Step by Step - · PDF fileUNIT 10 집합명사와수일치(Agreement with Collective Nouns) 63 ... Smoking cigarettes is bad for The smoking of cigarettes is bad your health. for your

Step by Step

TOEIC Bridge®

Patrick Yancey

GRAMMAR

3B

Teacher’s Guide

Step by Step TOEIC Bridge® --- Grammar 3BTeacher’s GuidePatrick Yancey

© 2004 Compass Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may bereproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,recording or by any information storage and retrievalsystem, without permission in writing from theproprietor of the copyright.

Publisher: K.C. Kang Cover/Interior Design: Design PlusIllustrations: J.H. Lim

email: [email protected]://www.compasspub.com

ISBN: 89-8446-421-X

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 107 06 05 04

UNIT 1 동명사사용하기 (Expressions with Gerunds) 5

UNIT 2 부정사사용하기 (Expressions with Infinitives) 11

UNIT 3 과거완료 (Past Perfect) 17

UNIT 4 수동태III (Passive III) 23

UNIT 5 관계절 (Relative Clauses) 29

UNIT 6 Used to와Be Used to의구분 35

UNIT 7 구동사III (Phrasal Verbs III) 41

Review 1 47

UNIT 8 문장의종류II(Sentence Types II) 51

UNIT 9 명사절 (Noun Clauses) 57

UNIT 10 집합명사와수일치 (Agreement with Collective Nouns) 63

UNIT 11 축소절 (Reduced Dependent Clauses) 69

UNIT 12 조건절 (Conditionals) 75

UNIT 13 관사II(Articles II) 81

UNIT 14 ‘동사/형용사+전치사’로구성된주요표현(Prepositional Combinations) 87

Review 2 93

IntroductionWelcome to Step by Step TOEIC Bridge®! This series is designed to help

beginning and intermediate students develop their listening, grammar, andreading skills. Through practice of activities and problems modeled on the TOEICBridge Test, students can become better test takers while developing basiccomprehension and communication skills in English.

The thematically organized, graded units within the series follow a three-stepformat: Warm-up, Exercise, and Test.

Warm-upEach unit begins with target vocabulary, a section which introduces key

words found within the unit. This warm-up vocabulary section is then followedby the question-type preview and practice sections. In these sections, multipleexamples of common question types are presented and applied. These sectionsalso incorporate the target vocabulary, developing both word and questionrecognition for common phrases and structures found on the TOEIC Bridge Test.

ExerciseAfter working through the Warm-up activities, students move on to a

simplified practice test in the Exercise section of the unit. The limited number ofanswer choices in these activities provides students with the opportunity tobecome acquainted with the test question format while keeping the activityaccessible to beginning and intermediate students.

TestIn the final section of each unit, students have the opportunity to practice

TOEIC Bridge-type questions, which follow the same format as thoseencountered on the actual test. Because all questions in this section of the bookfollow the theme presented in the unit, students will repeatedly encountervocabulary from earlier parts of the unit, reinforcing vocabulary acquisition andcomprehension.

Vocabulary is a critical factor in language development. With this in mind,Step by Step TOEIC Bridge® has been designed to help students build a solidfoundation of basic vocabulary. Each unit introduces a limited number of newwords while recycling vocabulary from earlier units in a variety of contexts acrossthe diverse themes presented within the series.

Step by Step TOEIC Bridge® can help students smoothly progress from theTOEIC Bridge Test to the TOEIC Test through strategic and organized practice ata comfortable level.

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UNIT1PART IV. Grammar: 동명사사용하기 (Expressions with Gerunds)

A. Learn the words and phrases.

refuse He refuses to consider my idea. deny He denied cheating on his test.could go for I could go for watching a video right now. How about

you?go in for I don’t like heights so I don’t go in for mountain climbing.be tired of I am tired of seeing that commercial all the time on TV.

B. Preview the following about gerunds.

동명사는주어나목적어가될수있다.

■ I enjoy running. ➟ Running is enjoyable.■ I am interested in painting. ➟ Painting is interesting.■ I get bored reading all day. ➟ Reading all day is boring.

>> Practice

Mark if the gerund is subject (S) or object (O).

1. Denying cheating only makes the teacher angrier. _____2. My grandfather doesn’t like listening to loud music. _____3. When it’s raining, working in the garden is a bad idea. _____

1. 동사 + 전치사

동명사는‘동사+전치사’뒤에나올수있다.(부정사는안됨)

I was thinking about learning Chinese. I was thinking about to learn Chinese.I could go for playing a game of chess. I could go for to play a game of chess.I go in for cooking exotic foods. I go in for to cook exotic foods.

>> Practice

Write the correct word in the blank.

getting eating dancing

1. He refuses to feel concerned about __________ a good grade on the test.

2. I don’t go in for __________ at clubs all night.3. They told me all about __________ out at the expensive

restaurant.

S

S

O

getting

dancing eating

거절하다

부정하다

~하러가고싶다

좋아하다

싫증나다

1. 그는나의의견에대해생각해보기를거절한다.2. 그는시험에서부정행위한것을부인했다.3. 지금당장비디오보러가고싶어.너는어떠니?

4. 나는높은곳을싫어해서등산을좋아하지않는다.5. 나는TV에서저광고를계속보는것에싫증이난다.

1. 그는그시험에서좋은점수받는것에대해신경쓰지않는다.2. 나는밤새클럽에서춤추는것을좋아하지않는다.3. 그들은그비싼레스토랑에서외식한것에대해모두말해주었다.

나는중국어를배우는것에대하여생각하고있었다.나는체스게임을하러가고싶다.나는이국적인음식요리하는것을좋아한다.

1. 부정행위한것을부정하는것은선생님을더욱화나게할뿐이다.2. 내할아버지는시끄러운음악듣는것을좋아하시지않는다.3. 비가올때,정원에서일하는것은별로좋은생각이아니다.

•나는달리기를즐긴다. → 달리기는즐겁다.•나는그림그리기에흥미가있다. → 그림그리기는흥미롭다.•나는하루종일독서하는것에지루함을느낀다. → 하루종일독서하는것은지루하다.

1. 단호한거절,주로뒤에to부정사가따름2. 주로뒤에 that절이나동명사~ing4. (경기에)참가하다,찬성하다,취미로(운동)하다

해설

1. refuse + infinitive(부정사)2. deny + gerund(동명사)3. could go for = would enjoy4. go in for = enjoy or find interesting

다음질문에답해보게한다.

✱ What do youenjoy doing inyour free time?

✱ What hobbiesare youinterested in?

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PART IV

2. 형용사 + 전치사

동명사는‘형용사+전치사’뒤에나올수있다.(부정사는안됨)

I’m tired of eating the same food. I’m tired of to eat the same food. He’s afraid of speaking to her. He’s afraid of to speak to her.I’m sorry about stepping on your toe. I’m sorry about to step on your toe.

>> Practice

Match the two parts of each sentence.

1. The scientist was interested in (A) playing her cello well.

2. The musician was concerned about (B) preparing for the exam.

3. The student was busy with (C) discovering new galaxies.

3. 정관사 the 사용하기

격식을차린말에서정관사를동명사앞에쓸때는전치사of를써야한다.

동명사 + 명사 The + 동명사 + of + 명사

Smoking cigarettes is bad for The smoking of cigarettes is bad your health. for your health.Hunting bears is illegal in this The hunting of bears is illegal in country. this country.

>> Practice

Mark correct (O) or incorrect (X).

1. Sending text messages is very popular nowadays. ________

2. Keep busy with work prevents me from phoning home often.

________ ☞ Keep → Keeping

3. Drinking of coffee is common in many countries. ________

Note

일부동사는다른형태의명사를쓴다.

The creation of new ideas not The creatingThe use of high speed Internet not The usingThe denial of service not The denying

XX

O

1. 그과학자는~에관심이있었다. (A) 첼로를잘연주하는것2. 그음악가는~에신경을썼다. (B) 시험을준비하는것3. 그학생은~을하느라바빴다. (C) 새로운은하계를발견하는것

1. 문자메시지를보내는것은요즘매우인기가있다.2. 일때문에바빠서나는집에전화를자주할수없다.3. 커피를마시는것은여러나라에서흔한일이다.

나는똑같은음식을먹는것에질렸다.

그는그녀에게말걸기를두려워한다.

발을밟아서미안해.

흡연은건강에해롭다.

곰사냥은이나라에서불법이다.

새로운아이디어의창조

초고속인터넷의사용

서비스거부

step on someone’s toe 발을밟다해설

☞ Drinking of coffee →Drinking coffee

Gerunds(동명사)를이용/변형해서 다음문장을완성해보자.

✱ ___________ isnot easy.: write a poem,learn Englishgrammar

The ~ing of....을이용해서문장을재구성해보자.

✱ The writing ofa poem~,The learningof Englishgrammar~

A. Choose the right word.

1. The doctor doesn’t go in for (to eat / eating) unhealthy foods.

2. I refuse to (help / helping) you cheat.

3. I could go for (eat / eating) a pizza right now.

4. The denial (of / for) service was due to a bad connection.

5. My brother can (ride / riding) his bike for hours.

B. Complete the sentences. Change the form of the words in thebox if needed.

look create deny go

1. I’m tired of _________ for new pants in this store.

2. Don’t _________ lying!

3. The chef is interested in _________ new kinds of bread.

4. He really _________ in for collecting stamps.

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E x e r c i s e s

Unit 1. 동명사사용하기(Expressions with Gerunds)

1 2 3 4

√

√

√

√

√

looking

deny

creating

goes

그의사는건강에해로운음식먹는것을좋아하지않는다.번역

나는네가부정행위하는데도와주는것을거절한다.번역

나는지금당장피자를먹으러가고싶다.번역

서비스가안된것은연결상태가나빠서였다.번역

나의남동생은몇시간이고자전거를탈수있다.번역

나는이가게에서새로운바지를고르는것에질렸다.번역

거짓말한것을부인하지마세요!번역

그요리사는새로운종류의빵을만드는것에관심이있다.번역

그는우표수집을매우좋아한다.번역

What are the people doing?

① He is looking at clothes.

② She is yelling at him. / He issaying he didn’t do it.

③ He is making something.

④ He is looking at stamps.

적절한동명사를찾아보자.

C. Correct the error(s) in each sentence.

1. I am tired of watch TV inside all day. Let’s going to the park!

2. Could you going for a cup of tea?

3. The eating shellfish is dangerous in the summer.

4. I told you about run with scissors, didn’t I?

5. Refuse to help me is very unkind.

6. We’re upset about have to move to a new city.

D. Choose the correct word or phrase.

1. I really (could go for / go in for) a cold drink. How about (to get /

getting) a coke?

2. He (refuses / denies) ever (being / to be) there. He says it was

another man who stole the money.

3. He really (goes in for / could go for) (work / working) out. He’s at

the gym seven days a week.

4. Please don’t (refuse / deny) my invitation. I don’t want (seeing / to

see) a movie by myself.

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PART IV

I am tired of watching TV inside all day. Let’s go to the park!

Could you go for a cup of tea?

The eating of shellfish is dangerous in the summer.

I told you about running with scissors, didn’t I?

Refusing to help me is very unkind.

We’re upset about having to move to a new city.

√√

√ √

√ √

√√

나는 하루 종일 안에서 TV를 보는 것에 질렸다.

공원에가자!

번역

차한잔마시겠니?번역

여름에조개를먹는것은위험하다.번역

가위를들고뛰지말라고말했었지,그러지않았니?번역

나에게도움주는것을거절하는것은매우불친절한일이다.번역

우리는새로운도시로이사해야하는것에화가난다.번역

나는정말찬음료를마시고싶어.콜라먹지않을래?번역

그는그곳에있었던것을절대부인한다.그돈을훔친것은다른사람이라고말한다.번역

그는운동하는것을정말좋아한다.그는일주일내내체육관에있다.번역

저의초청을거절하지마세요.저는혼자영화를보고싶지않아요.번역

3. shellfish 조개,갑각류(새우,게등껍질이있는해물)4. I told you about ~ing (명사). ~에대해경고하다.나무랄때쓰는표현6. upset 사람의마음을뒤집어놓다 뒤집힌,화가나는

해설

3. work out 운동하다4. see a movie 영화를보다/go see a movie 영화를보러가다

해설

Warm-up,A에나오는주요어휘들을 복습

해볼수있는문제이다.비슷한어휘에유의해서

문제를풀어보게한다.

T e s t

Choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence.

1. The building ------- houses is dangerous work.

(A) about (B) of

(C) with (D) on

2. The baseball player got sick from ------- in the cold weather.

(A) play (B) playing

(C) the playing (D) to play

3. I don’t think we can ------- the building after 9 p.m.

(A) enter (B) entering

(C) the entering (D) to enter

4. She is going to ------- his proposal. I think he’ll be heartbroken.

(A) deny (B) denying

(C) refusing (D) refuse

5. We never go to action movies. We ------- that sort of thing.

(A) go in for (B) couldn’t go for

(C) don’t go in for (D) never going

9

Unit 1. 동명사사용하기(Expressions with Gerunds)

√

√

√

√

√

집을짓는것은위험한일이다.번역

그야구선수는추운날씨에경기를해서앓게되었다.번역

오후9시이후에그건물에들어갈수있을거라고생각하지않아.번역

그녀는그의구애를거절할예정이다.그는마음이아플것이다.번역

우리는결코액션영화를보러가지않는다.우리는그런것을좋아하지않는다.번역

제한시간을주고문제를풀어보게한다.

옆사람과바꿔서답을매겨보게한다.

6. I am ------- playing arcade games. Let’s go home.

(A) interested in (B) too tired

(C) tired of (D) enjoy

7. I’m so sorry for ------- your feelings.

(A) hurt (B) hurting

(C) the hurting (D) to hurt

8. I’m starving. How about ------- a burger and some fries.

(A) going for (B) going in for

(C) get (D) to eat

9. ------- is important for living well.

(A) Creating of ideas

(B) The using of appropriate materials

(C) Read books

(D) Enjoying your work

10. ------- of grammar helped the student develop a sharp mind.

(A) Studying (B) Study her

(C) The study (D) To study

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PART IV

√

√

√

√

√

나는전자오락실게임에질렸어.집에가자.번역

너의마음을아프게해서미안해.번역

배고파죽겠어.햄버거랑튀김좀먹으러가는게어때.번역

일을즐기는것은잘사는데중요하다.번역

문법공부는학생들이지성을갈고닦는데도움이된다.번역

arcade 상가,오락기계가늘어선전자오락실해설

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PART IV. Grammar: 부정사사용하기 (Expressions with Infinitives)

UNIT2A. Learn the words and phrases.

aid He came to our aid when we had business problems. help She enjoys helping others.save I almost drowned. Luckily, a lifeguard saved me.rescue The police rescued the woman from the wild dog.admirable She volunteers to help the poor. That’s admirable.

B. Preview the following about infinitives.

to-부정사는주어로쓰일수있으며 it뒤에위치하기도한다.

주어로서의부정사

To not have enough food is It is horrible not to have enough horrible. food.To help others is admirable. It is admirable to help others.To be able to give aid feels good. It feels good to be able to give aid.

>> Practice

Underline the infinitive in each sentence.

1. To save his or her patients is every paramedic’s goal. 2. According to doctors, to skip meals is bad for you. 3. It is admirable to be a parent.

1. In order + to-부정사

a. 목적을나타냄

목적이나동기를나타내고자할때 in order + to-부정사를쓴다.

■ I ran quickly. ➟ I ran quickly in order to catch the bus.

■ She stopped by my ➟ She stopped by my house in house. order to help me cook.

b. 위치

in order + to-부정사가문두에올경우,쉼표를넣는다.

■ In order to see more clearly, I polished my glasses.■ In order to get a good job, you have to be diligent.

c. in order의생략

in order는생략할수있다.

■ We moved to the city to find jobs.■ To save the fish’s life, she put it in the river.

Why?

도움,원조

도와주다

구하다

구출하다

칭찬할만한,존경할만한

1. 그는우리가사업상어려움에처했을때도움을주었다.2. 그녀는다른사람들돕는것을좋아한다.

3. 나는거의익사할뻔했다.다행히도인명구조원이나를구해주었다.4. 경찰은그들개로부터여성을구조했다.5. 그녀는가난한사람들을돕기로자원했다.칭찬할만한일이다.

1. 자신의환자를구하는것은모든준의료인의목표이다.2. 의사들에따르면끼니를거르는것은건강에해롭다.3. 부모가된다는것은존경할만한일이다.

충분한식량이없다는것은끔찍한일이다.

다른사람들을돕는것은칭찬할만하다.

도움을줄수있다는것은기분좋은일이다.

그녀는나의집에들렀다.

좀더정확히보기위해,나는안경을닦았다.

우리는직장을구하기위해서그도시로옮겼다.

그물고기의생명을구하기위해서그녀는그것을강물로던졌다.

좋은직업을얻기위해서는,너는부지런해야한다.

나는빨리달렸다.나는그버스를잡기위해서빨리달렸다.

그녀는내가요리하는것을돕기위해집에들렀다.

1. come to A’s aid A에게원조의

손길을뻗치다.도와주다.

해설

1. paramedic 조산사,방사선기사등준의료종사자해설

stop by (=drop by, drop in) 잠시들르다해설

극한상황(죽음)에서구하다

위험한상황에서구하다

1. aid ➝ first aid emergency aid2. help ➝ assistance3. save ➝ keep from getting seriously hurt4. rescue ➝ take out of a dangerous situation

학생각자를생각을넣어문장을완성해보자.

✱ It is importantto _______.➝ exerciseevery day

부정사를이용해서문장을재구성해보자.

✱ To exerciseevery day isimportant.

12

PART IV

>> Practice


1. I went outside (A) to rest our legs.

2. We sat on the sofa (B) to buy some medicine.

3. He went to the pharmacy (C) to get some fresh air.

2. 형용사 + to-부정사

to-부정사의행위를묘사하기위해형용사를사용할수있다.

■ It is hard to find ripe bananas in this country.■ It is wonderful to meet such an amiable person. ■ It is dangerous to play with fire.

형용사는to-부정사행위의결과일수도있다.

■ She was shocked to hear that no one came to my aid.■ I was disappointed to see how few photos were saved from the fire.

>> Practice


1. I was sorry learning about his financial troubles. _________ 2. To be able to admit you are wrong is admirable. _________ 3. She was happy to hear about the rescue attempt. _________

3. 보어로서의부정사

부정사가보어로쓰일수있다.

부정사 + is + 부정사

To seek perfection is to find disappointment.To help others is to help oneself.

>> Practice

Circle the correct place for “is.”

1. To (A) live (B) to work.

2. To make peace (A) to (B) find peace.

3. To cheat on a test (A) to cheat (B) on yourself.

XOO

√√√

1. 나는바깥으로나갔다. (A) 우리의다리를쉬기위해서

2. 우리는소파에앉았다. (B) 약을좀사기위해서

3. 그는약국에갔다. (C) 신선한공기를좀쐬기위해서

1. 나는그의재정적문제를알게되어유감이었다.2. 네가틀렸다는것을인정할수있다는것은칭찬받을만한일이다.3. 그녀는구출을시도했다는소식을듣고기뻤다.

1. 산다는것은일한다는것이다.2. 평화롭게한다는것은평화를발견하는것이다.3. 시험에서부정행위를하는것은네자신을속이는것이다.

이나라에서는잘익은바나나를찾기힘들다.

그렇게붙임성있는사람을만난다는것은놀라운일이다.

완전함을추구한다는것은실망을발견한다는것이다.

타인을돕는것은자신을돕는것이다.

불장난하는것은위험하다.

그녀는아무도나를도우러오지않았다는것을듣고놀랐다.

나는화재에서사진들이너무적게건져졌다는것을알고는실망했다.

☞ learning → to learn

다음질문에답해 보게한다.

✱ What do youdo every day?- I brush myteeth.

✱ Why do youdo that?- So I don’tget cavities.

(in order) to을이용해서문장을 만들어보게한다.

✱ I brush myteeth everyday to avoid /to keep fromgettingcavities.

형용사를말해보게하고그것을칠판에적는다.

✱ fun, difficult,easy,impossible,strange, etc.

위의형용사를이용해서문장을만들어보게한다.

✱ It is fun (toplay videogames).

A. Choose the right word or phrase.

1. I turned on the light in order (seeing / to see) better.

2. I never thought I could (go / to go) bungee jumping.

3. (Leaving / To leave) your home is to leave a piece of yourself.

4. It is foolish (to waste / waste) food.

5. To have good friends (has / is) to experience happiness.


to order aid be

1. To go sky diving _________ to feel completely free.

2. We wore heavy coats in _________ to stay warm in the blizzard.

3. We are all fortunate _________ have been rescued from the fire.

4. He was happy to be donating money in _________ of the flood

victims.

13

E x e r c i s e s

Unit 2. 부정사사용하기(Expressions with Infinitives)

1 2 3 4

√

√√

√√

is

order

to

aid

나는좀더잘보기위해불을켰다.번역

나는내가번지점프를할수있을것이라고는생각해본적이없었다.번역

집을떠난다는것은네자신의일부를떠나는것이다.번역

음식을낭비하는것은어리석은짓이다.번역

좋은친구가있다는것은행복을경험한다는것이다.번역

스카이다이빙을하는것은완전한자유를느끼는것이다.번역

우리는눈보라속에서온기를유지하기위해두꺼운코트를입었다.번역

우리모두는화재로부터구출되어서운이좋다.번역

그는수재민들을위해성금을낸다는것이기뻤다.번역

4.donate money 기부금을내다해설

What are they doing? / How dothey feel?

① He is sky diving. / He feelshappy (exited).

② They are walking in thesnow. / They feel cold.

③ They are watching a fire. /They feel scared (sad).

④ He is giving money. / He feelsgood.

적절한부정사를찾아보자.


1. We didn’t want working all night long.

2. Is very fortunate to be saved like that.

3. He got out his toothpaste in cause to brush his teeth.

4. It is better give than to receive.

5. It is common forget where you put your keys.

6. If you can to help me, then I will pass the test.

D. Choose the correct word.

1. I think (coming / come) to their (help / aid) was quite admirable.

2. Please (help / to aid) me. In order (finishing / to finish) this, I need

another person.

3. The (use / using) of seatbelts (saves / rescues) lives.

4. She jumped into the water (swam / to swim) to the man’s (rescue /

save).

14

PART IV

We didn’t want to work all night long.

It is very fortunate to be saved like that.

He got out his toothpaste in order to brush his teeth.

It is better to give than to receive.

It is common to forget where you put your keys.

If you can help me, then I will pass the test.

√ √

√ √

√ √

√ √

우리는밤새일하는것을원하지않았다.번역

그런식으로구출되는것은매우운이좋은것이다.번역

그는이를닦기위해서치약을꺼냈다.번역

받는것보다주는것이더낫다.번역

열쇠를어디에두었는지잊어버리는일은흔하다.번역

네가나를도와준다면나는그시험에합격할거야.번역

그들을도와준것은매우칭찬할만한일이었다고생각한다.번역

제발나를도와줘.이것을끝마치기위해서는,다른사람의도움이필요해.번역

안전벨트착용은생명을구한다.번역

그녀는수영으로그를구출하기위해서물속으로뛰어들었다.번역

3.Buckle up! 안전벨트를해라!해설

Warm-up,A에나오는주요어휘들을 복습

해볼수있는문제이다.비슷한어휘에유의해서

문제를풀어보게한다.

T e s t


1. We had to drive ------- the lecture on the environment.

(A) to get (B) in order to get

(C) to get to (D) getting to

2. I was delighted ------- the flowers from Bob.

(A) to give (B) giving

(C) in order to receive (D) to receive

3. We came to this country ------- a better job.

(A) find (B) finding

(C) found (D) in order to find

4. My sister enjoys ------- to people who need it.

(A) giving aid (B) to give rescue

(C) saving (D) to help

5. ------- a farmer is to wake up early every day.

(A) Be (B) Being

(C) To be (D) In order to be

15

Unit 2. 부정사사용하기(Expressions with Infinitives)

√

√

√

√

√

우리는환경에관한강의를듣기위해운전해가야만했다.번역

나는밥으로부터꽃을받아서기뻤다.번역

우리는좀더나은직장을찾기위해이나라로왔다.번역

나의여동생은도움이필요한사람들도와주는것을좋아한다.번역

농부가된다는것은매일아침일찍일어난다는것이다.번역



6. Give love -------.

(A) receive it (B) in order to receive it

(C) to receive (D) in order receiving

7. He walked down the street ------- his yellow shirt.

(A) wear (B) wearing

(C) to wear (D) in order to wear

8. The fireman ------- the baby from the burning building.

(A) helped (B) saved

(C) to rescue (D) to aid

9. ------- through a bad storm is -------.

(A) Sailing, to be a fool (B) To sail, to ask for trouble

(C) Sailing, a good idea (D) To sail, to rescue someone

10. To understand physics -------.

(A) it is difficult (B) is to be difficult

(C) is difficult (D) is easy subject

16

PART IV

√

√

√

√

√

사랑을받기위해서는사랑을줘라.번역

그는노란셔츠를입은채로그길을걸어내려갔다.번역

그소방관은불타는건물에서아기를구해냈다.번역

거친폭풍을헤치며항해한다는것은,고생을자초하는것이다.번역

물리학을이해하는것은어렵다.번역

ask for trouble 고생을사서하다해설

17

W a r m - u p

PART IV. Grammar: 과거완료 (Past Perfect)


before I’ve seen that show many times before.previous The previous train went to Boston. This train goes to Maine.prior Have you had any prior illness before this problem?former I got a good reference from my former boss.go off It was so loud when the alarm went off.

B. Preview the following about the past perfect.

과거의어느시점이전에일어난일에대해이야기할때과거완료시제를쓴다.

■ Past perfect = “had” + p.p.

현재완료와과거완료를비교하시오.

현재완료 (have + p.p.) 과거완료 (had + p.p.)

Have you ever been to Egypt? Had you ever been to Egypt before (before now) last week?I have seen that movie on I had seen that movie ten times video ten times. (so far) prior to buying it on DVD.

>> Practice

Mark present perfect (PRES) or past perfect (PAST).1. As a former chef, I have worked in many restaurants. ________ 2. In 2001, I had just graduated from university. ________ 3. We had never seen a kangaroo prior to that. ________

1. 시점에대해이야기할때

과거완료시제가쓰인문장에는보통시간을나타내는구절이있다.

시간의표현들

by 2002 2002년까지 the previous semester 전학기에 up to 5 years agolast week 지난주에 before September 9월전까지 until 3 months ago prior to going abroad 해외에가기전에

■ We had covered chapter four in the previous class, but the teacher went over it again today.

■ I didn’t have any money yesterday because I had paid all my billslast week.

I had eaten dinner beforeJohn came over.

PRESPASTPAST

전에

이전의

먼저

전임의

울리다

1. 나는전에그쇼를여러번봤다.2. 전열차는보스톤으로갔다.이열차는메인으로간다.3. 이병이나기전에어떤질환을앓은적있니?

4. 나는전상사에게서좋은추천을받았다.5. 알람이울리자매우시끄러웠다.

1. 나는전직주방장으로서많은레스토랑에서일해왔다.2. 나는2001년에대학을갓졸업했다.3. 저것이전에는캥거루를전혀본적이없다.

이집트에가본적있니?(이전에)

존이오기전까지나는저녁을먹었다.

지난주에간것전에도이집트에가본적있니?

저영화는DVD로사기전에열번보았다.

5년전까지만해도

세달전까지만해도

우리는전수업시간에4장까지공부했으나선생님은오늘그것을또가르치셨다.

나는지난주에청구서를모두지불해서어제돈이하나도없었다.

저영화는비디오로열번보았다.(이제까지)

•previous, prior(= preceding) (시간,순서)~보다이전의

•former (= earlier,past) (시간)먼저

해설

다음질문에답해 보게한다.

✱ What did youdo lastweekend?

✱ Had you everdone thatbefore?

by또는 before가흔히쓰이기도한다.

■ By 2002, I had lived in six different countries. ■ My former colleague had been a good worker before last year.

역시흔히쓰이는시간표현에는다음과같은것도있다: “until/up to” + ... + “ago.”

■ Up to a year ago, the car had worked well, but now it runs poorly. ■ I had never been to Tibet until about four months ago.

>> Practice

Circle the incorrect word.

1. By(A) 10 years ago, we had(B) always lived in the city. 2. She has(A) read the entire book before(B) midnight. 3. The scientist had drunk(A) 5 cups of coffee at(B) 6 p.m.

2. 두가지일에대해이야기할때

first event (A) ➟ second event (B) ➟ now

a. 뒤따르는절에과거시제를쓴다.

event Abefore

event Bpast perfect

+ when + simple pastby the time

■ I had eaten 15 hotdogs by the time I felt sick.■ She had scored two goals before the game ended.■ I had fixed the broken chair when my father walked in.

b. 앞에오는절에과거시제를쓰는경우도있다.

event B + after +

event Asimple past past perfect

■ I felt sick after I had eaten 15 hotdogs.■ The game ended after I had scored two goals.■ My father walked in after I had fixed the broken chair.

>> Practice

Circle the correct word.

1. I had only been asleep for three hours (after / when) the alarm went off.

2. She had failed two prior exams (after / before) she finally passed. 3. (After / By the time) he had lost the re-election, our former

mayor retired from politics.

18

PART IV

√√

√

√√

√

1. 10년전까지만해도우리는그도시에서계속살았었다.2. 그녀는자정까지그책을독파했다.3. 그과학자는오후6시까지모두5잔의커피를마셨다.

☞ up to

☞ had

☞ by

1. 알람이울렸을때나는고작세시간밖에못잔상태였다.2. 그녀는마침내성공하기전까지두번의시험에불합격했었다.3. 우리의전시장은재선에서낙선한뒤정계에서은퇴했다.

나는2002년까지6개국에서살았다.

나의전동료는작년전까지좋은동료였다.

내가속이불편했을때는이미15개의핫도그를먹은상태였다.

그녀는그게임이끝나기전에두골을득점했었다.

나는15개의핫도그를먹은뒤속이안좋았다.

그게임은내가두골을넣은후끝났다.

아버지는내가부서진의자를고치고난후들어오셨다.

나는아버지가들어왔을때망가진의자를고치고있었다.

나는4개월전까지만해도티베트에한번도가본적이없었다.

그차는1년전까지만해도잘움직였으나지금은잘움직이지않는다.

다음사건,시기를칠판에적는다.

✱ Ming Dynastyin China(1368-1644)

✱ Mughal Empirein India(1526-1858)

✱ AmericanRevolution(1775-1783)

✱ FrenchRevolution(1789-1792)

had ended/begun + before/by the time/after를이용해서문장을만들어보게한다.

✱ Ex: The MughalEmpire hadbegun in Indiabefore theMing Dynastyended inChina.


1. I (have / had) heard all of his previous albums.

2. I hadn’t been asleep very long (by the time / until) the alarm went

off.

3. (Had you / Have you) seen an opera before last night?

4. I had always been afraid of heights (until / previous) two years ago.

5. Luckily, I had bought a fire extinguisher (before / after) the house

caught fire.


feel go up until after

1. She is a world traveler. She has _________ almost everywhere in

the world.

2. I have _________ tired all morning because I didn’t get enough

sleep last night.

3. Right _________ I had finished my test, I gave it to the teacher.

4. It had rained continuously for three days _________ today.

19

E x e r c i s e s

Unit 3. 과거완료(Past Perfect)

1 2 3 4

√√

√√

√

gone

felt

after

up until

나는그의이전앨범들을모두들었다.번역

나는알람이울렸을때많이못잔상태였다.번역

지난밤의오페라외에도전에본적이있었니?번역

나는2년전까지만해도언제나높은곳을두려워했었다.번역

다행히,나는집에화재가나기전에소화기를사두었었다.번역

그녀는세계여행가이다.그녀는거의모든나라에가본적이있다.번역

나는지난밤에숙면을취하지못했기때문에오전내내피곤했다.번역

나는시험을끝낸뒤바로선생님께제출했다.번역

오늘까지연속삼일동안비가내렸다.번역

What do you see? / What does it mean?① Her suitcase has lots of stickers on it. ➝ She has traveled a lot.② He is yawning. ➝ He did not sleep enough.③ He is giving the teacher something. ➝ He finished his work.④ There is water on the ground. ➝ It rained.

적절한과거완료를찾아보자.


1. She have always been my best friend.

2. Up the time I arrived, they had already gone home.

3. We have never drank horse milk prior to that.

4. They had lived in Bulgaria until four months.

5. He has already finished the race by the time I finished my third

kilometer.

6. She has only spoken English in school previous to meeting her

foreign neighbor.


1. She (have met / had met) him (before / previous) she interviewed

him.

2. My (former / prior) boss (had transferred / transferred) to a new

branch after I had left.

3. In the (before / previous) class, we (have studied / had studied)

different information.

4. I (haven’t / hadn’t) completed all the test (prior / former) to the

bell going off.

20

PART IV

She has always been my best friend.

By the time I arrived, they had already gone home.

We had never drunk horse milk prior to that.

They had lived in Bulgaria until four months ago.

He had already finished the race by the time I finished my third kilometer.

She had only spoken English in school previous to meeting her foreign neighbor.

√ √

√ √

√ √

√ √

그녀는언제나나의가장친한친구로지내고있다.번역

내가도착했을때,그들은이미귀가한상태였다.번역

우리는저것이전에는말의젖을한번도먹어본적이없었다.번역

그들은4개월전까지불가리아에서살았었다.번역

그는내가3km를완주했을때이미경주를끝낸상태였다.번역

그녀는외국인이웃을만나기전까지학교에서영어만사용했었다.번역

그녀는그와의인터뷰가있기전에그를만난적이있었다.번역

나의전상사는내가퇴사한후새로운지부로옮겨갔다.번역

전수업시간에우리는다른사항을공부했었다.번역

나는종이울리기전에시험을다끝마치지못했다.번역

Warm-up,A에나오는주요어휘들을

복습해볼수있는문제이다.비슷한어휘에

유의해서문제를풀어보게한다.

T e s t


1. When I saw the ball go into the goal, I knew our team ------- won.

(A) have (B) has

(C) had (D) was

2. Class had already begun ------- I arrived.

(A) when (B) after

(C) for that (D) in the time

3. The doctor ------- worked all day and all night.

(A) has (B) have

(C) had been (D) is

4. Jim and I shared a room in university. He’s my ------- roommate.

(A) before (B) prior to

(C) up until (D) former

5. ------- the Harry Potter movie was out, I had already read the book

twice.

(A) After (B) In the date

(C) By the time (D) For the day

21

Unit 3. 과거완료(Past Perfect)

√

√

√

√

√

공이골대로들어가는것을보았을때,나는우리팀이이겼다는것을알았다.번역

내가도착했을때수업은이미시작해있었다.번역

그의사는하루종일일만해왔다.번역

짐과나는대학에서같은방을썼다.그는나의전룸메이트다.번역

해리포터영화가개봉했을때,나는이미그책을두번읽은상태였다.번역



6. I ------- the exam a split second before the bell -------.

(A) have just finished, have gone off

(B) finished, had gone off

(C) have just finished, went off

(D) had just finished, went off

7. I checked the bus schedule ------- I left for the next town.

(A) before (B) prior

(C) previous (D) former

8. I ------- two pieces of cake ------- I had brushed my teeth.

(A) had eaten, previous (B) ate, prior

(C) ate, after (D) ate, by the time

9. It became very cold and dark ------- the sun had set.

(A) before (B) by the time

(C) while (D) after

10. Susan and her brother ------- always been quiet ------- middle

school.

(A) has, until (B) have, before

(C) had, prior to (D) were, at

22

PART IV

√

√

√

√

√

나는종이울리기바로직전에시험을끝냈었다.번역

나는다음마을로떠나기전에버스시간표를확인했다.번역

나는양치질을한후에케이크를두조각먹었다.번역

해가지고난후매우춥고어두워졌다.번역

수잔과그녀의남동생은중학교를다니기전에는매우조용했었다.번역

a split second 초(second)를쪼갠(split) 단위,찰나해설

23

W a r m - u p

PART IV. Grammar: 수동태 III (Passive III)


eat We usually eat dinner at 7 p.m. feed Did you feed the cat? There’s no food in its bowl.keep I’ll always keep this letter you sent. remain Only one minute remains until the end of the period.destroy My shoes were destroyed by my cat, who chewed on them.

B. Preview the following about the passive.

수동태는능동태문장의목적어를강조하기위해사용할수있다.

Active: Passive:A shark bit my uncle! ➟ My uncle was bitten by a shark!

능동태: S + V + O 수동태: O + be + p.p. + (by S)

She feeds the cat every day. ➟ The cat is fed every day (by her).She ate the remaining apple. ➟ The remaining apple was eaten

(by her).The dog is destroying the chair. ➟ The chair is being destroyed

(by the dog).I have kept my money safe in ➟ The money has been kept safe the bank. (by me in the bank).

주의:능동태에서수동태로바뀔때시제가바뀌지않도록주의한다.

>> Practice

Circle the correct choice.

1. The ball (has thrown / has been thrown) by me.2. The light (was turned / was turn) off.3. The poem was (written through / written by) William Shakespeare.

1. 목적어가두개인문장의수동태

목적어가두개인문장은두개의수동태가가능하다.

■ I gave my brother the sandwich. - My brother was given the sandwich (by me).

- The sandwich was given tomy brother (by me).

■ He fed the dog some meat. - The dog was fed some meat(by him).

- Some meat was fed to the dog(by him).

√√

√

먹다

먹이를주다

간직하다

남다

파괴하다

1. 우리는항상오후7시에저녁을먹는다.2. 고양이에게먹이를주었니?고양이그릇이비어있구나.

3. 나는네가보낸이편지를항상간직할거야.4. 분기가끝나기까지1분밖에남지않았다.

5. 고양이가나의신발을물어뜯어서망가뜨려버렸다.

1. 그공은나에의해던져졌다.2. 불이꺼졌다.3. 그시는윌리엄셰익스피어에의해쓰여졌다.

2.feed 사람(동물, 식물)에게 음식(먹이, 비료)을 주다,

부양하다4.period 기간,(운동경기의)한구분,수업시간

해설

상어가나의삼촌을물었다!

그녀는매일고양이에게먹이를준다.

그녀는남은사과를먹었다.

고양이에게는매일먹이가주어진다.(그녀에의해)

남은사과는먹혀졌다.(그녀에의해)

그개는의자를부숴뜨리고있다.

나는은행에돈을안전하게보관해두었다.

나는남동생에게샌드위치를주었다.

남동생에게는샌드위치가주어졌다.(나에의해)

그샌드위치는남동생에게주어졌다.(나에의해)

그개에게는고기가주어졌다.(그에의해)

고기는그개에게주어졌다.(그에의해)

그는개에게고기를먹였다.

그의자는망가뜨려지고있다.(개에의해)

그돈은안전하게보관되었다.(나에의해은행에)

나의삼촌은상어에게물렸다!

다음은목적어가하나인문장의수동태이다.

■ I keep my clothes in the closet. - My clothes are kept in the closet

(by me).

- In the closet was kept my clothes

(by me).

>> Practice

Circle the correct sentences.

1. Grandpa gave an old car to the charity.

(A) An old car was given to the charity by Grandpa.

(B) Grandpa was given an old car by the charity.

2. They eat dinner quickly at home.

(A) At home is eaten quickly dinner by them.

(B) Dinner is eaten quickly at home by them.

2. 수동태를만들수없는동사

동사에는목적어를필요로하는타동사와목적어를필요로하지않는자동사가있다. 자동사는목적어가

필요치않으므로수동태를만들수없다.

능동태 수동태

The mother fed the fruit to ➟ The fruit was fed to the daughter. ( )her daughter. (transitive) OR The daughter was fed the fruit. ( )One piece of fruit remains ➟ On the dish is remained one pieceon the dish. (intransitive) of fruit*. (××)

On the dish는목적어가아니다.

>> Practice

Mark (P) if the sentence can be put in the passive or otherwise (X).

1. The earthquake destroyed the building. ________

2. The student ate lunch in the cafeteria. ________

3. She walked to school yesterday. ________

24

PART IV

√√

√

√

X

PP

1. 지진은건물을파괴했다.2. 그학생은학교식당에서점심을먹었다.3. 그녀는어제학교로걸어갔다.

나는옷을옷장에보관한다.

어머니는딸에게과일을먹여주었다.

과일한조각이접시위에남아있다.

그과일은딸에게먹여졌다.

접시위에는과일한조각이남겨져있다.

그딸에게는과일이먹여졌다.

나의옷은옷장에보관된다.(나에의해)

1. 할아버지는자선단체에낡은자동차를주셨다.

(A)낡은자동차는할아버지에의해자선

단체에주어졌다.(B)할아버지에게는자선단체에의해낡은

자동차가주어졌다.

2. 그들은집에서저녁을재빨리먹는다.

(A)집에서는그들에의해저녁이빠르게먹어진다.

(B)저녁은집에서그들에의해빠르게먹어진다.


1. The truck was hit (to / by) the car.

2. I (keep / is kept) all my food in the fridge.

3. The teacher (gave / was given) the homework by the student.

4. I was (heard / told) about the accident by my neighbor.

5. A letter was sent (to / by) the school by the student’s parents.


be have by to

1. The man _________ been working hard in the yard all day.

2. The prize was given _________ the winner by the host of the show.

3. The boy was given a shot _________ the nurse.

4. The criminal _________ arrested by the police.

25

E x e r c i s e s

Unit 4. 수동태III (Passive III)

1 2 3 4

√

√

√

√

√

has

to

by

was

그트럭은그차에의해부딪쳐졌다.번역

나는모든음식을냉장고에보관한다.번역

선생님은학생들의숙제를취합했다.번역

나는이웃에게서그사고에대해들었다.번역

학부모들이학교로서한을하나보냈다.번역

그남자는하루종일마당에서열심히일해왔다.번역

상품은그쇼의사회자에의해수상자에게수여되었다.번역

그소년은간호사에게주사를맞았다.번역

범인은경찰에게체포되었다.번역


1. The two friends were destroyed the old doghouse.

2. The dog was eat the leftovers.

3. The famous singer was cheered the audience at his concert.

4. To the beach was walked by the family.

5. My sister was remained unhappy although I bought her a new CD.

6. The rare bird was saw by the bird watchers.


1. My sister’s cat likes (eating / feeding). It is (fed / eaten) five meals

a day by my sister.

2. How many pieces of cake are there (keeping / remaining)?

3. The remaining pieces (are being kept / are being keeping) in Sue’s

fridge.

4. Don’t (eat / feed) that piece of meat! It has (chewed on / been

chewed on) by the dog!

26

PART IV

The two friends destroyed the old doghouse.

The dog ate the leftovers.

The famous singer was cheered by the audience at his concert.

The family walked to the beach.

My sister remained unhappy although I bought her a new CD.

The rare bird was seen by the bird watchers.

√ √

√

√

√√

두친구는낡은개집을부수었다.번역

그개는남은찌꺼기를먹었다.번역

그유명한가수는공연장에서관중의환호를받았다.번역

그가족은해변가로걸어갔다.번역

나의여동생은새로운CD를사주었는데도계속울상이었다.번역

그희귀한새는조류관찰자들의눈에띄었다.번역

내여동생의고양이는먹는것을좋아한다.고양이에게는여동생에의해하루다섯끼가주어진다.번역

남아있는케이크가몇조각이니?번역

남은음식은수의냉장고에보관되어있다.번역

저고기덩이를먹으면안돼!개가씹던거야!번역

T e s t


1. The old comic books ------- by my brother to his friend.

(A) gave (B) kept

(C) were remained (D) were sold

2. We ------- been invited to a party.

(A) was (B) were

(C) has (D) have

3. The man -------.

(A) was died (B) gave

(C) was killed (D) was walked

4. The student was praised ------- the teacher for his excellent work.

(A) to (B) from

(C) by (D) through

5. The law was ------- by the president ------- the people.

(A) made, for (B) made, by

(C) built, to (D) destroy, for

27

Unit 4. 수동태III (Passive III)

√

√

√

√

√

나의남동생은오래된만화책들을그의친구에게팔았다.번역

우리는파티에초대되었다.번역

그남자는살해되었다.번역

그학생은뛰어난학업으로선생님께칭찬을받았다.번역

그법은국민을위하여대통령에의해제정되었다.번역

6. The city ------- grown and prospered because of its new mayor.

(A) is (B) has

(C) didn’t (D) was

7. The invitation was sent ------- the guest.

(A) to (B) from

(C) by (D) through

8. The letters ------- kept in a box under her bed.

(A) was (B) were

(C) has (D) have

9. That baby ------- enough milk. It’s still hungry.

(A) hasn’t fed (B) has drunk

(C) wasn’t fed (D) wasn’t drunk

10. The apple was received by the teacher ------- the student.

(A) to (B) from

(C) by (D) through

28

PART IV

√

√

√

√

√

그도시는신임시장덕분에성장,번영하였다.번역

초청장이초대손님에게보내졌다.번역

편지들은그녀의침대아래있는상자에보관되어있었다.번역

그아기에게는충분한우유가수유되지않았다.아기는여전히배가고프다.번역

선생님은학생들에게서사과를받았다.번역


come with The guy whom you like will come with us to the show. bring along The girl you brought along to the party is talkative. accompany Would you accompany me to my office?join Could you join us in the meeting room for a moment.gorgeous That painting of the Taj Mahal is gorgeous.

B. Preview the following about relative clauses.

다음은관계절을나타내는단어들이다.

who ----- Do you know the lady who lives next door? whom ----- The girl to whom I gave the flowers is gorgeous.which ----- The pencil which I lost yesterday was expensive.that ----- The boy that lives next door will join us for dinner.

Could you bring along the pen that I left on the desk?whose ----- I’m the person whose toe you stepped on.

>> Practice


which who whose

1. I was talking to the lady _________ house you painted last year.2. I never found the shoes _________ fell into the river. 3. Can you call the man _________ joined us for dinner last week.

1. 제한적용법 vs.계속적용법

a. 계속적용법의관계절

계속적용법의관계절은추가적인정보를나타내며,앞뒤에쉼표가들어간다.

■ The girl next to me, who is wearing a purple shirt, will be coming with us to the party.

■ My next-door neighbor, whose car you hit, is looking for you.

>> Practice

Put commas before and after the non-restrictive clauses.

1. The dog which ate a lot an hour ago wants more meat!2. Those pants which now have a hole in them were very expensive.3. Charles whom I will be bringing along is the class president.

b. 제한적용법의관계절

선행사를제한하는정보를나타내며,앞뒤에쉼표가없다.29

W a r m - u p

PART IV. Grammar: 관계절 (Relative Clauses)

UNIT5

whose

, ,, ,

which who

~와함께가다

데려오다

동반하다

~에합류하다

호화스러운,멋진

3. 저와함께제사무실까지같이가주시겠습니까?4. 잠시회의실에서우리와만날수있겠습니까?

5. 저타지마할벽화는멋지다.1. 네가좋아하는그청년은우리와함께그쇼에갈것이다.2. 네가파티에데리고온그소녀는매우말이많다.

1. 나는작년에당신이지붕을칠해주었던그숙녀에게얘기하고있었다.2. 나는그강에떨어진신발을절대찾을수없었다.3. 지난주에우리와함께저녁을했던그남자를불러주겠니?

1. 한시간전에많이먹었던그개가고기를더원한다!2. 이제구멍이나버린그바지는매우비싼것이었다.3. 내가데려올찰스는학급회장이다.

1.come ‘가다’로해석되는경우도흔하다. (cf.I’m coming.지금가요.)

해설

옆집에사는그숙녀를아니?

내가꽃을선사한그소녀는멋지다.

내가어제잃어버린그연필은비싼것이다.옆집에사는그소년은우리와함께저녁을먹을것이다.

책상위에놓고온연필좀갖다줄수있겠니?

보라색셔츠를입고있는내옆의소녀는파티에우리와함께갈것이다.

너를치었던차의주인인나의이웃이,너를찾고있다.

내가당신이발을밟은사람이다.

제한적용법과계속적용법을비교해보라.

restrictive non-restrictive

The computer that has Internet The computer, which hasaccess is broken. Internet access, is broken. (Only the computer having (This computer is broken.Internet access is broken. The rest It also has Internet access.)of the computers are fine.)

>> Practice

Mark restrictive (R) or non-restrictive (NR).

1. You shouldn’t eat the cake that has been out all night. _________ 2. The appetizer, which was brought along by Betty, was dropped

on the floor. _________

2. 관계사의생략

a. 관계대명사가목적어로쓰일경우생략이가능하다.

■ The glasses which ➟ The glasses he bought yesterday...he bought yesterday

■ The girl whom ➟ The girl I told you about...I told you about

b. 관계사 + be동사의생략

■ The doctors who are speaking ➟ The doctors speaking at theat the conference are smart. conference are smart.

■ The special offer, which is ➟ The special offer, availableavailable through our website, through our website, is amazing! is amazing!

c. 관계절이전치사구로바뀌는경우

■ The store that is located ➟ The store on the corner hason the corner has everything. everything.

>> Practice

Circle the unnecessary words.

1. I accompanied the lady whom you introduced me to.2. The cats that are living by the river aren’t very nice. 3. Sam’s Jewelry, which is next to town hall, has gorgeous rings.

30

PART IV

R

NR

1. 밤새냉장고밖에있었던그케이크를먹으면안된다.2. 그전채요리는베티가가지고온것이었는데,바닥에떨어졌다.

1. 나는어제네가소개해준그숙녀와함께왔다.2. 강옆에살고있는그고양이들은썩좋지않다.3. 시청옆에있는샘의귀금속가게에는멋진반지들이많다.

인터넷접속이가능한그컴퓨터는고장났다. (인터넷접속이가능한PC만고장

났다.나머지PC는괜찮다.)

그컴퓨터는인터넷이가능한데,고장났다. (이컴퓨터는고장났다.그것은인터넷도된다.)

그가어제가지고왔던유리잔들

내가언급했던그소녀

회의에서발언중인그의사들은똑똑하다.

코너에있는그가게에는없는게없다.

그특별구매는우리사이트에서구매가능한데,놀라운것이다!

broken(= out oforder, notworking)

해설

A. Choose the correct word or phrase.

1. The mailman, (who / which) lives next door, is a nice guy.

2. The girl (who / whose) friend you met will join us for dinner.

3. The apple (that / I) almost ate had a worm in it.

4. The waterfall (that / near) the mountain is gorgeous.

5. The person (about / by) whom you’re speaking will arrive soon.


which accompanying worn whose

1. The guide _________ me into the jungle is brave.

2. The businessman _________ wallet I found gave me a reward.

3. That outrageous hat _________ by that woman cost over $100!

4. The lamp _________ he found had a genie in it!

31

E x e r c i s e s

Unit 5. 관계절(Relative Clauses)

1 2 3 4

√

√

√

√

√

accompanying

whose

worn

which

옆집에사는우체부는좋은사람이다.번역

네가만났던친구인그소녀는우리와함께저녁을먹을것이다.번역

거의다먹은그사과에는벌레가있었다.번역

산옆에있는그폭포는멋지다.번역

네가이야기하던사람이곧도착할것이다.번역

나와함께정글에가는그안내인은용감하다.번역

내가지갑을찾아주었던그사업가는내게포상을하였다.번역

그녀가쓴저멋진모자는100불이넘었다.번역

그가발견한그램프안에는요정이있었다!번역


1. The stranger read the newspaper is new in town.

2. The tent who I brought along on the camping trip was cozy.

3. The insect which in my room is bothering me.

4. I can’t find the pencil borrowed from you.

5. The students whom always study hard did well on the exam.

6. Snails, which they are eaten sometimes in France, can be quite

delicious.


1. The guy to (who / whom) you gave the CD (came with / brought

along) us to the meeting.

2. The police officer, (who / whose) car is parked across the street,

(accompanied / joined) me to my door.

3. The girl (came / coming) down the stairs will (come with / bring

along) potato salad to the picnic.

4. The lawyer (that / at) the table (accompanied / brought along with)

the man sitting next to him.

32

PART IV

The stranger reading the newspaper is new in town.

The tent that / which I brought along on the camping trip was cozy.

The insect in my room is bothering me.

I can’t find the pencil I borrowed from you.

The students who always study hard did well on the exam.

Snails, which are eaten sometimes in France, can be quite delicious.

√ √

√√

√√

√ √

신문을읽고있는저낯선사람은마을에새로온사람이다.번역

내가야영할때가져온그텐트는아늑했다.번역

내방에있는벌레가나를귀찮게한다.번역

너한테빌린연필을찾을수가없어.번역

항상열심히공부하는학생들은시험에서좋은성적을거두었다.번역

이따금프랑스에서식용으로사용되는달팽이는꽤맛있다.번역

네가CD를주었던그남자는우리와함께회의에왔다.번역

자신의차를길건너편에주차해놓은경찰관은나를집앞까지데려다주었다.번역

계단을내려오고있는그소녀는감자샐러드를소풍에가져올것이다.번역

탁자에있던그변호사는옆에앉아있던그남자와함께갔다.번역

T e s t


1. The thunderstorm, about ------- the weatherman warned us, has

started.

(A) who (B) whom

(C) whose (D) which

2. What kind of music did you -------?

(A) come with (B) bring along

(C) accompany (D) join

3. That mathematician, ------- my neighbor knows, is very intelligent.

(A) that (B) whom

(C) whose (D) which

4. The picture ------- here was taken by a famous photographer.

(A) that (B) seeing

(C) shown (D) which

5. I got $100 for the guitar ------- sold yesterday.

(A) which (B) I

(C) that (D) about

33

Unit 5. 관계절(Relative Clauses)

√

√

√

√

√

일기예보아나운서가경고했던그폭풍이시작되었다.번역

어떤음악을가져왔니?번역

나의이웃이알고있는그수학자는매우똑똑하다.번역

여기보여지는사진은저명한사진작가가찍은것이다.번역

나는어제판기타값으로100불을받았다.번역

6. I can’t believe my ex-boyfriend ------- his new girlfriend to my party!

(A) coming with (B) brought along

(C) accompanying (D) joined

7. The ring ------- her finger was given to her by Mr. Jackson.

(A) that (B) on

(C) being (D) which

8. I’d like to meet the novelist that ------- you to the workshop.

(A) came with (B) brought along

(C) accompanied to (D) joined

9. I ------- my grandmother to her book club meeting yesterday.

(A) came to (B) brought along

(C) accompanied (D) joined

10. The gorgeous painting ------- was done by Monet.

(A) which (B) which hanging

(C) hanging over there (D) whom

34

PART IV

√

√

√

√

√

옛남자친구가나의파티에새로운여자친구를데리고온것을믿을수없어!번역

그녀가낀반지는잭슨씨가준것이다.번역

당신과함께워크숍에왔던소설가를만나고싶습니다.번역

나는어제있었던할머니의독서클럽회의에동행했다.번역

저기걸린멋진그림은모네가그린것이다.번역


normal He lives in Ecuador. Hot weather is normal for him.average The high temperature is 30o, the low is 0o, and the

average is 15o.regularly I work out regularly, about three times per week.common Fishing is a common profession here on the coast.be into I used to be into jazz, but now I don’t like it anymore.

B. Preview the following about “used to” and “be used to.”

■ Used to + 원형부정사 ■ Be used to + 동명사

I used to work outside. I am used to working outside.(I did work outside regularly, (Working outside is normal but now I don’t.) for me.)He used to be rich. He is used to being rich.(He was rich, but now he’s not.) (He has been rich for a long

time and it seems normal now.)

>> Practice

Circle the correct answer.

1. They (used to / are used to) wake up early, but now they’re lazy.2. We (used to / are used to) reading a lot because we’re researchers.3. Those trees (used to / are used to) be common about 5 years ago.

1. Used to

a. Used to의의미

Used to가쓰인문장은종종 but ...not anymore와같은부정적의미를나타내거나butnow 또는 until와같이대조적인의미를나타내기도한다.

■ I used to love eating out, but I don’t anymore.■ He used to weigh a lot, but now he weighs less than average.

>> Practice


1. John used to play soccer (A) until inline skating started.2. Matinees used to be cheap (B) but they’re not anymore.3. Roller skating used to be (C) but now he has quit.

common

35

W a r m - u p

PART IV. Grammar: Used to와 Be Used to의구분

UNIT6

√√

√

전형적인,보통의

평균의

규칙적으로

흔한,공통의

~에심취하다

1. 그는에콰도르에산다.그는무더운날씨에익숙해져있다.2. 최고기온은30도이고,최저기온0도이며,평균15도이다.3. 나는일주일에세번정도규칙적으로운동한다.

4. 어업은이해안지방에서흔한직업이다.5. 나는한때재즈에심취했으나,이제는더이상좋아하지않는다.

1. 존은한때축구를하곤하였다. (A) 인라인스케이트가나올때까지2. 마티니는한때저렴했다. (B) 그러나이제는그렇지않다.3. 롤러스케이트는한때흔했다. (C) 그러나그는이제그만두었다.

1. 그들은일찍일어나곤했으나,지금은게으르다.2. 우리는연구원이기때문에책을많이읽는데익숙해져있다.3. 저나무들은약5년전까지만해도흔했었다.

나는외근하는것에익숙해져있다.

(외근은나에게자연스러운일이다.)

그는부에익숙해져있다.(그는오랫동안부유했기때문에이제는자연스러워보인다.)

나는외근을하곤했다.(나는정기적으로외근을

했지만지금은하지않는다.)

(과거에)~했지만지금은더이상하지않음

(연습,훈련,생활을통해)지금은익숙해진것

그는부유했었다.(그는한때부유했으나

지금은아니다.)

나는외식을좋아하곤했으나지금은그렇지않다.

그는한때과체중이었으나지금은평균미달이다.

2.matinee 조조할인해설

b. Used to의부정문과의문문

부정형은 did not use to이지 did not used to가아니다.

■ I didn’t use to be into horror movies, but now I love them.■ There didn’t use to be so many malls here, but now they’re common.

의문문은 ...did you use to...?의형식을취한다.

■ Did you use to swim regularly? Yeah, I used to swim a lot.■ Where did they use to be They used to go to Central High

students? School.

>> Practice


1. I used to get sick every March, but I do anymore. _____2. We didn’t used to have so much homework on average. _____3. Did you use to be into collecting baseball cards? _____

2. Be used to / Be accustomed to

a. 동명사와명사

Be used to와 be accustomed to는의미가같으며,둘다동명사또는명사를취할수있다.

■ We’re not used to being in hot weather. ➟ We’re not used tohot weather.

■ She is accustomed to wearing ballet shoes. ➟ She is accustomed toballet shoes.

>> Practice

Complete the sentences.

is used to situations

1. Firefighters are accustomed to dangerous _______.2. She _______ waking up at normal times now that she has a job.

b. Get used toGet used to는뭔가새로운것에익숙해지는것을말한다.

■ This job seems difficult now, but you’ll love it after you get used to it.

>> Practice


1. Most fishermen are used to (A) get used to it.2. It’s difficult now, but I’ll (B) living on boats.

36

PART IV

XX

O

1. 많은어부들이선상생활에익숙해져있다.2. 당장은어렵지만,나는곧익숙해질거야.

1. 나는매년3월마다아팠었지만,이제는더이상그렇지않다.2. 평균적으로우리는숙제가많지않았었다.3. 야구카드모으는것에열중했었니?

1. 소방관들은위험한상황에익숙해져있다.2. 그녀는직장에다니기때문에보통시간에일어나는것에익숙해져있다.

이일은지금어려워보이지만익숙해진다면좋아하게될것이다.

이곳에는상점들이그리많지않았으나,지금은흔해졌다.

나는공포영화를좋아하지않았으나,이제는매우좋아한다.

그래,수영을많이했어.

그들은샌트럴고등학교에다녔어.

☞ do → don’t

☞ used → use

너는규칙적으로수영을했었니?

그들은어느학교학생이었니?

우리는무더운날씨에익숙하지않다.

그녀는발레슈즈를신는것에익숙하다.

2.now that (= because) ~하기때문에해설

❷

❷

❶

❶


1. Training for the marathon doesn’t bother me, I’m used to (run / running) a lot.

2. We don’t go fishing on Sundays anymore, but we (used to / are used to).

3. I (accustomed / am accustomed) to eating meat regularly.

4. Frogs are born in the water. Later they (get / are) used to living on land.

5. She didn’t (use / used) to visit me so often.


used to is used to be being

1. That famous inventor used to _________ poor.

2. The old lady is frequently angry, so her husband _________ being yelled at.

3. In the 1800s, it _________ be common to wear long dresses.

4. Mr. Jenkins is a stock broker, so he’s accustomed to _________ underpressure.

37

E x e r c i s e s

Unit 6. Used to와 Be Used to의구분

1 2 3 4

√√

√

√√

be

is used to

used to

being

마라톤훈련은귀찮지않아.많이달리는데매우익숙해져있거든.번역

우리는더이상일요일마다낚시를하러가지않지만,한때는그렇게하곤했다.번역

나는정기적으로고기를먹는것에익숙해져있다.번역

개구리들은수중에서태어난다.후에는육지에서사는것에익숙해진다.번역

그녀는나를자주방문하지않았다.번역

그저명한발명가는한때가난했었다.번역

그노부인은자주화를내므로남편은소리지르는것을듣는것에익숙해져있다.번역

1800년대에는긴치마를입는것이흔한일이었다.번역

젠킨스씨는주식중개인이므로스트레스를받는것에익숙해져있다.번역

be under pressure (= get stressed) 스트레스를받다해설


1. She is used to go to school at 7 a.m., but now she goes later.

2. Right now the job is too hard for me, but I’ll take used to it after

a while.

3. Because I have four brother, my parents are accustom to a lot of

noise.

4. He is used to be a polite boy, but now he’s an average teenager.

5. I have lost a lot of weight, but I accustomed to be quite fat a year ago.

6. Why you not accustomed hot weather? You grow up in Arizona, right?


1. I (used / accustomed) to be into unicycling, but now I am into

(normal / average) cycling.

2. We (are used to / used to) tourists. About 300,000 people on

(normal / average) visit this country every year.

3. Mother is used to (make / making) fresh pies because wild berries

are (regularly / common) here.

4. He (used to / didn’t use to) go to the gym, but now he works out

(regularly / average).

38

PART IV

She used to go to school at 7 a.m., but now she goes later.

Right now the job is too hard for me, but I’ll get used to it after a while.

Because I have four brothers, my parents are accustomed to a lot of noise.

He used to be a polite boy, but now he’s an average teenager.

I have lost a lot of weight, but I used to be quite fat a year ago.

Why aren’t you accustomed to hot weather? You grew up in Arizona, right?

√√

√√

√√

√√

그녀는아침7시에등교하곤했으나지금은더늦게간다.번역

당장은일이너무벅차지만,얼마후면그것에익숙해질것이다.번역

남자형제가네명있기때문에,부모님은큰소음에익숙해져있다.번역

그는한때매우공손했으나이제는보통십대들처럼되었다.번역

나는체중감량을많이했으나,일년전까지만해도상당히뚱뚱했었다.번역

너는어째무더운날씨에익숙해져있지않니?너는애리조나에서자랐지,그렇지?번역

나는한때일륜자전거타기에푹빠져있었으나,이제는보통의자전거를좋아한다.번역

우리는관광객들에게익숙해져있다.연간평균3십만명의사람들이이나라를방문한다.번역

이곳에는산딸기가흔하기때문에어머니는신선한파이를만드는것에익숙해져있다.번역

그는체육관에다니지않았으나,지금은규칙적으로운동한다.번역

T e s t


1. My brother and sister ------- to staying up late at night.

(A) is used (B) used

(C) are accustomed (D) accustomed

2. I ------- really like American comics, but now I’m really ------- Manga.

(A) used to, into (B) use to, into

(C) didn’t use to, onto (D) used to, in for

3. I’m used to taking out the trash. It’s ------- for me.

(A) normal (B) regularly

(C) unusual (D) average

4. The president ------- be a poor student.

(A) use to (B) accustom to

(C) used to (D) accustomed to

5. Those rock stars are ------- to ------- crazy lifestyles.

(A) accustomed, live (B) use, lives

(C) accustom, be live (D) used, living

39

Unit 6. Used to와 Be Used to의구분

√

√

√

√

√

나의남동생과여동생은밤늦도록자지않는것에익숙해져있다.번역

나는한때미국만화를매우좋아했으나,지금은‘망가’에푹빠져있다.번역

나는쓰레기를버리러나가는것에익숙해져있다.그것은일상적인일이다.번역

그대통령은학교다닐때성적이좋지않았었다.번역

저록스타들은열광적인삶의방식에익숙해져있다.번역

stay up late at night 밤늦도록자지않다해설

Manga 일본만화해설

6. Did you ------- ski on Mt. Snowy?

(A) use (B) use to

(C) used (D) used to

7. I never go to church, but my grandmother goes -------.


(C) common (D) average

8. A rabbit is fast, a tortoise is slow, and a human is about -------.


(C) common (D) average

9. I ------- have back problems until this year.

(A) didn’t use (B) use to

(C) used (D) didn’t use to

10. I know I work slowly now, but give me a chance to -------.

(A) accustomate myself (B) get used to it

(C) accustomed to it (D) get use to it

40

PART IV

√

√

√

√

√

스노위산에서스키를타곤했니?번역

나는절대교회에가지않지만,할머니는규칙적으로가신다.번역

토끼는빠르고,거북이는느리며,인간은평균적이다.번역

나는금년까지허리에별문제가없었다.번역

저도지금은제가일을느리게하고있다는것을알고있지만,그것에익숙해질기회를주세요.번역


document Some of these documents are reports and some are records.

file It’s best to keep all your papers in files.

report The boss was upset after reading the financial report.

essay The students had to write an essay on a famous scientist.

fascinating I love learning about computers. It’s fascinating!

B. Preview the following about phrasal verbs with “in” and “out.”

두개의낱말로이루어진구동사들중에는 in(to)과 out이포함된것들이있다.

get check move

into in out

look hand print

>> Practice

Match the phrasal verbs with their objects.

1. hand in (A) a copy of the document

2. get into (B) a new house

3. check into (C) the homework assignment

4. move into (D) a hotel

5. hand out (E) the car

6. print out (F) the finished essay

7. look into (G) that fascinating topic

1. 세개의낱말로이루어진구동사

In과 out은세개의낱말로이루어진구동사에서도흔히보인다.

move out

check outsit in stand in

get out + ofdrop in

+ onlook out

+ for

sit out

drop out

41

W a r m - u p

PART IV. Grammar: 구동사 III (Phrasal Verbs III)

UNIT7서류

서류철

보고서

산문,글,논문

매혹적인

1. 이서류중일부는보고서이고일부는기록대장이다.2. 너의과제는철을해서보관하는것이가장좋다.3. 그상사는재정보고서를읽은후화가났다.

4. 학생들은저명한과학자에대한글을써야했다.5. 나는컴퓨터에대해배우는것을좋아한다.매우흥미롭다!

2.•file document를분류하여모은것

•paper 숙제,과제, 논문,신문(주로복수형)

3.•report 주로어떤결과에대한보고서

4.•essay, paper북미권학생들사이에서‘숙제’(서술식)라는의미

해설

1.hand in, turn in (신청서)제출 5.•hand out 건네주다 •hand over (힘,권리)양도해설

1.완성된논문을제출하다.

2.차안으로들어가다.

3.호텔에체크인하다.(숙박접수)

4.새집으로이사하다.

5.숙제를제출하다.

6.서류를한부출력하다.

7.흥미로운주제에대해조사하다.

~에서이사나가다

~호텔에서체크아웃하다

~의밖으로나가다

~(춤,경기에)참여하지않다

~를중퇴하다

(회의,수업)참관자로앉아있다~에들르다

~의대역(대리)을하다~을조심하다

42

PART IV

>> Practice

Fill in the blanks with the correct word.

sat stand look out in

1. Mike dropped ________ of school after he failed all his labreports.

2. I ________ in on the math class even though I wasn’t registeredfor it.

3. Sue, ________ out for cars when you cross the street.4. I drop ________ on my sister when I want to visit with her.5. Could you ________ in for me? I have something I have to do.

2. 쌍을이루는표현들

구동사들중에는쌍을이루는것들이많다.

■ I only moved into this apartment last month, but I’m going tomove out next month.

>> Practice

Match the phrasal verbs with their partners. Hint: four verbs donot have partners.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

hand get move check drop standin in into into in on in for

get move drop check hand standout of out of out of out of out out

(A) (B) (C) (D) (E) (F)

out

sat

look

in

stand

1. 모든실험보고서에낙제한후,마이크는학교를그만두었다.2. 나는정식등록은안했지만수학수업을참관했다.3. 수,길을건널때에는차를조심해야해.4. 나는여동생을만나고싶을때그녀에게들른다.5. 나를위해대신있어주겠니?해야할일이있거든.

1. •dropout (퇴학,자퇴)학교중퇴자3. •look out = watch out for4. •drop in on +사람,파티

•drop in at +집,파티•drop in with우연히만나다

5. •stand in for ~를위해대신해주다

해설

나는이아파트로지난달에이사왔으나,다음달에나갈예정이다.

(숙제,서류)제출하다(=submit)

나가다 이사나가다 나누어주다(=give)

~의밖으로나가다,중퇴하다

~에서튀어나와있다.눈에띄다.뛰어나다

체크아웃하다(퇴실접수하다)

들어오다 이사들어오다 ~에들르다 ~의대역을맡다체크인하다 (숙박

접수하다)


1. That’s fascinating. Remind me to (print out / look into) a copy of

that later.

2. Could you (get out / move out) of the car please? I can’t get past

you.

3. I’m tired of dancing. Let’s (sit this one out / sit in on this one).

4. I put the report in the file and handed it (in to / out) the boss.

5. Be sure to (look / stand) out for snakes as we’re hiking.


in on out into out of

1. The magician got _________ the cabinet and disappeared.

2. Bob is exceptionally tall so he really stands _________.

3. After my holiday was finished, I checked _________ the hotel and

went home.

4. Let’s drop _________ our neighbors!

43

E x e r c i s e s

Unit 7. 구동사III (Phrasal Verbs III)

1 2 3 4

√

√

√

√

√

into

out

out of

in on

정말흥미롭군요!나중에인쇄한장하도록상기시켜주세요.번역

차에서내려줄수있겠니?내가지나갈수가없다.번역

나는춤추는것에질렸다.그만하자.번역

나는그보고서를철로엮어상사에게제출했다.번역

하이킹하는동안뱀을조심하도록해라.번역

마술사는그캐비닛에들어가더니사라져버렸다.번역

밥은유별나게키가커서눈에띈다.번역

휴가가끝난후,호텔에서체크아웃하고,집에갔다.번역

이웃집에들르자!번역


1. I have to look in for environmental issues before I write the report.

2. I didn’t do well on my midterm exams, so I’m thinking about

dropping in on school.

3. I ate too much spaghetti, so I’ll stand out of basketball practice

tonight.

4. The student printed on his essay to hand it up to the teacher.

5. It’s exciting to change into a new house!

6. I checked up at the front desk, so they know I’m here.


1. The businessman (handed / checked) in his 40 page (essay / report)

to the boss.

2. The student looked (into / out for) errors when writing her lab

(essay / report) so she could correct them.

3. My brother stood (out / in for) my father at my sister’s reception

while my father was in the hospital.

4. Gather all the (documents / files) together and place them in a

(document / file) you can (hand / get) out to other tellers.

44

PART IV

I have to look into environmental issues before I write the report.

I didn’t do well on my midterm exams, so I’m thinking about dropping out of school.

I ate too much spaghetti, so I’ll sit out of basketball practice tonight.

The student printed out his essay to hand it in to the teacher.

It’s exciting to move into a new house!

I checked in at the front desk, so they know I’m here.

√ √

√√

√

√√ √

나는보고서를쓰기전에환경문제를조사해봐야한다.번역

중간고사를망쳐서학교를그만두는것에대해생각중이다.번역

나는스파게티를너무많이먹어서,오늘밤농구연습에빠질것이다.번역

그학생은숙제를인쇄해서선생님께제출하였다.번역

새집으로이사하는것은신나는일이다!번역

안내데스크에서체크인을했기때문에,그들은내가이곳에머무른다는것을안다.번역

그경영자는40쪽짜리보고서를상사에게제출했다.번역

그학생은실험보고서를수정하기위해보고서를쓰면서오류를면 히검토했다.번역

나의남동생은아버지께서병원에계시는동안언니의피로연에서아버지역할을대신했다.번역

서류를모으고그것을서류철에넣어서다른출납계원들에게건네주거라.번역

1. •look into (= investigate) 자세히들어다보다,조사하다

2. •midterm exam 중간고사 •final exam 기말고사해설

4.teller (은행)금전출납계원해설

T e s t


1. I have to prepare my marketing ------- before the big meeting.

(A) document (B) file

(C) report (D) essay

2. Do you mind if I ------- today’s lecture?

(A) drop in (B) move into

(C) sit in on (D) stand in for

3. Let’s get our luggage, ------- the motel, and drive home.

(A) move into (B) check into

(C) get out (D) check out of

4. How many ------- does the file contain?

(A) documents (B) fascinating

(C) reporting (D) assignment

5. I couldn’t stop reading the manager’s report on India. It was so

-------. I think that I’ll ------- it further.

(A) boring, get out of (B) fascinating, look out for

(C) heavy, sit in on (D) interesting, look into

45

Unit 7. 구동사III (Phrasal Verbs III)

√

√

√

√

√

나는중요한회의가열리기전에마케팅보고서를준비해야한다.번역

오늘의강의를참관해도되겠습니까?번역

짐을찾고,모텔에서나와집으로가자.번역

그서류철에는서류가얼마나있습니까?번역

인도에관한지점장들의보고서를읽는것을멈출수가없었어.매우흥미롭더군.더자세히볼생각이야.번역

India 인도해설

6. I’ll ------- all the documents and put them in a new file.(A) print out (B) stand out(C) check in (D) hand out

7. You can recognize the Chinese characters in the document because they really -------. They look very different from the English letters.(A) sit in (B) stand in for(C) sit out (D) stand out

8. Hurry up and ------- the car. We need to walk quickly to arrive on time.(A) get in (B) get into(C) get out (D) get out of

9. I passed the test because I did really well on my five paragraph -------.(A) print out (B) file(C) report (D) essay

10. I think I’ll ------- my friend after class today.(A) get in (B) drop in on(C) get out (D) drop out of

46

PART IV

√

√

√

√

√

나는문서를모두인쇄해서새서류철에넣을것이다.번역

한자는눈에확실히띄기때문에그문서에서쉽게알아볼수있을것이다.영어와는매우다르게생겼다.번역

서둘러서차에서내려.정시에도착하려면재빨리걸어야해.번역

나는다섯단락짜리논문형시험을매우잘썼기때문에시험에합격했다.번역

오늘방과후에친구네집에들를까해.번역

on time 시간에맞게,정시에해설

47

Review 1PART IV. Grammar

Choose the right answer.

1. ------- people is admirable.

(A) To help (B) Being mean to

(C) Rescue (D) Aid

2. Sue studies hard ------- good marks.

(A) to (B) in order to

(C) to get (D) getting

3. The dog ------- meat ------- its owner.

(A) was fed, by (B) was eaten, to

(C) eats, by (D) fed, to

4. It’s ------- for me to stay up late. I’m used to it.


(C) average (D) get used

5. Do you mind if I drop ------- you after class?

(A) out of (B) in on

(C) in for (D) in to

√

√

√

√

√

사람을돕는것은칭찬할만한일이다.번역

수는좋은점수를얻기위해열심히공부한다.번역

그개에게는주인에의해고기가주어졌다.번역

밤늦도록깨어있는것이나에게는보통이다.그것에익숙해져있다.번역

방과후에잠시들러도될까요?번역

48

Review 1

6. The clothes ------- in that store are gorgeous.

(A) which displayed (B) are displayed

(C) displayed (D) are

7. My former roommate and I ------- prior to moving in together.

(A) have met (B) had not met

(C) haven’t met (D) don’t meet

8. I’m tired of ------- to your complaining.

(A) listen (B) to listen

(C) listening (D) not

9. Bob ------- be into soccer ------- he hurt his knee.

(A) used to, until (B) is used to, until

(C) got used to, but now (D) didn’t use to, before

10. The friend ------- James ------- to the party is very funny.

(A) who, coming with (B) whom, brought along

(C) which, joined (D) that, showing

√

√

√

√

√

저상점안에전시되어있는옷들은멋지다.번역

나의전룸메이트와나는같이이사와살기전까지는만난적이없다.번역

나는너의불평을듣는것에질렸다.번역

밥은무릎을다치기전까지축구에몰두하곤했다.번역

제임스가파티에데려왔던그친구는매우재미있다.번역

49

11. Billy is thinking ------- taking a trip.

(A) about (B) why

(C) he (D) to

12. That building ------- destroyed.

(A) was been (B) has

(C) has been (D) will

13. The student ------- his essay and ------- to his professor.

(A) looked out for, printed it out

(B) stood out, handed it out

(C) printed out, handed it in

(D) looked into, checked out of it

14. I ------- the dishes ------- I had eaten dinner.

(A) have washed, before (B) had washed, after

(C) wash, before (D) washed, after

15. ------- I met Bob, I ------- think that all basketball players were tall.

(A) Until, used to (B) Before, had

(C) After, am used to (D) Up to, was

Review 1

√

√

√

√

√

빌리는여행가는것에대해생각하고있다.번역

그빌딩은파괴되어버렸다.번역

그학생은숙제를인쇄해서교수님께제출했다.번역

나는저녁식사를한뒤설거지를했다.번역

밥을만나기전까지,나는모든농구선수들이키가큰줄알았다.번역

trip 주로짧은단기여행해설


enter The car entered the garage.get into It is very difficult to get into Harvard.enter into The two companies entered into a business agreement.imitate He can imitate the sounds of many different birds.copy This machine can copy color documents.

B. Preview the following about sentence types.

영어문장만드는법에대해서는이미많이배웠다. 이제복습해보자!

Simple sentence = - The fox entered its hole.subject + predicate

Complex sentence = - The fox entered its holeindependent clause + dependent clause before the hunter saw it.

Compound sentence = - The fox entered its holeindependent clause + (dependent clause) before the hunter saw it, so+ independent clause the hunter could not shoot it.

>> Practice

Mark simple (S), complex (C) or compound (CC).

1. While I was copying my notes, the paper ran out. _____ 2. She got into medical school last year. _____ 3. The two parties entered into an agreement, and they both got

rich. _____

1. 등위접속사

등위접속사는중문을만드는데쓰인다.

and but so or

■ She ran upstairs and the dog followed her.■ I tried to find it, but I couldn’t.■ The hunter imitated a male duck’s call, so female ducks came near him.■ He’ll be home tonight, or he’ll call us.

>> Practice


but so or

1. We have to study all night, _____ we won’t pass the test. 2. The client entered the office, _____ no one was there. 3. I was late for the concert, _____ I began to run.

51

W a r m - u p

PART IV. Grammar: 문장의종류II (Sentence Types II)

UNIT8

or but

so

CS

CC

들어가다

입학하다

(관계,협약등을)맺다

모방하다

복사하다

1. 차가차고에들어갔다.2. 하버드대학에입학하는것은매우어렵다.

3. 두회사는사업계약을맺었다.4. 그는많은종류의새소리를흉내낼수있다.

5. 이기계는칼라서류를복사할수있다.

1. 내가노트를복사하는동안,종이가다떨어졌다.2. 그녀는작년에의대에들어갔다.3. 두당은협정을체결하고,돈을많이벌었다.

1. 우리는밤새도록공부해야한다.그렇지않으면,우리는시험에통과하지못할것이다.2. 그고객은사무실에들어갔다.그러나거기에는아무도없었다.3. 나는콘서트에늦었다.그래서뛰기시작했다.

그녀는위층으로뛰어올라가자,강아지가그녀를뒤따라갔다.

그리고 그러나 그래서 그렇지않으면

나는그것을찾아내려했지만,할수가없었다.

사냥꾼은수컷오리의소리를흉내내서,암컷오리가그의가까이오도록하였다.그는오늘밤집에올것이다.그렇지않으면그는우

리에게전화를할것이다.

그여우는동굴에들어갔다.

사냥꾼이여우를보기전에그여우는굴에들어갔다.

사냥꾼이여우를보기전에여우가굴에들어가서,사냥꾼은여우를쏘지못했다.

2. 종속접속사

종속접속사는복문을만드는데쓰인다.

because when while before after even though

특별한경우:

종속절 종속구

because it rained because of the raineven though it rained despite/in spite of the rainin case it rains in case of rain

>> Practice


1. In case it turns out that you’re ill, (A) in spite of the bad weather.2. There was no electricity (B) don’t worry about coming

to work.3. I don’t mind living in London (C) due to the blackout.

3. 연결부사

연결부사는정보가어떻게연결되는지보여줄뿐문장의구조를바꾸지는않는다.

의미 연결부사

and ➟ besides, further, furthermore, in addition, moreoverbut ➟ however, nevertheless, in contrast, on the contraryso ➟ thus, therefore, for this reason, as a result,

consequentlyfor example ➟ for instance, in fact, specifically, in particularin conclusion ➟ in short, in summary, to sum up, in other words

예:

■ I didn’t get into law school. Furthermore, I couldn’t find a job!■ The US is a very wealthy nation. Nevertheless, many of its citizens

live in poverty.■ I didn’t have anywhere to go. Consequently, I stayed home.

>> Practice


1. He copied the picture carefully. Nevertheless, we could tell itwas fake. ______

2. I love animals. On the contrary, I like to go bird watching. ______ 3. They didn’t agree. Thus, they didn’t enter into a contract

together. ______

52

PART IV

Note

due to the rain ➟ due to the factthat it rained

XO

O

1. 만약의경우네가아픈것으로판명되면, (A) 나쁜날씨에도불구하고2. 전기가없었다. (B) 회사에일하러나오는것에대해걱정하지말아라.3. 나는런던에사는것에대해별로신경쓰지않는다. (C) 정전때문에

1. 그는그림을조심스럽게복사했다.그럼에도불구하고,우리는그것이모조품이라는것을알수있었다.2. 나는동물들을사랑한다.반대로,나는새를보러가는것을좋아한다.3. 그들은동의하지않았다.그리하여,그들은계약을성사시키지못했다.

왜냐하면 ~때 ~전에 ~한후에 비록~이지만~반면에(~하는동안에)

•In case ~일경우에(~경우를대비해)

•turn out ~로판명되다

•in spite of ~에도불구하고

•due to ~때문에(~에기인하는)

•blackout 정전

해설

•furthermore게다가(더욱이,더군다나)

•poverty 가난•consequently따라서,그결과로

해설

•fake 가짜의(모조의)•On the contrary 반대로

해설

나는어디든갈곳이없었다.따라서,나는집에머물렀다.

미국은굉장히부유한국가이다.그럼에도불구하고,미국의많은시민들은가난속에서살고있다.

나는법대에들어가지못했다.게다가,나는일자리도구할수가없었다!

☞ On the contrary→ In addition/

Therefore


1. Due (to / to the fact that) the snow, we decided to stay inside.

2. (In spite of / In case) pollution enters the river, we test the water

regularly.

3. His handwriting was terrible. (Besides / As a result), I couldn’t read

his letter.

4. He copies everything I say. (Further / Because of), he tells rude jokes.

5. The monkey was imitating me, (so / but) I started hitting my chest.


in fact in spite of due to in case

1. _________ the fact that it had many limbs, the tree was perfect for

climbing.

2. The customer loves hamburgers. _________, he eats them every day.

3. We kept on walking _________ the strong wind.

4. _________ you don’t get into Oxford, you should apply to several

universities. 53

E x e r c i s e s

Unit 8. 문장의종류II (Sentence Types II)

1 2 3 4

√

√

√

√

√

Due to

In fact

in spite of

In case

눈때문에,우리는안에머물기로결정했다.번역

오염이강으로들어올경우를대비해,우리는정기적으로물을검사한다.번역

그의글씨는형편없었다.그래서,나는그의편지를읽을수가없었다.번역

그는내가말하는모든것을베낀다.게다가,그는무례한농담을한다.번역

그원숭이는나를흉내내고있었다,그래서나는나의가슴을치기시작했다.번역

큰나뭇가지가많기때문에,그나무는올라타기에아주안성맞춤이다.번역

그손님은햄버거를좋아한다.사실,그는햄버거를매일먹는다.번역

강한바람에도불구하고,우리는계속해서걸었다.번역

네가옥스퍼드에들어가지못할경우를대비하여,너는여러다른대학에도지원해야한다.번역

1. Due to ~때문에2. In case ~일경우를대비하여

해설

1.limb 큰나뭇가지해설


1. She likes play soccer. Furthermore, she hates to watch it on TV.

2. I like apples, bananas, pears. In particular, I like to eat fruit.

3. I came home early due to there was no more work to do.

4. Her father was a painter. At this reason, she ended up getting into

art school.

5. In despite the rain, we played outside anyway.

6. Because of the national holiday. We didn’t have to work.


1. We both (got into / entered) the ballet academy. (In short /

Moreover), the academy offered each of us a scholarship.

2. The boy tried to (copy / imitate) his father’s voice, (but / so) the

secretary knew it was a child’s voice.

3. Be sure to read the whole contract (before / besides) you (get into

/ enter into) the agreement.

4. (Because / Because of) the low quality of the image, it will be

difficult to (copy / imitate) this document.

54

PART IV

She likes playing soccer. However, she hates to watch it on TV.

I like to eat fruit. In particular, I like apples, bananas, and pears.

I came home early because there was no more work to do.

Her father was a painter. For this reason, she ended up getting into art school.

In spite of the rain, we played outside anyway.

Because of the national holiday, we didn’t have to work.

√√

√ √

√√

√√

그녀는축구를좋아한다.그러나,그녀는텔레비전으로축구경기보는것은싫어한다.번역

나는과일먹는것을좋아한다.특히,사과,바나나,그리고배를좋아한다.번역

더이상할일이없었기때문에,집에일찍왔다.번역

그녀의아빠는화가였다.이런이유로,그녀는미술학교에들어가게되었다.번역

비가내리는데도불구하고,우리는밖에서놀았다.번역

국경일이기때문에,우리는일할필요가없었다.번역

우리둘다발레학교에입학했다.더구나,학교에서는우리둘에게장학금을제공했다.번역

그소년은아버지목소리를흉내내고자애썼지만,비서는그것이어린아이의목소리라는것을알았다.번역

너는계약을체결하기전에,계약서전체를반드시읽어야한다.번역

이미지가선명하지않아서,이서류를복사하는것은힘들다.번역

4.end up ~ing 결국~하게되다해설

T e s t


1. I applied to ten colleges, and I ------- one very close to my hometown.

(A) to enter (B) entered into

(C) got into (D) got with

2. Many seas border Africa. -------, the Mediterranean Sea and the

Red Sea border it.

(A) Therefore (B) In summary

(C) Specifically (D) Although

3. ------- his broken leg, he moved very quickly.

(A) In case (B) In spite

(C) In case of (D) In spite of

4. We went to the theater last night, ------- we are going again on

Saturday.

(A) and (B) moreover

(C) when (D) or

5. Place a very thin sheet of paper over the picture so you can ------- it.

(A) borrow (B) copy

(C) imitate (D) repeat

55

Unit 8. 문장의종류II (Sentence Types II)

√

√

√

√

√

나는10개의대학교에지원했다.그리고나는집에서매우가까운대학에입학했다.번역

많은바다가아프리카에접해있다.명확하게,지중해와홍해가접해있다.번역

다리가부러졌음에도불구하고,그는매우빠르게움직였다.번역

우리는지난밤에극장에갔다.게다가,우리는토요일에또갈것이다.번역

그림위에아주얇은종이를놓아라.그러면너는그것을복사할수있을것이다.번역

•specifically 보다명확이말하면 •border 접하다,인접하다해설

6. He saves a lot of money ------- he loses his job.

(A) despite (B) due to

(C) instead of (D) in case

7. They were out in the desert. -------, they found a way to survive for

three days before they were rescued.

(A) Nevertheless (B) Consequently

(C) Further (D) To sum up

8. I don’t think you should enter ------- that kind of contract.

(A) in (B) of

(C) with (D) into

9. ------- it looked like we would lose, we won.

(A) Although (B) But

(C) However (D) In case

10. The student finished the difficult test. -------, she felt good about

herself.

(A) For this reason (B) However

(C) Besides (D) In fact

56

PART IV

√

√

√

√

√

그는직장을잃을것을대비하여,많은돈을저축한다.번역

그들은사막에남겨지게되었다.그럼에도불구하고,그들이구출되기전3일동안생존할수있는방법을찾았다.번역

나는네가그런종류의계약을체결할것이라고생각하지않는다.번역

비록우리가질것처럼보였지만,우리는이겼다.번역

그학생은어려운시험을마쳤다.이런이유로,그녀는그녀스스로자랑스러움을느꼈다.번역


be hired I hope I will be hired by the company.start (at) They both started at the company at the same time.remember Nobody remembered that the meeting was canceled. remind She reminded me that I needed to call you.accept Some universities only accept a few students each year.

B. Preview the following about noun clauses.

명사절은명사역할을하는절을말한다.

I know it. + Tomorrow is a holiday. ➟ I know that tomorrow is a holiday. OR I know tomorrow is a holiday.

(“that” can be omitted)

명사절을취하는동사들

say tell think believe feel hope know find out figure out remember forget guess wish ask wonder suppose hear read

>> Practice

Circle if the underlined words are noun phrases (NP) or nounclauses (NC).

1. He forgot his mother’s birthday. NP NC2. She heard that someone had stolen my bike. NP NC3. They thought he would be hired. NP NC

1. Yes / No의문문은 if 또는 whether를이용하여명사절로바꿀수있다.

의문문 명사절이들어간문장

Does Gina like me? I wonder whether Gina likes me.Will she be hired? I’ll ask the company if she will be hired.

명사절내의어순은평서문과같다. (Subject-Verb-Object)

>> Practice

Complete the sentence by changing the question into a noun clause.

1. Did he enjoy the party?I am not sure whether __________ __________ the party.

2. Have they accepted our offer?I wonder if __________ __________ __________ our offer.

57

W a r m - u p

PART IV. Grammar: 명사절 (Noun Clauses)

UNIT9

√√√

he enjoyed

they have accepted

고용되다

시작하다

기억하다

상기시키다

받아들이다

1. 나는그회사에내가고용되길희망한다.2. 그들둘다동시에회사에다니기시작했다.

3. 회의가취소된것을아무도기억하지못했다.4. 내가너한테전화해야한다는사실을그녀가상기시켜주었다.

5. 몇몇대학은해마다소수의학생들만을받아들인다.

1. 그는어머니의생일을잊어버렸다.2. 그녀는누군가가나의자전거를훔쳐갔다는사실을들었다.3. 그들은그가고용될것이라고생각했다.

1. 그는파티를즐겼습니까?나는그가파티를즐거워했는지에대해확신할수없습니다.

2. 그들은우리의제안을받아들였나요?나는그들이우리의제안을받아들였는지궁금합니다.

4.remind A of B A에게B를

상기시키다

해설

내일이휴일이라는것을알고있다.

나는지나가나를좋아하는가에대해궁금하다.

나는그녀가고용될것인지를회사에물어볼것이다.

지나가나를좋아합니까?

그녀는고용될까요?

2. Wh-의문문도명사절로바꿀수있다.

의문문 명사절이들어간문장

What is he thinking? I know what he is thinking.Where is the airport? She told me where the airport is.

>> Practice

Circle the correct word.

1. The experienced doctor knew exactly (whether / what) heshould do.

2. I want to find out (where / who) this bus goes.

3. 명사절을명사구로바꾸기

a. 명사절 ➟ “about” + 명사

I told him that there was a ➟ I told him about the car accident.car accident.

I asked how her grandfather ➟ I asked about her grandfather. is doing.

>> Practice


1. The students were thinking about (A) your new baby!2. Congratulations! I heard about (B) the final exam.

b. 명사절 ➟ 부정사구

Mother told us that we➟ Mother told us to come home!have to come home!

Mr. Jones asked if he could➟

Mr. Jones asked to start at start at 10 a.m. each morning. 10 a.m. each morning.

다음문장들은서로의미가다르다.

■ The lawyer said he would accept the offer. (The lawyer himself accepts.)■ The lawyer said to accept the offer. (We, not the lawyer, should accept.)

>> Practice

Mark (√) if the noun clause can be changed into an infinitive or (X)if otherwise.

1. I asked you if you could do the dishes twice already. _______ 2. I remember that the mailman came this morning. _______

58

PART IV

√√

X√

1. 학생들은기말고사에대해생각하고있었다.2. 축하해!나는너의새로태어난아기에대해들었다!

1. 숙련된의사는그가어떻게해야할지를정확하게알고있었다.2. 나는이버스가어디로가는지알고싶다.

1. 나는네가설거지를할수있는지이미두번이나물어봤다.2. 나는우체부가오늘아침에왔던것을기억한다.

그는무엇을생각합니까?공항은어디입니까?

나는그에게차사고가있었다고이야기했다.

나는그에게차사고에대해말했다.

나는그녀의할아버지에대해물었다.

나는그녀에게할아버지가어떠신지를물었다.

엄마는우리에게집에와야한다고말했다!

존스씨는그가매일아침10시에시작할수있는지를물었다.

엄마는우리에게집에오라고말했다!

존스씨는매일아침10시에시작하라고요청했다.

변호사는그제안을받아들이겠다고말했다.변호사는그제안을받아들이라고말했다.

나는그가무슨생각을하는지안다.그녀는공항이어디있는지나에게말했다.

do the dishes 설거지하다해설


1. I can’t decide (that / what) I want to do.

2. Mother is always worrying (about / to) us kids.

3. I’ve never used a computer before. Please tell me (that / how) to get online.

4. I wonder (what / whether) it will rain tomorrow. Let’s check the weather channel.

5. My father always reminded us (that / to) save a little money each month.


that what about to

1. Our neighbor doesn’t care _________ his lawn.

2. This new invention can see _________ you’re thinking about!

3. I like my steak well-done. Could you tell the chef _________ cook

this steak longer?

4. Sometimes I wish _________ I could fly like a bird.

59

E x e r c i s e s

Unit 9. 명사절 (Noun Clauses)

1 2 3 4

√√

√

√

√

about

what

to

that

나는내가무엇을해야할지결정할수없다.번역

엄마는항상우리어린이들을걱정하신다.번역

나는전에컴퓨터를사용해본적이없다.나에게어떻게인터넷을사용하는지말해주겠니.번역

나는내일비가올것인지궁금하다.일기예보를확인하자.번역

나의아빠는항상우리에게매달조금씩저축할것을상기시키셨다.번역

우리의이웃은그의잔디에대해신경쓰지않는다.번역

이새로운발명품은네가무엇을생각하는지알수있다!번역

내스테이크를충분히익혀주세요.주방장에게이스테이크를좀더오래익혀달라고이야기해주시겠어요?번역

가끔나는내가새처럼날수있었으면하고바란다.번역

care about 걱정하다,신경쓰다해설

well-done 잘익은,충분히요리된해설


1. I believe whether my friend will start at her new company next week.

2. My assistant is trying to find out to that.

3. When the manager forgot when was the meeting, his secretary

reminded him.

4. I told him that wash his clothes in cold water.

5. I don’t know weather it will rain tomorrow.

6. A nice lady told me where is the bus station.


1. I hope (what / that) I can (accept / be hired by) an electronics

company.

2. Her brother (remembered / reminded) (if / that) the door was not

locked.

3. My good friend and I both (started at / hired) the company at the

same time.

4. She asked me to (remember / remind) her (that / where) the

cookies were in the oven.

60

PART IV

I believe that my friend will start at her new company next week.

My assistant is trying to find out about that.

When the manager forgot when the meeting was, his secretary reminded him.

I told him to wash his clothes in cold water.

I don’t know whether it will rain tomorrow.

A nice lady told me where the bus station is.

√ √

√ √

√

√ √

나는나의친구가다음주에새로운회사에서근무를시작할것이라고믿고있다.번역

나의조수는그것에대해알아내고자애쓰고있다.번역

매니저가회의가언제인지잊어버렸을때,그의비서가그에게상기시켜주었다.번역

나는그에게그의옷을찬물에세탁하라고이야기했다.번역

나는내일비가올지안올지모른다.번역

친절한여성이나에게버스정류장이어디있는지말해주었다.번역

나는내가전자회사에고용되기를희망한다.번역

그녀의남동생은문을잠그지않은것을기억했다.번역

나의좋은친구와나는둘다동시에회사를다니기시작했다.번역

그녀는나에게쿠키가오븐에있다는것을자신에게상기시켜달라고요청했다.번역

T e s t


1. We have to find out ------- the hospital is.

(A) that (B) whether

(C) about (D) where

2. The student was worried that he would not get ------- by his

favorite university.

(A) accepted (B) entered

(C) started (D) hired

3. He doesn’t know ------- I borrowed his umbrella.

(A) that (B) what

(C) to (D) about

4. Please remember ------- we will not have a meeting next Friday.

(A) if (B) that

(C) what (D) when

5. I just ------- the company last week.

(A) got into (B) started at

(C) entered (D) started on

61

Unit 9. 명사절 (Noun Clauses)

√

√

√

√

√

우리는병원의위치가어디인지를알아내야한다.번역

그학생은자신이가장좋아하는대학에입학하지못할까봐걱정했다.번역

그는내가그의우산빌린것을알지못한다.번역

다음주금요일에회의가없다는것을기억하시기바랍니다.번역

나는바로지난주에그회사에서일하기시작했다.번역

6. The travel agent called to ask ------- my schedule.

(A) that (B) what

(C) about (D) to

7. I can’t figure out ------- I’m supposed to do.

(A) that (B) what

(C) about (D) to

8. The kind neighbor offered ------- help me fix my car.

(A) that (B) what

(C) about (D) to

9. The note on the computer reminded me ------- should access the file.

(A) about (B) how I

(C) that (D) to do

10. The job interview went really well. I think I will ------- this company.

(A) get into (B) start at

(C) accept (D) be hired by

62

PART IV

√

√

√

√

√

여행사직원은전화를해서나의스케줄에대해물어보았다.번역

나는내가무엇을해야하는지생각해낼수없다.번역

figure out이해하다,해결하다해설

친절한이웃이나의차고치는것을도와주겠다고제안했다.번역

컴퓨터에있는메모는내가어떻게파일을열수있는지에대해상기시켜주었다.번역

인터뷰는상당히잘되었다.나는이회사에고용될것이라고생각한다.번역


congratulate I’d like to congratulate you on winning the race.celebrate The class celebrated their teacher’s birthday.turn up A few team players always turn up late for practice.beat Our group beat the other groups by finishing the

project first.win Everyone likes winning an argument.

B. Preview the following about agreement with collective nouns.

집합명사는사람또는사물의집합을나타내는명사이며하나의단위로생각할수도있다.

집합명사의예

committee herd enemy company team familygroup class public coast guard cast firm

1. 하나의단위로서의그룹을나타내는경우

➟ 집합명사 + 단수동사 = 하나의그룹단위

A new family has moved in next-door.The group is celebrating its first number one album.

>> Practice


1. The team is winning the game. _______ 2. The team were beaten in every match. _______ 3. If this government wins the next election, I’m leaving the

country. _______

2. 그룹구성원을나타내는경우

➟ 집합명사 + 복수동사 = 그룹구성원

My family are always fighting among themselves. (Each member fights.)The team congratulate each other whenever they win a match. (Each player does it.)

63

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PART IV. Grammar: 집합명사와수일치 (Agreement withCollective Nouns)

UNIT10

Note

대명사가집합명사의문맥상의의미와일치하는지확인하는것을잊지말아야한다.

The family is determined to improve its situation.The family were all busy packing their things before they moved.

XO

O

축하하다

축하하다

나타나다

(상대,적을)패배시키다

이기다

1. 나는네가경기에서이긴것을축하하고싶다.2. 반학생전체는선생님의생일을축하했다.3. 몇몇의팀선수들은항상연습에늦게나타난다.

4. 우리그룹은과제를먼저끝냄으로써다른그룹을이겼다.5. 모든사람들은논쟁에서이기는것을좋아한다.

1. 그팀은경기에서이기고있다.2. 그팀은매경기마다패배했다.3. 만약현정부가다음선거에서이긴다면,나는이나라를떠날것이다.

☞ were → was

1.성공,결혼,졸업,개인적인기쁜일축하congratulate+사람+on+축하내용

2.행사,기념일(의식,축전)축하대상을목적으로바로씀

5.argument 논쟁,말싸움

해설

그룹(하나의단위)은단수취급해설

새로운가족이이웃으로이사를왔다.

나의가족은항상가족끼리싸운다.

그팀은그들이경기에서이길때마다서로를축하해준다.

그가족은상황을개선하기로결심했다.가족들은이사하기전에짐을싸느라모두바빴다.

그룹은그들의첫번째앨범을축하한다.

>> Practice

Choose the correct form of the verb.

1. My firm (is / are) wonderful. They do all they can for me.

2. My firm (were / was) founded 100 years ago.

3. The public (were / was) asked questions about their shopping

habits.

3. 구성원각각을강조한다

전체로서의그룹이아니라구성원각각을강조

➟ 집합명사 + members

The team members congratulate The members of the teameach other whenever they win OR congratulate each other a match. whenever they win a match.

>> Practice


1. None of my family members (A) turned up late for the meeting.

2. The committee members (B) always beat our class in spelling contests.

3. Members of the girls’ class (C) celebrate birthdays.

4. 단수명사의표시

➟ 단수표시한정사 + 집합명사 = 단수명사

a company every classan enemy this groupeach team that firm

The team are full of enthusiasm.A team which is full of enthusiasm has a better chance of winning.

>> Practice


1. Every team hope to beat their opponent. _______

2. This company celebrates its 100th anniversary next year. _______

3. A family are a group of people related to each other. _______

64

PART IV

√√

√

X

XO

1. 나의가족들은그누구도생일을축하하지않는다.2. 위원회위원들은회의에늦게나타났다.3. 여학생반의학생들은항상철자쓰기대회에서우리반을이긴다.

1. 나의회사는멋지다.그들은나를위해할수있는모든것을해준다.2. 나의회사는100년전에설립되었다.3. 대중들은그들의쇼핑습관에대한질문을받았다.

팀구성원들은경기를이길때마다서로축하해준다.

1. 모든팀은상대방팀이기기를희망한다.2. 이회사는내년에100주년기념을축하할것이다.3. 가족이란친족관계가있는사람들의모임이다.

그팀은의욕으로가득차있다.

의욕으로가득차있는팀은이길확률이많다.

enthusiasm의욕해설

☞ hope → hopes

☞ are → is


1. The committee is deciding on (its / their) policies.

2. Every company (compete / competes) against other companies.

3. The (cows / herd) is approaching.

4. Oh no! Our enemy (has / have) beaten us.

5. Every year class members (recite / recites) a poem one by one.


was were its their

1. The team _________ tired and dirty after the long game.

2. That family loves _________ new home.

3. The gang _________ fighting each other in the street.

4. The members of congress were shaking hands with _________

supporters.

65

E x e r c i s e s

Unit 10. 집합명사와수일치 (Agreement with Collective Nouns)

1 2 3 4

√

√

√

√

√

was

its

were

their

위원회는그들의정책을결정하고있다.번역

모든회사는다른회사들에대항하여경쟁한다.번역

소떼가다가오고있다.번역

오안돼!상대편이우리를이겼어.번역

해마다학급학생들은한명씩시를암송한다.번역

그팀은오랜경기후에지치고지저분하게되었다.번역

그가족은새집을좋아한다.번역

한패거리가길거리에서서로싸우고있었다.번역

의회의원들이그들의지지자들과악수를나누고있었다.번역

위원회(하나의단위)해설


1. The committee was asking each other questions on the issue.

2. The members of my family loves to celebrate Halloween.

3. The herd was entering the barn one after another.

4. The community have set up a neighborhood watch program.

5. The firm wish to congratulate you for winning its Employee of the

Year award.

6. The band was tuning their instruments before the concert.


1. The other team (won / beat) our team because (it / they) is better.

2. Members of the political party in office (won / beat) (its / their)

opponents in the re-election.

3. The team (is / are) happy to (congratulate / celebrate) each other

after the game.

4. The army (celebrated / congratulated) (winning / beating) the battle.

66

PART IV

√ √

√ √

√√

√ √

The committee were asking each other questions on the issue.

The members of my family love to celebrate Halloween.

The herd were entering the barn one after another.

The community has set up a neighborhood watch program.

The firm wishes to congratulate you for winning its Employee of the Year award.

The band were tuning their instruments before the concert.

위원회위원들은그쟁점에대해서로에게질문을하고있었다.

번역

나의가족들은핼러윈데이축하하는것을좋아한다.번역

소들이한마리씩외양간으로들어가고있었다.번역

그공동체는인근지역감시프로그램을구성했다.번역

회사는당신이올해의사원이된것을축하하고싶어한다.번역

밴드는콘서트전에자신들의악기를조율하고있었다.번역

다른팀이더잘했기때문에그팀은우리를이겼다.번역

재임중인그정당의원들은재선에서정적을이겼다.번역

그팀은경기후에서로를축하하며행복해한다.번역

그군대는전투에서이긴것을축하했다.번역

T e s t


1. The herd ------- sold to other farms in groups of four.

(A) was (B) were

(C) members (D) their

2. ------- firm work until late at night.

(A) Their (B) A

(C) Every (D) Members of the

3. Allow me to ------- you on winning the award.

(A) celebrate (B) congratulate

(C) win (D) beat

4. The flock usually ------- in groups of seven or eight in the spring.

(A) turn down (B) turns down

(C) turn up (D) turns up

5. The company was using ------- profits wisely.

(A) its (B) members’

(C) their (D) each

67

Unit 10. 집합명사와수일치 (Agreement with Collective Nouns)

√

√

√

√

√

소떼는네개의그룹으로나뉘어다른농장에팔렸다.번역

회사의사원들은밤늦게까지일한다.번역

당신이상받은것에대해제가축하해줄수있게해주세요.번역

그새떼는봄에일곱혹은여덟개의그룹으로나뉘어나타난다.번역

그회사는회사의이익을현명하게사용하고있었다.번역

6. The class ------- testing each other’s knowledge.

(A) was (B) were

(C) members (D) its

7. I heard that the Atlanta Braves ------- the big game.

(A) celebrated (B) congratulated

(C) beat (D) won

8. Each member of my family ------- New Year’s Day differently.

(A) congratulate (B) celebrate

(C) congratulates (D) celebrates

9. The ------- played music all night long.

(A) committee (B) band

(C) herd (D) firm

10. My dad always ------- me at checkers.

(A) celebrates (B) congratulates

(C) beats (D) wins

68

PART IV

√

√

√

√

√

반학생들은서로의지식을테스트하고있었다.번역

나는아틀란타브레이브스가큰경기에서이겼다는것을들었다.번역

나의가족들은각각새해를다르게축하한다.번역

그밴드는음악을밤새도록연주했다.번역

나의아빠는항상체커에서나를이기신다.번역


complain He complained about the cold soup. argue They argued over who was the best bowler.last time We had a table by the window last time we ate here.previously Previously, she worked in the office where Jim works.talk back She is in trouble because she always talks back to her

mother.

B. Preview the following about connecting sentences.

1. 주어동사생략

a. 주어생략

축소이전의절 축소절

After we talked back, After talking back, we we got in trouble. got in trouble.

While they were eating, While eating, they they argued. argued.

We washed our hands We washed our hands before we made lunch. before making lunch.

b. 동사생략

축소이전의절 축소절

After the baseball game is After the baseball game, over, let’s go home. let’s go home.

I stayed at home because I stayed at home because the storm was bad. of the storm.

We can read quietly until We can read quietly until gym class begins. gym class.

>> Practice

Circle S if the subject is deleted or V if the verb is deleted.

1. While you were skiing ➟ While skiing S V2. Since the war ended ➟ Since the war S V3. Before they left work ➟ Before leaving work S V

69

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PART IV. Grammar: 축소절 (Reduced Dependent Clauses)

UNIT11

Note

because절을축소하려면 because of를쓴다.

√√

√

불평하다

논쟁하다

지난번에(마지막으로)

(막연한)전에

말대답하다

1. 그는차가운수프에대해불평했다2. 그들은최고의볼링선수가누구인가에대해논쟁했다.3. 우리가지난번에여기서먹었을때는창가쪽테이블에앉았었다.

4. 전에,그녀는짐이일하던사무실에서일했었다.5. 그녀는엄마에게항상말대답하기때문에꾸지람을듣고있다.

1. 네가스키타는동안에→스키타는동안2. 전쟁이끝났기때문에→전쟁때문에3. 그들이퇴근하기전에→퇴근전에

2.argue over~에대해논쟁하다,말다툼하다

5.be in trouble곤란한처지에있다.꾸지람듣다,벌받다.

해설

우리는점심을만들기전에손을씻었다.

우리가말대답한후,우리는꾸지람을들었다.

그들은밥을먹으면서싸웠다.

체육수업이시작할때까지우리는조용히읽을수있다.

야구경기가끝난후에집에가자.

폭풍이심했기때문에나는집에머물렀다.

2. 종속접속사 + 주어의생략

동사를분사로바꾸어종속접속사와주어를생략할수있다.

■ Because they had argued previously, they were both in bad moodsat the party.➟ Having argued previously, they were both in bad moods at the party.

■ When she reviewed the report, she spotted many errors.➟ Reviewing the report, she spotted many errors.

■ As they traveled to the village, they met an interesting fellow.➟ Traveling to the village, they met an interesting fellow.

>> Practice


1. After I ate the sandwich ➟ Eating the sandwich ____

2. While they studied for the test ➟ Studying they for the test ____

3. As I listened to his story ➟ Listen to his story ____

3. 종속접속사 + 주어 + be의생략

축소절이being으로시작할경우,이being은생략될수있다.

■ Because she was unhappy with her grade, she complained to the teacher.➟ Being unhappy with her

Unhappy with her grade, shegrade, she complained to OR

complained to the teacher.the teacher.

>> Practice


1. Being previously bitten by a horse, (A) the young couple caused a scene.

2. Hoping to score the final goal, (B) the player kicked the ball.

3. Arguing loudly, (C) the boy hesitated togo near the pony.

70

PART IV

Note

진행시제가들어있는절을축소할경우 be는반드시생략된다.

Because they were going there for the last time ➟ Going there for the last time

XX

X

1. 전에말에게물려본적이있기때문에,소년은조랑말에게다가가는것을주저했다.2. 결승골을득점하기희망하며,그선수는볼을찼다.3. 큰소리로싸우며,젊은커플은소동을일으켰다.

1. 내가샌드위치를먹은후에2. 그들이시험공부를하는동안에3. 내가그의이야기를들을때

그들은전에싸웠기때문에,그둘은파티에서기분이안좋았다.

그녀가보고서를검토했을때,그녀는틀린곳을많이발견했다.

그들이시골마을로여행했을때,그들은재미있는사람을만났다.

그녀는성적에만족하지않았기때문에,선생님께불평했다.

fellow 사람해설

1.•hesitate주저하다,망설이다 •pony조랑말 3.•scene 소동,난리해설

☞ they생략

☞ Listening

☞ Having eaten


1. (Having / To have) eaten breakfast, I put on my coat and left the house.

2. We argued all night (because of / because) the baseball game.

3. (While / Since) examining my homework, I noticed several mistakes.

4. (I was / Being) not surprised by the movie having previously read the book.

5. (While think / Thinking) about my life, I realized I wanted to move.


be because of after try

1. I decided to cook some pasta at home since the restaurants _________ all closed.

2. You should never buy pants before _________ them on.

3. I received a refund _________ complaining about the product.

4. We couldn’t leave the house _________ the snow.

71

E x e r c i s e s

Unit 11. 축소절 (Reduced Dependent Clauses)

1 2 3 4

√

√√

√

√

were

trying

after

because of

아침을먹으면서,나는코트를입고,집을나섰다.번역

야구경기때문에우리는밤새도록싸웠다.번역

나의숙제를검토하는동안에,나는몇개의실수를알아차렸다.번역

나는전에책을읽었기때문에영화를보고놀라지않았다.번역

나의삶에대해생각하면서,나는이사가고싶다는것을깨달았다.번역

레스토랑이모두문을닫았기때문에,나는집에서파스타요리를하기로결심했다.번역

바지를입어보기전에는절대로사지마라.번역

그제품에대해불평하고나서나는환불을받았다.번역

눈때문에우리는집을떠날수없었다.번역

because+절,because of +구해설

동사를분사로바꾸어종속접속사와주어가생략된경우해설


1. Catch the bus just in time, I sat down and took a rest.

2. The child was punished after talk back to her mother.

3. The soccer star walked off the field as sweating.

4. Last time she met three new friends was chatting online.

5. We can wait here until beginning class.

6. I couldn’t concentrate well because the noise outside.

D. Choose the correct word.

1. (After / Before) seeing the boring movie, my brother (argued /

complained) all night.

2. (Last time / Previously) this semester the professor said we could

look at our notes while (taking / being taken) the exam.

3. (He hoped / Hoping) to win this match in the same way, he used

the same strategy as (last time / previous).

4. (While / Having) a temper, he frequently (argues / complains) with

his brother.

72

PART IV

Catching the bus just in time, I sat down and took a rest.

The child was punished after talking back to her mother.

The soccer star walked off the field sweating.

Last time she met three new friends while chatting online.

We can wait here until class. / until the beginning of class.

I couldn’t concentrate well because of the noise outside.

√√

√√

√√

√ √

제시간에버스를탔기때문에,나는자리에앉아서휴식을취했다.번역

엄마에게말대답한후그아이는벌을받았다.번역

그축구스타는땀을흘리며경기장을걸어나갔다.번역

지난번에그녀가새로운세명의친구를만났을때,그들은온라인채팅을하고있었다.번역

수업이시작될때까지우리는여기서기다릴수있다.번역

밖의소음때문에나는집중을할수없었다.번역

지루한영화를본다음에,나의동생은밤새도록불평했다.번역

전에교수님은이번학기에우리가시험을보는동안우리의노트필기를볼수있다고하셨다.번역

이번경기도똑같이이기기위해서,그는전과같은전략을사용했다.번역

성격이급해서,그는종종그의동생과싸운다.번역

T e s t


1. He went out to protest ------- the war.

(A) since (B) while

(C) because (D) because of

2. ------- finding the lost money, I breathed a sigh of relief.

(A) After (B) Before

(C) Because (D) Since

3. Let’s set up our tent by the river like -------.

(A) last time (B) lastly

(C) previous (D) previously

4. The lawyer ------- with the judge whether the blood on the knife

was real.

(A) complained (B) argued

(C) said (D) talked back

5. ------- seen a ghost, he ran outside screaming.

(A) After (B) When

(C) Having (D) Since

73

Unit 11. 축소절 (Reduced Dependent Clauses)

√

√

√

√

√

그는전쟁때문에항의하러나갔다.번역

잃어버린돈을찾은후에,나는안도의숨을쉬었다.번역

전처럼강옆에텐트를세우자.번역

변호사는칼에묻은피가진짜인지아닌지에관해판사와논쟁을벌였다.번역

유령을보자,그는소리를지르며밖으로뛰어나갔다.번역

6. The librarian ------- that we were being too loud.

(A) complained (B) argued

(C) talked (D) talked back

7. ------- putting on my socks, I put on my shoes.

(A) After (B) Before

(C) While (D) Because of

8. The cheerful man walked down the street -------.

(A) sang (B) sing

(C) singing (D) singingly

9. He’s not a good boy because he always ------- to his father.

(A) talk against (B) talk back

(C) talks against (D) talks back

10. ------- the grammar exercises, I felt a sense of accomplishment.

(A) Finish (B) Finished

(C) Finishing (D) Finishingly

74

PART IV

√

√

√

√

√

사서는우리가너무시끄럽다고불평했다.번역

나는양말을신은후에,신발을신었다.번역

쾌활한남자가노래를부르며거리를걸어갔다.번역

그는항상아빠에게말대답을하기때문에,착한소년이아니다.번역

문법연습문제를마치자,나는성취감을느꼈다.번역


all ready Are we all ready? Good, then let’s go.

already I don’t need to water the plants. I already did it.

sight The mountains were so beautiful. What a sight!

site The manager’s not in the office. She’s at the work site.

marvelous The fireworks show was marvelous!

B. Preview the following about conditionals.

가능또는가상의사건을나타내기위해서는 if를쓴다.

■ If + 가능/가상의사건,결과 ■ 결과 + if + 가능/가상의사건

If it rains tomorrow, we OR She will be healthy if she

will get wet at the beach. eats her vegetables.

>> Practice

Circle the correct place for “if.”

1. (A) she gets ready soon, (B) we will all be ready.

2. (A) you eat too much candy, (B) you will get a stomachache.

3. (A) we could be there already (B) there were not so much traffic.

1. 가능성의조건또는미래의사건

조건 결과

present will

If we win the game we will be the tomorrow, champions!

present present

If you have trouble your sight is reading the board, probably poor.

present imperative

If you see Jessica, tell her to call me.

75

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PART IV. Grammar: 조건절 (Conditionals)

UNIT12

가능한사건

항상적용이

되는경우

요청또는명령

√√

√

준비된

이미

광경

장소

놀라운

1. 우리모두준비된거야?좋아,그럼가자.2. 나는식물에물을줄필요가없다.나는이미그것을했다.3. 산들은너무아름다웠다.굉장한광경이었다!

4. 매니저는사무실에없다.그녀는현장에있다.5. 불꽃놀이쇼는굉장했다!

1. 그녀가빨리준비한다면,우리모두준비가끝날것이다.2. 네가너무많은사탕을먹는다면,너는배가아플것이다.3. 교통이막히지않았다면,우리는이미거기에도착할수있었다.

만약내일비가온다면,우리는해변에서흠뻑젖을것이다. 만약그녀가채소를먹는다면,그녀는건강할것이다.

만약에우리가내일경기를이긴다면,우리는챔피언이될것이다!

네가칠판의글씨를읽는데에어려움이있다면,너의시력이좋지않은것이다.

네가제시카를보게되면,그녀에게나에게전화하라고말해주어라.

불가능한과거

>> Practice


1. If you come to the party (A) you will have a marvelous time.2. If you have good sight (B) if you already sent an email.3. You don’t need to call her (C) you can shoot very well.

2. 현재또는미래의가상의사건

조건 결과

past would / could

If I won a million dollars, I would travel the world. (but I probably won’t)

If I were you, I’d be careful with that knife. (but I’m not you)

if절의주어가단수인경우에도be동사는 were를쓴다.

>> Practice

Circle the mistake in each sentence.

1. If I was (A) already finished with school, I would be (B) working.2. If we fly (A) like birds, we could see (B) marvelous sights.3. If I had (A) a job as an archeologist, I will go (B) digging at sites

every day.

3. 과거의가상의사건

조건 결과

past perfect would + have p.p.

If I had studied harder, I would have passed theexam. (but I didn’t)

>> Practice


have had would

1. I would have helped you if you _______ asked me.2. If I had known then what I know now, I would _______ done

things differently.3. If she had found our lost dog, she _______ have called us.

76

PART IV

불가능한미래

√√

√

had have

would

1.네가만약에파티에오면,너는멋진시간을보낼것이다.2.만약네가시력이좋다면,너는잘쏠수있을것이다.3.네가이미이메일을보냈다면,너는그녀에게전화할필요가없다.

1. 만약내가학교를이미끝마쳤다면,나는일을했을것이다.2. 만약우리가새처럼날수있다면,우리는놀라운광경을볼수있을것이다.3. 만약내가고고학자가직업이었다면,나는매일유적지의땅을팠을것이다.

1. 만약네가나에게요청했었다면,나는너를도와주었을것이다.2. 만약그때내가지금알고있는것을알고있었다면,나는다르게일을했을것이다.3. 만약그녀가우리의잃어버린강아지를찾았다면,그녀는우리에게전화했을것이다.

만약내가백만달러를딴다면,나는세계여행을할것이다.

만약내가너라면,나는그칼을조심할것이다.

내가만약에공부를더열심히했었더라면,나는시험에통과할수있었을것이다.

3. •archeologist고고학자•dig (땅을)파다•site유적지

해설


1. If we don’t get home before 6 p.m., we (don’t / won’t) get any dinner.

2. We’ll have a marvelous day at the beach (if / will) it doesn’t rain.

3. If I (would / could) be anything I wanted, I would be a musician.

4. If he hadn’t talked on the phone so long, we wouldn’t (be / have to) late.

5. If it looks like a rat and smells like a rat, (it / if it) probably is a rat.


have would do will

1. If I had eaten my ice cream more quickly, it _________ not have

melted.

2. He can never fly in an airplane if he _________ not have his

medicine.

3. If you eat vegetables every day, you _________ be tall and strong.

4. I would make marvelous things if I _________ magical powers.

77

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Unit 12. 조건절 (Conditionals)

1 2 3 4

√

√

√

√

√

would

does

will

had

만약에우리가오후6시전에집에도착하지않는다면,우리는저녁을못먹을것이다.번역

만약비가오지않는다면,우리는해변에서굉장한시간을보낼것이다.번역

만약내가원하는대로될수만있다면,나는음악가가될것이다.번역

만약그가전화로그렇게오래통화하지않았다면,우리는늦지않았을것이다.번역

만약그것이쥐처럼생겼고,쥐냄새가난다면,그것은아마도쥐일것이다.번역

만약내가아이스크림을좀더빨리먹었더라면,그것은녹지않았을것이다.번역

만약그가약을가지고있지않다면,그는비행기를절대탈수없을것이다.번역

만약네가매일채소를먹는다면,너는키가크고건강해질것이다.번역

만약내가마법의힘을가지고있었다면,나는놀라운것들을만들것이다.번역

미래에대한가정해설

현재가미래를대신하는if절해설


1. I will never see her again I do not call her.

2. The sunset were a beautiful sight if there are a few more clouds.

3. If I only had a million dollars, I can buy a computer company.

4. I would have spoken very differently if I have grown up in

England.

5. You couldn’t boil any water if you turn the stove on.

6. If the worker was finished, he would have to left the site.


1. If you go to the work (site / sight), (tell / I told) the manager I said

hello.

2. If we (own / owned) a boat, we could go sailing and see beautiful

(sites / sights).

3. If you (fly / will fly) to Hawaii, you will (already / all ready) be in

the middle of the Pacific Ocean.

4. I (will / would) start packing up the towels and food if we were

(already / all ready) to leave the beach.

78

PART IV

I will never see her again if I do not call her.

The sunset would be beautiful sight if there are a few more clouds.

If I only had a million dollars, I could buy a computer company.

I would have spoken very differently if I had grown up in England.

You can’t boil any water if you don’t turn the stove on.

If the worker were finished, he would have left the site.

√ √

√√

√ √

√√

만약내가그녀에게전화를하지않는다면,나는그녀를다시보지않을것이다.번역

만약구름이조금만더있었다면,일몰은멋진광경이었을것이다.번역

만약내게백만달러만있다면,나는컴퓨터회사를살수있었다.번역

만약내가영국에서자랐다면,나는매우다른언어로이야기했을것이다.번역

만약네가스토브를켜지않는다면,너는어떤물도끓일수가없다.번역

만약일꾼이일을끝마쳤다면,그는작업장을떠났을것이다.번역

만약네가현장에간다면,내가매니저에게인사를전했다고말해라(안부를전해라).번역

만약우리가보트를소유했다면,우리는항해를할수도있고,아름다운광경도볼수있을것이다.번역

만약네가하와이에간다면,너는이미태평양한가운데있게될것이다.번역

만약우리가해변에서떠날준비가되었다면,나는수건과음식을싸기시작할것이다.번역

T e s t


1. ------- you get up early enough, you can see the sun rise.

(A) If (B) Then

(C) Unless (D) Could

2. A whole week on the beach! What a ------- idea for a vacation.

(A) surprised (B) warm

(C) marvelous (D) careful

3. I finished preparing everything, so now I’m -------.

(A) already (B) all ready

(C) sight (D) site

4. There were five dogs in the same chair. It was an amusing -------.


(C) sight (D) site

5. If I had known that yesterday, I would ------- harder.

(A) work (B) worked

(C) have worked (D) had worked

79

Unit 12. 조건절 (Conditionals)

√

√

√

√

√

만약네가일찍일어난다면,너는일출을볼수있을것이다.번역

해변에서의일주일!휴가계획으로는멋진생각이다.번역

나는모든준비를끝마쳤다,그래서나는지금준비가다되어있다.번역

같은의자에5마리의강아지가있었다.그것은재미있는모습이었다.번역

만약내가어제그것을알았다면,나는더열심히일했을것이다.번역

6. We ------- get wet for sure if it rains later.

(A) will (B) would

(C) won’t (D) were

7. They didn’t want to see the movie because they had ------- seen it.


(C) sight (D) site

8. The boss returned to the ------- to check on the workers.


(C) sight (D) site

9. If I ------- you, I wouldn’t go in that scary house.

(A) am (B) was

(C) are (D) were

10. She ------- gotten 100% if she had not missed the last question.

(A) wasn’t (B) were

(C) would have (D) could

80

PART IV

√

√

√

√

√

만약비가나중에온다면,우리는분명히젖을것이다.번역

그들은이미그영화를보았기때문에그영화보는것을원하지않았다.번역

사장은일꾼들을체크하기위해작업장으로돌아왔다.번역

만약내가너였다면,나는그무서운집에가지않았을것이다.번역

만약그녀가그마지막질문을놓치지않았다면,그녀는100퍼센트다맞았을것이다.번역


entire It was cloudy the entire day.complete This assignment isn’t finished. Bring it back when it’s

complete.whole Don’t bring me orange slices. I asked for a whole orange.full You will get 90% in May, but in June you’ll get the full

amount.joke Let me tell you a funny joke about three frogs.

B. Preview the following about articles

A/An은불특정의것이나청자에게새로운것일경우에쓰인다.

반면, The는화자와청자가다아는특정의것에쓰인다.

■ I saw a dog in the yard. (some dog that I hadn’t seen before)■ I saw the dog in the yard. (a specific dog that I had seen before)

새로운아이디어는a/an으로시작하며나중에이를다시언급할경우 the를쓴다.

■ A burglar stole a complete set of furniture. Luckily, the police caught the burglar.

■ She told us a joke. The joke was about two old men.

>> Practice


a an the

1. I saw ______ strange man outside. I had never seen ______ man before.

2. ______ doctor gave me a complete checkup. I thanked ______doctor.

3. I found ______ old computer outside. Now I use ______ computerto play games.

1. 복수명사와관사

단수 복수

불특정의것 a dog (some/any) dogs특정의것 the dog the dogs

a. 긍정문에서는불특정의복수명사앞에 some을쓰거나또는안쓸수도있다.

■ I have some dogs. / I have dogs.■ He told me some jokes. / He told me jokes.

81

W a r m - u p

UNIT13PART IV. Grammar: 관사II (Articles II)

the

A the

a

an the

전체의

완성하다

전체의

가득찬

농담

1. 하루종일흐린날이었다.2. 이숙제는끝난것이아니다.그것이완성되었을때다시가지고와라.3. 오렌지조각을가져오지말아라.나는온전한오렌지하나를요청했다.

4. 너는5월에90퍼센트를받게될것이다.그러나6월에는전체를받을것이다.5. 내가세마리의개구리에대한재미있는농담을해줄께.

1. 나는밖에있는낯선남자를보았다.나는그남자를전에본적이없다.2. 의사는나에게종합건강검진을해주었다.나는그의사에게감사했다.3. 나는밖에서오래된컴퓨터를발견했었다.나는지금그컴퓨터를게임하는데사용하고있다.

•나는마당에서강아지를봤다.

•나는마당에서그강아지를봤다.

강도가전체가구세트를훔쳤다.다행스럽게도,경찰은그강도를잡았다.

그녀는우리에게농담을했다.그농담은두명의노인에관한것이었다.

나는강아지를가지고있다.

그는나에게농담을했다.

b. 부정문에는any를쓴다.Any도 some과마찬가지로생략될수있다.

■ I don’t have any dogs. / I don’t have dogs.■ He didn’t tell me any jokes. / He didn’t tell me jokes.셀수없는명사(water, air, light, etc.)의경우복수명사와마찬가지로 some 또는 any가안나올수도있다.

■ I need (some) gasoline for my car. ■ I can’t find (any) paper.

>> Practice

Choose the correct word.1. I don’t see (any / some) boats on the ocean.2. If you’re thirsty, have (any / some) juice.

2. 일반적사실

a. 일반적사실을말할때,a/an을쓰거나관사없이복수명사를쓴다.

■ You can’t climb a mountain. OR You can’t climb mountains at night. ■ An antelope is a mammal. OR Antelopes are mammals.

b. 특정의것에대한일반적사실을말할때는 the를쓴다.

■ The sun is over 100 times larger than the entire earth. ■ The United Nations has 191 members.

>> Practice

Mark correct (O) or incorrect (X).1. The dog can’t see colors. ______ 개는색깔을볼수가없다.

2. World Wide Web is full of an information. ______ 3. Trees are very large plants. ______ 나무는매우큰식물이다.

3. 이름에 the가들어가는경우

극장/박물관: the Globe Theater, the Smithsonian Museum신문: the London Gazette, the New York Times조직체: the EU, the Red Cross, the United Nationsof가들어가는이름: the Bank of Canada, the Gulf of Mexico

>> Practice


the a Ø(no article)

1. Yesterday we visited ______ Museum of Natural History and ______ park downtown.

2. ______ World Trade Organization will have a conference in ______ Paris ______ next month.

3. She likes to read ______ Premiere Magazine and ______ Hollywood Herald.

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PART IV

√ √

XX

O

the

aTheØ Ø

Ø the

1. 바다에어떤보트도보이지않는다.2. 만약,네가목이마르면,주스를마셔라.

인터넷은정보로가득차있다.

1.The dog → Dogs 2.The World Wide Web is full of information.

1. 어제우리는자연사박물관과시내의공원을방문했다.2. 세계무역기구는다음달에파리에서회의를할것이다.3. 그녀는프리미어잡지와할리우드헤럴드읽는것을좋아한다.

나는강아지를가지고있지않다.

그는나에게농담을하지않았다.

나는차에휘발유가필요하다.

영양은포유류이다.

너는밤에산에오를수없다.

나는종이를찾을수가없다.

태양은지구보다100배이상크다.

UN은191개회원국을가지고있다.


1. A butterfly flew past my window. Later, I saw (a / the) butterfly again.

2. I want to learn to speak (---- / the) Italian.

3. I would like to attend a meeting of (---- / the) Council of Europe.

4. I saw (a / the) scary movie last night.

5. We plan to spend two days seeing exhibits in (a / the) Louvre.


a the some any

1. My friends and I made _________ paper airplanes.

2. She stepped into the subway at _________ last minute.

3. _________ tornado came very close our house.

4. “I’m sorry, I don’t have _________ money to give you.”

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Unit 13. 관사II (Articles II)

1 2 3 4

√

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some

the

A

any

나비가내창문을지나날아갔다.후에,나는그나비를다시보았다.번역

나는이탈리아어로말하는것을배우고싶다.번역

나는유럽회의에참가하고싶다.번역

나는지난밤에공포영화를보았다.번역

우리는루브르박물관의전시를보면서이틀을보낼계획이다.번역

나의친구들과나는종이비행기를만들었다.번역

그녀는막판에지하철을탔다.번역

폭풍이우리집아주가까이에왔다.번역

"죄송하지만,나는당신에게줄돈이없습니다."번역


1. I went to USA and visited the New York.

2. Would you like to tour Statue of the Liberty with us?

3. The mammal is the kind of animal.

4. Mr. Jackson will bake any muffins for us.

5. Shooting star appeared in the sky. I remember shooting star very well.

6. She was hired by Department of Health the last year.


1. He ate the (whole / complete) bucket of (the / ---- ) chicken by

himself!

2. This car is almost empty but, (a / the) other car is almost (entire /

full) of gas.

3. I looked all through (---- / the) Times of India. I think I read the

(entire / full) newspaper.

4. We took a test today. For (a / the) test, we had to write in (whole /

complete) sentences.

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PART IV

I went to the USA and visited New York.

Would you like to tour the Statue of Liberty with us?

A mammal is a kind of animal.

Mr. Jackson will bake some muffins for us.

A shooting star appeared in the sky. I remember the shooting star very well.

She was hired by the Department of Health last year.

√ √

√√

√√

√√

나는미국에갔고,뉴욕을방문했다.번역

우리와함께자유의여신상을관광하시겠습니까?번역

포유류는동물의일종이다.번역

잭슨씨는우리를위해머핀을구워줄것이다.번역

유성이하늘에나타났다.나는유성을아주잘기억한다.번역

그녀는지난해보건부에고용되었다.번역

그는혼자서치킨한통전체를다먹었다!번역 bucket of chicken KFC같은패스트푸드점에서종이통에담겨나오는치킨해설

이차는기름이거의떨어졌다.그러나다른차는기름이거의가득차있다.번역

나는인디아타임즈를전부읽어보았다.나는신문전체를다읽었다고생각한다.번역

우리는오늘시험을보았다.시험을위해,우리는완벽한문장으로글을써야했다.번역

T e s t


1. Germany is a member of ------- European Union.

(A) a (B) an

(C) the (D) some

2. ------- great movie came on TV last night. I stayed up to watch the

movie.

(A) A (B) An

(C) The (D) Any

3. He told me a very funny ------- at lunch.

(A) joke (B) news

(C) information (D) said

4. Pollution endangers the ------- planet.

(A) full (B) complete

(C) entire (D) all

5. We took a trip to the -------.

(A) Middle East (B) Madrid

(C) Hawaii (D) Lake Baikal

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Unit 13. 관사II (Articles II)

√

√

√

√

√

독일은유럽연합의회원국이다.번역

지난밤텔레비전에서좋은영화가방영되었다.나는영화를보기위해밤늦게까지자지않았다.번역

그는점심을먹으며매우재미있는농담을나에게하였다.번역

오염은지구전체를위험에처하게한다.번역

우리는중동으로여행을갔다.번역

6. Oh no! We’re in the Sahara and we don’t have ------- water!

(A) the (B) a

(C) some (D) any

7. He never reads only a few articles. He always reads the -------

magazine.

(A) some (B) complete

(C) full (D) entire

8. ------- universe is an incredibly large place.

(A) A (B) An

(C) The (D) Some

9. I only paid 50% instead of the ------- price.

(A) entire (B) full

(C) whole (D) complete

10. This is ------- last question of the unit.

(A) a (B) an

(C) any (D) the

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PART IV

√

√

√

√

√

오안돼!우리는사하라사막에있고우리는물이없다!번역

그는단몇개의기사를읽지않는다.그는언제나잡지전체를다읽는다.번역

우주는믿을수없을만큼큰곳이다.번역

나는정가대신에50퍼센트만을지불했다.번역

이것은이번단원의마지막문제이다.번역


false She told me the answer was true, not false.fake Her long fingernails are fake. She bought them yesterday.wrong I don’t agree with you. You are wrong.costly The company relied on its lawyer to keep it out of a costly

court battle.expensive The boy asked for an expensive gift for his birthday.

B. Preview the following about prepositional combinations.

1. 동사 + 전치사

동사중에는전치사를수반하는것들도있다.

동사 + on 동사 + in 동사 + about 동사 + for 동사 + to

depend on believe in talk about prepare for listen toinsist on participate in dream about search for agree torely on succeed in think about wait for consent toconcentrate on specialize in complain about apologize for speak to

He insists on wearing expensive clothes.She did not listen to the instructions, so she got the wrong result.

>> Practice

Fill in the blank.

about for in

1. Do you believe ______ dragons?2. Last night I dreamed ______ taking my high school exams.3. The teenager apologized ______ using a fake ID.

2. Same verb, different preposition동사에수반되는전치사가달라지는경우가있다.

동사 + 전치사(의미가달라지지않는경우) 동사 + 전치사(의미가달라지는경우)

dream about / dream of care for / care aboutmake of / make from ask for / ask aboutcomplain about / complain of agree with / agree ontalk with / talk to fight for / fight about

Nowadays many people really don’t care about others.In some cultures children care for their parents when they get old.

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PART IV. Grammar: ‘동사/형용사+전치사’로구성된주요표현 (PrepositionalCombinations)

UNIT14

in

about

for

옳지않은

가짜의

틀린

비용이많이드는

비싼

1. 그녀는나에게답이틀린것이아니라사실이라고말했다.2. 그녀의긴손톱은가짜이다.그녀는어제그것을샀다.3. 나는너에게동의할수없다.너는틀렸다.

4. 회사는비용이많이드는법정분쟁을피하기위해회사의변호사에게의지했다.

5 그소년은자신의생일에비싼선물을요구하였다.

1.너는용을믿니?2.지난밤,나는내가고등학교시험을치는꿈을꾸었다.3.그10대소년은위조신분증을사용한것에대해사과하였다.

그는비싼옷을입겠다고고집을피운다.

오늘날많은사람들은다른사람들에대해상관하지않는다.

몇몇의문화에서는부모님들이나이가들면,자식들이그들의부모를돌본다.

그녀는주의사항을듣지않았다,그래서그녀는잘못된결과를얻었다.

•insist on ~ing~하는것을고집하다,주장하다

•instructions지시,설명서

해설

3.apologize for 사과하다,변명하다해설

care about 신경쓰다,상관하다해설

care for돌보다,보살피다해설

틀림,가짜의

위조,속이다

만만치않은가격,expensive보다더높은가격

>> Practice


1. My grandmother likes to talk (A) with your opinion.

2. I really don’t agree (B) for directions to the post office.

3. Many people complained (C) to her neighbor.

4. He asked (D) about the costly mistake.

3. 형용사 + 전치사

형용사중에는전치사를수반하는것들도있다.

형용사 + about 형용사 + for 형용사 + by 형용사 + with

angry about famous for amazed by covered withannoyed about sorry for bored by done withworried about responsible for surprised by filled withexcited about grateful for disappointed by satisfied with

>> Practice

Mark the following correct (O) or incorrect (X).

1. I am angry for the lies you told me. ______

2. We were amazed about how real the fake ring looked. ______

3. Nobody knew who was responsible for the costly accident. ______

4. I’m worried about saying the wrong thing to your parents. ______

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XXOO

1. 나의할머니는그녀의이웃들과이야기하는것을좋아한다.2. 나는너의의견에동의하지않는다.3. 많은사람들은손실이큰실수에대해한탄했다.4. 그는우체국의위치를물어보았다.

1. 나는네가거짓말한것에화가났다.2. 우리는가짜반지가얼마나진짜같이보이는가에놀랐다.3. 그손실이큰사건에대한책임이누구에게있는지는아무도몰랐다.4. 나는너의부모님께잘못된것을이야기하는것에대해걱정이된다.

☞ for → about

☞ about → by

3.complain about한탄하다,푸념하다해설


1. The result will depend (to / on) the quality of the work.

2. He’s still not home yet. I’m worried (on / about) him.

3. I’m (looking / listening) for a fake Gucci bag to buy.

4. The two animals fought (about / with) their horns.

5. The table is covered (on / with) books and papers.


excited apologized on from

1. The children are _________ about their new kitten.

2. My grandmother’s cookies are made _________ scratch.

3. The waiter _________ for spilling the drink on the customer.

4. The students concentrated _________ the test very hard.

89

E x e r c i s e s

Unit 14. ‘동사/형용사+전치사’로구성된주요표현 (Prepositional Combinations)

1 2 3 4

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excited

from

apologized

on

결과는작업의질에달려있다.번역

그는아직집에오지않았다.나는그가걱정이된다.번역

나는모조품구찌가방을사기위해찾고있다.번역

두동물은그들의뿔로싸웠다.번역

그테이블은종이와책으로덮여있다.번역

아이들은그들의새로운새끼고양이에대해흥분하고있다.번역

할머니의쿠키는처음부터완전히손수만든제품이다.번역

웨이터는손님에게음료수흘린것에대해사과했다.번역

학생들은시험에굉장히집중했다.번역

depend on~에달려있다(좌우된다)해설

worry about ~에대해걱정하다해설

from scratch처음부터해설

apologize for~에대해사과하다해설


1. I’d like to apologize to damaging your car.

2. Your mother will never consent on the weekend camping trip.

3. That man smoking over there must not care for his health.

4. The new manager is not responsibility for this costly problem.

5. Excuse me, do you happen on know the time?

6. That market is famous to selling fake watches that look just like

expensive ones.


1. The person whom you spoke (for / to) showed you a (fake / false)

ID.

2. My brother dreams (of / on) buying a really (costly / expensive) car.

3. She succeeded (in / with) convincing everyone that the answer

was (false / fake).

4. The police asked (about / for) all of the things lost in the (costly /

expensive) fire.

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PART IV

I’d like to apologize for damaging your car.

Your mother will never consent to the weekend camping trip.

That man smoking over there must not care about his health.

The new manager is not responsible for this costly problem.

Excuse me, do you happen to know the time?

That market is famous for selling fake watches that look just like expensive ones.

√ √

√ √

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√ √

나는당신의차를망가뜨린것에대해사과하고싶습니다.번역

너의엄마는주말캠핑여행가는것에절대동의하지않으실거야.번역

저기담배피는남자는그의건강에대해신경쓰지않는다.번역

그신임매니저는이손실이큰문제에대해책임이없다.번역

실례지만,혹시몇시인줄아세요?번역

그시장은진짜비싼제품과너무나도비슷한모조품시계파는것으로유명하다.번역

너와이야기했던사람은위조신분증을보여주었다.번역

나의남동생은아주비싼차를사는것을꿈꾼다(희망한다).번역

그녀는모든사람들에게그답이틀렸다는것을납득시키는데성공했다.번역

경찰은손실이컸던화재에서잃어버린모든물건에대해물었다.번역

consent to~에동의하다,찬성하다해설

happen to우연히~하다해설

famous for~으로유명하다해설

•speak to~와이야기하다,~에게말을걸다 •speak for~을대변하다,~를변호하다해설

succeed in~에성공하다해설

ask for~청구하다 ask about~에대해묻다해설

T e s t


1. Bill Gate is famous ------- making computers user-friendly.

(A) to (B) for

(C) about (D) on

2. You can’t always ------- on others to help you.

(A) agree (B) consent

(C) concentrate (D) rely

3. Nobody recognized him because he was wearing a(n) -------

mustache.

(A) fake (B) unreal

(C) untrue (D) wrong

4. My sister is always ------- to music.

(A) hearing (B) caring

(C) complaining (D) listening

5. I’m glad you ------- to join us for dinner.

(A) consented (B) participated

(C) relied (D) dependent

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Unit 14. ‘동사/형용사+전치사’로구성된주요표현 (Prepositional Combinations)

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√

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빌게이츠는사용자에게편리한컴퓨터를만든것으로유명하다.번역

너는항상너를도와달라고사람들에게의지할수없다.번역

그가가짜수염을달고있었기때문에아무도그를알아볼수가없었다.번역

나의언니는항상음악을듣는다.번역

나는네가우리와함께저녁먹는것에동의해서기쁘다.번역

user friendly (컴퓨터시스템이)이용자가사용하기쉬운해설

6. We are grateful ------- all that you have done for us.

(A) about (B) for

(C) on (D) to

7. I’m thirsty. Let’s ------- some more water.

(A) care for (B) ask for

(C) care about (D) ask about

8. Have you bought insurance to prepare ------- costly acts of nature

like hurricanes or earthquakes?

(A) about (B) for

(C) in (D) with

9. Calm down and stop yelling. What are you so -------, anyway?

(A) amazed by (B) angry about

(C) satisfied with (D) responsible for

10. “May I speak to Lisa?” “I’m sorry. I think you’ve got the -------

number.”

(A) fake (B) false

(C) other (D) wrong

92

PART IV

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우리는네가우리를위해해준모든것에대해감사한다.번역

나는목이말라.물좀더달라고요청하자.번역

너는허리케인이나지진과같은손실이큰자연재해에대비해보험을들어놓았니?번역

진정하고,소리좀그만질러.그런데무엇때문에이렇게화가난거야?번역

“리사와통화할수있을까요?”“죄송합니다.잘못거신것같습니다.”번역

93

Review 2PART IV. Grammar

Choose the right answer.

1. They ------- been informed about the decision.

(A) was (B) were

(C) has (D) have

2. I forgot my wallet, so I don’t have ------- money.

(A) the (B) a

(C) some (D) any

3. We were disappointed ------- the movie’s terrible ending.

(A) for (B) by

(C) on (D) to

4. The watch ------- his wrist is actually a fake Rolex.

(A) that (B) on

(C) being (D) which

5. Paula called to ask ------- our plans for dinner.

(A) that (B) what

(C) about (D) to

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그들은결정에대해통보받았다.번역

나는지갑을잃어버렸다.그래서나는돈이없다.번역

우리는영화의끔찍한결말에대해실망했다.번역

그가손목에찬시계는사실은가짜롤렉스이다.번역

폴라는전화해서우리의저녁식사계획에대해물어보았다.번역

94

Review 2

6. He tried to find out ------- the surprise party would be held.

(A) that (B) which

(C) about (D) where

7. The team was guarding ------- goal effectively.

(A) its (B) members’

(C) their (D) a

8. ------- the marvelous sight, I felt a sense of amazement.

(A) See (B) Saw

(C) Seeing (D) Seen

9. The artist, ------- I went to high school with, is now quite famous.

(A) that (B) whom

(C) whose (D) which

10. Please remind me ------- I have to feed the cat before we leave.

(A) so (B) that

(C) what (D) when

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그는깜짝파티가어디에서열리는지알아내려고노력했다.번역

그팀은골을효과적으로수비했다.번역

놀라운광경을보자,나는경이로움을느꼈다.번역

나와함께고등학교를다녔던그예술가는현재굉장히유명하다.번역

우리가떠나기전에고양이먹이주는것을나에게상기시켜줘.번역

95

11. If I ------- her, I would ask for a raise.

(A) am (B) was

(C) are (D) were

12. What are we waiting -------? Let’s go!

(A) about (B) for

(C) in (D) on

13. He apologized for ------- on the flowers that she planted.

(A) step (B) stepping

(C) to step (D) stepped

14. If I had been there, I would ------- that someone fix the problem.

(A) insisting (B) insisted

(C) have insisted (D) insist

15. They went to the library ------- the topic for the essay.

(A) research (B) researching

(C) researched (D) to research

Review 2

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만약내가그녀라면,나는월급인상을요구할것이다.번역

우리가뭘기다리는거지?가자!번역

그는그녀가심은꽃을밟은것에대해사과했다.번역

내가거기에있었더라면,나는누군가문제를고치도록주장했을것이다.번역

그들은논문주제를조사하기위해도서관에갔다.번역

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