Smart Prevention of Aquatic Invasive Species in WisconsinSpecies in Wisconsin

M Jake Vander ZandenM. Jake Vander Zanden&

Jeffrey Maxted, Norman Mercado-Silva, Pieter Johnson, Julian Olden, Scott Higgins, Katie Hein, Gretchen Hanson, Matt Kornis, John

MMagnuson

Center for Limnology, UW-Madison

Funding:This work made possible by…

Funding:• WI Department of Natural Resources• Wisconsin Coastal Management Program• Wisconsin Sea Grant• Wisconsin Sea Grant• Baldwin ‘Wisconsin Idea’ Endowment• National Science Foundation (NTL-LTER)• UW-Madison• UW-MadisonPartners, colleagues, collaborators:• Wisconsin Lakes Partnership• Citizens Lake Monitoring Network• Citizens Lake Monitoring Network• Water Action Volunteers• Great Lakes Indian, Fish, & Wildlife Commission• Many many undergraduate students at UW Madison• Many, many undergraduate students at UW-Madison• David Lodge & Lab

IntroIntro

Olden (2006)

Rainbow smelt

Shedd Aquarium

Spiny water flea

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service

Zebra mussel

Round goby

Photo Credit: Jody Peters

Rusty crayfish

Thomas Simon

Chinese mystery snailsnail

“An o nce of pre ention is“An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure”p

- Benjamin Franklin

How can we apply this wisdom to pp ymanagement of aquatic invasive

species in Wisconsin?species in Wisconsin?

AIS research at Center for Limnology UW MadisonLimnology, UW-Madison

GoalsGoals:Understanding aquatic invasive species spread

and impactand impactTranslate this knowledge into targeted and more

cost-effective AIS prevention and managementcost-effective AIS prevention and management

Example: Identifying lakes that are ‘vulnerable’ to specificExample: Identifying lakes that are vulnerable to specific invasive species

What do we mean by ‘vulnerable’?

1 Colonization1. Colonization

Can it getCan it get there?

2 Establishment2. Establishment

Can it establishCan it establish a population and

d ?reproduce?

3 Impact3. Impact

Will it haveWill it have adverse impacts

tion native species?p

Lake lnerabilitLake vulnerability -Combination of these three factors

S t tiSmart prevention -Strategically direct management and prevention g y g p

efforts to protect lakes that are vulnerable

Workshop led by Jeff Maxted Friday @ 9 AM

Vander Zanden, M.J. and J.D. Olden 2008 Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

1 Rainbow Smelt1. Rainbow Smelt• Small forage fish

• Invaded Great• Invaded Great Lakes, spreading to inland lakes ofinland lakes of Wisconsin

• Big teeth!

Ecological role g– prey

Adult walleye

Rainbow smeltRainbow smelt

Ecological role g– predator

Adult walleye

Rainbow smelt

Young walleye perchYoung walleye, perch, lake herring, rainbow smelt

Smelt reduce walleyereproduction

Average age-0-W/km30

reproduction

20

25

15

20

-0-W

/km

10age-

0

5

0Natural No Smelt Stocked No Smelt Smelt

Mercado-Silva et al. 2007 Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

Application of ‘smart prevention’ to rainbow smelt in Wisconsinrainbow smelt in Wisconsin

Mercado-Silva et al. 2006 Conservation Biology

ColonizationColonization

C it tCan it get there?there?

All Lakes

51005100 lakes

Can smelt t th ?get there?

22002200 lakes

EstablishmentEstablishment

Can itCan it establish a population?

Can smelt t th ?get there?

22002200 lakes

Can smelt li th ?live there?

553553 lakes

ImpactImpact

Will it haveWill it have adverse

impacts on nativenative

species?

Can smelt li th ?live there?

553553 lakes

Will smelt have anhave an impact?impact?

180180 lakes

Where are lt ?smelt now?

2424 lakes

Take home message for rainbow smeltsmelt

• Rainbow smelt impact fisheries in Wisconsin

• Only a small percentage of lakes are currently invaded or ‘highly vulnerable’

• This knowledge provides guidance for targeting management efforts to protecttargeting management efforts to protect vulnerable lakes

See talk by Chris Solomon (Thurs 3:00 PM)

2. Spiny water flea

Native to EurasiaNative to Eurasia

Large and predatory onLarge and predatory on native zooplankton

Spiny – difficult for fish to eateat

Discovered in Gile Flowage i 2003in 2003

Possible stepping stone to gthe thousands of lakes of the Northern Highlands Lake District

Map gile flowage

Lake District

Discovered in StormyDiscovered in Stormy Lake (Vilas County) in 2006

See poster by Samantha Mueller Thurs PM

Predicting spiny water flea in Wisconsin

100000

1000

10000

ares

) Suitable forSpiny water flea

100

1000

e ar

ea (h

ecta

10

Lake

11 3 5 7 9 11 13 15

Secchi depth (m)

Threshold based on model of MacIsaac et al. 2000

3. Zebra mussel

Ecology and impacts - see talk by Scott Higgins Thurs @ 4:20

50Z b l

40

45Zebra musseln = 527 lakes Can support

zebra mussels

30

35

/l)

20

25

Ca

(mg/

10

15pH limited

0

5

4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 9 0 9 5

Ca2+ limitedpH and Ca2+ limited

4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5

pH

Zebra MusselAll Lakes

11001100

Zebra MusselCan it live th ?there?

460460

Zebra MusselWhere are th ?they now?

>90>90

4 Round Goby4. Round Goby

Photo Credit: Jody Peters

Native to Black and Caspian Seas

19901990

1994

1996

1998

2000

2003

Discovery: spread to inland waters of

Wisconsin

26 of 73 watersheds (36%)

54 of 119 sites (45%)54 of 119 sites (45%)

Furthest inland: 34 kmFurthest inland: 34 km

~280 km of stream documented as invaded

Kornis and Vander Zanden in review

Where will round goby invade next?

42% (1,369 km)

goby invade next?

identified as suitable

44% (8,878 km) identified as suitableidentified as suitable

For more info, see poster by Matt Kornis

Kornis and Vander Zanden in review

5. Rusty crayfish

Thomas Simon

Rusty Crayfish1970

Rusty Crayfish2006

Rusty Crayfish1982197020061982

441 sites sampled

65% f l k65% of lakes57% of streams

Rusty crayfish invasionsRusty crayfish invasionsINTRODUCTION• Bait bucket release is the primary

transport vectors for crayfish

SUITABILITY• Rusty crayfish tend to occupy small,

productive lakes with modified shorelinesshorelines

unpu

bl.)

al.

(200

6, u

Old

en e

t a

Rusty crayfish invasionsRusty crayfish invasionsIMPACT• Invasions by rusty crayfish is

associated with the local ti ti f t ti fi h

VULNERABILITY• Lake-specific vulnerability to the

introduction, establishment and impact of invasive rusty crayfishextirpation of two native crayfishes of invasive rusty crayfish

unpu

bl.)

al.

(200

6, u

Old

en e

t a

Example: Rusty crayfish Example: Rusty crayfish invasionsinvasions

5,164 lakesinvasionsinvasions

1,350 lakes with 1+ boat landings

553 lakes that are 553 lakes that are environmental-

suitable

1,255 lakes with 1+ at-risk species

358 highly vulnerability vul e ab l ty

lakes

Low crayfish abundance

Hi h fi h b dHigh crayfish abundance

Karen Wilson

Eight years of rusty crayfish removal in Sparkling LakeSparkling Lake

• 158 acre lake in Vilas Co.

• Changed fishing regulations to favor more and larger gsmallmouth bass

• Intensive trapping for lastIntensive trapping for last eight years

– 76 656 trapping days– 76,656 trapping days– 91,930 rusty crayfish

removed

Rusty CPUE Virilis CPUE0.0312.00

Rusty CPUE Virilis CPUE

0.02

8.00

10.00

UE Vir

0 01

0.02

6.00

usty

CPU

rilis CPU

0.01

0.01

2 00

4.00

RE

0.000.00

2.00

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008

From This…From This…

Wilson, Roth, & Hein

To This…To This…

Wilson, Roth, & Hein

Lessons from Sparkling Lake iexperiment

• Trapping and fish predation caused a population collapse of rusty crayfishp p p y y

• Aquatic plants, fish, invertebrates recovered – ‘flipped’ lake back to a non-exotic dominated state.

• Is this non-exotic state ‘stable’? What happens when we stop removal?

S t lk b G t h H (TH 3 25 PM)– See talk by Gretchen Hansen (TH 3:25 PM)

6. Chinese Mystery SnailSnail

Carpenter Lake, Wisconsin, 2006

-Survey of ~ 45 Vilas and Oneida County lakes

P t i 50%-Present in ~50% of lakes

A i ti ithAssociation with:-nutrient-rich lakes-lakes close to a population center-lakes close to a population center-lakes with high shoreline housing density

Chinese Mystery Snail

-Remarkably widespread in northern WI-Vectors poorly understoodVectors poorly understood-Ecological impacts subtle and unclear-More research is needed to determine

whether CMS are of management concern

See poster by Chris Solomon Thurs PM

Bringing it together

• Impacts unfold within broader ecological andImpacts unfold within broader ecological and food web context – highly site dependent

• Interactions among invadersg• Interactions with other forms of

environmental changeg

Dam invaders: Are impoundments more Dam invaders: Are impoundments more vulnerable to invasion?vulnerable to invasion?vulnerable to invasion?vulnerable to invasion?

Johnson, P.T, J.D. Olden & M.J. Vander Zanden 2008. Front. Ecol. Environ.

Impoundments are overImpoundments are over--invadedinvadedImpoundments are overImpoundments are over--invadedinvadedImpoundments are overImpoundments are over invadedinvaded80

N=648

pp

60

70

vade

d

Natural LakesImpoundments

N=648

N=464

40

50

ntag

e In

v N=80

10

20

30

Perc

en

N=73

N=331

0

10

Spiny WaterFlea

ZebraMussel

RainbowSmelt

RustyCrayfish

EurasianMilfoil

Invader

Johnson, P.T, J.D. Olden & M.J. Vander Zanden 2008. Front. Ecol. Environ.

What to take away from all of this?

Each of these ‘big six’ are a unique challenge forEach of these big six are a unique challenge for Wisconsin’s lakes

Highlights the need to view each lake as part of aHighlights the need to view each lake as part of a broader and highly inter-connected landscape

Research in WI documenting spread and impact,Research in WI documenting spread and impact, forecasts of future spread

This sort of understanding is the foundation for a g‘smart prevention’ approach for targeting management and prevention programs

Big questions remain

How do we best translate knowledge aboutHow do we best translate knowledge about vulnerability to on-the-ground action?

How do we allocate effort between containment and protection?protection?

How do we allocate effort among different invasiveHow do we allocate effort among different invasive species?

Th k !!!Thank you!!!

More information at:http://limnology.wisc.edu/personnel/jakevz/p gy p j

Vander Zanden et al. 2004. Ecol. Appl. 14: 132-148

LTER Crayfish DataLTER Crayfish Data118

Rusty CPUE Virilis CPUE

0 70.80.91

12141618

PUE Vir

Experiment begins

0 40.50.60.7

81012

Rus

ty C

Prilis C

PU

0 10.20.30.4

246

R E

00.1

02

Vulnerable sites: Rainbow smelt

Vulnerable sites: Rusty crayfish

Vulnerable sites: Spiny water flea

Vulnerable sites: Zebra musselRainbow smelt Rusty crayfish Spiny water flea Zebra mussel

•vulnerability to suite of invaders

Compositeinvaders

•‘hotspots’ of activity?

Spiny water fleap y

Pieter Johnson, Center for Limnology

50Rusty Crayfish

40

45 n = 527 lakes

30

35

g/l) Can support

rusty crayfish

20

25

Ca

(mg rusty crayfish

10

15

pH limited

0

5

4 0 4 5 5 0 5 5 6 0 6 5 7 0 7 5 8 0 8 5 9 0 9 5

pH limited

Ca2+ limited

4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5

pHpH and Ca2+ limited

Rusty crayfish y ypotential for expansion is high. p g> 85% of WI lakes

2001

8

12

16 removalbeginsWhole-lake rusty crayfish

removal Sparkling Lake

200212

16

0

4removal, Sparkling Lake

• Massive decline in

16e

0

4

8

Massive decline in catch rate

• Subsequent 2003

4

8

12

16

Dai

ly C

atch

Rat

e

MalesFemales

qrecovery of macrophytes, snails,

0

8

12

16 2004Lepomis, inverts

0

4

200512

16

June 8 June 28 July 18 August 7 August 270

4

8

Long-term study of rusty crayfish in Trout Lake Vilas Countyin Trout Lake, Vilas County

Massive declines in:• Aquatic plants• Bluegill and pumpkinseed

S il• Snails• Aquatic insects• Native crayfishNative crayfish

Wilson et al. 2004 Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

60

50

60

ed

Natural LakesImpoundments

40e

Inva

de

20

30

rcen

tage

10

Per

00 1 2 3

Number of Invaders

Personal actionsPersonal actions

Inspect boat and remove plantsDrain waterDispose of bait in trash

Zebra mussel

• Fouls water intakes and equipmentFilt h t l kt th f• Filters phytoplankton, causes overgrowth of

bottom algaeI d bl l bl• Increased blue-green algae blooms

• Avian botulism