slphysicalandbio 2bot - telgr.ml · 2 mq;fpfis ghFgLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; 1. mq;fpfisg; gw;wp fw;gij ,yFthf;fp mq;fpfSf;Fupa ,ay;Gfis epidtpy; gjpf;Fk; Mw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;fpd;wJ

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1. mq;fpfspd; ghFghL

nghJ ,ay;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; mq;fpfis ntt;NtW $l;lq;fshf xOq;FgLj;jy; ghFghL vdg;gLk;.

ghFghl;L Kiwfs; gpujhd 2 Kiwfs; cz;L

1. ,aw;if Kiw ghFghL 2. nraw;if Kiw ghFghL

,aw;if Kiw ghFghL nraw;if Kiw ghFghL 1. mq;fpfspd; $u;g;Gj; njhlu;Gfisf; fUj;jpy; nfhz;L mtw;iw $l;lq;fshf tFj;jy; 2. ftdkhd Nehf;fpy; njupT nra;ag;gLk; gy ,ay;Gfis / gpukhzq;fis / epajpfis xNu Neuj;jpy; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L epfo;j;jg;gLk;

(a) cUttpay; (b) clyikg;gpay; (c) Fopatpay; (d) %yf;$w;W capupay;

3. $u;g;Gf; fw;ifapd; gpd;du; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. 4. gad;dLj;JtJk; NkYk; GJf; $l;lq;fis ,izg;gJk; rw;W rpukk; 5. mq;fpfspd; fztuyhw;iw mbg;gilahff; nfhz;l cz;ikahd ,aw;if ,ilj;njhlu;Gfisg; gpujpepjpj;Jtg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ. 6. fpl;ba ,zf;fk; fhl;Lk; mq;fpfs; xd;whfTk; ,zf;fk; fhl;lhjit NtwhfTk; xOq;fhd Kiwapy; tFf;fg;gLk;. 7. vy;yh mq;fpfisAk; gpujhd $l;lq;fshf mbg;gilahf ghFgLj;Jtjw;F rpwe;j Kiw eg: 1. etPd %yf;$w;W capupay; mbg;gilapy;

DNA my;yJ RNA xOq;F ad;gLj;jg;gl;L vy;yh mq;fpfisAk; %d;W Ngupuhr;rpaq;fshfTk; MW ,uhr;rpaq;fshfTk; tFj;jy;

2. jhtuq;fs; Bryophyta, Lycophyta,

Pterophyta, Cycadophyta, Coniferophyta, Anthophyta vdg; gpupf;fg;gly;.

3. Arthropoda tpyq;Ffs; Crustacea,

Insecta, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Arachnida vdg; gpupf;fg;gly;.

Kd;dNu njupT nra;ag;gl;l xU rpy xj;j ,ay;Gfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L epfo;j;jg;gLk;. trjpg;gb njupT nra;ag;gLk; vspa xU rpy gpukhzq;fis khj;jpuk; jdpj;jdpahff; fUj;jpw; nfhz;L epfo;j;jg;gLk;.

(a) jhdpa jhtuq;fs; (b) moq;fhuj; jhtuq;fs; (c) %ypifj; jhtuq;fs; (d) er;Rj; jhtuq;fs;

18 Mk; E}w;whz;bd; Kd;du; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gl;lJ. gad;dLj;JtJk; NkYk; GJf; $l;lq;fis ,izg;gJk; ,yF mq;fpfspd; $u;g;Gj; njhlu;Gfis ntspg;gLj;Jtjpy;iy. ,aw;if ,ilj;njhlu;Gfs; Gwf;fzpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ mt;thW jpWj;jkhf tFf;fg;gLtjpy;iy xU mq;fpf; $l;lj;ij vspa Kiwapy; ghFgLj;Jtjw;F rpwe;j Kiw eg: 1. ,ypNda]; jhtuq;fis G+tpd; Nfruq;fspd;

vz;zpf;ifapy; ghFgLj;jy;

2. tpyq;Ffis mtw;wpd; fhy;fspd; vz;zpf;ifapy; ghFgLj;jy;.

(a) ,U fhYs;s (b) ehd;F fhYs;s (c) MW fhYs;s (d) vl;Lf; fhYs;s

http://t.me/slphysicalandbio_2bot

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mq;fpfis ghFgLj;Jtjd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1. mq;fpfisg; gw;wp fw;gij ,yFthf;fp mq;fpfSf;Fupa ,ay;Gfis epidtpy; gjpf;Fk; Mw;wiy tpUj;jp nra;fpd;wJ.

2. mq;fpfSf;Fupa ,ay;Gfs; gw;wp vjpu;T$Wk; Mw;wiy kpjg;gLj;Jk;. 3. mq;fpfSf;fpilapyhd $u;g;Gj; njhlh;fis ntspg;gLj;Jfpd;wJ (,aw;if Kiw ghFghL) 4. GJ mq;fpnahd;iw fz;L gpbf;Fk; NghJ mij ,yFthf milasq;fz;L nfhs;s cjTk;. 5. xU ,dj;ij milahsk; fz;L mjid tpQ;Qhd uPjpapy; jdpj;Jtkgfg; ngaupLjypy; cjTk;.

ghFghl;Lj; njhFjpfs;

ntt;NtW fhyq;fspy; gy;NtW capupayhsu;fshy; mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl mq;fpfspd; ghFghl;L KiwfshFk; Muk;gj;jpy; Njhd;wpa mNef ghFghl;Lj; njhFjpfs; nraw;ifj; njhFg;Gfshf mike;jd. fhyg; Nghf;fpy; ,aw;if Kiw mwpKfkhfp ,aw;if njhFjpfs; Njhd;wpd. nraw;ifj; njhFg;Gfspy; ,zf;fq;fhl;lhj mq;fpfs; gy xd;whff; fhzg;gLtNjhL ,aw;if

njhFjpfspy; mit gpupf;fg;gl;bUf;Fk;. Aristotle

Kjd; Kjyhf> mq;fpfis tpQ;Qhd mbg;gilapy; ghFgLj;jpatuhtu;. ,tu; $u;g;Gj; njhlu;Gfisf; fUj;jpw; nfhs;shky; mq;fpfisf; $l;lq;fshfg; gpupj;jhu;. ,tu;; vy;yh mq;fpfisAk; ,uz;L $l;lq;fshfg; gpupj;jhu;..

1. Planate 2. Animalia

,tuJ ghFghl;Lg;gpupTfs; ahTk; nraw;ifj; njhFg;GfshFk;. mit $u;g;Gj; njhlu;gbg;gilapy; gpupf;fg;gltpy;iy. tpyq;Ffis mtu; NkYk; ,lg;ngau;r;rp Kiw, ,dg;ngUf;f Kiw , mbg;gilapYk;> nrq;FUjp ,Uj;jy; ,y;yhik mbg;gilapYk; cg tiffshfg; gpupj;jhu;;. ,tuJ njhFjpapy; fhzg;gl;l Fiwg;ghLfs;

a) mit nraw;if $l;lq;fshf ,Uj;jy; b) $u;g;Gj; njhlu;Gfis ntspg;gLj;jtpy;iy c) Ez;zq;fpfSf;F xU $l;lk; toq;fg;glhik

Theophrastus

mup];Nlhly; ,dJ khztu; xUtuhtu;. ,tu; jhtuq;fis NkYk; ghFgLj;jpdhu;. Njhw;wj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; jhtuq;fis 3 $l;lq;fshfg; gpupj;jhu;.

1. G+z;Lfs; 2. nrbfs; 3. kuq;fs; / tpUl;rk;

MA+l;fhyj;jpd; mbg;gilapy; jhtuq;fis 3 $l;lq;fshfg; gpupj;jhu;.

1. Mz;Lf;Fupait − gaW> ney; 2. <uhz;Lj; jhtuk; − gPw;W > Nfhth 3. gy;yhz;Lj; jhtuk; − kh> njd;id

,itahTk; nraw;iff; $l;lq;fshFk;. Carolus Linnaeus (1753)

Kjd; Kjyhfg; ghFg;ghl;Lg;gpupTfspd; Ml;rp epiu xOq;F xd;iw mjhtJ ghFghl;L kl;lq;fis mwpKfg;gLj;jpatuhtu;.

,tuJ ghFg;ghl;Lg;gpupTfSk; mtw;wpd; Ml;rp epiu xOq;Fk; / kl;lq;fSk;

,dk; Species

rhjp Genus

tUzk; Order

tFg;G

Class ,uhr;rpak; Kingdom


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Kjd; Kjyhf mq;fpfs; ahtw;iwAk; ,uz;L ,uhr;rpaq;fshfg; gpupj;jhu;.

kingdom: Plantae , kingdom: Animalia

G+q;Fj; jhtuq;fis (6000 jhtuq;fis) mtw;wpd; G+Tf;Fupa ,ay;Gfis gad;gLj;jp ( Nfruk;> Nahdp vd;gd) tUzq;fshf tFj;jhu;. vd;whYk; ,tuJ njhFjpfSk; nraw;ifj; njhFjpfshFk;.

Ernest Hackel (1986)

Kjd; Kjyhf Ez;zq;fpfSf;Fg; ghFghl;Lg;gpuptpid toq;fp 3 ,uhl;rpaj;njhFjp mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mq;fpfs; ahtw;iwAk; 3 ,uhr;rpaq;fspy; gpupj;jhu;.

kingdom: Plantae

kingdom: Animalia

kingdom: Protista

vy;yh Ez;zq;fpfSk; xU nraw;ifj; njhFg;ghf Protista ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; itf;fg;gl;ld. Ml;rp epiu mbg;gilapy; mikAk; ghFghl;Lg; gpupT ,w;F Kjd; Kjypy; Taxon / Taxa vd ngau; #l;batu;. Ml;rp epiuapy; fzk; (Phylum / Phyla ) vd;w kl;lj;ij Kjypy; Nru;;j;Jf; nfhz;ltuhtu;. Ml;rp epiu mbg;gilapy; mikAk; ghFghl;L tpQ;Qhdk; Taxonomy vd ngauplg;gl;lJ.

Robert Whittaker ( 1969 ) Kjd; Kjyhf Ie;J ,uhr;rpag; ghFg;ghl;il mwpKfk; nra;jtuhtu;. Kingdom : Plantae Kingdom : Animalia Kingdom : Protista Kingdom : Fungi Kingdom : Monera / Prokaryotae ,f;fl;lj;jpy; ,yj;jpud; EZf;ff;fhl;b fz;Lg;gpbf;fg;gl;bUe;jjdhy; mq;fpfs; Prokaryota,

Eukaryota vdg; gpupf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. Vw;fdNt Prokaryota f;fs; ahTk; Monera vDk; ,uhr;rpaj;jpDs; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. ,tu; Kjd;Kjyhf G+Q;rzq;fis Protista f;fspy; ,Ue;J Ntwhf;fp jdpahd Fungi ,uhr;rpaj;jpy; itj;jhu;. ,tuJ Ie;J ,uhr;;rpa Kiwia fl;bnaOg;g %d;W gpukhzq;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;lhu;;.

a. fy xOq;F - GNuhfupNahl;lhth , ,A+fupNahl;lhth vd;w xOq;F b. fyq;fspd; xOq;fikg;G - jdpf;fy mq;fpahf gyfy mq;fpahf gyfynkdpy; tpaj;jkile;jjh> ,y;iyah vd;gJ> c. Nghriz tif - mq;fp jw;Nghrzpah gpwNghrzpah gpwNghrzp vdpy; cl;nfhs;tdth my;yJ mfj;JwpQ;Rtdth vd;gJ.

,tuJ ghFghl;Lj; njhFjp XusT $u;g;Gj; njhlu;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L ,aw;if Kiwapy; mike;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ.

Carl Woese ( fhy; T+Nr – 1977 ) $u;g;Gj; njhlu;Gfis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L mq;fpfis ,aw;if Kiwapy; jpUj;jkhf ghFgLj;j Kad;Ws;shu;. kpf etPd ghFghl;Lj; njhFjpahd

,dk; Species

rhjp Genus

tUzk; Order

tFg;G


fzk; phylum


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3 Ngupuhr;rpa> 6 ,uhr;rpa njhFjpia ( 3 Domain , 6 Kingdom system ) mwpKfk; nra;jtu;. Domain vDk; Taxon I Kjypy; mwpKfk; nra;jtu;. mq;fpfspd; Njhw;wk;> $u;g;Gf; nfhs;iffs; vd;gtw;wpd; cjtpAld; etPd %yf;$w;W capupay; vz;zf;fUf;fis mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L vy;yh mq;fpfisAk; 3 Ngupuhr;;rpaq;fshfTk; 6 ,uhr;rpaq;fshfTk; tFf;fpd;whu;. ,tuJ gpukhzq;fshtd.

a. Kf;fpa guk;giu myFfspd; DNA %y xOq;F b. ,iokzpfspd; DNA c. ,iwNghNrhk; RNA ,d; %y xOq;F d. nghJthd Gujq;fspy; mkpNdhtkpy xOq;F e. fyf;$Wfspd; %yf;$w;W fl;likg;G Domains Kingdoms 1. Archaea - 1. Archaebacteria

2. Bacteria - 2. Bacteria 3. Eukarya - 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia

,q;F Protista xU nraw;iff; $l;lkhFk;. Vnddpy; mjpy; Protozoa f;ffSk; my;fhf;fSk; xd;;whfTs;sd.

ituRf;fs; ve;j ,uhr;rpaj;jpYk; cs;slf;fg;gltpy;iy. Vnddpy; mtw;wpy; fytikg;G ,y;iy. ituRf;fSk; xU nraw;iff; $l;lkhFk;.

Animalia Fungi Protista Plantae

Eukarya

Archaebacteria

Archaea

Bacteria

Bacteria

Mjpahd fyk;


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ghFghl;L Ml;rpepiu Ngupuhr;rpak; njhlf;fk; ,dk; tiuahd ghFghl;Lg; gpupTfspd; rpf;fw;jd;ikf;Fupa juq;fisf; Fwpf;Fk;. Caroleus Linneaus vd;gtuhy; Kjypy; mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Ml;rpepiuf;Fupa xj;j ,ay;Gs;s mq;fpfis xd;whf Nru;j;j ntt;NtW ghFghl;Lg;gpupTfs; taxon / taxa vd;W Kjypy; ngaupg;gl;Lj Ernest Hackle vd;gtuhy; MFk;. jw;nghOJ cs;s epiyapy; Taxon fspd; kl;lq;fs; vl;L MFk;. vl;L kl;lq;fSf;Fk; xU juKk; xU ngaUk; toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. mq;fpiag; nghUj;J ngau;fs; NtWgLk;. eg: fzk; : Chordata

vl;L kl;lq;fSf;Fk;; cupa juq;fSk; mtw;wpd; Ml;rp epiw tupirAk;

xU mq;fp ,dj;ijg; ghFgLj;Jk; NghJ xt;nthU kl;lj;jpw;Fk; xt;nthU ngau; nfhz;L tpgupf;fg;gLk;.

eg:- kdpjdpd; ghFghL juk; / Rank ngau; Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primata Family Hominidae Genus Homo Species Homo sapiens

xt;nthU kl;lj;ijAk; trjpf;fhf mt;tg;NghJ cg gpupTfshf tFj;Jf;nfhs;syhk;.

eg:- Sub – Class – cg tFg;G Super – Class – Nky; tFg;G Sub – Phylum – cg fzk; Sub – Species – Ngjk; / cg ,dk;

Ngupuhr;rpaj;jpypUe;J ,dj;ij Nehf;fp nry;Yk; NghJ xt;nthU kl;lj;jpYk; cs;s mq;fpfspd; nghJ ,ay;G / xw;Wikfs; mjpfupf;Fk; mNjNtis mq;fpfspd; vz;zpf;if FiwAfpd;wJ.

,dk; Species

rhjp Genus

tUzk; Order

tFg;G


fzk; phylum

Nhupuhr;rpak; Domain

mjpfupf;Fk; jpir

Domain

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

nghJ ,ay;Gfs;

mq;fpfspd; vz;zpf;if


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,dk; / Species 1. ,ilapdq;fye;J 2. tskhd vr;rq;fis jUtJk; 3. mNef nghJ ,ay;GfSilaJk; 4. rpwpa NtWghLfSilaJk; mq;fpfis cs;slf;fpa 5. ,aw;iff;Fupa Taxon 6. ,J ghFghl;Lg;gpupTfspd; mbg;gil myfhFk;. eg:- 1. cyfpYs;s vy;yh kdpju;fSk; _ Homo sapiens

2. vy;yh Mrpa ahidfSk; ( Asian Elephant ) _ Elephas maximus

rhjp / Genus

fpl;ba ,zf;fk; fhl;Lfpd;w mq;fp ,dq;fs; ,uz;L my;yJ gytw;wpd; xU njhFg;G. ,J XusT nraw;ifahdJ

eg:- Njhil , vOkpr;ir , GspNjhil Nghd;w ,dq;fs; ahTk; xd;whf Citrus vDk; rhjpapy; cs;slf;fg;gLk;. mq;fpfspd; ngauPL mq;fp ,dq;fis tpQ;Qhd uPjpapy; ngaupLtjhFk; Kjd; Kjyhf mq;fp ,dq;fis ngaupl vj;jdpj;jtu; Aristotle Mthu;. ,tu; gynrhw; ngauPl;L Kiw xd;iw mwpKfk; nra;jhu;. 18 k; E}w;whz;bd; gpd; ,k;Kiw epuhfupf;fg;gl;lJ. mj;Jld; ,d;Wk; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; cyfk; G+uhTk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;l ,Unrhw;ngauPl;L Kiw

mwpKfk; nra;ag;gl;lJ. mq;fp ,dq;fisg; ngaupLtjd; mtrpak; 1. xU ,dj;jpd; nghJg; ngau; ehl;bw;Nfw;gTk; nkhopfSf;Nfw;gTk; gy;NtW gLfpd;wJ. 2. tpQ;Qhd uPjpahd ngau; ru;tNjr uPjpapy; Vw;Wf;nfhs;sg;gl;l kuG / gpufldk; xd;whFk;. 3. vdNt ,dq;fis ru;tNjr kl;lj;jpy; ,yFthd milahsq;fhz cjTk;. ,Unrhw; ngauPL mq;fp ,dk; xd;iw mjw;Fupa rhjpg; ngaupdhYk;> ,dj;Jf;Fupa NtWgLj;jp ( specific epithet ) g; ngaupdhYk; ,U nrhw;fs; nfhz;L ngauply; Kjd; Kjypy; mwpKfQ; nra;jtu; - Carolus Linnaeus ( 1707 – 1778 ) Mthu;. rhjpg;ngau; xU ngau;r;nrhy;yhFk; ( noun ) ,dj;Jf;Fupa NtWgLj;jpg; ngau; nganur;rkhFk; ( adjective).

eg:- 1. Homo sapiens vd;Dk; ngaupy; Homo – kdpjidf; Fwpf;Fk; sapiens – Gj;jpf;$u;ik vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;. 2. Dipterocarpus zelanicus vd;Dk; ngaupy;

Dipterocarpus – ,uz;L rpwFs;s gok; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk; zelanicus – ,yq;ifapd; cz;zhl;Lf;FupaJ vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;.

3. Dipterocarpus grandiflora vd;Dk; ngaupy; Dipterocarpus – ,uz;L rpwFs;s gok; vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk;

grandiflora – ngupa G+ cila vd;gijf; Fwpf;Fk; fpl;ba ,zf;fKs;s gy ,dq;fSf;F nghJthd xU rhjpg;ngau; fhzg;gLk;.


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eg:- Phaseolus aureus – NghQ;rp / Beans Phaseolus mungo – ghrpg;gaW / Green gram ,U nrhw;ngauPl;bd; rl;lq;fs; / epajpfs; / tpjp Kiwfs; jhtuk;> tpyq;F , gw;wPupah , gq;fR ,

ituR vd;gtw;Wf;F rw;W NtWgLk;.

,Unrhw; ngauPl;bd; ru;tNjruPjpahd rl;lq;fs; jhtuk;> tpyq;F , gq;fR vd;gtw;wpw;fhd nghJthd tpjpKiwfshtd

1. xU ,dj;Jf;Fupa ngau; Fwpg;gpl;l ,dj;Jf;F khj;jpuk; jdpj;Jtkhf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;

mjhtJ ,uz;L ,dq;fSf;F xNu ngau; ,Uf;f KbahJ ( xU ,dj;Jf;F xd;Wf;F Nkw;gl;l ngau;fs; ,Uf;fyhk;)

2. xU ,dk; mjd; rhjpg;ngaiuf; nfhz;Lk; ,dj;jpw;Fupa NtWgLj;jpg; ngaiuf; nfhz;Lk; ,U

nrhw;fspy; vOjNtz;Lk;. ,uz;Lk; Nru;e;J mt;tpdj;jpd; tpQ;Qhdg;ngaiuf; Fwpf;Fk;.

3. nrhw;fs; ,uz;Lk; cNuhkd; / Mq;fpy tuptbtj;jhy; vOjg;gl;l ,yj;jPd; nkhopr; nrhw;fshf ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;;.

4. mr;Rg;gjpT nra;ag;gLk; NghJ rupthd vOj;Jf;fshfTk; ( Italics ) ifahy; vOjg;gLk; NghJ fPo;Nfhblg;gl;Lk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 5 rhjpg;ngaupd; Muk;g vOj;J khj;jpuk; ngupa ( Capital ) vOj;jhfTk;> ,dj;Jf;Fupa NtWgLj;jpg; ngau; ahTk; rpwpa vOj;jpYk; ( simple ) ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk;. 6. ,dj;ij fz;Lgpbj;J Fwpg;gpl;l ngaiu ,l;l tpQ;Qhdpapd; ngaNuh ngaupd; RUf;fk;

my;yJ Kjy; vOj;Njh ,Wjpapy; ngupa vOj;jpy; Fwpg;gplg;gl Ntz;Lk;. ,r;nrhy;iy ,yj;jPd; gLj;jf;$lhJ. rupthf mr;Rg;gjpT nra;ag;gLtJkpy;iy. eg: Cocos nucifera L. ( Linn. / Linnaeus )

7. Njitg;gl;lhy; cg ,dk; / Ngjk; / tu;f;fj;ijf; Fwpf;f %d;whtJ nrhy; xd;W Nru;f;fg;glyhk;. eg: Panthera pardus kotiya ( ,yq;ifr; rpWj;ij)

xU ,dj;jpd; rhjpg;ngaiu khj;juk; RUf;fkhf vOjyhk; Mdhy;> ,dj;Jf;Fupa NtWgLj;jpg; ngaiu jdpNa vOjKbahJ.

eg:- Citrus sp. , Dipterocarpus sp.

ituRf;fy; / Viruses

ituRf;fspd; fl;likg;Gk; gy;tifikAk ; mq;fpfSf;Fk; capuw;w rlg;nghUs;fSf;Fkpilapy; xU ,izg;ghf mikAk; fykw;w mq;fpfs; Prokaryota my;yJ Eukaryota mikg;G ,y;iy. mjPj Jzpf;iffshFk;. mjhtJ ,yj;jpud; EZf;Ff;fhl;bf;Fupait. mtw;wpd; gUkd; 20 nm – 300 nm tPr;rpy; mikAk;. ruhrupg;gUkd; 100 nm MFk;. vy;yh ituRf;fSk; epA+f;spf;fkpy mfzp (core) xd;iwAk; mij #o mikAk; Gujj;jhyhd fg;rpl; (Capsid) vd;Dk; #Oiw ( coat ) xd;iwAKilaJ. fg;rpl; MdJ Fwpj;j vz;zpf;ifAs;s Guj %yf;$Wfshd capsomere vd;Dk; myFfshy; Mf;fg;gl;lJ.


8

gpwg;Gupikg; gjhu;j;jkhf epA+f;spf;fkpyk; DNA I my;yJ RNA I khj;jpuk; cilaJ. epA+f;spf;fkpyq;fspd; guk;gy; ituR tiff;Nfw;g NtWgLk;.

(a) jhtu ituRf;fs; – mNefkhdit RNA cilad. xU rpytw;wpy; DNA cz;L. ,it jhtuq;fspy; xl;Lz;zpahf thOk;.

eg: RNA ituR – Gifapiy rpj;jputbt ituR ( TMV) (b) tpyq;F ituRf;fs; – DNA my;yJ RNA cilad. ,it tpyq;Ffspy; xl;Lz;zpahf thOk;. eg: DNA ituR – Herpes simplex , Adeno Virus RNA ituR – HIV, Influenza Virus , Rabies Virus (c) gw;wPupah ituRf;fs; / gw;wPupah tpOq;fpfs; – DNA my;yJ RNA cilad. ,it gw;wPupahf;fspy; xl;Lz;zpahf thOk;. eg: DNA ituR – T- 4

mNef ituRf;fspy; fg;rpl; ftrj;jpDs; xd;W my;yJ gy tif nehjpaq;fs; cz;L. mNefkhf nghypkNuR nehjpak; fhzg;gLk;.

1. RNA – nghypkNuR – DNA I RNA Mf khw;wpnaOjg; gad;gLj;Jk;. 2. DNA – nghypkNuR – DNA jw;gfu;g;gpy; gad;gLj;Jk;

rpy RNA ituRf;fspy; khj;jpuk; Reverse Transcriptase nehjpak; fhzg;gLk;. ,it Retro virus vdg;gLk;. eg: HIV ( Reverse Transcriptase nehjpak; RNA I DNA Mf khw;wpnaOJk;.) rpy ituRf;fs; khj;jpuk; kpf ntspGwkhf gy;ngh];Nghypg;gpl;L ciw (Envelope) xd;iwf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. eg: Retro virus ( HIV )

rpy ituR ciwfs; fpisf;Nfhg;Guj;jhy; Md MzpAUf;fisf; ( spike ) nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ituRf;fspy; gy tpjkhd ,ypg;gpl;L tiffSz;L

(a) ngh];Nghypg;gpl;L (b) fpisf;Nfhypg;gpl;L (c) nfhOg;gkpyk;

fg;rpl; ciwapd; rkr;rPu; mbg;gilapy; ,uz;L cUt tbtq;fs; cz;L. 1. Icosahedral 2. Helical – RUspAUthd

fg;rpl; #Oiw

epA+f;fpspf;fkpy mfzp

gy;ngh];nghypg;gpl;L ciw

MzpAU


9

Icosahedral tbtk; ,UgJ Kfq;fSila gd;Kfp tbtk;. gspq;FUthdJ. ciwAilajhfNth my;yJ ciwaw;wjhfNth ,Uf;Fk;.

Helical – RUsp tbtk;

RUspAUthd my;yJ cUis tbitf; fhl;Lk; ciwAilajhfNth my;yJ ciwaw;wjhfNth ,Uf;Fk;.

Complex Virus / rpf;fyhd ituR

Icosahedral kw;Wk; Helical Mfpa ,U fl;likg;GfisAk; xd;whff; nfhz;l ituRf;fs; Icosahedral jiy xd;iwAk; Helical thy; xd;iwAk; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. ,tw;wpw;F Nkyjpfkhf Kl;fs; cila mbj;jl;L xd;iwAk; , Guj thy; ehu;fisAk; cilad. ,it ciwaplg;gltpy;iy eg: gw;wPupak; tpOq;fp / Bacteriophage – T- 4

Helical

Icosahedral

With Envelope

Viruses

Helical

Without Envelope Without Envelope With Envelope

eg:- 1. HIV

2. Herpes simplex

eg:- Adeno Virus

( jbkd; ituR ) 2. Herpes

simplex

eg:- 1. Influenza virus

2. Rabies Virus

2. Herpes simplex

eg:- TMV


10

Gifapiy rpj;jputbt itu]; / TMV


11

kdpj epu;gPld Fiwghl;L ituR / HIV

Reverse transcriptase nehjpak;

RNA ,ul;il ,io

Capsid

MzpAU

,ypg;gpl;L ciw

Rabies Virus

Herpes simplex Virus


12

Retro Virus

1. rpy RNA ituRf;fs; MFk;.

2. ,itahTk; ciwaplg;gl;lit

3. ngUk;ghyhdit tpyq;F ituRf;fshFk;

4. ,tw;wpd; mfzpapy; / cs;sfj;jpy; Revers Transcriptase vDk; jdp rpwg;ghd nehjpak;

fhzg;gLk;.

5. ,tw;wpy; RNA ,iofs; ,uz;L fhzg;gLk;

6. tpUe;J toq;fpf; fyj;jpDs; ,it jdJ rpwg;ghd nehjpaj;ijg; gad;gLj;jp RNA

apypUe;J DNA Ij; njhFf;Fk;.

7. ,t;thW Njhd;Wk; DNA %yf;$W tpUe;J toq;fpf; fyj;jpd; DNA %yf;$w;Wld;

,izf;fg;gl;L rpwpJ fhyk; cwq;F epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;.

8. gpd;du; rLjpahf capu;g;ghf;fg;gl;L ituRf;Fj; Njitahd m-RNA %yf;$iw cUthf;Fk;.

eg:- 1. HIV 2. Hepatitis B

DNA ituRf;fs; jdf;Fj; Njitahd DNA %yf;$Wfis tpUe;J toq;fpf; fyj;jpDs; Neubahfj; jw;gfu;g;gpd; %yk; njhFj;Jf; nfhs;Sk;.

Retro Virus my;yhj Vida RNA ituRfs; tpUe;J toq;fp fyj;jpd; DNA apd; cjtpapdhy; jdf;Fj; Njitahd RNA %yf;$Wfisj; njhFj;Jfnfhs;Sk; - ,tw;wpd; RNA ia epug;Gfpd;w %y xOq;fpdhyhd DNA ,iog; gFjp xd;W mjd; tpUe;J toq;fpapd; epw%u;j;jj;jpy; fhzg;gLk;.

ituRf;fspd; ,ay;Gfs; ituRf;fspd; Nghriz

1. gpioj;J tho;tjw;F ve;jnthU NghrizAk; mtrpakpy;iy. vdNt tpUe;J toq;fpf;

fyj;Jf;F ntspNa xU capuw;w Jzpf;if Nghd;W cwq;F epiyapy; fhzg;gLk;.

2. Mdhy; mDNrgk; nra;Ak; tpUe;J toq;fpf; fyj;jpDs; jdJ tho;f;if tl;lj;ij

epiwthf;Ftjw;F tpUe;J toq;fpapypUe;J NghriziaAk; rf;jpiaAk; ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;.

3. ,f; fl;lj;jpy; ,it gpwNghrzp xd;whfTk; fyj;jf fl;Lg;gl;l xl;Lz;zp xd;whfTk;

nraw;gLk;.

4. capu; fyj;jpd; Gujj;njhFg;Gj;njhFjpfisAk; ( ,iwNghNrhk; ) rf;jp gpwg;gpf;Fk;

njhFjpfisAk; gad;gLj;jp jdJ Gujq;fisAk; epA+f;fpspf;fkpyq;fisAk; njhFj;Jf;nfhs;fpd;wd.

ituRf;fspd; thoplKk; njhw;WjYk;

1. capu;f; Nfhsj;jpy; vy;yh thoplq;fspYk; gue;J fhzg;gLk;

2. ePu;> kz;> tsp Nghd;w capuw;w Clfq;fspy; thOk; NghJ ,dg;ngUf;fkilahJ.

3. jhtuk;, tpyq;F, Ez;zq;fp / gw;wPupah vd;gtw;iw njhw;Wtjd; %yk; ,dg;ngUf;fkilAk;.

4. ,it G+r;rpfs; %yk; , ePu; %yk; my;yJ cly; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s fhaq;fs; %yk;

njhw;Wfpd;wd.


13

eg: Gifapiy rpj;jputbt ituR − cly; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s fhaq;fs; %yk;

tpyq;F tpru; ituR / Rabies Virus − cly; Nkw;gug;gpy; cs;s fhaq;fs; %yk;.

nlq;F ituR − G+r;rpfs; %yk;

NghypNah ituR − ePu; %yk; Ma;T $lj;jpy; ituRf;fis tsu;j;jy;

1. kdpjdpd; Ma;TfSf;fhf Ntz;b Ma;T $lj;jpy; nraw;ifahf ituRf;fs; tsu;f;fg;gLk;.

2. ,it fl;Lg;gl;l xl;Lz;zp vd;wgbahy; capUs;s tsu;g;G+lfq;fspy; mjhtJ rpwg;ghd

,ioa tsu;g;G+lfq;fspy; khj;jpuNk ngUf;fkilAk;.

3. mNdf tpyq;F ituRf;fs; milf;fhf;fg;gLk; Nfhop Kl;ilapd; tpUj;jpahFk;

FQ;R Kisaj;jpy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.

4. jhtu ituRf;fs; jhtu ,ioa tsu;g;Gfspy; tpUj;jp nra;ag;gLk;.

ituRf;fspd; tho;f;if tl;lk; / ,dg;ngUf;fk;. gw;wPupak; tpOq;fp xd;wpd; gFg;G tl;lk; ( Lytic cycle of Bacteriophage ) gpujhd gbfs;

1. Gwj;JwpQ;ry;

2. CLnry;Yjy;

3. njhFg;G

4. Nrfupj;jYk; xOq;F gLj;jYk;

5. gFg;G Gwj;JwpQ;ry; / Adsorption

T – 4 ituRj; Jzpf;if tpUe;J toq;fpahd gw;wPupah gjpaf;fyj;jpd; Nkw;gug;gpy; fhzg;gLk;

thq;fpAld; ,izfpd;wJ.

,t;thW ituRj; Jzpf;iffs; gw;wPupah fyj;jpdhy; Gwj;JwpQ;rg;gLfpd;wJ. CLnry;Yjy; / Penetrating

ituRj; Jzpf;ifapd; thy; ehu;fs; RUq;Ftjdhy; mit tpUe;J toq;fpf;fyj;jpdhy;

gw;wg;gl;L fyk; Jisaplg;gLk;.

,t;thW Njhd;Wk; thapy;fshy; ituR DNA / Genome kw;Wk; mtw;wpd; nehjpaq;fs; tpUe;J

toq;fpf; fyj;Jf;Fs; nrYj;jg;gLk;.

njhFg;G / Synthesis

itu]; ,dJ DNA jw;gfu;g;gile;J Vuhskhd xj;j gpujpfs; Njhd;Wk;.

,q;F mjw;fhf tpUe;J toq;fpapd; %yg;nghUl;fisAk; mDNrg rf;jpiaAk; ( ATP ) jdJ

DNA Polymerase nehjpaj;ijAk; gad;gLj;Jk;.

NkYk; itu]; ,w;Fj; Njitahd Guj %yf;$Wfs; njhFf;fg;gLk;.

,jpy; tpUe;Jtoq;fpapd; fy cgfuzq;fs; ( Ribosomes ) %yg;nghUs; ( Amino Acids ) kw;Wk;


14

ATP gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

jdJ RNA Polymerase nehjpaq;fisAk; gad;gLj;Jk;.

gFg;G nehjpak; xd;iw cw;gj;jp nra;J tpUe;J toq;fp DNA I epA+fpspNahiul;Lfshf

ePu;g;gFg;gilar;nra;J mopf;Fk;.

Nrfupj;jYk; xOq;F gLj;jYk; / Assembly & Packaging DNA %yf;$iwAk; Polymerase nehjpaq;fisAk; #o Gujj;jpdhy; Capsid cUthf;fg;gLk;. ,t;thW DNA Gujj;jhy; #og;gl;L itu]; Jzpf;iffs; Njhd;Wk;.

gFg;G / Lysis gw;wPupah fyk; itu]; Jzpf;iffshy; epuk;gptpLk;. ,f;fl;lj;jpy; gw;wPupah fyk; rpijtile;J mit ntspNaw;wg;gLk;. RahjPdkhd itu]; GJ gw;wPupah fyj;jpidj; jhf;Fk;.


15

itu]; mq;fpfSf;Fk; capuw;w rlg;nghUs;fSf;Fkpilapy; xU ,izg;ghf mikAk; 1. itu]; fhz;gpf;Fk; capuw;w ,ay;Gfs; 1. fykpy; mikg;GilaJ 2. iturpidg; gspq;fhf;fyhk; 3. gpioj;jpUf;f Nghriz Njitapy;iy 4. gpioj;Jtho ePu;> ATP Njitapy;iy 5. RahjPd mDNrgk; ,y;iy 6. tsu;r;rp tpaj;jk; ,y;iy . 7. cWj;Jzu;r;rp mw;wit

8. RahjPdkhf mirahJ 9. tajhjYf;Fs;shfhJ 10. kuzk;, MAl;fhyk; ,y;iy. 2. itu]; fhz;gpf;Fk; capUf;Fupa ,ay;Gfs;

1. Gujj;ij nfhz;bUf;Fk;

2. epA+f;spf; mkpyj;ijf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;

3. ,ypg;gpl;Lf;fisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;

4. ,dg;ngUf;fkilAk;

5. tpfhuq;fs; Vw;gLk;

6. khwy;fs; Vw;gl;L $u;g;G epfOk; 3. itu]; fhz;gpf;Fk; tpNrl ,ay;Gfs;

jdJ fl;likg;gpy; RNA my;yJ DNA If; nfhz;bUj;jy;

ituRf;fspd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ed;ikfs;

1. DNA kPsr;Nru;jy; njhopy;El;gj; Jiwapy; guk;giu myFf; fhtpahf ituRfspd; rPNdhk;

gad;gLk;.

2. G+r;rp gPilfis fl;Lg;gLj;Jtjw;F capupay; gPil ehrpdpfshf itu]; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;.

eg:- njd;idapy; fUtz;L fl;Lg;ghL

3. tpfhuj;jpd; %yk; G+f;fspd; ftu;r;rpia mjpfupf;fr; nra;Ak;

eg:- Tulip G+ cw;gj;jp jPikfs;

1. kdpjdpy; gy;NtW njhw;W Neha;fis Vw;gLj;Jk;.

eg:- AIDS, Dengue, Chikun Gunya, Hepatitis

2. kdpjdpy; Gw;WNehia Vw;gLj;Jk;.

3. gapu;fspYk; tpyq;FfspYk; njhw;W Nehia Vw;gLj;Jtjd; %yk; tptrhaj;jpYk; tpyq;F

Ntshd;ikapYk; el;lj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;

eg:- TMV, CMV, gg;ghrp rpj;jpu tbt Neha;


16

Kjd; Kjypy; itui] fz;Lgpbj;;jtu; − Iwanosky

Kjd; Kjypy; fz;Lgpbffg;gl;l itu]; − TMV

itui] Kjypy; gspq;fhf;fpatu; − Stanely

gw;wPupak; tpOq;fp itui] fz;Lgpbj;jtu; − Twort & Herelle

Domain: Archaea Domain : Bacteria Domain : Eukarya

1. Prokaryota mq;fpfs; Prokaryota mq;fpfs; Eukaryota mq;fpfs;

2. fyr;Rtu; Gujk;> gy;NtW

gyrf;fiul;Lfshy; MdJ

Peptidoglycan fyr;Rtu; gy;NtWgl;l gyrf;fiul;Lfs; cilaJ.

3. fynkd;rt;T fpisj;j

rq;fpypAila ,ypg;gpl;L ,dhy; MdJ.

fpisfyw;w ,ypg;gpl;L cilaJ fpisfyw;w ,ypg;gpl;L cilaJ

5. Streptomycin , Chloramphenicol

Nghd;w rhjhuz Ez;Zapu;

nfhy;ypfSf;F czu;r;rp mw;wit (vjpu;g;Gs;sit )

czu;r;rpAs;sit (vjpu;g;gw;wit mtw;wpdhy; mopf;fg;gLk;.)

nghJthd Ez;Zapu; nfhy;ypfSf;F czu;r;rpaw;wit.

( vjpu;g;Gs;sit )

6. Gujj;njhFg;G Methionine ,dhy; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.

Formyl Methionine ,y; Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;.

Methionine ,y; Gujj;njhFg;G Muk;gpf;fg;gLk;

7. RNA Polymerase gy tiffSz;L

xUtif kl;Lk; cz;L gytifAz;L

8. nkd;rt;thy; #og;gl;l Gd;dq;fk; ,y;iy

nkd;rt;thy; #og;gl;l Gd;dq;fk; ,y;iy

nkd;rt;thy; #og;gl;l Gd;dq;fk; cz;L

9. kpfTk; fLikahd ( Extreme)

rhjfkw;w #ow; nwhFjpfspy; kl;Lk; thOk;

1. vupkiyf; Fopfs;

2. nte;ePu;&w;Wfs;

3. cg;Gr; Nrw;Wepyk;

gy; NtWgl;l #ow;nwhFjpfspy; thOk;

gy; NtWgl;l #ow;nwhFjpfspy; thOk;

eg:-1. Thermococcus

2. Methanococcus

4. Methanobacterium

5. Halobacterium

eg: 1. gr;ir – S – Bacteria

2. Cjh – S – Bacteria

3. Cyanobacteria ( ePyg;gr;ir )

eg: 1. GNuhb];Lfs;

(GNuhl;lNrhth, my;fh)

2. gq;fRf;fs;

3. jhtuq;fs;

4. tpyq;Ffs;


17

,uhr;rpak; ,ay;Gfs;

Archaebacteria Prokaryota xOq;fikg;Gila jdpf;fy> jw;Nghrzp or mfj;JwpQ;Rk; gpwNghrzp

Bacteria Prokaryota jdpf;fyk; or gyfy tpaj;jkilahj jw;Nghrzp or mfj;JwpQ;Rk; gpwNghrzp

Protista Eukaryota Tf;Fupa jdpf;fy or gy fy tpaj;jkilahj gpwNghrzp or cl;nfhs;Sk; gpwNghrzp

Fungi Eukaryota Tf;Fupa jdpf;fy or gy fy tpaj;jkilahj mfj;JwpQ;Rk; gpwNghrzp

Plantae Eukaryota Tf;Fupa gyfy ngUk;ghYk; tpaj;jkile;j ngUk;ghYk; jw;Nghrzp

Animalia Eukaryota gy fy tpaj;jkile;j cl;nfhs;Sk; gpwNghrzp

Archaebacteria 1. Thermococcus 2. Methanococcus and Methanobacterium


18

4. Halobacterium

gw;wPupahf;fs; / Bacteria

1. GNuhfupNahw;wh mq;fpfs;

2. xspj; jw;Nghrdz , ,urhadj; jw;Nghrdz my;yJ gpwNghrdzf;Fupa mq;fpfs;

3. ,af;fkw;w ( rTf;FKisaw;w ) my;yJ ,af;fKs;s ( rTf;FKisAs;s ) mq;fpfs;

4. jdpf;fy mq;fpfs; jdpj;J my;yJ rKjhakhf thOk;.

5. ,U$w;Wg; gpsT %yk; fyk; fyg;gpupT milAk;.

6. fynkd;rt;T ghap rpj;jputbt mikg;GilaJ.

7. fyr;Rtu; ngg;ilNlhfpisf;fd; cilaJ

8. fy,iwNghNrhk; GujKk; RNA nghypkNuRTk; ,A+fupNahw;whtpypype;J NtWgLk;.

9. rpy iejurd; gjpf;Fk; Mw;wy; cilad. eg: Rhizobium, Clostridium , Azotobator

10. rpy xd;wpathopfshFk;. eg: Rhizobium – mtiuj;jhtuk; Eg: Coccus , Bacillus

gw;wPupahf;fspd; cUttpay; tbtq;fSk; mtw;wpd; xOq;fikg;Gk;

gw;wPupahf; fyq;fs; gpujhd 3 mbg;gil tbtq;fis nfhz;bUf;Fk; 1. Coccus – NfhsTUthd 2. Bacillus – NfhYUthd 3. Spirillum – RUspAUthd

RUspAUthdit ( spirillum ) NkYk; %d;W tifg;gLk;


19

a) Vibrio – Comma tbtk; b) Spirilla

c) Spirochaete

Coccus, Bacillus vd;gd rKjhakhf fyq;fs; gy;NtW tbtpy; xOq;FgLj;jg;gLk; Coccus ,d; rKjha tbtq;fs;

1. Diplococci – xU fyk; xU jsj;jpy; xU Kiw khj;jpuk; gpuptjdhy; Njhd;Wk; ,uz;L fyq;fs;. 2. Tetracocci / Tetrad – xU fyk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,U jsq;fspy;; xt;nthU Kiw khj;jpuk; gpuptjdhy; Njhd;Wk; xU jsj;jpy; mikAk; ehd;F

fyq;fs;. 3. Streptococci – xU fyk; xNu jsj;jpy; gy Kiwfs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gpuptjdhy; Njhd;Wk; tupirapy; mike;j fyq;fs;.

4. Sarcinae – xU fyk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W nrq;Fj;jhd ,U jsq;fspy;; ,t;tpU Kiwfs; gpuptjdhy; Njhd;Wk; rJuj;jpy; mike;j vl;Lf; fyq;fs;

5. Staphylococci – fyq;fs; gy jsq;fspy; xOq;fpd;wp kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W

gpuptjdh Njhd;Wk; gy fyj;jpzpT


20

Bacillus ,d; rKjha tbtq;fs;

1. Diplobacilli – xU fyk; xU jsj;jpy; xU Kiw khj;jpuk; gpuptjdhy; Njhd;Wk; ,uz;L fyq;fs;. 2. Streptobacilli – xU fyk; xNu jsj;jpy; gy Kiwfs; kPz;Lk; kPz;Lk; gpuptjdhy; Njhd;Wk; tupirapy; mike;j fyq;fs;.


21

gw;wPupah mftpj;jpfs;

1. rhjfkw;w #oy; epge;jidfis jg;gp capu;tho;tjw;fhf> rpy gw;wPupahf; fyq;fs; cUthf;Fk; cwq;Fepiy myFfs;. 2. ,it ,dg;ngUf;f myFfs; my;y Vnddpy; ,jdhy; mtw;wpd; vz;zpf;if mjpfupg;gjpy;iy 3. cau; ntg;gk;> fLq;Fspu;> mjPj pH ngWkhdq;fs; mftpj;jpAUthf;fisj; J}z;Lk; 4. mftpj;jpfs; fyr;RtupDs; KjYU RUq;fp KjYUit #o xU ftrj;ij cUthf;Ftjhy;

Njhd;Wk;. eg:- 1. Clostridium sp 2. Bacillus sp 5. mNdf Nehahf;fpfs; tpj;jpAUthf;Ftjpy;iy. vdNt ePiu nfhjpf;fitf;Fk; NghJ mit mopAk;.

tpj;jpr;Rtu;


22 Plasmid

gw;wPupah ,dg;ngUf;fk;.

1. ,ypq;fkpy; Kiw 2. ,ypq;fKiw

,ypq;fkpy; Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;

mNdf gw;wPupahf;fspy; ,U $w;Wg; gpsT Kiw khj;jpuk; fhzg;gLk;. xU rpytw;wpy; NtW rpy Kiwfs; fhzg;gLk;. eg: mUk;Gjy;

,U $w;Wg;gpsT / gpsg;G

1. gjpaf;fyk; vspa fyg;gpuptpdhy; gpuptile;j jha;f;fyj;ijnahj;j Gjpa ,U kfl;fyq;fis cUthf;Fk; epfo;r;rp 2. rhjfkhd #oypy; kl;Lk; ,it ,t;thW ngUf;fyilAk;. 3. mNdfkhdit xt;nthU 20 epkplj;Jf;Fk; ,t;thW 2, 4, 8, 16 …….. vd;w klf;if Kiwapy; ngUfp xU ehspy; kpy;ypad; fyq;fs; Njhd;Wk;.

,ypq;fKiw ,dg;ngUf;fk;

1. ,izjy; %yk; epfOk;. 2. xU rpy gw;wPupahf;fspy; khj;jpuk; fhzg;gLk;. eg:- Escherichia coli 2. ,tw;wpy; +, − vd Ngjq;fs; ,uz;L fhzg;gLk;. 3. + gjpaf;fyk; g;sh];kpl;Lf;fis cila NghJk; − gjpaf;fyk; mtw;iwf; nfhz;buhJ. 4. + gjpaf;fyk; − gjpaf;fyk; neUq;fptUk;NghJ mtw;wpd; gpyp ( Pili ) %yk; xd;Nwhnlhd;W ,ize;J nfhs;fpd;wd. 4. ,t;thW Njhd;Wk; KjYUg; ghyj;jpd; Clhf Plasmind DNA ,dJ gpujpnahd;W .

+ gjpaf;fyj;jpypUe;J − gjpaf;fyj;jpw;F toq;fg;gLk;. 6. gpd;du; fyq;fs; gpupe;J nrd;W ,U$w;Wg;gpstpdhy; ngUf;fyilAk;. 7. ,t;thW Njhd;Wk; fyq;fs; ngw;whupypUe;J NtWgLk;. 8. ,q;F xLf;fw;gpupT , fUf;fl;ly; , Gzupfs; vd;gd ,y;iy.


23

Cyanobacteria / ePyg;gr;irfs;;

1. ahTk; GNuhfupNahw;wh mq;fpfs; 2. ahTk; xspj;jw;Nghrizf;Fupa mq;fpfs;. ePyg;gr;ir epwKilait. xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUl;fs; (a) FNshnuhgpy; - a (b) igf;Nfhradpd; ( ePy epwk; ) 3. mNefkhdit jdpf;fy mikg;Gilad. rpy gyfytikg;Gilad. jdpf;fy mq;fpfs; jdpj;J

my;yJ rKjhakhf thOk;. gyfy mq;fpfs; rspaj;jhy; #og;gl;l ePz;l ,ioAUthd mikg;G tiu xOq;fikg;gpy; ghupa NtW ghLfis cilad.

4. ,af;fkw;w ( gprpu; / rTf;FKisaw;w ) mq;fpfs;. Mdhy; ,ioAUthd mq;fpfs; tOf;Fk; mirT xd;iwf; fhzgpf;fpd;wd. xspAs;s NghJ xspj;jpirf;F efUk;. eg: Lyngbya

5. rpy iejurd; gjpf;Fk; Mw;wy; cila gy;ypdrpiwg;igfs; cilad.. eg: Anabaena / Nostoc

6. rpy xd;wpathopfshFk;. eg: Protozoa cld; , Fungi cld; ( Lichen tbtpy; ) , cau;jhtuq;fs; cld;

7. rpy mirtpypfs; ( Akinete ) vDk; cau; ntg;gepiy ,tul;rp vd;gtw;iw vjpu;f;Fk; jbj;j RtUs;s Xa;T tpj;jp fis cw;gj;jp nra;fpd;wd. eg: Anabaena / Nostoc

8. ,dg;ngUf;fk; ,ypq;fkpy; Kiwapy; khj;jpuk; epfOk;. jdpf;fy cUg;gpdu;fs; vspa fyg;gpupT Kiwapy; ,U$w;Wg; gpsT %yKk; ,,ioAUthdit Jz;lhjy; %yKk; ,dg;ngUf;fk; milAk;.

9. kz;, ed;ePu;, fly;, vd;gtw;wpy; gue;J thOk;. rpy cWg;gpdu;fs; ntg;gehbfs; MFk;. ,it fLikahd nte;ePu; Cw;Wf;fspy; thOk;. nraw;if #oy;fshd kyry$lq;fspd; rhe;J G+rg;gl;l Rtu;fs;, rPnke;Jj; jiufs; Nghd;w <uypg;ghd Nkw;gug;GfspYk; thOk;.

10. kz;zpYk; rPnke;Jj; jiufspYk; fhzg;gLk; tOf;Fk; jd;ikAs;s ePyg;gr;irg; gbTfshff; fz;L nfhs;syhk;.

gjpaf; fl;likg;G 1. jdpf;fytikg;Gilait eg:- 1. Mycrocystis

rspa Clfj;jpy; rKjhakhf thOk; khRgl;l ePupy; ed;F tsUk;;. fly; , ed;dPu;; , jiu thoplq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;

eg:- 2. Spirulina

jdpj;jdpahf thOk;. khRglhj J}a ePupy; thOk;. ed;dPu;; thoplq;fspy; fhzg;gLk; kdpjdpd; jdpf;fyg; Guj czT ( SCP )


24

2. gyfytikg;Gila ,ioAUthdit eg:- 1. Anabaena / Nastoc

rspa Clfj;jpy; rKjhakhf thOk; khRglhj J}a ePupy; thOk; fly; , ed;dPu;; , jiu thoplq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;. N2 epiyehl;Lk; gy;ypdrpiwg;igfs; cilaJ. rhjfkw;w #oy;fspy; mirtpypfis ( akenete ) cw;gj;jp nra;J Xa;tilAk;.

gjpaf;fyk; - xspj;njhFg;G %yk; czit njhFf;Fk; gy;ypdrpiwg;ig - tspkz;ly N2 I epiyehl;Lk;. mjw;fhd Nitrogenase nehjpaj;jf; nfhz;bUf;Fk;. mirtpyp - jfhj fhyjj;jpy; cwq;F epiyapy; ,Uf;Fk; Xa;T tpj;jpfs;. jbj;j Rtu; xd;iwAk; mjpfsT Nrkpg;GzitAk; cilad. eg:- 2 . Lyngbya / Oscillatoria

jdpj; jdpahf thOk;. khRgl;l ePupy; ed;F tsUk; fly; , ed;dPu;; , jiu thoplq;fspy; fhzg;gLk;.

gy;ypdrpiwg;ig

mirtpyp

gjpaf;fyk;


25

,dg;ngUf;fk;

Kiwfs;

cjhuzk;

,U $w;Wg; gpsT

1. Microcystis 2. Spirulina

Jz;lhf;fs;

1. Anabaena 2. Oscillatona 3. Lyngbya

Homogonium %yk; Xupd tpj;jp / rq;fpypg;gpwg;Gfs;

%yk; Oscillatoria / Lyngbya

raNdhgw;wPupahf;fypd; nghUshjhu Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

1. rKj;jpu , ed;dPu; #ow;nwhFjpfspy; jhtug;gpshj;jd;fspd; Kf;fpa $whf mike;J xspr;rf;jpia

epiyehl;b kdpjDf;F gadhf cs;s fly; kPd;fspd; czthf mikAk;.

2. rpy ,dq;fs; kdpjDf;F Guj Kjyhd Neubahfg; gad;gLk; ( SCP ) eg: Spirulina

3. kz;zpy; N2 I epiyehl;b tptrha kz;iz tskhf;Fk; eg: Anabaena / Nostoc

4. rpwpa Njf;fq;fspy; Ntfkhfg; ngUfp ew;Nghrizahf;fs; vDk; khRgl;l epiyia Vw;gLj;jp

nghUshjhu el;lj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk;. eg: Microcystis / Oscillatoria

5. ew;Nghrizahf;fis mwptjw;Ff; fhl;bahfg; gad;gLk;. eg: Microcystis

Bacteria Cyanobacteria

ahTk; jdpf;fy mikg;Gilit jdpf;fyk; my;yJ ePz;l ,ioAUthd gyfy mikg;G

Lyngbya - Homogonium

Oscillatoria - Homogonium


26

mNdfkhdit rKjhaq;fshf thOk; rpy rKjhaq;fshf thOk;

,af;fkw;w my;yJ ,af;fKs;s mq;fpfs; ,af;fKs;sit xd;W my;yJ gy rTf;FKisfisf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk;

ve;jnthU fl;lj;jpYk; rTf;FKis / gprpu; Njhd;whJ. Mdhy; ,ioAUthdit tpN~l tOf;Fk; mirT ( gliding movement ) xd;iw fhl;Lk;

vy;yh gpujhd Nghriz KiwfisAk; fhl;Lk; ahTk; xspj;jw;Nghrzpfs;

xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUs; cs;sNghJ gr;ir my;yJ Cjh epw tpN~l gw;wPPupah FNshnuhgpy; xd;W MFk;.

FNshNuhgpy; − a kw;Wk; Phycobilin tif epwg;nghUs;fshd Phycocyanin ( ePyk; ) cz;L

xspj;njhFjp − I kl;Lk; cz;L vdNt ePiug; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. vdNt H2S I gad;gLj;jp S I tpLtpf;Fk; ( tl;ltLf;fhdJ xspg;nghRnghupNyw;wk; kl;Lk; fhzg;gLk;.)

PS− I, PS − II ,uz;Lk; fhzg;gLk; H2O I gad;gLj;jp O2 I ntspNaw;Wk; ( tl;ltLf;fw;w , tl;ltLf;fhd xspg;nghRnghupNyw;wk; ,uz;Lk; fhzg;gLk;.)

,ypq;fKiw ,ypq;fkpy; Kiw ,dg;ngUf;fk; ,ypq;fkpy; Kiwfspy; kl;Lk;

Nrkpg;GzT Glycogen , PHB , Voliutin vz;nza; vd;gd fhzg;gLk;

Nrkpg;GzT Glycogen

Mesosome ,Pili ,Plasmids Nghd;w rpwg;ghd fl;likg;Gfs; fhzg;gLk;

mt;thwhd fl;likg;Gfs; ,y;iy

vy;yh thoplq;fspYk; cz;L xspAk; ePUk;; cs;s ,lq;fspy; thOk;

Rw;whlypy; / #oypy; cw;gj;jpahf;fpahfTk;

gpupifahf;fpahfTk; fhzg;gLk;

cw;gj;jpahsu;fshf khj;jpuk; Kf;fpakhdJ (rKj;jpu jhtu Plankton fspy; Kf;fpa cWg;gpdu;)

Kingdom: Protista rpwg;gpay;Gfs;

1. ahTk; Eukaryota mq;fpfs; 2. jdpf;fy my;yJ gyfy ,ioaq;fshf tpaj;jkilahj cly; xd;iwf; nfhz;bUf;fyhk; 3. rpy cWg;gpdu;fs; rKjhaq;fis cUthf;Fk;. 4. xspj;jw;Nghrzpfs; my;yJ cl;nfhs;Sk; (tpyq;FKiwg;) gpwNghrzpfs; 5. fyr;Rtu; ciladthf my;yJ mw;wdthf ,Uf;fyhk;. fyr;Rtu; cs;s NghJ gpujhdkhf nrYNyhR ,dhy; MdJ. mq;fpfSf;Nfw;g fyr;Rtu; Nru;itfs; gy;NtWgLk;. 6. gy;NtW Nrkpg;GzT tiffisf; nfhz;bUf;Fk; 7. mq;fpfs; ,af;fKs;sit my;yJ ,af;fk; mw;wit. ,aq;Fk; mq;fpfs; Nghypg;ghjk;, gprpu;, rTf;FKis %yk; ,lk;ngauyhk;. 8. ,ypq;fKiwapYk; > ,ypq;fkpy; KiwapYk; ,dg;ngUf;fkilAk;.

Gnuhb];lhf;fspd; ghFghL

ehd;F gpukhzq;fspd; mbg;gilapy; MW fzq;fshf / gpupTfshfg; gpupf;fyhk; fUj;jpw; nfhs;sg;gLk; gpukhzq;fshtd,

1. fyr;Rtu; ( gjhu;j;jk; ) 2. ,lg;ngau;r;rp ( Gd;dq;fk; ) 3. xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUs; / Nghriz Kiw 4. Nrkpg;GzT tif

cWg;gpdu;;fspd; thoplk; / thoplq;fs;


27

fzq;fs; / gpupT

Ciliophora fly;> ed;dPu;> jiu (kz;zPu;) , rpy xl;Lz;zpahf

Rhizopoda fly; , ed;dPu;> jiu (kz;zPu;) , rpy xl;Lz;zpahf

Chrysophyta / nghw;fgpy my;fh fly;> ed;dPu;> jiu

Phaeophyta / fgpy my;fh fly;> khj;jpuk;

Rhodophyta / rptg;gy;fh fly;> khj;jpuk;

Chlorophyta / gr;ir my;fh fly;> ed;dPu;> jiu

fzk;

Ciliophora

fzk; Rhizopoda

fzk; Chrysophyta

fzk; Phaeophyta

fzk; Rhodophyta

fzk; Chlorophyta

jdpf;fyk; jdpf;fyk; jdpf;fyk; gy fyk; gy fyk; jdpf;fyk; my;yJ gy fyk;

gpwNghriz gpwNghriz xspj;jw; Nghriz

xspj;jw; Nghriz

xspj;jw; Nghriz

xspj;jw; Nghriz

-

-

xspj;njhFg;G epwg;nghUs;

FNshugpy; a, c ful;bd; gpA+f;Nfhrhe;jpd;


FNshugpy; a, c ful;bd; gpA+f;Nfhrhe;jpd


FNshugpy; a, d igf;Nfhradpd; igf;Nfhvupj;upd; ful;bd;


FNshugpy; a, b ful;bd; rhe;Njhgpy;

Kingdom: Protista

Super- Phylum : Protozoa Super- Phylum : Algae

Phylum : Ciliophora Phylum : Rhizopoda

Phylum : Chrysophyta

Phylum : Phaeophyta

Phylum : Rhodophyta

Phylum : Chlorophyta


28

mq;fpapd; ,lg;ngau;r;rp fl;likg;G gprpu;

mq;fpapd; ,lg;ngau;r;rp fl;likg;G Nghypg;ghjk;

mq;fp ,lg;ngau;r;rp milahJ



rpytw;wpy; ,lg;ngau;r;rp fl;likg;G rTf;FKis

-

-

,dg;ngUf;ff; fyk; khj;jpuk;

xU rTf;FKis cilaJ.

,dg;ngUf;ff; fyk; khj;jpuk;

,U rTf;FKis cilaJ.

,dg;ngUf;ff; fyk; gjpaf;fyk; rTf;FKis / gprpu; mw;wJ.

,dg;ngUf;ff; fyk; gjpaf;fyk;

,uz;Lk; ,U

rTf;FKis

cilaJ.

czT xJf;fk;

fpupNrhykpdhupd;

czT xJf;fk;

ykpdhupd;

kdpw;Nwhy;

czT xJf;fk;

GNshupbad; khg;nghUs;

czT xJf;fk;

khg;nghUs;

fyr;Rtu; ,y;iy

fyr;Rtu; ,y;iy

nrYNyhR , ngfbd;, gpujhdkhf rpypf;fh nfhz;l fyr;Rtu;

nrYNyhR ,

my;[pdpf;fkpyk;

nrYNyhR ,

Vfhu;

nrYNyhR ,

ngf;bd;;

cjhuzk;:

Paramecium

cjhuzk;:

Amoeba

cjhuzk;:

Diotoms / jaw;wk;

cjhuzk;:

Sargassum

cjhuzk;:

Gelidium

cjhuzk;:

Chlamydomonas

Paramecium

khfU Ez;fU

RUq;fj;jf;f Gd;ntw;wplk; czTg; Gd;ntw;wplk;

gprpu;


29

Amoeba

czTg; Gd;ntw;wplk;

RUq;fj;jf;f Gd;ntw;wplk;

fU

Nghypg;ghjk;

flw;ghiwfspy; gw;Wk; cWg;gpdhy; ehl;lg;gl;L thOk; ,uhr;rjg; gpuptpypfshFk; (Giant kelps )

Sargassum

fly; , ed;ePu; jhtu g;she;jd;fspd; gpujhd $whd cyfpd; Kf;fpa Kjy; cw;gj;jpahsu;fshFk ;

Diotoms


30

rTf;FKis

fl;Gs;sp

fpz;z tbt gr;iraTUtk;

tpj;JUkzp ( xJf;f CzT )

fU

Chlamydomonas

Gel

idi

gw;Wk; cWg;G

Gelidium

gpuptpyp


31


Documents

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