APLICIRAMO???
• Zahtjevaju veliki vremenski interval
• Velika razina oštećenja
infrastrukture (ceste, prilazni putevi,
mostovi i sl.)
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Površinska aplikacija
• Veći prijevozni
kapaciteti, ali
trošak još uvijek
visok
• Veliki broj
rotacija/tura u
vremenskom
periodu
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Što točno radimo ???
• Što znate o količini koju
razbacujete?
• Koliko je ravnomjerna
ta količina?
• Koju površinu
pokrivamo?
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Dodatna problematika
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Razbacivači stajnjaka i separata – perad
Razbacivač sandučar
Primjena (brojleri)
Postrani razbacivač
Primjena za kruti separat
Lepezasti raspršivač
Primjena (brojleri)
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Danas gospodarimo – NE zbrinjavamo
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Kontinuitet - mješanje, pumpanje, aplikacija
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Gubitak dušika nakon 4 dana primjene
Oprema za primjenu na tlo
Metoda primjene Tip stajnjaka Gubitak dušika (%)
Razbacivanje Čvrsto 25 - 50
Tekuće 40 - 80
Razbacivanje i inkorporiranje
Čvrsto 10 - 20
Tekuće 15 - 25
Injektiranje Tekuće 0 - 5
Navodnjavanje Tekuće 20 - 45
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Strnište soje
Injektor s papučicama - laste
Direktni injektor – male laste
Površinska aplikacija
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Injektiranje na dubini od 15 – 20 cm eliminira
neugodne mirise i daje najveću iskoristivost N
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Aplikacija gnojovke injektiranjem u tlo
• Maksimalna iskoristivost nutrienata (N, P, K)
• Mogućnost zadovoljenja ukupnih potreba biljke
za nutrientima (50 – 100 m3/ha)
• Velika brzina aplikacije (200 – 300 m3/sat) - 6x
• Znatno manji troškovi aplikacije (oprema,
management, troškovi goriva i sl.)
• Poboljšanje prinosa biljnih kultura
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Aplikacija gnojovke injektiranjem u tlo
• Smanjeni neugodni mirisi tijekom operacije
• Velika mikrobiološka aktivnost u tlu
• Poboljšanje statusa pH tla
• Poboljšanje aeriranosti tla
• Povećanje razine humusa u tlu
• Sprječavanje erozije tla
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Zaključno • Ukoliko sa gnojovkom i stajnjakom gospodarimo
na adekvatan način, nastaje:
“Visokovrijedno organsko gnojivo,
sirovina, nusproizvod”
• Ukoliko sa gnojovkom i stajnjakom ne
gospodarimo na adekvatan način, nastaje:
“Otpad”
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade
Hvala na pažnji !
Project is funded by the Embassy of Sweden Belgrade
Project is implemented by the Cleaner Production Centre of the Faculty of Technology and Metallurgy
University of Belgrade