Splanchnology

Composition: Alimentary system 消化系统 Respiratory system 呼吸系统 Urinary system 泌尿系统 Reproductive system 生殖系统

Characters of viscera Most of viscera organs lies in the thoracic, abdomi

nal and pelvic cavities All of them communicate with external environme

nt through some orifices or channels

Reference lines of thorax

Anterior median line Sternal line Midclavicular line Parasternal line Anterior axillary line Post axillary line Midaxillary line Scapular line Posterior median line

The abdominal regionsNine regions Left and right hypocho

ndriac region, epigastric region

L . and R. lateral regions of abdomen, umbilical region

L. and R. inguinal region, pubic region

Four quadrants

Left and right upper quadrants

Left and right lower quadrants

The Respiratory System

Composition Respiratory tract

Nose Pharynx upper respiratory tract Larynx Catch a cold Trachea

lower respiratory tract Bronchi

Lungs-paired organs of respiration Function: supply the body with oxygen

and to get rid of excess carbon dioxide resulting from cell metabolism

Nose 鼻

External nose: Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose Alae nasi (nosewing)

Nasal cavity –divided into two halves by nasal septum

paranasal sinuses

Two parts: Nasal vestibule Proper nasal cavity

Boundaries Roof － cribriform plate of eth

moid Floor － hard palate Medial wall － nasal septum Lateral wall

Nasal conchae: superior, middle and inferior

Nasal meatus: superior, middle and inferior

Mucous membrane of nose Olfactory( sense of smell) region 嗅区 : superior nasal conchae

and the mucosa of septum opposite it. contains olfactory cells Respiratory region 呼吸区 : its function is to warm, moisten, and

clean the inspired air

The paranasal sinuses and their site of drainage into the nose

Name of sinus Site of drainage

Frontal sinus Middle meatus via infundibulum

Maxillary sinus Middle meatus through semilunar hiatus

Sphenoid sinus Sphenoethmoidal recess

Ethmoidal sinuses Middle meatus

Middle meatus Superior nasal meatus

Frontal sinus

Ethmoidal sinusesSphenoid sinus

Maxillary sinus

Larynx 喉Tubular organ

Position － situated in the anterior middle part of the neck (below the hyoid bone), and extends from the vertebral level of C4 to C6

Composition:

encircled by:

Laryngeal cartilages

Laryngeal muscles

Laryngeal fibroelastic membrane

Laryngeal cartilages 喉软骨Thyroid cartilage 甲状软骨 Shield-shaped cartilage Laryngeal prominence （ adam’s apple ） at the b

ase of thyroid notch Cricoid cartilage 环状软骨 Complete ring of cartilage (s

haped like a signet (seal) ring)

at the level of C6

Arytenoid 杓状软骨 (ladle) Paired, pyramid -shaped, arti

culate with lamina of cricoid cartilage

Vocal process anteriorly, site of posterior attachment of vocal cords

Epiglottic cartilage 会厌软骨 leaf-shaped elastic cartilage situated behind the root of the tongue

prevent food from entering the windpipe

Muscles of larynx Increasing tension on the vocal ligament － cricothyroid Decreasing tension on the vocal ligament － thyroarytenoid Opening the glottis － posterior cricoarytenoid Closing the glottis － cricoarytenoid

Laryngeal cavityAperture of larynx 喉口－ bounded by upper border epiglottic car

tilage, aryepiglottic folds and interarytenoid notch

Structure features Two pairs of shelf- like folds :

Vestibular folds 前庭襞 Vocal folds 声襞 Vocal cords

Two fissures rima vestibuli 前庭裂 rima glottidis 声门裂 The narrowest part of lar

yngeal cavity

Three parts Laryngeal vestibule 喉前庭

Extends from the aperture of larynx to the rima vestibuli

Tubercle of epiglottis 会厌结节 Intermedial cavity of larynx

喉中间腔 Extends from the level of the ri

ma vestibuli to the level of the fissure of glottis

Ventricle of larynx 喉室 － a small recess between vestibular and vocal folds on each side

Infraglottic cavity 声门下腔 extends from the level of the vo

cal folds to the lower border of the cricoid cartilage

Trachea 气管

Position: extends from the lower border of cricoid cartilage to the level of sternal angle (between T4－ T5 vertebrae) where it divides into right and left principal bronchi

Structure features Consists of about 16 － 20

C-shaped incomplete tracheal cartilages for patency (being open) connected by smooth muscle and elastic fibers

Bronchi 支气管Right principal bronchus 右主支

气管 Shorter, wider, and more vertica

l than the left , is about 2.5cm long, Foreign bodies are therefore more likely to lodge in this bronchus or one of its branches

Left principal bronchus 左主支气管

Narrower, longer, and more horizontal than the right ,is about 5cm long,

Lungs 肺Position: located in the thoracic c

avity on both sides of mediastinum

General features Cone-shaped, the right lung is s

horter and broader, the left one is longer and narrower

Apex of lung － rises 2 ～ 3 cm above the medial third of clavicle into neck

Base － concave, related to diaphragm, also called diaphragmatic surface

Costal surface － large, convex, related to thoracic wall

Medial surface － concave, related to mediastinum and vertebrae Hilum of lung 肺门： area on media

l surface where structures in root enter or leave lung

Root of lung 肺根 Contents

Principal bronchus Pulmonary artery and vein Nerves and lymphatics

Surrounded by connective tissue

Three borders Posterior － blunt Inferior － sharp Anterior － sharp

Lobes and Fissure Right lung

Two fissures : horizontal oblique

Three lobes : superior, middle, inferior

Left lung One fissure : oblique Two lobes : superior and inferi

or

Bronchial tree 支气管树 Each principal bronchus d

ivides into lobar bronchi (two on the left, three on the right), each of which supplies a lobe of lung. Each lobar bronchus then divided into segmental bronchi, which supply specific segments of the lung.

Bronchopulmonary segments 支气管肺段 Wedge shaped, with the base lying peripherally and the

apex lying towards the root of lungs, ten in each lung Each with a segmental bronchus and branches of

pulmonary artery The veins lie both in and between segments

The Pleura 胸膜General features Serous membranes for

ming closed sacs Two layers

Visceral pleura － adheres to the lungs, continuous with parietal pleura at the root of lung

Parietal pleura － lines the thoracic cavity

Two pleural layers continue with each other at the root of the lung forming closed potential space － pleural cavity 胸膜腔 Contains a small amount of ple

ural fluid Subatmospheric pressure in it

Named parts of parietal pleura Cupula of pleura 胸膜顶 －

extends up into the neck, over the apex of lung, 2 ～ 3cm above the medial third of clavicle

Costal pleura 肋胸膜 － lines the inner surface of the wall of the chest

Mediastinal pleura 纵隔胸膜 Lines mediastinum Pulmonary ligament 肺韧带

－ redundant pleura at root of lung, which extends downward, allows movement of structures forming root of lung

Diaphragmatic pleura 膈胸膜－Lines diaphragm

Pleura recesses 胸膜隐窝－potential spaces of pleural cavity which lungs are not occupied in quiet respiration

Costodiaphragmatic recess 肋膈隐窝－ are the slit-like intervals between costal and diaphragmatic pleurae on each side, the lowest point of pleural cavity

Costomediastinal recess 肋纵隔隐窝－ on the left side between the mediastinal pleural and costal pleura

The surface projection of lower border of lung and pleurae Lower border

Midclavicular lines

Midaxillary lines

Sides of the vertebral column

Lungs 6th rib 8th rib 10th rib

Pleura 8th rib 10th rib 12th rib