Slot Ultra Wideband (UWB) Antenna Musfirah Hilmi TK7871.67.U45.M87 2009 24

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SLOT ULTRA WIDEBAND (UWB) ANTENNA

MUSFIRAH BT HILMI

This report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of

Bachelor of Electronic Engineering (Telecommunication Electronics) With Honours

Faculty of Electronic and Computer Engineering

Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka

April 2009


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UNIVERSTI TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA

FAKULTI KEJURUTERAAN ELEKTRONIK DAN KEJURUTERAAN KOMPUTER

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS LAPORAN

PROJEK SARJANA MUDA II

Tajuk Projek : SLOT ULTRA WIDEBAND (UWB) ANTENNA

Sesi

Pengajian: 2008/2009

Saya MUSFIRAH BINTI HILMI

mengaku membenarkan Laporan Projek Sarjana Muda ini disimpan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-

syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Laporan adalah hakmilik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka.2. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk tujuan pengajian sahaja.3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan laporan ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi

pengajian tinggi.

4. Sila tandakan ( ) :

SULIT*

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan ataukepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTARAHSIA RASMI 1972)

TERHAD*(Mengandungi maklumat terhad yang telah ditentukan oleh

organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)

TIDAK TERHAD

Disahkan oleh:

__________________________ ___________________________________

(TANDATANGAN PENULIS) (COP DAN TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)

Alamat Tetap:

49 JALAN USJ 4/6G

47600 SUBANG JAYA

Tarikh: . Tarikh: ..


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I hereby declare that this report is the result of my own work except for quotes as cited

in the references.

Signature :.

Author : MUSFIRAH BINTI HILMI

Date :.


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I hereby declare that I have read this report and in my opinion this report is sufficient in

terms of the scope and quality for the award of Bachelor of Electronic Engineering

(Telecommunication Electronics) With Honours.

Signature :.

Supervisors Name :MOHAMAD ZOINOL ABIDIN ABD AZIZ

Date :.


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For my beloved mom and dad.


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all, praise to Allah for the goods and bless me along to complete this

Final Year Project. I would like to thank all my lecturers involved especially my

supervisor for their guidance as the approval notification for me to undergo my Final

Year Project in Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM). Next, I would like to

express my deepest gratitude to my colleagues for their continuous help, support, and

guidance throughout this course in order to complete my project. I would also like to

take this opportunity to thank again my supervisor Mr. Mohamad Zoinol Bin Abd Aziz

whom had actually provided me with all the valuable, precious information to complete

this report. Finally yet importantly, I would like to thank all for providing me a full

cooperation whether direct or indirectly to me while undergoing this Final Year Project.


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ABSTRACT

Since the release by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of a

bandwidth of 7.5 GHz (from 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz) for ultra wideband (UWB) wireless

communications, UWB is rapidly advancing as a high data rate wireless communication

technology. Due to the requirements of large capacity of data and high speed data

transmission rate, UWB technology has become the promising communication system.

There are many types of UWB antenna such as dipole, bow-tie, TEM horn, slot UWB

antenna, planar antenna and array antenna. This project presents the design of a planar

slot UWB antenna. The design is based on the slot UWB antenna by using a planar

structure and designed for a frequency of 3.1 GHz to 10.6 GHz. The UWB antenna is

achieved by applying parameter analysis in the design process. The slot UWB antenna

design is simulated on Computer Simulation Technology (CST) Microwave Studio

Software and fabricated on Flame Resistant 4 (FR4) substrate by using chemical etching

techniques. The antenna achieved an absolute bandwidth of 7.2GHz with return loss -

25dB. An average gain obtained from simulation is within the range from 2dB to 5.3dB.


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ABSTRAK

Sejak Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Persekutuan (FCC) melancarkan jalur lebar

berfrekuensi 7.5 GHz (dari 3.1 GHz hingga 10.6 GHz), untuk komunikasi wayarles

Ultra Wideband (UWB) , UWB berkembang dengan pantas sebagai kadar data tinggi

dalam komunikasi wayarles teknologi. UWB teknologi menjadi keperluan dalam sistem

komunikasi disebabkan oleh permintaan yang tinggi untuk kapasiti data yang besar serta

kadar penghantaran yang mempunyai kelajuan yang tinggi. Terdapat beberapa jenis

antena UWB seperti antena dwikutub, bow-tie, TEM horn, slot antena UWB, antenna

planar dan array. Projek ini bertujuan membina slot antena UWB. UWB antenna

diperolehi melalui analisis parameter semasa proses rekaan. Antena tersebut disimulasi

menggunakan program Computer Simulation Technology (CST). Setelah proses simulasi

selesai, antena difabrikasi pada papan substratum Flame Resistant 4 (FR4) dengan

menggunakan proses goresan. Antena tersebut mencapai jalur lebar 7.2GHz dengan

kehilangan balikan -25dB. Purata kenaikan yang diperolehi melalui simulasi adalah

antara 2dB hingga 5.3dB.


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TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER

I

TITLE

PROJECT TITLE

THESIS STATUS DECLARATION

RESEARCHERS DECLARATION

SUPERVISORS DECLARATION

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

LIST OF APPENDICES

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction1.2 Objectives1.3 Problem Statement1.4 Scope Of Work1.5 Methodology

PAGE

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1

3

3

3

4


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II BACKGROUND STUDY

2.1 Introduction to Ultra Wideband (UWB)2.1.1 Background

2.2 Antenna Theory2.2.1 Parameters of an Antenna

2.2.1.1 Radiation Pattern

2.2.1.2 Directivity

2.2.1.3 Gain

2.2.1.4 Frequency Bandwidth

2.2.2 Requirements for UWB antenna

2.3 Coplanar Waveguide (CPW)2.3.1 History of coplanar waveguide

2.3.2 Types of coplanar waveguide

2.3.2.1 Coplanar Waveguide

2.3.2.2 Grounded Coplanar Waveguide

2.3.3 Advantages and disadvantages of coplanar

waveguide

2.4 Types of Slot Ultra Wideband (UWB) Antenna

Reviewed

2.4.1 Coplanar Waveguide-Fed Rectangular SlotAntenna

2.4.2 Elliptical Slot Antenna2.4.3 T Slots Antenna2.4.4 Cross Slot Antenna with U-Shaped Tuning Stub2.4.5 Circular and Elliptical CPW-Fed Slot Antenna2.4.6 Microstrip-Line-Fed Printed Planar Slot Antenna2.4.7 Microstrip Square-Ring Slot Antenna2.4.8 CPW-Fed Rectangular Slot Antenna with Tuning

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III

IV

Stub

2.4.9 Microstrip Square-Ring Slot Antenna Filled by anH-Shape Slot

2.4.10Rectangular Slot Antenna with Patch Stub

SLOT ULTRA WIDEBAND (UWB) ANTENNA

3.1 Introduction3.2 Antenna Geometry

3.2.1 Parameter Analysis3.2.1.1 Rectangular Slot3.2.1.2 U-shaped stub3.2.1.3 Center Conductor Width, Wf3.2.1.4 Slot Width, WS3.2.1.5 Width,A3.2.1.6 Distance Between Slot and U-shaped,B3.2.1.7 Width, C

3.2.2 Optimal Dimension of Design I3.2.3 Adding Element at the Center of the Slot3.2.4 Different Shape of Slot Antenna

3.3 Fabrication3.4 Measurement Setup

RESULT ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 Parameter Analysis Result4.1.1 Effect of the rectangular slot4.1.2 Effect of the U-shaped stub4.1.3 Effect of the center conductor width, Wf

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4.1.4 Effect of the slot width, WS4.1.5 Effect of the width,A4.1.6 Effect of the distance between slot and U-shaped,

B

4.1.7 Effect of the width, C4.1.8 Optimal Design after Alteration

4.2 Simulation Results4.2.1 Return Loss and Frequency Bandwidth4.2.2 Radiation Pattern4.2.3 Antenna Gain and Directivity

4.3 Measured Result4.3.1 Return Loss and Frequency Bandwidth4.3.2 Radiation Pattern4.3.3 Antenna Gain

CONCLUSION

5.1 Conclusion5.2 Future Work

REFERENCES

APPENDICES

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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE

3.1

3.2

3.3

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

TITLE

Dimension of rectangular slot antennas

Optimal dimension for Design I

Optimal dimension of slot antennas

Simulated -10 dB bandwidth printed slot antennas

Half Power Beamwidth

Antenna gains for Design I and Design II

Simulated -10 dB bandwidth printed slot antennas for Design I

Simulated -10 dB bandwidth printed slot antennas for Design II

Half Power Beamwidth for Design I

Half Power Beamwidth for Design II

Antenna Gain for Design I and Design II

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LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

1.1

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

2.5

2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

2.10

2.11

2.12

2.13

2.14

2.15

TITLE

Flow Chart of Methodology

Antenna as a transition device

Radiation lobes and beamwidths of an antenna pattern

Linear Plot Of Power Pattern And Its Associated Lobes And

Beamwidths

Coplanar Waveguide

Grounded Coplanar Waveguide

Geometry of the CPW-Fed rectangular slot antenna (units in mm)

Geometry of the printed elliptical slot antenna

Geometry and Coordinate System of the T Slots Antenna

Geometry of the cross slot antenna

Geometry of the proposed CPW-fed slot antenna configuration

Geometry of printed planar slot antenna

Geometry of the SSRSA antenna

Geometry of the rectangular slot antenna

Geometry of the square-ring slot antenna

The geometry and parameters of the rectangular slot antenna with

PAGES

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9

10

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3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

3.9

3.10

3.11

3.12

3.13

3.14

3.15

3.16

4.1

4.2

4.3

4.4

4.5

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

patch stub

Geometry of CPW fed of Design I

Return Loss Simulation Result for Rectangular Slot Antenna

Alteration of the rectangular slot

Alteration of the U-shaped stub

Alteration of the center conductor width, Wf

Alteration of the slot width, Ws

Alteration of the width,A

Alteration of the length between slot and U-shaped,B

Alteration of the width, C

Geometry of the Antenna When Adding Elements

Geometry of Design II

The Antenna Layout

Fabricated CPW-Fed Slot Antenna

The Fabrication Process

Network Analyzer Setup

Measurement Setup

Return Loss Simulation Result of rectangular slot for different

length

Return Loss Simulation Result of rectangular slot for different

width

Return Loss Simulation Result for different length of U-shaped

stub

Return Loss Simulation Result for different width of U-shaped

stub

Return Loss Simulation Result for different Wf

Return Loss Simulation Result for different Ws

Return Loss Simulation Result for different width, A of U-shaped

stub

Return Loss Simulation Result for different length,B

Return Loss Simulation Result for different width, C

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xvi4.10

4.11

4.12

4.13

4.14

4.15

4.16

Return Loss Simulation Result for optimal design

Return Loss Simulation Result

Radiation Patterns Simulation Result

Return Loss Simulation Result for Design I

Return Loss Simulation Result for Design II

Radiation patterns of Design I

Radiation patterns of Design II

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

1G

2G

3G

4G

A

ABW

AWGN

B

C

CPW

CPWG

CST

dB

dBi

FBW

FCC

FDTD

FR4

GHz

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

First-generation

Second-generation

Third-generation

Fourth-generation

Width of Stub

Absolute Bandwidth

Additive White Gaussian Noise

Distance between slot and U-shaped

Width of Stub

Coplanar Waveguide

Coplanar Waveguide with Ground

Computer Simulation Technology

Decibel

Decibel above isotropic

Fractional Bandwidth

Federal Communications Commission

Finite-difference Time-domain

Flame Resistant 4

Giga Hertz


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xviiiGPS

GSM

IEEE

ISM

L

MHz

MIC

mm

MMIC

MSRSA

PCB

SNR

SRSA

SSRSA

UMTS

UWB

VSWR

W

Wf

WS

Wi-Fi

WLAN

WPAN

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Global Positioning System

Global System for Mobile Communication

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Industrial Scientific and Medicine

Length

Mega Hertz

Microwave Integrated Circuit

millimeter

Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit

Microstrip Square-Ring Slot Antenna

Printed Circuit Board

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Square-Ring Slot Antenna

Split Square Ring Slot Antenna

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

Ultra Wideband

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio

Width

Center Conductor Width

Slot Width

Wireless Fidelity

Wireless Local Area Network

Wireless Personal Area Network


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LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX

A

B

C

D

TITLE

Advantages of UWB

UWB applications

Microstrip

Results for Adding Element at the Center of the Slot

PAGES

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65

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1Introduction

Ultra wideband (UWB) is currently receiving special attention in industry and

academia. The technical improvements have also enabled a large number of new

services to emerge. The first-generation (1G) mobile communication technology only

allowed analogue voice communication while the second-generation (2G) technology

realized digital voice communication. Currently, the third-generation (3G) technology

can provide video telephony, internet access, video/music download services as well as

digital voice services. In the near future, the fourth-generation (4G) technology will be

able to provide on-demand high quality audio and video services, and other advanced

services.


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2In recent years, more interest has been put into wireless personal area network

(WPAN) technology worldwide. The future WPAN aims to provide reliable wireless

connections between computers, portable devices and consumer electronics within a

short range. Furthermore, fast data storage and exchange between these devices will also

be accomplished. This requires a data rate which is much higher than what can be

achieved through currently existing wireless technologies [1].

The maximum achievable data rate or capacity for the ideal band-limited additive

white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel is related to the bandwidth and signal-to-noise

ratio (SNR) by Shannon-Nyquist criterion [2], as shown in Equation 1.1.

1 1.1

where Cdenotes the maximum transmit data rate,B stands for the channel bandwidth.

Equation 1.1 indicates that the transmit data rate can be increased by increasing

the bandwidth occupation or transmission power. However, the transmission power

cannot be readily increased because many portable devices are battery powered and the

potential interference should also be avoided. Thus, a large frequency bandwidth will be

the solution to achieve high data rate.

On February 14, 2002, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) of the

United States adopted the First Report and Order that permitted the commercial

operation of UWB technology. Since then, UWB technology has been regarded as one of

the most promising wireless technologies that promises to revolutionize high data rate

transmission and enables the personal area networking industry leading to new

innovations and greater quality of services to the end users [3].


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31.2Objectives

The main objective of this project is to design and implement slot Ultra

Wideband (UWB) antenna for UWB application. The UWB antenna should be capableof operating over an ultra wide bandwidth as allocated by the FCC with bandwidth

requirement from 3.1GHz to 10.6GHz and return loss below than -10dB.

1.3Problem Statement

In recent years, there has been an increase in the demand of large capacity of data

and high speed data transmission rate. The limited bandwidth for wireless

communication system is a drawback for the requirement of large capacity of data rate

[1]. Besides the demand for small size and compact profile antennas, broadband ones are

often required in order to cover simultaneously several bands. UWB is rapidly advancing

as a high data rate wireless communication technology [4]. A slot UWB antenna is

designed to have a larger bandwidth with large capacity of data and high speed data

transmission rate.

1.4Scope Of Work

The slot UWB antenna is designed by using planar slot structure and simulated

by using CST software in order to obtain the return loss, frequency bandwidth, gain,

directivity, and radiation pattern. Then the antenna is fabricated on FR4 board by using

chemical etching technique. Finally, analysis has been done to compare between the

simulation and the measurement result.


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1.5Methodology

This project involves five major phase as shown in Figure 1.1. Firstly, a literature

review was carried out from various sources such as journals, articles, books, and

technical reports on UWB antenna. All the basic parameters such as its shape,

dimensions, and all the mathematical parameters like its return loss, wavelength,

directivity, VSWR and etc is analyzed and comprehended.

Then, the slot UWB antenna is designed by using planar slot structure. The UWB

antenna should be capable of operating over an ultra wide bandwidth from 3.1GHz to

10.6GHz.

The CST software implementation is studied to design the antenna. The design

that has been made with all parameters attained is then simulated using CST to analyze

the antenna performance in order to obtain the return loss, frequency bandwidth, gain,

directivity, and radiation pattern. If the design is not achieved a good performance, the

design is being altered or redesign.

The UWB antenna is then fabricated on FR4 board by using chemical etching

technique to validate the simulated prediction. Lastly, the return loss, gain, radiation

pattern and frequency bandwidth are measured. The simulation results are compared to

measurement results.


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Figure 1.1 Flow Chart of Methodology

LiteratureReview

Designtheantenna

SimulateusingCST

Fabrication

Measurement

Writingreport

NO

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Slot Ultra Wideband (UWB) Antenna Musfirah Hilmi TK7871.67.U45.M87 2009 24