Solar_system[1](by Umar Farooq)

8/3/2019 Solar_system[1](by Umar Farooq)

1/20


2/20

The stars ,the sun, the shooting stars

,moon & planets are some of the

celestial bodies.
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3/20

Our solar system consists of an average star we call the Sun, the planets Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter,

Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It includes: the satellites of the planets; numerous comets, asteroids, and

meteoroids; and the interplanetary medium. The Sun is the richest source of electromagnetic energy (mostly in the

form of heat and light) in the solar system. The Sun's nearest known stellar neighbor is a red dwarf star calledProximal Centauri, at a distance of 4.3 light years away. The whole solar system, together with the local stars visible

on a clear night, orbits the center of our home galaxy, a spiral disk of 200 billion stars we call the Milky Way. The

Milky Way has two small galaxies orbiting it nearby, which are visible from the southern hemisphere. They are called

the Large Magellan Cloud and the Small Magellan Cloud. The nearest large galaxy is the Androgen Galaxy. It is a

spiral galaxy like the Milky Way but is 4 times as massive and is 2 million light years away. Our galaxy, one of billions

of galaxies known, is traveling through intergalactic space.


4/20

A star is a ball of gas held together by its own gravity. The

force of gravity is continually trying to cause the star to

collapse. The pressure of hot gas and/or radiation in the

stars interior counteracts this. This is called hydrostatic

support. During most of the lifetime of a star, the interior

heat and radiation is provided by nuclear reactions near

the center; this is phase of the star's life is called the main

sequence.The stars appear to move from east to west.

This is so, because the earth rotates from west to east

about an imaginary axis that passes through its center.

However, there is one star, which appears stationary to

us. This star is situated in the north direction and is

known as POLARIS or POLE STAR or Druv Tara. The

pole star had been one of the most familiar stars totravelers in earlier times to find direction at night.

The star now requires a series of less efficient nuclear

reactions for internal heat, before finally collapsing when

these no longer generate sufficient heat to support the

star against its own gravity.
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5/20

The constellations are totally imaginary things that poets,

farmers and astronomers have made up over the past 6,000

years (and probably even more!). The real purpose for the

constellations is to help us tell which stars are which,

nothing more. On a really dark night, you can see about

1000 to 1500 stars. Trying to tell which is which is hard.The constellations help by breaking up the sky into more

manageable bits. They are used as mnemonics, or memory

aids. For example, if you spot three bright stars in a row in

the winter evening, you might realize, "Oh! That's part of

Orion!" Suddenly, the rest of the constellation falls into

place and you can declare: "There's Betelgeuse in Orion's

left shoulder and Rigel is his foot." And once you recognize

Orion, you can remember that Orion's Hunting Dogs arealways nearby. Then you might recognize the two bright

stars in the upper and lower left of the photograph as

Procyon in Canis Minor and Sirius in Canis Major,

respectively.


6/20

The Moon was first visited by the Soviet spacecraft Luna 2 in 1959. The gravitational forces between the Earth andthe Moon cause some interesting effects. The most obvious is the tides. The Moon's gravitational attraction is stronger

on the side of the Earth nearest to the Moon and weaker on the opposite side. Since the Earth, and particularly the

oceans, is not perfectly rigid it is stretched out along the line toward the Moon. From our perspective on the Earth's

surface we see two small bulges, one in the direction of the Moon and one directly opposite. The effect is much

stronger in the ocean water than in the solid crust so the water bulges are higher. And because the Earth rotates much

faster than the Moon moves in its orbit, the bulges move around the Earth about once a day giving two high tides per

day. (This is a greatly simplified model; actual tides, especially near the coasts, are much more complicated.)


7/20

The planet Mercury is very difficult to study from the Earth because it is always so close to the Sun. Even at

elongation, it is never more than 28 degrees from the Sun in our sky. It is the second smallest planet (it was believed to

be the smallest until the discovery that Pluto is actually much smaller than originally thought), and also the fastest in

its orbit since it is the innermost planet. In fact, the name Mercury derives from its speed in moving around its orbit.

We began to learn more about Mercury with radar imaging from the Earth in the 1960s, and obtained most of what

we know about the planet from the Mariner 10 space probe was placed into a complicated orbit involving Venus and

Mercury and which passed close to Mercury and sent back information three times in the period 1974-1976 (image

source).


8/20

In the last 30 years we have learned a great deal about our "sister" planet, and we now know that almost nothing on

Venus is like that on the Earth. Much of the previous misconception can be traced to the difficulty of observing Venus

because it is always covered with a thick cloud layer. In the past 3 decades astronomers have learned how to peer

through that cloud layer and unlock many of the secrets of this nearby but previously not well known planet.

Venus is the brightist planet in the galaxy in cluding all planet . This is because of its cloudy atmosphere that reflects

most of

the light that falls on it.


9/20

Earth, our home planet, is a beautiful blue and white ball when seen from space. The third planet from the Sun, it is

the large of the inner planets. Earth is the only planet known to support life and to have liquid water at the surface.

Earth takes 27.3 days to complete one rotation and 365 day to complete one revolution.

Our planet's rapid spin and molten nickel-iron core give rise to an extensive magnetic field, which, along with the

atmosphere, shields us from nearly all of the harmful radiation coming from the Sun and other stars. Earth's

atmosphere protects us from meteors, most of which burn up before they can strike the surface.


10/20

The southern hemisphere of Mars is predominantly ancient cratered highlands somewhat similar to the Moon. In

contrast, most of the northern hemisphere consists of plains which are much younger, lower in elevation and have a

much more complex history. An abrupt elevation change of several kilometers seems to occur at the boundary. The

reasons for this global dichotomy and abrupt boundary are unknown (some speculate that they are due to a very large

impact shortly after Mars' accretion). Mars Global Surveyor has produced a nice 3D map of Mars that clearly shows

these features.
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11/20

Its the largest planet in solar system. It consists of hydrogen & helium. It has 28 moons or satellites. It has got faint

ring around it. The mass of Jupiter is more than the sum of masses of the other planet in the solar system. Jupiter is

the fifth planet from the Sun and is the largest one in the solar system. If Jupiter were hollow, more than one thousand

Earths could fit inside The atmosphere appears as alternating bands of light regions, called zones, and dark regions

called belts, that run parallel to the equator. The zones are higher in altitude than the belts, and are correspondingly

lower in temperature. It is believed that the belts represent descending areas of low pressure. Jupiter radiates heat

energy out to space by way of convection. The zones carry energy to the surface and then cool, and sink again.
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12/20

The distance of Saturn is two times of that of Jupiter. In shape and size it is almost comparable to Jupiter. It has got

30 moons. It has got distinct rings around it which can be seen by telescope.

. Saturn has been known since prehistoric times. Galileo was the first to observe it with a telescope in 1610; he noted

its odd appearance but was confused by it. Early observations of Saturn were complicated by the fact that the Earth

passes through the plane of Saturn's rings every few years as Saturn moves in its orbit. A low resolution image of

Saturn therefore changes drastically. It was not until 1659 that Christiaan Huygens correctly inferred the geometry of

the rings. Saturn's rings remained unique in the known solar system until 1977 when very faint rings were discoveredaround Uranus (and shortly thereafter around Jupiter and Neptune).
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13/20

It was the first planet to be discovered by telescope. William Herschel discovered it. Its size is four timesthat of the earth. Its main constituents are hydrogen and methane. It has got 21 natural satellites or moon.The atmosphere of Uranus is composed of 83% hydrogen, 15% helium, 2% methane and small amounts ofacetylene and other hydrocarbons. Methane in the upper atmosphere absorbs red light, giving Uranus itsblue-green color. The atmosphere is arranged into clouds running at constant latitudes, similar to theorientation of the more vivid latitudinal bands seen on Jupiter and Saturn. Winds at mid-latitudes on

Uranus blow in the direction of the planet's rotation
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14/20

It was the first planet whose presence was predicted before it was actually discovered. It has got 8 natural satellites. Its

mass is about 17 times of that of the earth. Its size is about four times of that of the earth.

Neptune's composition is probably similar to Uranus': various "ices" and rock with about 15% hydrogen and a little

helium. Like Uranus, but unlike Jupiter and Saturn, it may not have a distinct internal layering but rather to be more

or less uniform in composition. But there is most likely a small core (about the mass of the Earth) of rocky material.

Its atmosphere is mostly hydrogen and helium with a small amount of methane.
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Asteroids are rocky and metallic objects that orbit the Sun but are too small to be considered planets. They are known

asminor planets. Asteroids range in size from Ceres, which has a diameter of about 1000 km, down to the size of

pebbles. Sixteen asteroids have a diameter of 240 km or greater. They have been found inside Earth's orbit to beyond

Saturn's orbit. Most, however, are contained within amain belt that exists between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.

Some have orbits that cross Earth's path and some have even hit the Earth in times past. One of the best preserved

examples is Bar ringer Meteor Crater near Winslow, Arizona. Asteroids are material left over from the formation of

the solar system. One theory suggests that they are the remains of a planet that was destroyed in a massive collision

long ago.


16/20

Comets are small, fragile, irregularly shaped bodies composed of a mixture of non-volatile grains and frozen gases.

They have highly elliptical orbits that bring them very close to the Sun and swing them deeply into space, often

beyond the orbit of Pluto.

Comet structures are diverse and very dynamic, but they all develop a surrounding cloud of diffuse material, called a

coma, that usually grows in size and brightness as the comet approaches the Sun. Usually a small, bright nucleus (less

than 10 km in diameter) is visible in the middle of the coma. The coma and the nucleus together constitute the head of

the comet.

As comets approach the Sun they develop enormous tails of luminous material that extend for millions of kilometers

from the head, away from the Sun.
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Meteoroids are so small that they are no bigger than a grain of sand. Scientist have decided that meteoroids once were

produced by comets that orbited the sun. Some of the satellites we have recovered from space over many years havehad little indentions that were caused by little meteoroid collisions. When meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere they

become visible to the naked eye and are classified as meteors. They are visible because they fly so fast and when they

hit the surface of the atmosphere, they glow blue or even white. Meteors almost always burn up in the atmosphere,

and are only seen for a few seconds. Sometimes a meteor will hit earth and then are termed meteorites.
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18/20

A meteor, sometimes called a "shooting star," can be the brightest object in the night sky, yetmeteoroids are the

smallest bodies in the solar system that can be observed by eye. Wandering through space, perhaps as debris left

behind by a comet, meteoroids enter the earth's atmosphere, are heated by friction, and for a few seconds streak

across the sky as ameteor with a glowing trail. A brilliant meteor, called a fireball, may weigh many kilograms,but even a meteor weighing less than a gram can produce a beautiful trail. Some of these visitors fromspace are large enough to survive (at least partially) their trip through the atmosphere and impact theground as meteorites. Fireballs are sometimes followed by trails of light that persist for up to 30 minutes;some, called bolides, explode with a loud thunderous sound.
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19/20

ISRO's Launch Vehicle programme started withdevelopment of SLV-3, first successfully launched

on July 18, 1980 followed by two more flights. Thesecond launch vehicle was Augmented SatelliteLaunch Vehicle which had two successful flights.The development of Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle

has been completed with two successful flightsand is now available for operational use.Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV)is under development.


20/20

An artificial satellite is a manufacturedobject that continuously orbits Earthor some other body in space. Mostartificial satellites orbit Earth. Peopleuse them to study the universe, helpforecast the weather, transfertelephone calls over the oceans, assistin the navigation of ships and aircraft,monitor crops and other resources,

and support military activities.

Documents

Solar_system[1](by Umar Farooq)