Sosiale relasjonerog kommunikasjon

Sosiale relasjonerog kommunikasjon

KommunikasjonIngen kommunikasjon

Ikke-verbal kommunikasjon

Verbal kommunikasjon

Sosiale bånd / tilknytningSikker bånd

Truede bånd

Selv / identitet

Beslutninger i spill mot naturen

Hvilke mulige tilstand? (= kategorisering)

Hvilke sannsynligheter for hvert tilstand? (=observasjon, beregning av frekvenser)

Hvilke mulige handlinger? (=valg)

Hvilke forventede nytteverdier (= sannsynlighet x nytteverdi) for alle mulige utfall?

Beslutninger i spill mot naturen

Koblinger til beslutningsteori Sosial læringsteori Helse psykologi:

Kontroll teori Self-efficacy Learned helplessness Locus of Control

[Se f.eks. Jan Walker (2001). Control and the Psychology of Health. Buckingham: Open University Press]

Categorization

Categorization is therefore a consequence of how we are embodied. We have evolved to categorize. If we hadn’t, we would not have survived… We categorize as we do because we have the brains and bodies we have and because we interact with the world the way we do.

George Lakoff & Mark Johnson (1999),

Philosophy in the Flesh. The Embodied Mind and its Challenge to Western Thought, p. 18

Beslutninger i spill mot andre

Aktør BslivsverdenAktør As

livsverden

A’s valg

A’s syn på verden

Beslutninger i spill mot andre

Mulige handlinger for alle parter

Verdier av alle mulige utfall for alle parter

I visse spill fører egoistisk rasjonalitet til tap

Samarbeidsløsninger (=kollektiv rasjonalitet) krever tillitt

Andre sosiale relasjoner

Ikke alle relasjoner er “spill”

Ikke alle aktører er like “rasjonelle”

Ikke alle parter spiller etter samme regler (persepsjoner, vurderinger, normer)

Dyader – Teoretiske koblinger

Koblinger til bl.a. Cooley – Mead

“Dialogical alternative” (Astri Heen Wold, m.fl.)

Martin Buber (”Jeg – du / Jeg – Det”)

Lifeworld / eksistentiell fenomenologi (jf. Husserl – Heidegger – Gadamer – Habermas o.s.v)

Se f.eks. N. Crossley (1996). Intersubjectivity. The Fabric of Social Becoming

Dahlberg/Drew/Nyström (2001). Reflective Lifeworld Research

KommunikasjonUten kommunikasjon

Ikke-verbal kommunikasjonVerbal kommunikasjon

Relasjoner uten kommunikasjon

VM på Ski

Fotboll, håndboll, m.m.

Sjakk, bridge, m.m.

Asch, Milgram, Tajfel eksperimenter

Fangens dilemma eksperimenter

Social Learning in a Prisoner’s Dilemma GameMean correctly predicted responses on each block of 10 trials (100 trials in total).

0

1.5

3.0

4.5

6.0

7.5

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Women (N=120) Men (N=148)(M. Lumsden, 1969

Social Learning in a Prisoner’s Dilemma Game

The findings give some support to the statistical learning theory that

subjects are able to learn to predict probabilistic events.

Secondly, the findings give some support to the statistical decision

theorists’ finding that subjects are conservative and overestimate high

probabilities and underestimate low ones.

Thirdly, we find support for Parson’s notion of predictions leading to

the establishment of social norms. (cf. Scheff, 1967a; 1990, p. 74)(M. Lumsden, 1969)

Relasjoner uten kommunikasjon

Over tid gir resultatet av handlinger kommunikativ informasjon

Dannelse av mønster og normer

Selv-organiserende systemer?

Subtil kommunikasjon?

Fiske & Tetlock

Communal sharing (CS)[= likestilling, solidaritet]

Authority ranking (AR) [= fordeling etter makt og innflytelse]

Equality matching (EM) [= “like-for-like” (tit-for-tat)]

Market pricing (MP) [= kjøp og salg]

Non-verbal communication

Performance codes:Kinesics: body movement (”body language”), incl. eye movementVocalics: vocal activityHaptics: touching activityOlfactics: use of smell

Spatial codes:Proxemics: use of space

Temporal codes:Chronemics: use of time

Samspill og selvopplevelse / Identitet

Kroppsselv / selvet som forkroppsliget

Spatiell selv / selvet i forhold til rom

Tidsselv / selvet i tiden

Det mestrende selvet / selvet som aktør

OBS! Mestring = kropp+rom+tid+???

Samspill og selvopplevelse / Identitet

Følende / affektiv / emosjonell selv

Det relasjonelle selv / selvet som tilhørende

[I tillegg: Kjønnet selv, moralsk selv, verbal selv, narrativ selv, kreativ selv, åndelig selv]

Det affektive selvet

Affekt-kategorier (f.eks. Darwin, 1872) (bl.a. glede, sinne, sorg, skam)

OBS! Noen kan man oppleve selv, andre forutsetter en relasjon

“Vitalitets-affekter” (Stern, 1985): følelsenes kvalitet /dynamikk, f.eks. sterk, økende, explosiv, o.s.v.

Affekt-regulering:auto-regulering = “en-persons regulering”

interaktiv regulering = “to-persons regulering” (Schore, 2003)

Attunement

Affect attunement… is the performance of behaviors that express the quality of feeling of a shared affective state without imitating the exact behavioral expression of the inner state.

Daniel N. Stern (1985), The Interpersonal World of the Infant, p. 142

Attunement

Like dance for the adult, the social world experienced by the infant is primarily one of vitality affects before it is one of formal acts.

[Infants] take sensations, perceptions, actions, cognitions, internal states of motivation, and states of consciousness, and experience them directly in terms of intensities, shapes, temporal patterns, vitality affects, categorical affects, and hedonic tones. These are the basic elements of early subjective experience.

Stern (1985), pp. 57, 67

Attunement (Stern, 1985)

Sharing intensity

Absolute intensity (61 %)

Intensity contour (81 %)

Sharing time

Temporal beat (13 %)

Rhythm (11 %)

Duration (69 %)

Sharing shape

Shape (47 %)

Attunement & Misattunement

Where there is attunement, empathy and trust grow

Where there is clashing, individuation is promoted

Where clashing is extreme…, empathy and trust may fail… the child may grow up an amoral and anti-social “delinquent” (cf. Bowlby)

Attunement & Misattunement

Resonance phenomena are now thought to play one of the most important roles in brain organization and in central nervous system (CNS) regulatory processes…

Although this principle is usually applied to the synchronization processes within different parts of a whole brain… it also describes the resonance of phenomena that occurs between the two right brains of the psychobiologically attuned mother-infant dyad…

This also applies to the moments within the treatment process when two right brains… are communicating and in resonance.

Schore, A.N. (2003). Affect Regulation and the Repair of the Self, p. 51

Attunement

I claim that the basic human bond involves mental and emotional connectedness, that social organization requires what Stern et al. (1984) have called attunement between individuals, the sharing of thoughts and feelings. (Scheff, 1990, p. 97)

Society continues to exist as long as its members are able to achieve attunement, the sharing of meanings and feelings.

Thomas J. Scheff (1990), p. 100

MisattunementFeeling traps

“Once ashamed one can be ashamed of being ashamed”

Triple spiral“Shame states… can be contagious within and between interactants.”

“One (spiral) within each interactant and one between them.”

[cf. Schore, 2003: autoregulering og interaktiv regulering.]

“Triple spirals of shame contagion could give rise to shame states of unlimited intensity and duration.”

Thomas J. Scheff (1990), p. 18

Verbal kommunikasjon

Regler som utvikles mellom mennesker

Indre diskusjoner

Realisme og fantasi

Symboler og metaforer

Verbal communication and the Verbal Self

Toward the middle of the second year (at around fifteen to eighteen months), children begin to imagine or represent things in… [s]ymbolic play and language…

Children can conceive of and then refer to themselves as external or objective entities…

They can communicate about things and persons who are no longer present.

(All these milestones bring Piaget’s period of sensori-motor intelligence towards an end.)

Stern (1985), p. 163

Verbal Communication and the Narrative Self

Language… provides a new way of being related to others (who may be present or absent) by sharing personal world knowledge with them, coming together in the world of verbal relatedness.

These comings-together permit the old and persistent life issues of attachment, autonomy, separation, intimacy, and so on to be re-encountered…

…language ultimately brings about the ability to narrate one’s own life story with all the potential that holds for changing how one views oneself.

Stern (1985), pp. 173–174

Verbal kommunikasjon

“…a vast inner world of thought and feeling” (Harris, 1971: 147)

Den andres indre verden kan være veldig annerledes og vanskelig for oss å forstå

Språk kan ikke nødvendigvis løse alle problemer med tillitt, følelser, felles identitet

Språk kan også brukes for å lure (f.eks gjennom å lyve), manipulere, og kontrollere

Alexythymia – “no words for feelings”

Neuropsychological studies of alexythymia now demonstrate a right hemispheric dysfunction… and a specific right to left deficit…

Alexythymia is… an impairment of emotional information processing… and is manifest in posttraumatic stress disorder, borderline personality disorders, substance abuse disorders, and somatoform disorders…

Allan N. Schore (2003a). Affect Dysregulation and Disorders of the Self, pp. 228–29

Sosiale bånd

Sosial lærings teoriprimært kognitiv

Tilknytningsteoriprimært affektiv

Attachment Theory(Bowlby, Ainsworth, Mains, etc.)

Type A: Insecure: Anxious / Avoidant*

Type B: Secure Attachment (ca. 70 %)*

Type C: Insecure: Ambivalent*

Type D: Insecure: Disorganised / Disoriented**

*M. Ainsworth et al. (1978), Patterns of Attachment

** Mains, M. & Solomon, J. (1986). Discovery of a new, insecure-disorganized/disoriented attachment pattern. In M. Yogman & B. Brazelton (Eds.), Affective development in infancy.

Adult AttachmentInfant secure

Infant insecure

Adult secure 20 5

Adult insecure 9 16

Data from Waters, et al. 2000. attachment security in infancy and early adulthood: A twenty-year longitudinal study. Child Development, 71(3), 684-689.

Studie av 50 personer som var testet med Strange Situation ved 1-års alderen og med Adult Attachment Interview 20 år senere

The Attachment Relationship Shapes the Brain

In support of Bowlby’s speculation that the infant’s ‘capacity to cope with stress’ is correlated with certain maternal behaviors (Bowlby 1969, p. 344), the attachment relationship directly shapes the maturation of the infant’s right brain stress-coping systems that act at levels beneath awareness.

The interactive regulation of right brain attachment biology is thus the substrate of empathy.

Neuropsychological studies now also reveal that the right hemisphere, ‘the right mind’, and not the later-forming verbal-linguistic left, is the substrate of affectively-laden autobiographical memory (Fink et al. 1996).

The core of self is thus non-verbal and unconscious.Schore, A.N. (2001). Minds in the making: Attachment, the self-organizing brain, and

devleopmentally-oriented psychoanalytic psychotherapy. British Journal of Psychotherapy, 17(3). [Reprinted in A.N. Schore (2003b). Affect Regulation and the Repair of the Self, pp. 33–57.

Sosiale relasjoner og kommunikasjon