Soc.sci 3 Phpapp01

7/27/2019 Soc.sci 3 Phpapp01

1/30

LARYSON F. BAGUMBAY

SOC. SCI. III

Sociology and Anthropology


2/30

Sociology

is the systematic study of socialbehavior and human groups.

Focuses on social relationships;

how those relationships influencepeoples behavior; and howsocieties, the sum total of those

relationships develop and change. It is the science of society and the

social interactions taking place


3/30

Sociological Imagination

According to C. Wright Mills, it is an awareness ofthe

relationship of the individual and the wider society.

This

awareness allows all of us to comprehend the links

between

our immediate, personal settings and the remote,

impersonalsocial world that surrounds and help to shape us.

A key element in the sociological imagination is

the ability to

view ones society as an outsider would, rather than


4/30

Sociology and the Social

Sciences

Natural Science- study of the physical features ofnature and

the ways I which they interact and change.

Ex. Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Geology,Physics

Social Sciences- study of the social features of

humans and the

ways in which they interact and change.Ex. Sociology, Anthropology, Economics, History,

Psychology

and Political Science

These social science disciplines have a common


5/30

Anthropology is the study of past cultures andpreindustrial

societies that continue today, as well as the origin

of humans.

Economics is the study that explore the way in

which people

produce and exchange goods and services along

with moneyand other resources.

History is concerned with the people and events

of the past and their significance for us today.

Political Science study international relations, the


6/30

Psychology is used in the investigation ofpersonality and

individual behavior.

Sociologists focus on the study of the influence thatthe society

Has on peoples attitudes and behavior and the

ways in which

People interact and shape society. Humans aresocial animals so

sociologists scientifically examine their social

relationships with

others.


7/30

Anthropology

Is the science of humanity and itssociety.

It studies the biological, social, and

cultural development of humankind andseeks answers to why people are

different and how they are similar.


8/30

Origin and History of Sociology and

Anthropology


9/30

The Beginnings of Anthropology

It goes back to the period of discoveries andexplorations

in the15th to 18th centuries.

Sources of facts were the early Westernexplorers,

missionaries, soldiers and colonial officialsregarding the

strange behavior and beliefs as well as the exotic

appearance ofpeople they have come in contact with.

Discoveries of flint tools and other artifacts inEurope in the

early 19th

century gave evidence of the existence ofhuman


10/30

These discoveries happened at the time whenadvancement

in Physics and Chemistry were made, arousing

interest in scien-

tific inquiry.

Edward Tylor was the first professor of

Anthropology in Ox-

ford, England. In the U.S., it was Franz Boaz ofClark Univer-

sity, Massachusetts.

Modern Anthropology in both Physical and

cultural aspects


11/30

Modern Anthropology Focus of study was the exotic, non- western

societies.

The dominant theme of the early anthropologistswere the

evolutionary view of humanity and human behavior. Structural functionalism was eventually used. The

turn for a

higher level of research through the use of careful

and thoroughgathering of data about individual cultures was

made by Franz

Boaz and Alfred Kroeber. They were followed by

Bronislaw Ma-


12/30

From 1980, ethnographers approached the studyof local

culture as embedded within regional and tribal

forces.

Terms to know:

1. Ethnography- provides account of a particular

community, society or culture.

2. Ethnographer- gathers data that he organizes,describes, analyzes, and interprets to build and

present the account which may be in the form of

a book, article or film.

3. Ethnology- examines, interprets, analyzes, and


13/30

The Beginnings of Sociology

Has its roots in France at the time of the Industrial

Revolution and French Revolution.

Social problems attended this social upheavals.

The pioneers were Henri de Saint- Simon (1760-1825) and

Auguste Comte (1798-1857).

Auguste Comte, a French Philosopher, believed

that methodsand techniques of the natural science could be

applied to the

study of society. He coined the term sociology to

apply to the


14/30

Harriet Martineau(18021876)-scholars learned ofComtes

works through the translations of this sociologist.Aside from

this, she offered insightful observations of thecustoms and

social practices of both her native Britain and theU.S.Her book

Society in America examined religion, politics,child-rearing

and immigration in the young nation. Her writingsemphasized

the impact that the economy, law, trade, health,


15/30

Herbert Spencer( 1820-1903) he did not feelcompelled to

correct or improve society , instead he hoped to

understand it

better. He applied Darwins concept of Evolution of

the Species

to societies in order to explain how they change, or

evolve overtime. He also adapted Darwins Survival of the

fittest in arguing

that it is natural that some people are rich while

others are


16/30

between two classes that clashed in the pursuit oftheir own

interest. When he examined the industrial societies

of his time,

he saw the factory as the center of conflict between

the

exploiters and the exploited. He viewed these

relationships insystematic terms, he believed that a system of

economic, social

and political relationships maintained the power

and


17/30

It was during the time of Emile Durkheim, GeorgSimmel,

and Max Weber in Europe, and Charles H. Cooley,

Robert E.

Park and W.I. Thomas in the U.S. that empirical

research was

used in the study of social phenomena.

Emile Durkheim(1858-1917) laid the foundationfor Modern

Sociology. He made contributions regarding the

study of

suicide, religion, division of labor in society and


18/30

Max Weber ( 1864-1920)-according to him, tofully compre-

hend behavior, we must learn the subjectivemeanings people

attach to their actions- how they themselves viewand explain

their behavior.

Charles Horton Cooley(1864-1929)- to effectively

learnmore about society, he preferred to use the

sociological pers-

pective to look first at smaller units- intimate, face-

to-face


19/30

Major Theoretical Perspectives

Sociologists view society in different ways. Somesee the

world as a stable and on-going entity. Others see

society as

composed of many groups in conflict, competing for

scarce

resources. And still to others, the most fascinating

aspects ofthe social world are the everyday, routine

interactions among

individuals that we sometimes take for granted.

These three views are the functionalist, conflict


20/30

Functionalist Perspective

This emphasizes the way in which the parts of thesociety are

structured to maintain its stability.

Talcott Parsons (1902-1979), a Harvard

University

sociologist was a key figure in the development of

this theory.

Parson saw any society as a vast network ofconnected parts,

each of which helps to maintain the system as a

whole.

His functionalist approach holds that if an aspect


21/30

value consensus among members of the society, itwill not be

passed on from one generation to the next.

Throughout most of the 1900s,the functionalist

perspectiveHad the upper hand in sociology in the US.

Manifest and Latent Functions

Robert Merton made an important distinction

betweenmanifest and latent functions.

Manifest Functions of institutions are open,stated, conscious

functions. They involve the intended, recognized


22/30

Latent Functions are unconscious or unintendedfunctions

That may reflect hidden purposes of an institution.

Dysfunctions

Functionalists acknowledge that not all parts of the

society con-

tribute to its stability all the time. Dysfunction refers to an element or process of a

society that

may actually disrupt the social system or reduce its

stability.


23/30

Conflict Perspective

Conflict sociologists see a social world incontinual struggle.

It assumes that social behavior is best

understood in terms of

conflict or tension between competing groups.

Conflicts need not be violent, it can take the form

of labor

negotiations, party politics, competition betweenreligious

groups for new members, or disputes over the

government

budget.


24/30

The widespread social unrest resulting frombattles over civil

rights, bitter division over the war in Vietnam, rise of

the gay

and feminist liberation movements, political

scandals, have

offered support for the conflict approach- the view

that thesocial world is characterized by continual struggle

between

competing groups.

The discipline of sociology accepts conflict theory


25/30

Views Under the Conflict Theory

Marxist View

Karl Marx viewed struggle between social

classes as ine-

vitable, given the exploitation of workers under

capitalism. Ex-

panding on Marxs work, sociologists and other

social scientists

have come to see conflict not merely as a classphenomenon

but as part of everyday life in all societies.

An African American View

Some early black sociologists including


26/30

The struggle for a racially egalitarian society.Sociology he con-

tended, had to draw on scientific principles to studysocial

problems such as those experienced by blacks inthe U.S. Du

Bois made a major contribution to sociologythrough his in-

depth studies of urban life, both black and white.He documen-

ted the blacks relatively low status in Philadelphiaand Atlanta.

He believed that granting full political rights to


27/30

It sees inequity in gender as central to all behavior andorganization. Contemporary feminist theorist often view

wo-

mens subordination as inherent in a capitalist societies.Some

radical feminist theorists, view the oppression of womenas in-

evitable in all male- dominates societies, whethercapitalist,

socialist or communist.

Feminist scholarship in sociology has broadened theunder-

standing of social behavior by taking it beyond the malepoint of

view. They have not only challenged stereo-typing ofwomen,


28/30

Interactionist Perspective

Functionalists and conflict theorists both analyzelarge-scale,

society-wide patterns of behavior. Interactionists,

on the other

hand generalize about everyday forms of

interaction in order

to explain society as a whole.

Interactionism is a sociological framework forviewing

human beings as living in a world of meaningful

objects.

Objects may include material things, actions,


29/30

George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) is widelyregarded as the

founder of the interactionist perspective. His

sociological

analysis often focused on human interactions in

one- toone

situations and small groups. He was interested in

observing themost minute forms of communication- smiles,

frowns, nods-

And in understanding how such individual

behaviors were


30/30

Type of Interactionist Perspective

Dramaturgical approach- popularized by ErvingGoffman,

This approach sees people as theatrical

performers. Everyday

life is compared to the setting of the theater and

stage. Just as

Actors project certain image, all of us seek to

present particularfeatures of our personalities while we hide other

qualities.

Documents

Soc.sci 3 Phpapp01