Stealth Presentation Ver.2

7/22/2019 Stealth Presentation Ver.2

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Low Observable Principles,Low Observable Principles,

Stealth Aircraft andStealth Aircraft andAnti-Stealth Technologies Anti-Stealth Technologies

Konstantinos Zikidis (Major, HAF), Ph.D.

Alexios Skondras (2nd Lieutenant, HAF)

harisios !okas (2nd Lieutenant, HAF)

Department of Aeronautical Sciences,

Hellenic Air Force Academy

Dekelia Attica, Greece

2nd Int'l Conf. on Applications of Mathematics and Informatics in Military Sciences (AMIMS),Hellenic Military Academy, April 11-12, 21!, "ari, Athens



An"onekno#s the

air$ra%tt"&e '

An i&ressie air$ra%t,#ith stealth $hara$teristi$s...



Mi*+- Firefox , a %i$tionalair$ra%t %ro the -/2oie 0Fire%ox1

0a Soviet interceptor aircraft,capable of Mach 6,invisible to radar ,carring weapons controlledb tho!ght"""1

Des&ite su$h interestin%eatures, it sees thatrealit" had alread"sur&assed the %ilakers3iaination...

At the sae tie, a real stealth air$ra%t had alread"

4een deelo&ed...



Lockheed F-117 Nihtha!k (5S) atta$k air$ra%t

First %liht6 -/-, 786 -/, reealed to &u4li$6 -//



!ook &art in68&eration 9ust ause, Panaa (-/),8&eration Desert Stor, Persian *ul% :ar (--),8&eration Desert !hunder, 7ra; (-<+/)...

...Kosoo (-), A%hanistan (2==-), 7ra; (2==)...

Su4soni$, no A>,no radar, Link-? or$ountereasures s"ste...Ho#eer, thousands o% su$$ess%ul issions,

onl" one $o4at loss... #as retired in 2==/



First air$ra%t t"&es exhi4itin lo# o4sera4le

%eatures, ost &ossi4l" not deli4eratel"...

Horten Ho 22(*eran", -@)6re&orted to ake use o%ra&hite (a4sor4in) &aint,

reained at &rotot"&e stae

Aro Bul$an(5K, &rod.6 -? C ?)6

soeties disa&&eared

%ro the radar s$reen



arl" atte&ts 4" the 5S to#ards stealth

in the =s and ?=s, ainl" rel"in on a4sor4in

&aints, ore or less unsu$$ess%ul...

5+2 Draon Lad" (-< + ...)

SE+<- >la$k4ird

(-?@ + -/)

A+-2(-?+-?/)



First real ste&s to#ards radar sinature redu$tion,

#ith the (unintentional) hel& o% 5SSE...

#-<=s6 adan$es in $o&uters and so%t#are allo#s

$o&uter siulation and %l"+4"+#ire s"stes

#-<?6 Lo$kheed Skunk :orks #ave $l!e &roje$t6 2 &lanes

4uilt, 4oth lost durin s!ccessf!l deonstration &rora

#-</6 5S de$ides to deelo& F+--<

#-/-6 %irst %liht o% GF+--<A

#-?@, Mos$o#6 0Method of %dge &aves inthe Phsical Theor of 'iffraction 1 4" P"otr

5%itse6 radar return is related to the ede

$on%iuration o% an o4je$t, not its sie

# 5%itse3s #ork later translated and

studied 4" the 5S #ave $l!e #ave $l!e te$hnolo" deonstratorte$hnolo" deonstrator



Eadar ross Se$tion C ES6 a easure o% the radar

sinature or radar return o% an o4je$t

"#S of a taret$ the cross section of a metal sphere%in m&', yieldin the same radar return as the taret

De&ends on an" &araeters, su$h as6

relatie sie (sie ersus #aelenth),

taret aterial I&aintin,

sha&e I orientation...



ES redu$tion te$hni;ues

Pur&ose sha&in6

$ Sur%a$e %a$etin

$ Jo external loads (#ea&ons, tanks)

$ Jo &ro&ellers $ Hidden enine 4lades

$ Jo &arallel sur%a$es

$ Jo $orner re%le$tors

$ !ilted tail %ins (or no %ins at all) $ ASA radar (or no radar at all)

Eadar A4sor4ent Materials (EAM)

Passie $an$ellation

A$tie $an$ellation



Target RCS (m2) Target RCS (m2)

Destroyer (200 m) 14000 F-18 E/F Super Hornet <1

Β-52 Stratofortress 100 - 125 F-16 ! <1

"assen#er $ar 100 %afa&e ' <1

'-10 Her$u&es 80 -1 *an$er 0+,5 - 1

F-15 Ea#&e 10 - 25 Eo$et+ Harpoon 0+1

Su-2, F&an.er 10 - 15 -2 Sprt <0+1

F-4 "antom 6 - 10 r 0+01

3-2000 1 - 2 F-11, !#ta. 0+025

F-16 ' 1+2 F-5 *#tnn# 0+0015 - 0+005

-8 a&on 1 F-22 %aptor 0+0001 - 0+0005

Eurof#ter <1 nse$t 0+00001



Eadar dete$tion rane ersus taret ES, %or a

sureillan$e radar (L+>and), an Air4orne 7nter$e&tor

Eadar (+>and) and a issile seeker (+>and)

ma#e ta.en from7nott+ S$aeffer 9 u&ey+ :%aar 'ross Se$ton;+ S$e$ "u&sn# n$+ 2n re= e=+ 2004



!hree enerations o% 5SAF stratei$ 4o4ers6

iddle6 >oein >+2 Strato%ortress (%irst %liht -2), not stealth...

riht6 Eo$k#ell >+-> Lan$er (%.%. +A -<@, +> -/), rather stealth

le%t6 Jorthro& *ruan >+2 S&irit (%.%. -/), ;uite stealth



5SAF State+o%+the+art stealth %ihters6

-. Lo$kheed Martin F+22A

2. Lo$kheed Martin F+



Adan$ed %ihters #ith l.o. $hara$teristi$s6

2. Dassault Ea%ale F (Fran$e)6re&orted to hae entered Li4"a

airs&a$e undete$ted, usin

a$tie $an$ellation te$hni;ues

-. >oein F+- Silent

ale (5S)6 redesined to

o%%er u$h lo#er ES.



Protot"&e stealth air$ra%t under deelo&ent6

-. Sukhoi PAK FA (Eussia+7ndia) 2. hendu 9+2= (hina)

5ABs #ith stealth $hara$teristi$s6



5ABs #ith stealth $hara$teristi$s6

-. Lo$kheed Martin E+-<= Sentinel (5S)

2. Dassault

n5E8n

(Fran$e et$)

L kh d M ti F Li ht i 77



Lo$kheed Martin F+ Lihtnin 77

(9SF + 9oint Strike Fihter)

F+A6 !8L, F+>6 S!8BL, F+6 B

Histor" -?6 9SF &rora 4eins2==-6 + #ins, SDD2==?6 F+ Lightning ((

%irst %liht

-- &arti$i&atin $ountries

F+A #ea&ons"ste $ost61(7 ) *SD,a$$ordin toFG 2=- 4udet(5SAF)

Stealth %eatures6 Pur&ose sha&in 7nternal #ea&ons DS7 intake

EAM Fi4er Mat et$.

a$$ordin to 5SAF6"#S + ,1 m&



F+ %eatures

P: F+-6 2=== l4 I @==== l4

Po#er 4" #ire

J* AJIAP*+/- ASA

Link-? N MADL

HMDS, no H5D

AJIAA+< 8DAS

AJIAA+@= 8!S

AJIAS+2 >arra$uda : s"ste

*A5+22A 2 un

2 AMEAAM O 2 *>5+- 9DAM



8n the other hand, there are

one or t#o issues...

.roram issues6

Dou4ts $on$ernin air%rae li%es&an

Sini%i$ant s$hedule dela"s

Prora $ost alost dou4led

Dela"s in so%t#are deelo&ent

Fliht testin still in earl" stae

/perational issues6

Eedu$ed #ea&on load

Eedu$ed aneuera4ilit"

Lo# thrust+to+#eiht ratio

uestions $on$ernin stealthiness o% ex&ort air$ra%t

Jot so stealth in lo# %re;uen$ies, %ro side and a%t se$tors



F+ radar sinature s aiuth and %re;uen$"

(estiated)

A$$ordin to

Air Power A!stralia

reen6 er" lo# o4sera4le "ello#6 lo# o4sera4le

red6 redu$ed ES

Maxiu dete$tion rane estiation (in n )



Maxiu dete$tion rane estiation (in n..)

o% $ertain radar t"&es, %or arious tarets,

4ased on open so!rce data

%aar (>??? an)%'S5 m@

%'S1 m@

F-5 A 45B#esta&ue

F-5 A 45Bmean a&ue

F-5 A 0B%'S

0+0015 m@

"C 68() () 5 40 1 5 8

%2, (S) 255 10 80 45 G,

S,4D (*) 255 216 , 61 GG4

"atrot "'- (') 0 60 25 14 G12

D-08 3E (S) 11 ,6 2 18 G15

*I-08 S!D%D (*) 182 122 55 4 GG24

Possi4le anti+stealth te$hni;ues6



Possi4le anti stealth te$hni;ues6

)ultistatic radars

se&arate transitter and re$eier antennae

Ee&orted to &roide $ertain dete$tion $a&a4ilities, een %orstealth tarets. Ee;uires a net#ork o% nodes, #hile the taret isex&e$ted to 4e 04et#een1 transitter and re$eier nodes.

. i d ( i h t l ti PL)



.assi0e radars (&assie $oherent lo$ation C PL)6

no transitter C arious re$eiers, ex&loitin distur4an$e on

existin EF transissions (!B, FM, *SM, HD!B...)

Pros6 no transission, use o% lo# %re;uen$" 4ands (4etterstealth dete$tion), dete$tion een at er" lo# altitude, $annot4e dete$ted and tareted...

ons6 un$ontrolled EF transissions,no dete$tion at hih altitudes,2D tra$kin

Lo$kheed MartinSilent Sentr" -



.assi0e radars (&assie $oherent lo$ation C PL)

HoelandAlerter -==(!hales, Fran$e)

!rans&orta4le&assie radar4" assidian

(ADS, *eran")

LLDAE C LL PH8J EADAE (>A S"stes C Eoke, 5K)A5L8S Passie oert Lo$ation Eadar (Selex Sist. 7nt., 7tal")Helleni$ Multi+taret Passie S"ste C HMPAS or 7AS

(0!hessaloniki !ea1, *ree$e)6 ultistati$ PL C SM s"ste

lectronic Support )easures %S)' Systems



lectronic Support )easures %S)' Systems

a s"ste o% or @ re$eiers, dete$tin and tra$kin

tarets usin their o#n eissions

Kol$hua (!o&a, 5kraine) Bera+J*

(EA, e$h Ee&u4li$)

Jot er" use%ul aainst air$ra%t #hi$h#ill not use 7FF, Link-?, BI5HF et$.



Lo! fre2uency 3and radars

e.., BHF+4and or L+4and

Stealth desins are o&tiied %or ediu to hih %re;. 4ands :aelenth is $o&ara4le to air$ra%t &arts (#ins, sta4ilators) S$atterin enters Mie or resonan$e reion (ax ES) EAM less e%%e$tie at lo# %re;uen$ies

BHF radars $annot 4e dete$ted 4" HAEM+like #ea&ons

!rans&orta4le, DASA BHF Eadar

-L-- J>8 SB5(Eoso4oronex&ort,

Eussia)





trans&orta4le, diital desin, odern sei$ondu$tor

te$hnolo", desined %or lo# ES tarets

2D BHF EadarB8S!8K (AatIK> Eadar, >elarus)

D L+>and Eadar?<?Q *aa+D(BJ77E!, Eussia)

)ulti-3and radars



)ulti 3and radars

!rans&orta4le D Eadar s"ste Zh?M Je4o M

(JJ77E!IAla+Ante", Eussia)

o&rises Je4o SB5 (BHF+>and), Protinik * (L+>and) and*aa S- (SI+>and), linked to a $entral $oand station

/0er-4he-Hori5on "adars



HF (+= MH), utiliation o% sk" #aes

xtree rane (/== C @=== k) 4ut lo# a$$ura$"

See tarets 0%ro a4oe1 + &rohi4itiel" hih in rane

6nfra"ed %6"' Systems



% ' y

Stealth air$ra%t e&lo" te$hni;ues %or 7E sinature

redu$tion, as #ell. Ho#eer, it neer disa&&ears...

7ES!6 7E Sear$h and !ra$k Missile seekers (e.., M7A 77E, 7E7S+!) !he $o4ustion $ha4er o% the F- has the hihestte&erature (R22==) aon %ihter air$ra%t enines

ADS uro%ihter6P7EA! (Passie 7n%ra

Eed Air4orne !ra$kin;ui&ent)4" 5E8F7ES!.o&rises FL7E and7ES! (u& to 2== taretsat = C = k)




% ' y

Dassault Ea%ale 8SF (8&troni;ue Se$teur Frontal)

4" !hales 8&troni;ue C SA*M

An F+22 in the H5D and 8SF o% a Ea%ale, durin A!L 2==(? do%ihts Ea%ale s F+226 dra#s and - #in %or the Ea&tor)

6 f " d %6"' S t




Lo$kheed Martin S&e$t7E6 lon rane 7ES!

●F+-/ IF6 in the %ront &art o% a %uel tank

●F+-?6 in a &od




!he Eussians hae 4een usin 7ES! s"stes as

standard e;ui&ent in ost %ihters %ro the 3/=s...

Sukhoi Su+,#ith 7ES! 8LS+



#onclusions

Stealth te$hnolo" has 4e$oe sine )!a non 6 all

ilitar" air$ra%t, tanks, shi&s et$, are desined or

redesined a$$ordin to lo# o4sera4le te$hni;ues

Stealthiness is not &ana$ea6 stealth air$ra%t are notinin$i4le. !his a&&lies to the F+, as #ell... 7t sees not &ossi4le to $on%ront stealth air$ra%t

e&lo"in onl" one radar I sensor te$hnolo" A &roisin a&&roa$h relies on the %ollo#in6

Lo# %re;. radars %or ed+hih altitude sureillan$e Passie radars %or lo#+ed altitude sureillan$e Data %usion o% all sensors throuh net#orkin Air$ra%t uidan$e and tra$k desination ia data link

8n4oard 7E s"stes %or dete$tion and tra$kin

;uote %ro Dr 8 d!ards Demin (-== C -),



Aeri$an author, statisti$ian, &ro%essor, le$turer and

$onsultant6

99It is not necessary to change.It is not necessary to change.

Survival is not mandatory.Survival is not mandatory.::

AJG 5S!78JS '''%. C. &iidis, Al. Sondras, C. oas *+o ser/ale 0rinciples, Stealth Aircraft and Anti-Stealth echnoloies*,

2nd Int'l Conf. on Applications of Mathematics and Informatics in Military Sciences (AMIMS),Hellenic Military Academy, April 11-12, 21!, "ari, Athens

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Stealth Presentation Ver.2