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KHON KAEN AGR. J. 44 (3) : 479-490 (2016). แก่นเกษตร 44 (3) : 479-490 (2559). Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Farmer’s Adoption of Stone Jatropha (Vernicia montana) Cultivation in Northern Lao PDR Khambai Phunthavongsa 1 , Thanaporn Athipanyakul 2 and Naruemol Kaewjampa 1* ABSTRACT: This paper reports the findings of socio-economic factors affecting farmer’s adoption of Stone Jatropha (Vernicia montana) in Xiengnguen district, Luangprabang province, north of Lao PDR. Data collection was gathered from 156 Stone Jatropha farmers, using stratified random sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics and percentage, means, standard deviation using chi-square test and t-test were employed for the analysis of data. The influencing factors and the impact of Stone Jatropha adoption using logit models were also examined. The findings revealed that adopters of socio-economic variables included level of education, ethnic group, main occupation, second occupation, religion, key decision makers, household income, trust in buyer and land holding. Socio-economic interaction influence certain factors which are key decision makers, trust in buyer and education level show to influence the decision of farmers adoption was significant at p<0.05. Trust in buyer and male decision maker were positive determinant of adoption while, education was negative determinant of adoption. The conclusion can be drawn that adoption of Stone Jatropha cultivation in this area needs an effective approach, which can improve farmers’ knowledge and technologies, price and marketing. Keywords: adoption, Stone Jatropha (Vernicia montana) promoted, influencing, socioeconomic. 1 Land resources and environment section, Department of plant sciences and agriculture resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 40002 2 Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty of Economics, Kasetsart University, Thailand10900 * Corresponding author: [email protected] Introduction Demand for fossil fuel is very high at international level with China, India and Brazil representing three of the top ten energy consuming nations in the word and their share in total consumption will increase (Mapemba, 2013). The crisis in the 1970’s provided an initial drive for the search of new energy sources. It is increasing dependence of the economies to function with the help of oil on the energy renewable production. The European commission proposed that by 2020, all member states must meet at least 10% of their transport energy needs through renewable sources (Renewable Energy Sources Directive) (Bhattarai et al., 2011; Beccles, 2013). Since 2000, Lao People Democratic Republic (Loa PDR) has increasingly imported oil annually by approximately 5% and been likely to rise up to 10% with the increase of high demand for energy needed in industry, transport, households and agriculture (Chantho, 2009). The country lacks conventional energy resources such as oil and natural gas and 100% of fossil fuels are imported from Vietnam, Thailand and other countries (Vongvisith and Theuambounmy, 2015). Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternatives; among others are biofuels such as bio-ethanol and biodiesel. Currently, Lao PDR has been promoting a cultivation of Vernicia montana Lous, commonly known as Stone Jatropha or makyaohin

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479KHON KAEN AGR. J. 44 (3) : 479-490 (2016). KHON KAEN AGR. J. 44 (3) : 479-490 (2016).แก่นเกษตร 44 (3) : 479-490 (2559).

Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Farmer’s Adoption of Stone Jatropha (Vernicia montana) Cultivation in Northern Lao PDR

Khambai Phunthavongsa1, Thanaporn Athipanyakul2 and Naruemol Kaewjampa1*

ABSTRACT: This paper reports the findings of socio-economic factors affecting farmer’s adoption of Stone Jatropha (Vernicia montana) in Xiengnguen district, Luangprabang province, north of Lao PDR. Data collection was gathered from 156 Stone Jatropha farmers, using stratified random sampling techniques. Descriptive statistics and percentage, means, standard deviation using chi-square test and t-test were employed for the analysis of data. The influencing factors and the impact of Stone Jatropha adoption using logit models were also examined. The findings revealed that adopters of socio-economic variables included level of education, ethnic group, main occupation, second occupation, religion, key decision makers, household income, trust in buyer and land holding. Socio-economic interaction influence certain factors which are key decision makers, trust in buyer and education level show to influence the decision of farmers adoption was significant at p<0.05. Trust in buyer and male decision maker were positive determinant of adoption while, education was negative determinant of adoption. The conclusion can be drawn that adoption of Stone Jatropha cultivation in this area needs an effective approach, which can improve farmers’ knowledge and technologies, price and marketing. Keywords: adoption, Stone Jatropha (Vernicia montana) promoted, influencing, socioeconomic.

1 Land resources and environment section, Department of plant sciences and agriculture resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand, 40002

2 Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Faculty of Economics, Kasetsart University, Thailand10900

* Corresponding author: [email protected]

Introduction

Demand for fossil fuel is very high at

international level with China, India and Brazil

representing three of the top ten energy

consuming nations in the word and their share in

total consumption will increase (Mapemba, 2013).

The crisis in the 1970’s provided an initial

drive for the search of new energy sources. It is

increasing dependence of the economies to

function with the help of oil on the energy

renewable production. The European commission

proposed that by 2020, all member states must

meet at least 10% of their transport energy needs

through renewable sources (Renewable Energy

Sources Directive) (Bhattarai et al., 2011;

Beccles, 2013).

Since 2000, Lao People Democrat ic

Republic (Loa PDR) has increasingly imported oil

annually by approximately 5% and been likely to

rise up to 10% with the increase of high demand

for energy needed in industry, transport,

households and agriculture (Chantho, 2009). The

country lacks conventional energy resources such

as oil and natural gas and 100% of fossil fuels are

imported from Vietnam, Thailand and other

countries (Vongvisith and Theuambounmy, 2015).

Therefore, there is an urgent need for alternatives;

among others are biofuels such as bio-ethanol

and biodiesel. Currently, Lao PDR has been

promoting a cultivation of Vernicia montana Lous,

commonly known as Stone Jatropha or makyaohin

480 แก่นเกษตร 44 (3) : 479-490 (2559).

or tung oil tree in Lao, Thailand and China

respectively for a production of biodiesel. This

plant is a member of Euphorbiaceae family. It is

a shrub that has milky, latex texture and very

small. Typically, it has greenish flowers, which

change to a brown bark with age (Chen et al.,

2010). A significance of this crop in tropical and

subtropical agriculture has been recognized for

vegetative soil erosion protection, industrial use,

sufficiency economy production using Vernicia

montana oil for subsidy on household use,

improving income of rural livelihoods and

alleviating poverty problem. Stone Jatropha can

be used as feedstock for biodiesel and is very

popular around the world, especially in Africa and

Southeast Asia. With no exception, cultivated

areas in Lao PDR are more than 13,000 ha in

2015. In Luangprabang province alone, the total

area of 7,421 ha has already been cultivated (Lao

Government, 2015).

While parallel to development of renewable

energy resources, energy efficiency and energy

conservation issues have played a more and more

important role in the energy sector in Lao PDR

(Gaillard et al., 2010). The biodiesel project was

completed by 2009. It is always a case linking to

food security, and poverty issues, when growing

plant for different purposes. Farmers, however,

have their own choice to convert their food crops

to fuel crops and naturally expect a high return

from their farmland, despite, generating a

scenario where food production falls (Escobar

et al., 2009; Kumar et al., 2009). Economics of

production of biodiesel is a determining factor in

making biofuel programs successful. However,

the benefits obtained from the farmer practices of

upland agricultural farming, including this

program, are relatively low and sometimes the

total income was barely sufficient to cover the

financial input (Lua et al., 2013). To date, there is

no research on adoption of Stone Jatropha in Lao

PDR. The challenge therefore is to study the

adoption of this crop, and to investigate factors

influencing its adoption in Lao PDR. Results of this

study can be used as guidance for policy makers

to better understanding the process of farmer’s

adoption, for instance, how to quantify the change

in the number of adopters over time to evaluate

the impact of biodiesel program in Lao PDR.

Methodology

Population, sample size and data collection

The survey was conducted in 2014 in

Xiengnguen district, northern region of Luangpra-

bang province (Zone 48Q, 204816.56mE,

2187387.03mN), Lao PDR (Figure 1). The

stratified random sampling technique was applied

for select two farming villages (Samakeesay and

Donmo) in this area. There were 156 farmers

involved, which can be distinguished into two

groups; 1) 67 farmers, who grew Stone Jatropha

(adopter) and 2) 89 farmers, who did not grow

this crop (non-adopter). These sample size was

selected base on sample size equation (1)

(Yamane, 1973). Selected farmers were

randomly interviewed to achieve a reasonably

significant level at p<0.5. All samplings were

employed to capture mainly the characteristic of

small-scale farmers in Stone Jatropha (Vernicia

montana) cultivation.

481KHON KAEN AGR. J. 44 (3) : 479-490 (2016).

Figure 1 The study area in Xiengnguen district, Luangprabang province, Lao PDR

Questionnaire survey and interview

A household questionnaire was designed and

administered for this study. It explored information

on socio-economic characteristics of households,

their farming systems, land holding, farm resource

endowments, farmer perception on the Stone

Jatropha systems and farm management data,

etc. The interview of 156 famers’ focus group

consist of 67 adopters and 89 non-adopters was

used to conduct early after the household

questionnaire administration was completed to

ensure that individual farmer was significant

proportion of the total number of households in

each village an influencing an outcome of the

farmer’s group argument on implementation. In

addition, in-depth key interviews and focus group

interviewees were held to determine the factors

influencing adoption

Conceptual framework

The conceptual framework of this study is

based on the theory of diffusion of innovations.

According to the theory, the innovation decision

process can lead to either adoption, a decision

to make full use of an innovation as well as the

best course of action variable, or rejection, a

decision not to adopt innovation. Such a decision

can be reversed at a later point (Roger, 2003).

Wüstenhagen et a l . (2007) opined that

technology adoption is a dynamic process in

which information is gathered. Learning and

experience play a pivotal role, particularly in the

early stage of adoption. The adoption pathway of

Stone Jatropha (Vernicia montana) cultivation is

hypothesised to be influenced by a host of

variables, we categorize variables broadly under

personal factors (gender, age, marital status,

number of household, relative, education level,

main occupation, ethnic group, religion and key

decision maker), physical factors (land holding

and land rent) and economic factors (income and

trust in the buyer) on the literature review of

farmers adoption behaviour (Gebrezgabher et al.,

2015). Personal characteristics, age, gender,

482 แก่นเกษตร 44 (3) : 479-490 (2559).

education, main occupation, ethnic group, relative

and religion are considered the important

influential factors affecting adoption of Stone

Jatropha cultivation in agricultural and social

aspects that are also important to a determination

of the adoption behaviour of the farmers. Under

social characteristics, there are the influences of

individuals perception about Stone Jatropha

cultivation and his/her attitude about social

acceptance are considered, while perception of

an individual is related to locally perceived

benefits (Mwangi, 2015). As an economic factor,

household income is used to examine the

influence of standard of living on the decision of

practicing Jatropha cultivation. Moreover, the

nature of primary occupation, present cultivated

area and accessibility to land resources are

also included under economic factors. The

conceptual framework of the determinants of

Stone Jatropha cultivation is present in Figure 2

Figure 2 Conceptual framework of farmers’ adopting innovation

Theoretical framework

Independent variable

Socio-economic status of farmers in the study

included age, number of household members,

education level, household income, land holding,

land rent. Data editing and coding took place

before statistical analysis using SPSS program

was commenced. Summary and illustration of

findings were carried out through descriptive

statistics including frequencies, mean and

standard deviation. Finally, establishment of

significantly influencing selected socio-economic

factors adoption and sustainability of the Stone

Jatropha (Vernicia montana) cultivation was done

through hypothesis testing by using Pearson’s

Chi-square (χ2). This test was suitable as the

scale, nominal and ordinal with the categories of

farmers who either adopted and farmers who were

non-adopters of Stone Jatropha (Vernicia

montana). The test were performed at a 5% level

of significance (p<0.05).

Empirical model

A logistic regression model was applied to

identify factors affecting the adoption of Stone

Jatropha by farmers in area studied. The

multiple-logistic regression model was used

because it sufficiently provided relevant

information on adoption probability and the

intensity of use on stone jatropha projects or

subsistence utilization.

483KHON KAEN AGR. J. 44 (3) : 479-490 (2016).

The unknown model parameters β0, β1

……….βn are ordinarily estimated by maximum

likelihood. The odds ratio in of favour of practising

Stone Jatropha cultivation can be written in

equation (3)

Li=In …..…… (3)

The dependent variable is the natural log of

the probability of a household engaging in

adoption of Stone Jatropha (Pi) divided by the

probability of not engaging in non-adoption Stone

Jatropha of (1-Pi). Dependent variable: adoption

or non-adoption cultivation of Stone Jatropha

(if adoption then 1, otherwise 0)

The variables of this study were selected for

model development as shown in Table 1

Table 1 Description of factors that influenced household respondents.

Variable Scale measurement

Description

Dependent VariableY Farmer who has cultivated Stone Jatropha (adopter) is

equal to 1; those who has never cultivated Stone Jatropha (non-adopter), otherwise.

Independent variable1 Continuous Number of household member2 Dummy Gender; Male =1; 0 otherwise3 Continuous Age 5 Continuous Educational level 6 Dummy Main occupation; Agriculture = 1; 0 otherwise7 Dummy Religion; Buddhism = 1; 0 otherwise8 Dummy Key decision; Making decision by husband =1; 0 otherwise9 Continuous Income

10 Dummy Trust buyer; somehow trust and trust = 1; 0 otherwise11 Continuous Land holding

Logit(P(Y=1|X1,……,Xn) = β0 + β

1 + X1+….+ β

0Xn ……. …(1)

This implies that,

Results and Discussion

Socio-economic characteristics of adopter and

non-adopter of Stone Jatropha (Vernicia montana).

The study was conducted on 156-household

samplings. Of the total number selected, 42.95%

were adopter and 57.05% were non-adopters of

Stone Jatropha (Vernicia montana) cultivation. As

shown in Table 2, gender of non-adoption group

comprised 60.70 and 39.30% of respective male

and female whereas 73.10 and 26.90% of

adopters were male and female, respectively. The

484 แก่นเกษตร 44 (3) : 479-490 (2559).

gender relative of labor within families showed

that the percentage of male adopter was greater

than that of non-adopters with almost all groups

being married (88.80% for non-adopter and 94%

for adopters). Relative in families was shown that

68.50% of non-adopter had male as head of

family while there were 71.60% in the case of

adopter. In this case, the relative group adopters

were not significant ly di f ferent form the

non-adopters.

In addition, household’s main occupation

showed slightly over 30% of both adopters and

non-adopters being dependent solely on

agriculture whereas second occupation (workers

and government officer) showed 18.60% and

12.80% of the adopters and non-adopters

respectively. The ethnic background of adopters

was Lao Moung and Lao Kreamu (25% and

29.50%, respectively) and most of non-adopters

were Lao kreamu (33.30%). Religion analysis also

showed that 46.10% of non-adopters and 20.90%

of adopter were Buddhism with 4.50% Christianity

for non-adopters group with 13.40% of adopters.

It was surprising that 49.40% of non-adopter and

65.70% of adopter believed in ghost (spirits).

Religion was significant difference between

non-adopters and adopters and the finding

agrees with the study conducted by Ogunleye et

al. (2008). Key decision makers was shown both

husband and wife together played a significant

role in terms of decision making in the household,

having 50.70% and 58.40% of the total surveyed

families for respective adopter and non-adopter

groups. Husband tended to have more role in this

context for adopter group (41.80%) compared to

lesser number (24.70%) for non-adopter group.

The result was consistent with Sysaneth and

Duangsavanh (2009), who reported that

percentage of both decis ion makers in

households and more than half of the respondent

farmers 53.7% said that both husband and wife

were decision makers together. Similarly,

Mensah-Kutin (2006) reported that since 1981

convention of 179 countries including many in

Africa have committed to this trend and are

expected to take concrete measures to promote

women’s part ic ipat ion in al l spheres of

development as leaders, decision makers and

beneficiaries. Generally, key decision makers in

families were significantly different between

non-adopters. Also, the role of women is

established in sustainable development and

importance of promoting greater opportunity for

women accessing resources to enhance their

status and socio-economic well-being (Verloo,

2001). While no trust was 83.10% for non-

adopters with 46.30% for adopters group, partial

trust was 15.70% for non-adopters with 32.80%

for adopters group, and trust (completely trust)

was 1.10% for non-adopters with 20.90% for

adopters group respectively. Moreover, trust of

buyers in this study found that farmers tended not

to have trustworthy in buyers led affected to the

decision to farmer adoption in this plant which

trustworthy in buyer depended on difficultly

production and selling, lack of marketing

information, limited factory, low price and market

price depended on buyer referral (German et al.,

2011).

485KHON KAEN AGR. J. 44 (3) : 479-490 (2016).

Table 2 Key descriptive statistics for variables of Stone Jatropha (Vernicia montana) adoption (N=156).

Item Test Non-adopt (%) Adopter (%) χ2 p-valueGender Male 60.70 73.10 2.646a 0.104

Female 39.30 26.90Status Single 4.50 0.00 3.163a 0.206

Married 88.80 94.00Divorced 6.70 6.00

Main occupation No occupation 3.40 0.00 14.253a 0.027Agriculture 56.20 77.60Student 1.10 0.00Own business 10.10 10.40Worker 4.50 6.00Government 21.30 6.00Company 3.40 0.00

Ethnic group Lao Mung 4.50 3.00 11.153a 0.004Lao Luam 43.80 19.40Lao Kreamu 51.70 77.60

Religion Buddhism 46.10 20.90 12.320a 0.002Christian 4.50 13.40Ghost (Spirits) 49.40 65.70

Key decision makers Husband 24.70 41.80 9.039a 0.029Wife 5.60 6.00Both 58.40 50.70Other 11.20 1.50

Trust buyer No trust 83.10 46.30 28.110a 0.000Partial trust 15.70 32.80Trust 1.10 20.90

As shown in Table 3, the average age of

non-adopters and adopters was 47 and 49 years

old, respectively. Previous study (Egge et al.,

2012) showed that the age had negatively

significant influence on the adoption of improved

sorghum varieties in Ethiopia. It is particularly

accepted that younger farmers are more

innovative than older ones. The age of farmers in

this sample proportion of adopter respondent

revealed that 73% were in the group aged

between 20-35 years whereas 75% were over

35 years old in non-adopter group. Besides, the

analysis of the mean number of household

members showed that the adopter of Stone

Jatropha had 5 members living in the household

while the other group had only 4. The size of

household members of non-adopters was smaller

than that of adopters due likely to family incomes

that were significant for their substance and also

28% of the farmers had a member generating

off-farm income for the household (Castillo et al.,

2014).

486 แก่นเกษตร 44 (3) : 479-490 (2559).

The farmer income activity as presented in

Table 3 revealed that the average income of

non-adopter group was 3,477.70$ while the lower

amount of 3,229.00$ being from adopter group

with no significant difference in this respect

between these two groups. Land holding, on

average non-adopter group occupied 0.65 ha and

adopters owned 0.91 ha, while adopters and

non-adopters paid 0.80$ and 0.68$ for land

rental.

For education levels, non-adopter of Stone

Jatropha significantly spent longer period in

school (7 years) that did the other group (6 years).

It can be pointed out that better educated farmers

as of non-adopter group had more negative

response to Stone Jatropha cultivation. This is

similar to the previous study (Nwakor et al., 2011b)

of which the results showed more negative

response to technology-cultivated adoption in

higher education groups. However, a contradiction

was found when compared to the study

undertaken by Mapemba and Grevulo (2013).

They reported that higher-educated people act

as pioneers in most innovation biofuel (Jatropha

curcas) adoption. Education is important for an

informed society and provides basic skills that

facilitate transmission to technical knowledge and

rational decision-making and also to see and

understand the technologies in a proper

perspective in relation to current circumstances.

Table 3 Quantitative analysis T-test.

ParametersAdoption

(Vernicia motana)N Mean S.D T-value Sig.

Age Non-adopter 89 46.77 14.08 -0.812 0.21Adopter 67 48.50 11.89

Number of household members

Non-adopter 89 4.82 1.93 -2.194 0.269Adopter 67 5.45 1.52

Income (USD) Non-adopter 89 3,477.70 2,192.53 0.652 0.227Adopter 67 3,229.00 2561.93

Land holding

Non-adopter 89 0.65 0.62 -2.292 0.653Adopter 67 0.91 0.83

Land Rent (USD) Non-adopter 89 0.68 5.31 -0.142 0.784Adopter 67 0.80 4.619

Education level Non-adopter 89 7.86 4.382 2.557 0.022Adopter 67 6.19 3.534

*p<0.05

Factors influencing Stone Jatropha (Vernicia

montana) cultivation adoption

Results indicated that there were some main

variables determined in these studies such as

number of household members, gender, age,

ethnic background, education level, main

occupation, religion, key decision maker,

household income, landholding and land rent.

However, the test of col l ineari ty among

independent variables showed a multicollinearity

487KHON KAEN AGR. J. 44 (3) : 479-490 (2016).

problem, for example, area of land holding and

land rental of farmers, ethic group and religion.

Therefore, those variables that were correlated

with these variables were taken out. The selection

based on the major role of each variable.

Unrestricted and restricted models were

estimated and likelihood ratio tests were also

done. This confirmed that there were indifferent

among model A, B, and C. The goodness of fit of

each model was carried out as well. The results

are presented in Table 4, which revealed that

education level, key decision maker and trust in

the buyer were significant factors affecting

adoption of Stone Jatropha cultivation. Key

decision makers in the household where the

family had to agree with the husband were higher

within decision maker families of adoption.

Therefore, household that decision was made by

the husband had a tendency of increasing the

probability of adoption of Stone Jatropha (Vernicia

montana) in Lao PDR. Also trust in the buyer had

relative alliances affecting the roles of trust in the

buyer commitment in the relationship. The results

indicated that trust in the buyers is an important

element in the logistic model used. The results

also show that trust in the buyer effectiveness was

influenced more by a negative outcome of

community adoption with conflict by positive sell

producing of famers with trust (Hussein and

Janekarnkij, 2013). Meanwhile, education level of

farmer resulted in contradiction with the

l i teratures, involving the effect of some

socio-economic results. They revealed that

education status affected adoption. Adoption was

likely higher among farmers experienced high

social class, who were literate and farmers who

can read, tend to decrease the probability of

Stone Jatropha cultivation, since they may not

have confidence that growing Stone Jatropha will

gain more benefit than other crops. Also, they may

not have in-depth understanding about how to

cultivate Stone Jatropha. These were the

significant factors affecting adoption as shown by

Waibel and Zilbermann (2007) and Krasuaythong

(2008). Meanwhile, Trust in the buyers had a

significance to the relationship with adoption of

recommended cultivation practices (p<0.05), the

significance implies that trust in the buyers is very

much influencing in the decision to adopt

recommended cultivation practices. This is shown

in the study because the trust in the buyers by the

respondent was significantly different. Hence, this

significant estimation showing an odd ratio is

positive as was expected. Also male decision

makers, the odd ratio estimate decision was

positive. The sign implies that as people became

decision makers the farmers tended to decide the

size of parameter and this too, was positive as

expected. This fact that in the study area of

influence the farmers decided to adopt new

cultivation practices, innovations or ideas all the

while the male improved the condition of farmers.

The odd ratio estimate of education was seen

as a negative impact. The sign implies that as the

people became educated they tended to adopt

the use of recommended technologies. The study

found that communities between education and

adoption of recommended cultivation practices

were negative. The variable shown to influence

the decision of farmers was significant at p<0.05.

Therefore, these are important factors influencing

the adoption of Stone Jatropha (Vernicia montana)

cultivation.

488 แก่นเกษตร 44 (3) : 479-490 (2559).

Tabl

e 4

Logi

stic

Reg

ress

ion

anal

ysis

(Max

imiz

e Li

kelih

ood

Ratio

) fac

tors

influ

enci

ng fa

rmer

ado

ptio

n.

Mod

el/in

depe

nden

t var

iabl

esU

nres

trict

ed m

odel

(A)

Res

trict

ed m

odel

(B)

Res

trict

ed m

odel

(C)

Odd

ratio

SEZ

Odd

ratio

SEZ

Odd

ratio

SEZ

Land

hol

ding

1.25

9 0.

369

0.79

1.

259

0.36

9 0.

79

Num

ber o

f hou

seho

ld m

embe

rs1.

059

0.14

6 0.

42

1.05

9 0.

146

0.42

Trus

t in

buye

rs4.

389*

1.

401

4.63

4.

381*

1.

393

4.64

5.06

9*1.

668

4.93

Budd

hism

-0.7

21

0.49

3 -0

.48

-0.6

56

0.29

4 -0

.94

Mak

ing

deci

sion

by

Hus

band

2.61

0*

1.07

7 2.

32

2.62

33 *

1.07

9 2.

34

2.87

5*1.

146

2.65

Educ

atio

nal l

evel

-0.9

60*

0.05

5 - 0

.70

-0.9

59*

0.05

5 -0

.71

-0.9

05*

0.04

2 -2

.11

Mai

n oc

cupa

tion

1.47

8 0.

699

0.83

1.

509

0.68

0 0.

91

Lao

krea

mu

1.11

9 0.

741

0.17

Like

lihoo

d

Log

likel

ihoo

d-8

3.35

2-8

3.47

7-8

5.10

4981

Lr-te

stLr

test

A-B

: Pro

b >

chi2

= 0

.827

Lrte

st B

-C :

Prob

> c

hi2

= 0.

503

Lrte

st A

-C :

Pr P

rob

> ch

i2 =

0.6

264

Pseu

do R

20.

218

0.21

70.

2015

Goo

dnes

s of

fit

num

ber

of o

bser

vatio

ns =

156

num

ber

of

cova

riate

pat

tern

s =

143

Pear

son

chi2

(134

) = 1

35.7

4 P

rob

> ch

i2 =

0.4

41

num

ber o

f obs

erva

tions

= 1

56nu

mbe

r of c

ovar

iate

pat

tern

s =

155

Pear

son

chi2

(146

) = 1

57.6

6Pr

ob >

chi

2 =

0.24

0

num

ber o

f obs

erva

tions

= 1

56nu

mbe

r of c

ovar

iate

pat

tern

s =

25Pe

arso

n ch

i2(2

1) =

21.

74Pr

ob >

chi

2 =

0.41

4

** S

igni

fican

t at 0

.05

* Sig

nific

ant a

t 0.1

0

489KHON KAEN AGR. J. 44 (3) : 479-490 (2016).

Conclusion

The adoption process of Stone Jatropha

(Vernicia montana) in two groups; adopters and

non-adopters in Xiengnguen district, Luangprabang

province, Lao PDR was investigated. The

evaluated case study area was the rural

community based upon a small-scale. Significant

differences in adoption as well as in socio-

economic factors influencing were found.

Characteristics based on socio-economic

analysis of factors driving the adoption gave some

level of reliable statistical accuracy. The factors

considered were important to the influence on the

adoption decisions of the farmer’s respondents.

The strength, to some extent, of the impacts of the

individual variable was also found. The trust of

buyers’ production, key decision maker and

education level were the most significant drivers

affecting the adoption of Stone Jatropha (Vernicia

montana) cultivation in the area studied. Even

though, education levels were found to be

significant, again they negatively affected the

adoption. Farmers who participated in the project,

however, lacked confidence in taking the

cultivation into serious consideration. Marketing

should be considered an important step to

boosting development preparedness, cultivation

and factory support production from farmers.

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