SLTDUNG BAI TAP CHUYEN DE TRONG CHUONG TRINH MON HOC Dl/A VAO NHIEM VU CHO SINH VIEN

HE DAO TAO CHAT Ll/ONG CAO

Th.s Hodng Xudn Hoa Khoa NN&VH Anh-MT - DHNN - DHQG HN

1, Dat v a n de

D I dap ling nhu cau pbat trien eiia xa hoi ngay nay. ben canh viec khong

ngifng mcl rong va nang eao chat ludng he giao due pho thong, dai tra, viee dao tao

nguon nhan lufe chat lUdng eao la bet siic quan trong va can thiet. He dao tao ed

nhSn ngoai ngiif chat liTdng eao ciia trudng Dai hoc Ngoai ngiJt - Dai hoc qudc gia da

boat dong dUde gan ba nam. Trong thdi gian qua. vdi chi'nh saeh bet sOfc Uu dai ve

dieu kien day va hoc ciia nha trudng va nhOng no lUc cua giao vien va sinh vien. eae

Idp chat ludng eao da dat difdc nhijtng ket qua rat dang khi'ch le. Tuy vay, de tien tdi

hoan tbicn va pbat trien he dao tao nay. van eon nhieu van de can dUdc nghicn ciJtu

va giai quyet trong do cd nhOng van de ve ehUcJng trinh mdn hoc.

Xay dUng chUOng trinh mdn hoe la mot trong nhijfng van de cot loi eua chaong

trinh dao tao. Chifclng trinh mdn hoc quy dinh noi dung, trinh tu noi dung va ca

phudng phap thiic hien noi dung do trong chUdng trinh dao tao. Nd phan anh quan

niem ve ban chat ngdn ngii va quan niem ve viec thu dac ngon ngii. ChUdng trinh

mdn hoc phu hdp va khoa hoe se gdp phan quyet dinh vao thanh cong cua khoa

hoe.Vay thi ehitdng trinh mdn hoc nao se phu hdp va hieu qua cho he dao tao chat

lUdng eao? Cd nhijfng quan niem cho rang chUdng trinh mdn hoc cho he dao tao chat

lUdng eao cung chinh la chUdng trinh chung cho he dao tao dai tra nhiTng d mot bac

eao bdn. Chung tdi cho rang suy nghi nay thuc sU sai lam, bdi dac diem ngUdi hoc,

dieu kien dao tao cung nhU miac tieu dao tao cua he nay ve cd ban khac vdi he dai

tra. Vi vay. de pbat buy td'i da iTu diem ciia ngUdi hoc cung nhu dieu kien day va

hoe v^ de ed dirde nguon nhan lUc ngoai ngii thuc sU cd chat l^d^g f̂ ao thi chUdng

mdn hoe ciia nd phai cd nhiJfng khac biet cd ban ve chat.

Chitdng trinh mdn hoc dUa vao nhiem vu la loai chUdng trinh c6 nhieu diem manh nhung khdng the pbat buy het hieu qua d he dao tao dai tra diTdc vi no ddi bdi nhijfng dieu kien nha't dinh. Tuy nhien. nd lai to ra cd the phu hdp vdi he dao tao chat lUdng eao vi nhQng dac diem va dieu kien cua he nay. Trong chUdng trinh mon hoc dua vao nhiem vu. bai tap chuyen de (projects) la loai nhiem vu eao nha't. Nd khdng nhiJIng cd hieu qua eao trong viec giup luyen tap va phat trien ky nang ngoai

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ngCf cbo sinh vien ma con ren luyen cho ho thdi quen doe lap. lU ehu t rong hoe tap

va nghien edu, ky nang pha t hien va giai quyet van de. la nhOfng pham chat can

thiet ciia ngudi lao dong cha t lUdng eao sau nay. Them vao dd, bai t ap ehuyen de

eon tao dieu kien cho viec sU dung thiet hi khoa hoc ky t h u a t va cdng nghe thong

tin trong day va hoe.

Vdi khuon kho eiia ban bao eao nay. ehiing tdi khdng ed t h a m vong de xuat xay

dUng mot ehUdng t r inh mdn hoc dUa vao nhiem vu cho he dao tao ngoai ngCf chat

lUdng eao ma ebi ban ve mot phan cua loai chUdng t r inh dd \a bai t ap chuyon de

(sau day so dUde viet tAl la BTCD), eac dac diem, the loai va phUdng phiip tien

haiih BTCD clio he dao tao r h a t litdng eao (sau day se dUdc viol ta t la he DTCLC).

Ily vong rang viee ap dung sang tao loai hinh nhiem vu nay se giup he DT(^LC dat

d}.UU' ket (]iui eao luJn nCfa.

2. N o i d u n g

2.1. D a c d i e m ci ia he DTCLC

" Sinh virn: Sinh virn eua he DT nay la nhQng sinh vien da dUde eac giai thudng

iron^' eae ky thi hoe sinh gidi qude gia, tot nghiep I'TTH da t loai gidi, thi tiiycn })H

dUde diem eao va dUde ebon loe qua eac ky thi tuyen (thi vc t r inh do ngoai ngOf va

1(J). Vi vay ed the noi r ang dau vao eiia be DT nay da ed ehal lUdng kha eao. Them

vao do. eae sinh vi{"»n nay dcu ed dong ed va dong lUe hoe tap rat eao.

• Ciiao vien: Dm ngu giao vien day he DT nay cung difde ebon lUa va deu ed kien

\\\\ic. plurcJng ()h:'i|> eung nhU kinh ngbiem giang day tot. Phan Idn ho ed luoi ddi

Ire. rihiel linli. nang dong. va hn eo ky nang khai thac edng nghe thong tin tot.

• Dtrii kien dux VA hoc: Cae l('Jp he DTCLC deu dUde eung cap f^e thuYt hi ho tr(J

giarig (ia\' day du nhu may vi l inh. may easscl lc , may ehiou OIIP , va mot lUdng tin

lieu hoc lap rat phong i)hu. Cid dav eiia giao vien duiic t inh he so', vi vay so' gid

ddng Idp ciia giao vien it. })ieu dd ed nghia la giao vien nhieu dieu kien va thdi gian

de liUdng dan va giup d(i sinh vien bdn.

Trong thUe te. loai eluttmg Irinh mon hoe dUa vao nhiem vu vdi eac BT(?D da tifng

dude dem vao ihu ngbiem eho sinh vien dai tra eac Khoa 29 va 30 d khoa Anh.

\ h U n g ilo t r inh tlo sinh vien khdng dong deu. dieu kien hoe tap eiia nhieu sinh vien

tiae biel la smh vion noi trii- va dieu kien lam vice ciia giao vien het stTc ban che

lu-n, till eho ket (|u;i tudng ddi kha quan. BTCD eijng khdng dUdc sd dung rong rai

trong clurdng tr inh mdn hoe eiia he dao tao dai tra Ily vong riing, vdi nbiJng dieu

kien ihuan hn cua he DTCI.C nhu neu d Iren. HTCD not r ieng va ehUtJng t r inh mdn

hoc dua vao nhieni vu noi chung .se c6 the ap dung ihiinh edng eho he dao lao nay.

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2.2. SiJf d u n g BTCD t r o n g chi^orng t r i n h mon hoc ngoai nguf ciia he DTCLC

2t2.1 Dac diem cua chuOng trinh difa vao nhiem vu (tash-based syllabus)

a) quan tam chii yeu eiia ehudng trinh la viec eae ehat lieu ngdn ngO dUdc hoe nha the nao,

b) d mot miic do nhat dinh ed sU dam phan giiia ngUdi day va ngUdi hoc.

c) noi dung ehtfdng trinh dUde xae dinh ehu yeu dUa tren y nghia ciia mdn hoe doi vdi ngUdi hoc va dUa tren nhijfng niem hiing thii va kien thiic ma ngUdi hoe mang tdi khoa hoc,

d) mot phan eiia viec danh gia dUa tren eae tieu chi eiia ehi'nh ngUdi hoe ddi vdi thanh cdng ciia khoa hoe, va

e) moi trUdng hoe tap mang nhieu ti'nh hdp tac bdn mdi trUdng hoe tap truyen thong, ndi ma thAy giao luon dting do'i dien trade ea Idp.

2.2.2. Nhitng dac diem ca ban cua BTCD

• BTCD la mot loai hinh nhiem vu cd yeu cau eao va khd bdn trong ehUdng trinh mdn hoe daa vao nhiem vu. Nd ed nhOng dae diem ed ban sau:

• Nhan manh vao vice hoc noi dung ehd khong phai la eae mue tieu ngdn ngQ eti the. Cac kien thdc ve the gidi thac va eae chii de thii vi doi vdi ngadi hoe se la trong tarn ciia BTCD.

• BTCD lay ngadi hoc lam trung tam. mac du giao vien van giijf vai trd quan trong trong viec ho trd va hadng dan trong suo't qua trinh lam chuyen de.

• BTCD mang tfnh hdp tac hdn la thi dua, canh tranh. Sinh vien ed the lam viec doc lap trong cac nhdm hoac ca Idp eung hoan thanh BT thong qua chia se nguon tai lieu, y tadng va kien thiic trong suo't qua trinh lam bai. '

• BTCD dan den viec ket hdp mot each thuc chat cac ky nang va xii ly dH lieu tijf nhieu nguon khac nhau. phan anh nhiJEng nhiem vu nha trong ddi song thUc.

• BTCD tien tdi mot san pham cuo'i cung nhU bai thuyet trinh. bang thong tin, bao eao, hoae hieu dien tren san khau. v.v. Cac san pham nay cd the dade chia se vdi nhQng ngUdi khae. khien cho BTCD cd muc di'ch thUc te. Tuy nhien gia tri chi'nh eiia BTCD khdng phai la san pham cudi cdng dd ma la qua trinh lam viee de di den san pham cudi cung. Vi vay BTCD viTa c6 dinh hudng san pham lai vita cd dinh hadng qua trinh, va nd cung cap cho ngadi hoc cd hoi de tap trung ca vao do lau loat. trdi chay va do chinh xae khi sii dung ngon ngO d nhiing giai doan khac nhau ciia BTCD.

• BTCD cd tiem nang tao dong lac. nang lac va cd ti'nh thach do' doi vdi ngUdi hoc. Nd se giiip xay dUng long ta tin, ta ton va ta ehii cho ngadi hpc dong thdi phat trien ky nang ngdn nguf, kien thiic nen va kha nang nhan thiic cho ngUdi hoe.

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2.2.3. Cac loai BTCD

Cd nhi6u loai BTCD khac nhau. Cac BT nay khac nhau vd pham vi. dp linh boat va da lac dung. Dua vao mot .so tieu chi khac nhau ma ngudi ta chia BTCD iheo cac each khac nhau.

+ Cac BTCD khac nhau d mure dp giao vien va sinh vien quyel dinh ban chal va irinh lir eua eae boat dong. Cd 3 loai BTCD: BTCD cd cau iriic dinh s^n {structured project): BT trong dd ehu de. lai lieu, pbuong phap va viec trinh bay da dupe giao vien xae dinh, quyet dinh \a to ehue san. BI'CD khong cd cau true dinh s^n iunsfructured project): ph;in U'tn cac \'an de neu tren deu do sinh \ien quyet dinb. Va cudi eung la bai lap ban dinh sin {semi-structured projecty. mot phan do giao \ ien va mot phan do sinh vien xae dinh va Id chufc.

+ BTCD cd \\\6 gin vdi nhOmg mdi quan tam ciia the gidi ibirc (real world) nhung cung cd the gan \di eac van dd md phdng lai ciia the gidi thuc (simulated real world). BTCD cd the gan vdi mdi quan tam, sd thich (cd the cd hoac khong cd y nghia vdi the gidi thuc ben ngoai) cua sinh vien.

+ BTCD cd ibe khac nhau \'c each thuc. ky thuat ihu thap ihong tin va nguon thong tin: BTCD nghien euu {research project) thu thap thong tin thong qua nguon tai lieu tren thu \'ien; lU(tng lu nhu vay. liTCD \'e cac \an ban {ie\i project) .se ehi doi hoi ngudi hoe liep xue nhieu \di eae \an ban (cbu \'a hinh) chd khdng phai vdi con ngudi: BTCD thong qua thu tin Ucrrespondeni e project) doi hoi giao liep vdi cac ca nhan de thu thap thong tin thong qua eon dudng thu li'n: BTCD khao sat {survcx project) ddi hoi ,\ay dung mot edng eu khao sal, sau do Ihu ihap \a phan tich ihdng lin; BTCt) gap mat true liep [encounter project) can cd liep \ue mal ddi mat \(i\ eae ea nhan ngoai Idp hoc.

+ IVK'D eung ed the khae nhau dcaeb thue bao eao cudi cung. Cd loai BTCD ciin phai ed san pham cudi eung {production project)\\\\ du nhu mot bang tin. eudn bang \ideo. ehU(tng trinh radio, eae buoi trinh bay posters, eae biii luan, thu tu, saeh hudng dan. saeh gidi ihieu. bang thuc d(tn tiee Urn hay ke hoach hanb trinh, \ v. Nhung eung cd loai BIX'D ed kel qua cudi cung la boat dong {performance project) nhu mpl cupe tranh luan ircn diem dan. thuyet trinh noi. trinh dien tren san khau. v.v. Loai BTCf) mang ti'nb id ehuc {(organisational project) ed the ed kcl qua cudi eung la \ice lap ke boaeh^•a thanh lap mpl cau lae bo. mot ehuang trinh hoi thoai. v.v.

+ Thdi gian danh cbo cac BTCD cung ed the rat khac nhau, pham vi c6 the trong Idp hoe hoae \uai ra ngoai Idp. sinh \'ien cd the thuc hien theo ca nhan, cap hoae nhdm. v.v.

Viee lira ehpn loai BTCD phu ihupe \ao eae yeu id khac nhau: mue lieu eua khoa hpc. trinh dd \a sd thich eiia sinh vien. dieu kien thdi gian va ngudn lai lieu cd sin.

2.2.1 Chu de BTCD

\\o\ yeu to quyet dinh sU thanh edng eiia BTCD la s inh vion phai kiem soat dUde ehu de ma ho nghien eUu. tim hieu. Cac nghien eUu da eho thay ngUdi hpc hoe dUde nlneu tu nhung ngon ban xual phai Id nhCtng ehii de ma ban than ho hoae eae sinh vien khae de xual hdn la nhOng chu de do giao vien hoac giao t r inh quy dinh. Dieu nay eo lae dong lieh eUe rd ret ddi vdi dong luc va nhiet t inh thue hien t h a n h cdng BT. Them vao dd. giao vien va sinh vien se ed ed hpi de eung ihiio luan va dam phan de giai quyet mot van de ed ihuc la xae dinh chu de eho BTCD. Nhin chung. nen khuyen khieb sinh vien lUa ehpn cac chii de phu hdp ve ma t xa hoi. 122

2.2.5 Cac bade thac hien mot BTCD

Budc 1 Thong nha't chii de ciia BTCD

i Budc 2

Quyel dinh hinh thuc san phiim cua BTCD

i Budc 3

Xay dung cau true, trinh tu cho BTCD

Biidc 4 Chuan hi ngii lieu can thiet tien hanh bade 5

Budc 5 Thu ihap thong tin

Budc 6

Chuain hi ngu lieu ckn thiet dc

tien hanh budc 7

Budc 7

Soan va phan tich thong tin

Budc 8

Chu^n bi ngu lieu can thiet

de tien hanh budc 9

Budc 9

Trinh bay san pbaim cudi cung

Budc 10

Danh gia BTCD

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2.2.6 Mot thi du le BTCD

BT cho sinh vien ehuyen nguf dai hpc. keo dai t rong 15 tuiin.

Tuan \:

Ircn Idp: Gidi thicu BTCD va mau cau hoi dieu tra. Sinh vien dupe xem mpl bai ihuycl

trinh tren bang video va lam bai tap nghe hieu trong khi xcm bang.

Hai lap \e nha: Thanh lap nhdm 2-4 sinh vien, hoat dong dong nao trong nhom de ehon ehu

dc va lim ra eae y tirdng cho eac chu dc dd. Den budi hoe sau sinh \icn da phai ihdng bao virdi

giao vien \e nhdm eua minh va it nhal ^ chu de nhdm minh da nghl den.

Tuan 2:

Tren lop: Cuiio Men kiem tra y tirdng eua eae nh(iMi \a sau dd hihtng dan. gop \ dc moi

nhdm qu\ct tbnh mot chu dc cho nh(')m minh.

Bill lap vc nha: Mdi nhtSin vict lu I 2 doan giai thich ehu dc ciia minh \a ly do ehpn chii dc

dd, sau dd gin Ivmail eho giao Men muon nhat la hai nga\ trirdc budi hoe Hep iheo i!e iiiao \icn

doe \i\ izui lai nhan \cl ipia Ivmail irucTc buoi hoe luan } .

Tuan 3:

Tren Ktp: Smh vicii ihao luan dc xae dinh nh('>m doi urong nghien eihi eua nhdm minh -

nhfrng ngudi hp sc phdng van hay sir dung bang cau hoi dc lay ihdng hn.

B.u i.tp vc nha: Mdi nhdm viet iir 1-2 doan giai ihich dot iU(mg ho dinh lim hieu va neu ly do lai

sao hp lai ehpn nhdm nay. sau dd giri ivmail eho giao vien mudn nhat la hai ngay iriKtc buoi hoe

ticp theo dc j:i;io vien doc \a <:iri lai nhan xet qiut l{-miiil IrirtK buot hoc luiin 4.

I nan 4:

I ren liVp: Cae nhdm hoat dong dong nao vc nhOrng diem ho can nghicn cuu va eae eaii hoi

ho nuion sir dung trong bang eau hoi Cnao vien se nhan xcl tirng nhdm ircn Idp.

Hill tap \c nha: Mdi nhdm MCt lir 10-12 eau hoi eho bang eau hoi eiia nhdm minh. sau dd

gin |--mail eho giao \ icn mudn nhat la hai ngay irirde buoi hiK" hep theo de giao vien doc vii »;in

lai nhiin xcl qua h-mail Irude budi hpc luan 5.

Tuan 5:

hen lop: Cae nhdm ihUc hiinh eau hoi phdng van va sir dung bang eau hoi doi \(Vi cae sinh

\ len khac trong Idp Nhic di'ch ciia hoal dong niiy la kicm Ira xcm eae eau hoi eua ho ed thu dutK

ihdni; tin c;wi ihiei hav khdng.

Hal lap \e nha: Mdi nhdm chinh sira va hoan ihicn cac cAu hdiceua minh. sau dd gui Ivmail

eho giati \ len mudn nhat la hai ngay iruv'tc budi hpc liep theo. giao vien dpc va giri lai nhan xcl

qu.t I- mail trude gid hoe tuan 6.

Tuan 6, 7, K:

Sinh Men hai dau ihu ihap d\s lieu qua phong van hoae bang cau hdi. Mdi thanh vien trong

nhom phai phdng van it nhal 10 ngudi. Den luan 8 ihi iji ca di'r lieu phai duae thu i.ip d.i\ du

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Tuan 9:

Tren Idp; Cho sinh vien bao eao v^n t^t lien dp va ket qua lam viec cau minh, nhijng khd

kh^n trd ngai ma hp gap phai hoac phan nao ciia cau hdi can chinh sira. v.v.

Tuiin 10

Tren Idp; Sinh vien trong nhdm so sanh ket qua dieu tra va lir ket qua chung cua nhdm phat

hien ra xu hudng Ihii vi. Cac nhdm dang ky bai thuyet trinh cho tuan 12 va 13.

Bai lAp ve nha: Sinh vien gap ngoai Idp hpc liep luc phiin tich va xir ly sd lieu va ehpn lira

du" lieu sc dung cho bai ihuyet trinh.

Tuan 11:

Giao vien phd bien lieu chi danh bai thuyet trinh va nhan manh cac ky nang trinh bay nhir

giao liep bang mat, cir chi, dieu bo. dieu chinh am lupng. gipng ndi cho phii ha, v.v. Cho sinh

vien xem lai bang video chieu tir luan I hoac mpl bang khac sau dd phan ti'eh bai ihuyet trinh

trong bang: bd cue, dung cu true quan, each sir dung cac chi tiei va thi du cu the, ky nang thuyet

trinh cua thuyet trinh vien trong bang, v.v.

Tuan 12:

Mot phiin ba l<Vp irinh bay ket qua nghicn eLi*u eua minh. Cae bai ihuyet trinh diroe quay

bang N'ideo. sau dd eac thanh \'ien trong nhdm se xcm bang va dien vao bang danh gia di: tuiin

sau nop lai.

Tuan 13:

Mpl phan ba Idp Irinh bay ket qua nghien cdu ciia minh. Cac bai thuyet irinh dupe quay

bang video, sau dd cac thanh vien trong nhdm se xem bang va dien vao bang danh gia de tu^n

sau nop lai.

Tuan 14:

Sd sinh vien con lai trinh bay ket qua nghien cihi ciia minh. Cac bai thuyet Irinh dixqc quay

bang video, sau dd cae thanh vien trong nhdm sc xem bang va dien vao bang danh gia de tui'm

sau nop lai.

Tuan 15:

(iiao \'ien phat ban danh gia ciia minh cho lirng sinh vien. Dong thdi sinh vien cung tien

hanh danh gia khoa hpc bao gdm vice tra Idi cac cau hdi lien quan den BTCD. Ket qua danh giii

.se dupe sir dung de cai tien Idp hpc sau.

3. Ket luan

Vice dao lao ngudn nhan lire chat lupng eao ndi chung va nguon nhan lire ngoai ngfr chat

lirpng eao ndi rieng la mot vice lam hel sire e^n thici ciia giao due dai hpc Viet nam. Tuy nhien.

theo quan niem ciia ehiing tdi, de cd dupe ngudn nhan luc eao theo diing nghia ciia tir nay tire la

nhu^ng ngudi tri thu-e, ben canh kien ihiirc va ky nang nghe nghiep tot, con cd kha nang sang tao,

kha nang nhan ra van de va giai quyet tot van de, v.v. thi he dao tao nay can cd mot chuong trinh

vdi ndi dung va phuang phap giang day. hpc lap va kiem ira danh gia khac ban so vdi ehuang

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trinh ciia he dai tra. Chuang irinh mdn hoc dua vao nhiem vu vdi BTCD cd the* phat huy dupe

hieu qua lot cho dao lao cir nhan ngoai ngii CLC. Trong bai viei nay ehiing tdi chi d^ cfip den

mot sd dac die^m co ban. cac ihe loai BTCD va each ihuc hien ehiing cho he DTCLC. Viec sijr

dung BTCD khdng nhung giup sinh vien ren luyen idl cac ky nang ngdn ngir cua hp ma con tao

dicu kien de phat trien cac ky nang hpc lap va nghien ciiru dpc lap cho sinh vien, giup hp phat

irien kha nang lu duy dpc lap. sang tao va kha nang tim hid'u giai quyel van d^. Them vao dd.

qua viee lam B TCD sinh vien con cd co hdi de tu danh gia va co hpi sir dung cac phuang lien ky

thu.it cunji nhu edng nghe thong l in vao cac hoal dong hoc tap. Tuy nhien, cung can luu y rang

HI CD tuy ed nhieu uu dicm nhu da ndi d tren. nhung ben canh vice cho sinh vicn la cac BTCD

eung can cd cac hoat dong luyen tap khac chii trong den hinh thai ngdn ngir. Ngoai ra. de dam

bao hieu qua ciia BTCD. cong lac Id ehue va vai trd giam sat. hd Irp ciia giao vien Irong limg

budc nhd ciia qua irinh sinh vien lam BTCD la h6l sue can thiet.

I t

TAI LI$U THAM KHAO

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& Renandya. W. A. (Ivds ) Methodology in iMuguage ieaihuig Cambridge University

Press,

2. i-ried-liooth. D 1982. Project work wiih advanced classes. LIT.lournaL .Xi(2). 98-103.

.V Ir ied-l iooih. D 19Sfi. riojeit work. New York: Oxford University Press.

4 Henry. J. 1994. Ieai hnig fhiough projects London: Kogan Page Limited.

>. Stoller. I- L. 2002. Project Work: A Means lo Promote Language and Content in Richard. J.

C. & Rcnandya. W. A (l\ds ) Meiliodologx ni Language leachnig Cambridge University

Press.

6. Wil l is. J. 1996. A flexible framework for task-based learning. In J. Wilhs & D. Will is

(Lds.). Challenge and Change ni Ixinguage Teaching. Oxford: Heinemanir.

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