Strategique_7089.pdf

7/23/2019 Strategique_7089.pdf

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M@HTOR\N = AH MHTHMOR ]R\HRJOX^8:>

mn quo mckmnrkn ah votnssn nt ah hloaot rn`hussn an kovnhu b httnktn bns maonktspcur tcus ans snrvomns huxqunas oas ckt rnmcurs 7 so ans lhkquns enttnkt nk pahmnukn mcksuathtock bns mceptns phr Oktnrknt cu phr snrvnur vcmha, ans hssurhkmns,ans crjhkosens bn mrbot, vcorn ah smurot scmohan cu ans mnktrns bns oepts sckttt cu thrb mcktrhokts bn ihorn bn een. ^k thackkhjn sur ans enoaanurns prh-toquns pnrent hokso bn mcktnstnr ans sthkbhrbs bn pnricrehkmn thlaos. Lonknktnkbu, ans crjhkoshtocks pnuvnkt mcksobrnr mns mcephrhoscks bn ehkornpcsotovn nt kck mceen bns enkhmns. A thackkhjn pnut trn utoaos pcur rnprnrbns cppcrtukots pnrentthkt bn surphssnr ahrjnenkt ans mckmurrnkts thlaos nks hppuyhkt sur mnrthokns hmtovots cu mnrthoks prcmnssus obnkto s mceen bos-tokmtois. Ck rntrcuvn omo ah kctock bn strhtjon mckstruotn phrtor bns mhphmots,nxheokn prmbneenkt.

A oktrt bn a thackkhjnA oktrt bn a thackkhjn kn rsobn phs bhks an bthoa emhkoqun bns mcephrhoscksehos bhks a oephmt qu naans pnuvnkt hvcor sur ans mcepcrtnenkts. Ck pnut anmcksobrnr mceen uk prcmnssus pnrentthkt bn vhokmrn ans oknrtons nt ans mnrtotu-bns, ehos oa rnman jhanenkt bns bhkjnrs 7

^kn bns paus svrns mrotoquns hbrnssns a thackkhjn nst qu oa mckbuot uknsotuhtock bhks ahqunaan ck cltonkt mn qun a ck ensurn24 . A hspnmt emhko-qun bu prcmnssus pnut prnkbrn an bnssus, vcorn blcum`nr sur bns mcepcrtn-enkts mcktrhorns a clgnmtoi rnm`nrm`. An mahssnenkt bns ukovnrsots cu bns`pothux pnut hokso mckbuorn bn sronux prclaens. Ans mcans bn mceenrmnnt ans ihmuats bn jnstock sckt hokso irquneenkt mcephrns phr ah prnssn mc-kceoqun, phricos sur an pahk oktnrkhtockha, phrtor bn ihmtnurs mceen ah quh-aot bn a nksnojknenkt, ans pulaomhtocks bn rnm`nrm`n, ah kctcrot huprs bnsnepacynurs cu an summs bns bopaes nk tnrens bn shahorns a nelhum`n. Mnahmcktrhokt ans m`nrm`nurs pulaonr anurs hrtomans bhks mnrthokns rnvuns (mnaansquo sckt prosns nk mceptn bhks an mahssnenkt) nt ans rnspckshlans bn prc-jrheen sanmtockknr bns tubohkts bckt ck pnut prvcor (thkt bckkkctheenkt anur kovnhu scmoha b crojokn) qu oas hurckt ecoks bn eha httnok-brn ans sthkbhrbs bn shahorn. Rcut mnah h lonk pnu bn rhppcrt hvnm ah quhaot bna nksnojknenkt bospnks. Bn een, bnpuos qun ah burn b httnktn a hmmunoanst bnvnkun uk okbomhtnur bn pnricrehkmn bns `pothux hu \cyhuen-^ko, ansborojnhkts `cspothaonrs ckt ecbo ans prcmnssus b hbeossock h k bn rnpcrtnra httnktn hprs an prneonr nxhenk. Oa hpphrht hokso qun acrsqun ans ickbnenktsbn a thackkhjn sckt mcrrcepus, oa pnut mckbuorn ukn rcronkthtock bnsstrhtjons bhks ukn bornmtock bvcyn, quo kn ekn phs ukn pnricrehkmnsupronurn. Bu ihot bu pcobs bns mahssnenkts bhks mnrthoks ehrm`s, ans rns-pckshlans pnuvnkt trn tnkts vcorn mcktrhokts bn jrnr nk procrot ans okbo-mhtnurs nt snuanenkt hmmnsscornenkt anur crjhkoshtock. Bn paus, so tcutns anscrjhkoshtocks haacunkt anurs rnsscurmns bn ehkorn cptoeosnr anur mahssn-enkt, oa nk rsuatn ukn sthkbhrboshtock bn a ciirn prgubomohlan tcutn icrenb okkcvhtock.thkt bckk qun a thackkhjn mcephrn ans rnsscurmns nt ans rsuathts nt kckans mceptnkmns , oa kn pnrent phs b obnkto nr ans vrothlans rhoscks bu summscu bn a m`nm bns crjhkoshtocks. ^k thackkhjn pnut hokso becktrnr qu ukn


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8:9 TH\RON 8 AN BOHJKC]ROM ]R\HRJOX^N

crjhkoshtock nst ecoks pnricrehktn nk ehtorn bn snrvomn maonktan qu uhutrn, ehos oa k nxpaoqunrh phs pcurquco. Mnpnkbhkt, s oa nst lonk cronkt, aackkhjn pnut nkmcurhjnr ans ehkhjnrs rnm`nrm`nr nux-eens mns rhoscks nbckm mceprnkbrn mceenkt anurs mceptnkmns pcurrhonkt trn heaocrns.Tcur mnah, oa nst kmnsshorn b clsnrvnr nt bn mceprnkbrn mceenkt ans crjhkotocks quo cltonkknkt ans enoaanurs rsuathts sn mcepcrtnkt, so mns prhtoqpnuvnkt trn oeotns, vcorn heaocrns.

==== .... 9999 .... 2222 Ans icrmns nt iholanssnsAns pcokts qun kcus hvcks hlcrbs tcut hu ackj bn mn m`hpotrn pnrenttnkt bneonux mceprnkbrn ah mhphmot strhtjoqun b ukn crjhkoshtock. Ans ensshjns mossus bn a hkhaysn bns ihmtnurs mas bn a nkvorckknenkt (vcor an m`hpotrn ), \nkhuat h russo rthlaor ukn lckkn oehjn bnehrqun nk Nurcpn, jrmn ah eosn nk pahmn b ukn pcaoto-qun bn quhaot tcthan, bn kcelrnusns vomtcorns nk Icr-euan 8 nt ukn jheen bn prcbuots httrhmtovn ntokkcvhktn (Nsphmn, Rwokjc, ]mkom, Fhkjcc, Ecbus, ntm.).

Ah shkt khkmorn bn a nktrnprosn h t rthlaon bs8??2, ehajr a m`nm bn a haaohkmn hvnm an ]ubcos Ycavc,pcur httnokbrn uk lk mn knt bn 8,9 eoaaohrbs b nurcsnk 8??0. Ah \jon khtockhan bns hutcecloans \nkhuat ht provhtosn nk 8??9, pcur bnvnkor \nkhuat ]cmotHkckyen. Mnpnkbhkt, nk 8??0, snuanenkt 89 % bns vnk-tns thonkt rhaosns `crs b Nurcpn nt an summs thot uko-qunenkt b bns vcoturns b nktrn nt bn eoaonu bnjheen. ah boiirnkmn bn ah quhso-tcthaot bns hutrnsjrcupns hutcecloans, \nkhuat kn bospcshot qun b uknsnuan ehrqun, mnksn rpckbrn husso lonk hux httnktnsbns hm`ntnurs b ukn Rwokjc 0 444 nurcs qu mnuxb ukn Yna ]htos 2> 444 nurcs. B hoaanurs, ans v`omuans bnprnstojn bn ah ehrqun kn mckkhosshonkt qu ukn boiiusockmck bnktonaan. Nk k, ah thoaan aoeotn bn a nktrnprosn kn auopnrentthot phs bn rhaosnr bns mckceons b m`naan mce-phrhlans mnaans bn sns paus jrcs mckmurrnkts, JnknrhaEctcrs, Icrb, Rcycth, Ycafswhjnk cu BhoeanrM`rysanr.

Nk 8???, \nkhuat hmquot =0,> % bu mhpotha bu mtnur ghpckhos Kosshk, icrehkt hokso an quhtroen jhutcecloan eckboha nk vcauen. Kosshk thot icrtnenprsnkt nk Hson nt nk Heroqun bu Kcrb, hvnm kctheeukn ehrqun bn prnstojn (Ok koty) nt ukn scaobn rputbhks ans 2x2. \nkhuat prot nksuotn an mcktran bn hutcecloan bn ]hesukj nk Mcrn bu Kcrb, puos bu mctrumtnur rcuehok Bhmoh. Mns boiirnktns hmquosotoqu okotohanenkt mcktnsthlans nk tnrens bn mct khkiurnkt mcurckkns bn summs.

Nk eoab nurcs pcur uk m`oiirn b hiihorns bn 24,: eoaaohrbs enkt jrmn Kosshk , hacrs qun an ahkmnenkt bn ahAcjhk > 444 nurcs (vcor a oaaustrhtock 2

Blht A hpprcm`n phr ans rnsscurmns nst-naan okutoan 3

Mnrthokns rnm`nrm`ns ckt eos nk bcutn a oktrt bu ran bn ahmhphmot strhtjoqun bhks a cltnktock b uk hvhkthjnmckmurrnktona.

Ah mrotoqunBnpuos an blut bns hkkns 8??4, a hpprcm`n phr ans rns-scurmns mckkht uk jrhkb summs, ah icos bhks ans eoaonuxhmhbeoquns (c bn trs kcelrnusns rnm`nrm`ns auo scktmckshmrns) nt bhks ans nktrnprosns (c bn paus nk paus bnehkhjnrs hi renkt qun anur hvhkthjn mckmurrnktona rnpcsnsur ah mckstrumtock bn mceptnkmns ickbhenkthans).Mnpnkbhkt, bnux m`nrm`nurs heromhoks, \om`hrb Trone ntGc`k Lutanr ckt eos nk bcutn a oktrt bn mnttn hpprcm`n87

An rosqun bn thutcacjon. An ickbnenkt bn a hpprcm`nphr ans rnsscurmns nst qun mn sckt ans mhphmotsvhacroshlans nt rhrns quo mckbuosnkt a hvhkthjn

mckmurrnktona. Mnpnkbhkt, a hvhkthjn mckmurrnktonanst auo husso b ko nk tnrens bn vhanur nt bn rhrnt. Oahpphrht bckm qun a hvhkthjn mckmurrnktona nst b kophr auo-een. Bn paus, born qu ukn crjhkoshtocksurphssn ans hutrns bu ihot qu naan bospcsn bnenoaanurns rnsscurmns cu bn enoaanurns mceptnkmnspnut snelanr qunaqun pnu trovoha. Mnah k h b oktrtqun so a ck nst mhphlan bn btnreoknr qunaansmhphmots sckt oepcrthktns nt pcurquco.An ehkqun bn prmosock. Thr hoaanurs, a hpprcm`n phr ansrnsscurmns rnstn jkrhanenkt vhjun sur mn qun scktrnaanenkt ans mhphmots strhtjoquns. M nstkctheenkt an mhs acrsqun ans ehkhjnrs phrankt bnanurs rnsscurmns nt mceptnkmns 7 qu oas vcqunkta nxpnrtosn nk ehkhjnenkt, a okkcvhtock cu nkmcrn ahmuaturn crjhkoshtockknaan pcur nxpaoqunr an summs bnanur crjhkoshtock, ans vrothlans hmtovots nt prcmnssusquo ickbnkt mn summs kn sckt phs nxpaomots. Mnttnrnehrqun vhut phrtomuaornenkt pcur an mckmnpt bnmckkhosshkmn thmotn, quo nst mnrthoknenkt mcrrnmt suran pahk bnsmroptoi, ehos phrtomuaornenkt boi moan utoaosnr phr ans prhtomonks 7 mceenkt pnut-ck jrnr mnquo phr nssnkmn nst okshososshlan 3 Kcus hvcks scuanvmn pcokt hu blut bn ah snmtock =.9.


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809 TH\RON 8 AN BOHJKC]ROM ]R\HRJOX^N

Anmturns rnmceehkbnsTcur ukn mcepr`nksock bn a hpprcm`n phr ansrnsscurmns, vcor G. Lhrkny, Iore rnscurmns hkbsusthoknb mcepntotovn hbvhkthjn , Gcurkha ci Ehkhjnenkt , vca. 8: (8??8), pp. ??-84?->=2, prcpcsnkt uk lck rsue bn mnttnhpprcm`n nt hlcrbnkt jhanenkt ah kctock bnmhphmots bykheoquns.Tcur ukn vosock ecoks hmhbeoqun bu mckmnptbn mceptnkmns, vcor J. @hena nt M.F. Trh`h-ahb,Ah mckqutn bu iutur , OktnrNbotocks, 8??>.

^kn prsnkthtock bthoaan bu mckmnpt bnm`hkn bn vhanur nt bn sns hppaomhtocks jurbhks E. Tcrtnr, A hvhkthjn mckmurrnktona , Oktnr-Nbotocks, 8?09. Tcrtnr h jhanenkt prsnktan mckmnpt bn systens b hmtovots prcm`bn ah mhrtcjrhp`on bns hmtovots bhks sckhrtoman Tahobcynr pcur uk rntcur bn ah strht-jon ,A Nxphksock Ehkhjnenkt \nvonw , kc. 02(8??:).G. Fhy,Icukbhtocks ci Mcrpcrhtn ]ummnss, Cxicrb^kovnrsoty Trnss, 8??=, prsnktn bn kcelrnux hspnmts bns aonks nktrn ah mhphmot strhtjoqun npnricrehkmn mckmurrnktonaan.

Rrhvhux prhtoquns ]ojkhan bns nxnrmomns b uk kovnhu paus hvhkm8. ^toaosnz ans sm`ehs =.8 nt =.< pcur obnkto nr

ans rnsscurmns nt mceptnkmns b ukn crjhkosh-tock quo vcus nst iheoaorn.

) nt (m) ah muaturn (vcor ans m`hptrns 2 nt 88) 3


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M@HTOR\N = AH MHTHMOR ]R\HRJOX^80:

?. qunas nkgnux ukn crjhkoshtock mahssoqun nst-naan mckircktn acrsqu naan m`nrm`n bvnacp-pnr ukn hmtovot sur Oktnrknt 3 Xuna nst

a oephmt sur an bvnacppnenkt bn ah mhstrhtjoqun (vcor ans m`hpotrns = nt ?) ntjnstock bu m`hkjnenkt (vcor an m`hpotrn

\irnkmns8. An mckmnpt bn strhtjon ickbn sur ans rnsscurmns h

t oktrcbuot phr L. Znrknrinat, H rnscurmn-lhsnbvonw ci t`n re , ]trhtnjom Ehkhjnenkt Gcurkha ,vca. >, kc. < (8?02), pp. 8:8-804. A obn bn mcks-truorn an bvnacppnenkt strhtjoqun b ukn crjhko-shtock phrtor bns rnsscurmns nst prsnktn bhksJ. @hena nt M.F. Trh`hahb, Ah strhtjon niint bnanvonr ,@hrvhrb A Nxphksock, t 8??=, pp. 2=->2.Ycor jhanenkt B.G. Rnnmn, J. Toshkc nt H. ]`unk, Bykheom mhphloaotons hkb strhtnjom ehkhjn-

enkt , ]trhtnjom Ehkhjnenkt Gcurkha , vca. 80,kc. : (8??:), pp. >4?->=2, hokso qun a hrtoman oktrc-bumtoi bn B. @ccpns, R. Ehbsnk nt J. Zhafnr bhksan kuerc spmoha bu]trhtnjom Ehkhjnenkt Gcur-kha , Z`y os t`nrn h rnscurmn lhsnb vonw 3 ,vca.


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8=. Ycor ah rirnkmn 88 mo-bnssus.82. Kcus utoaoscks an tnren mcepanxot hacrs qun

b hutrns hutnurs prirnkt phranr b oktnrmck-knxock. Ycor phr nxnepan F. Mcca, A.H. Mcsth ntO. Bonromfx Mckstrumtokj mcepntotovn hbvhk-thjn , bhks a cuvrhjn boroj phr H. Tnttojrnw,

@. R`cehs nt \. Z`ottokjtck, R`n @hkblccf ci ]trhtnjy hkb Ehkhjnenkt , ]hjn, -:8.8>. G. \oifok,A jn bn a hmms, Ah Bmcuvnrtn,


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M@HTOR\N = AH MHTHMOR ]R\HRJOX^80?

=


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8?4 TH\RON 8 AN BOHJKC]ROM ]R\HRJOX^N

tu b n b n mhs

nLhy a mcutn

Hu ecoks =4 eoaaocks bn pnrsckkns ckt hm`ntnt vnkbu pcur paus bn


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M@HTOR\N = AH MHTHMOR ]R\HRJOX^8?8

lruot, eonux vhut a mcutnr. Ah tnm`kcacjon pnr-entthot hokso bn suovrn ah trhmn an mcepcrtnenktbn m`hqun utoaoshtnur pctnktona sur an sotn, mn quoicurkosshot bn prmonusns okicrehtocks.

]trumturnaanenkt, nLhy nepacyhot nkvorck> 444 pnrsckkns, bckt ah ecoto s cmmuphot busnrvomn maonkts nt uk mokquoen bu bvnacppn-enkt tnm`kcacjoqun. ^k ran nssnktona thot mnauobn mhtnjcry ehkhjnr , uk mckmnpt qun Enj Zòt-ehk hvhot oepcrt nLhy bnpuos sck nxpronkmnphssn m`nz Trcmtnr & Jhelan, Boskny nt @hslrc.Ans mhtnjcry ehkhjnrs jrhonkt 444 scus mhtjcrons,quo haahonkt bns hktoquots hux vtnenkts nt bnslogcux hux gnts provs.

]o ans nktrnprosns mahssoquns bpnkshonkt bnssceens mcksobrhlans pcur cltnkor bns okicreh-tocks sur anurs maonkts nt ans mckvhokmrn bn rpck-brn anurs bovnrsns nkqutns bn shtosihmtock, ansutoaoshtnurs bn nLhy rhjosshonkt jrhtuotnenkt snsokotohtovns, an paus scuvnkt shks een qu oa scotkmnsshorn bn ans scaaomotnr. Tcur huthkt, h k bntcugcurs rnstnr a mcutn, nLhy rnmcurhot jhan-enkt b hutrns tnm`koquns, quo k utoaoshonkt phsOktnrknt. Oa s hjosshot phr nxnepan bns cprhtocks

Ycox bu Maonkt , quo mcksosthonkt okvotnr pau-sonurs icos phr hk ukn bozhokn b hm`ntnurs nt bnvnkbnurs hu sojn bn ]hk Gcsn nk Mhaoicrkon, h kbn bosmutnr nk bthoa bn a nktrnprosn. Bn een, bnstamckirnkmns thonkt crjhkosns pcur blhttrnbns kcuvnaans ickmtockkhaots bu sotn nt bns vcau-tocks bu rjanenkt, een so naans k oepaoquhonktqun bns m`hkjnenkts eoknurs. Nk k, bns snssocksb htnaonrs nt bn mcurs pnrentthonkt b hpprnkbrnhux maonkts eonux utoaosnr an sotn. Hprs hvcor suovoukn bn mns snssocks jrhtuotns bns ^kovnrsots

nLhy , quo nksnojkhonkt ah icos mceenkt hm`ntnrnt mceenkt vnkbrn, ans utoaoshtnurs hvhonkt tnk-bhkmn bculanr anur hmtovot sur an sotn.

A nktrnprosn thot borojn ah icos bn a okt-ronur nt bn a nxtronur. Ans hm`ntnurs nt ans vnk-bnurs sn kcthonkt ans uks ans hutrns m`hquntrhkshmtock, mn quo jkrhot bns rjans nt bnskcrens nt hssurhot emhkoqunenkt uk hutc-

mcktran bu systen. M`hqun utoaoshtnur truoshot hokso sh rputhtock, mn quo nkmcans mcepcrtnenkts pcsotois nt mckbhekhobrovns. Acrsqun mnah kn sui shot phs, nLpcshot b uk snrvomn b okvnstojhtock quo prhot ans aostns b ciirns ah rnm`nrm`n b vnirhubns nt k `sothot phs nxmaurn anurs hMn snrvomn, quo mceprnkhot pausonurs mb nepacys, trhvhoaahot hvnm ans icrmns bbu eckbn nktonr h k bn rnprnr nt hppr`nkbans nsmrcms. nLhy hvhot jhanenkt bvnacacjomona quo rnmckkhosshot hutcehtoquneprc as mhrhmtrostoquns bn irhubns. Mn shvhot phr nxnepan pnreos bn enttrn `crs b bn kuorn ukn lhkbn bn trh quhkts rcuehoks qhvhonkt tnkt b mcuanr bn jrhkbns quhkb clgnts bn vhanur.

An ehkhjnenkt m`nz nLhyAn styan nt a nxpronkmn bn Enj Zòtehk okhonkt icrtnenkt an ehkhjnenkt bn nLhAcrsqu naan a hvhot rngcoktn nk 8??0, a nkk thot qu uk jrcupn b okicrehtomonks lhrltcus pnrsckknaanenkt m`cosos phr Tonrrn byhr. Mn bnrkonr hvhot tcut ihot mcksmo

a hspnmt syephtòqun ehos phs kmnsshorprcinssockkna bn sck quopn. M nst ukn bnscks quo a hvhot pcuss rnmrutnr Enj Zòtehkmonkkn mcksuathktn, ah icos nk thkt qubnkt-bornmtnur jkrha, rnspckshlan bns cptocks hux thts-^kos, rnspckshlan bns cprhtooktnrkhtockhans nt vomn-prsobnktn bu ehrAn rsuatht k hvhot phs thrb sn ihorn snktothot bnvnku ukn nktrnprosn icmhaosn sensurns nt ans bckkns. Ck kn pnut phs mckanr mn qu ck kn pnut phs ensurnr , hi re

Enj. ]o bhks ans prneonrs tneps oa thot pcsbn rnssnktor oktuotovnenkt mceenkt ickmtoca nktrnprosn, sh thoaan oepcshot bscrehohpprcm`n paus et`cboqun. Hu snok bn anur prn m`hep bn rnspckshloaots, ansmhtnjcry ehkh jnrs thonkt mnkss phssnr anurs gcurkensurnr a hmtovot nt prnkbrn bns bmosoickmtock bn mns ensurns.


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M@HTOR\N = AH MHTHMOR ]R\HRJOX^8?=

rvcatns a oktronur bn ah mceeukhut qu thotbnvnku nLhy, mn quo rnkbhot a nktrnprosn nxtren-enkt bpnkbhktn vos--vos bn sns maonkts.

An pnrsckkna bn nLhy ihoshot sck pcssolan pcurrnstnr httnktoi nt nxolan. Trnsqun tcutns ans kcu-vnaans mhtjcrons quo mckkhosshonkt ah paus icrtnmrcosshkmn hvhonkt enrj b ciirns pulaons phrans utoaoshtnurs, qu oa hvhot ihaau nksuotn prcecu-vcor hu lck ecenkt. M nst hokso qu hprs hvcorrnehrqu qunaquns vnktns bn vcoturns, nLhy hvhotmr nk 8??? uk sotn bostokmt kcee nLhy Ectcrs, quo okmauhot bns ickmtocks spmo qunstnaans qun ah rvosock bns v`omuans nt ah aovrhosck.Xuhtrn hks paus thrb, nLhy `lnrjnhot pcur ukeoaaohrb bn bcaahrs bn vnktn bn vcoturns nt bn po-mns bthm`ns, ah pauphrt prcpcsns phr bns bostro-lutnurs prcinssockknas.

An ickmtockknenkt becmrhtoqun bn neen s oa thot ahrjnenkt palosmot phr ans uttnurs, pcuvhot oepcsnr uk mnrthok baho b hptosshjn. Ans kcuvnhux ehkhjnrs hvhonkt plnscok bn sox ecos pcur lonk s oeprjknr bnmuaturn. Mnrthoks bns tnrens qun vcus hpbhks ans mcans bn mceenrmn anhbnrs`op, otock, pcuvcor kn s hppaoqunkt phs , rnehra hkmonk rnspckshlan bn TnpsoMc Zoaaohbscrehos vomn-prsobnkt nk m`hrjn bns cprhoktnrkhtockhans bn nLhy. Omo, kcus mcutckcus hbhptcks, kcus ihmoaotcks.

]curmns 7 nlhy.mce 6 \.B. @ct, R`n Tncpan s Mcephky , LZnnf, = bmnelrn


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M`hpotrn 2Httnktns nt oktnktocks

Clgnmtois

Hprs hvcor au mn m`hpotrn, vcus snrnz mhphlan bn mceprnkbrn 7

A oepcrthkmn bu jcuvnrknenkt b nktrnprosn, ah m`hkn bn jcuvnrknenkt nt ansstrumturns mcrrnspckbhktns bhks boiirnkts phys.An ran bns phrtons prnkhktns b ukn crjhkoshtock nt ah ehkorn bckt anurshttnktns ok unkt sur ah strhtjon.Ah mhrtcjrhpòn bns phrtons prnkhktns, anur pcuvcor nt anur oktrt.Ans qunstocks tòquns nt anur oephmt sur ah strhtjon.Mceenkt ah muaturn pnut trn uk ectnur cu uk irnok ah strhtjon.An tossu muaturna nt mceenkt oa pnut trn utoaos pcur bohjkcstoqunr ukn muaturn.Mceenkt ans oktnktocks strhtjoquns pnuvnkt trn mceeukoquns.

2222 .... 8888 Oktrcbumtock

Bhks ans bnux prmbnkts m`hpotrns, kcus hvcks vu mceenkt a nkvorckknenkt(a nxtnrkn) nt ans rnsscurmns (a oktnrkn) ok unkmnkt ah pcsotock strhtjoqun b ukncrjhkoshtock. Mnpnkbhkt, mns bnux srons b hkhaysns kn prnkknkt phs nk mceptnukn trcosoen boenksock, tcut husso mrumohan 7 an ran mcepanxn bns okbovobus. Ahstrhtjon bpnkb nk niint bn mn qun ans okbovobushttnkbnkt bn a crjhkoshtock nt bnanur mhphmot ok unkmnr sns clgnmtois. An smèh 2.8 ecktrn qu oa nxostn quhtrnprokmophux typns b httnktns quo icrjnkt m`hmuk anur kovnhu ans oktnktocks mca-anmtovns 7

Ah qunstock ickbhenkthan mcksostn b kor hu snrvomn bn quo a crjhkoshtockbnvrhot hjor nt mceenkt sns luts nt cronkthtocksbnvrhonkt trn btnreoks. Mnblht rnavn bn mn qu oa nst mckvnku b hppnanr an jcuvnrknenkt b nktrnprosn nt

anmhbrn rjanenkthorn bhks anquna a crjhkoshtock vcaun. An jcuvnrknenktb nktrnprosn kn mcksostn phs snuanenkt obnkto nr qunas jrcupns b oktrt cktan pcuvcor b ok unr sur ans clgnmtois, ehos jhanenkt btnreoknr qunas prc-mnssus pnrenttnkt bn supnrvosnr ans bmosocks nt ans hmtocks bns ehkhjnrs, ntquna nst an phrthjn bnsrnspckshloaots. Oa s hjot bckm bns httnktns icrenaans bna crjhkoshtock. Mceen kcus haacks an vcor, ans rpcksns mns qunstocks boii-rnkt sojko mhtovnenkt b uk phys a hutrn. Ans smhkbhans quo ckt ehrqu anblut bns hkkns


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bckk ukn oepcrthkmn tcutn phrtomuaorn hux qunstocks bn jcuvnrknenktb nktrnprosn.An bnuxoen pcokt oepcrthkt mcksostn obnkto nr hu snrvomn bn quo a crjhktock hjotniinmtovnenkt . Mnah ekn b kor ah kctock bn phrtons prnkhktns, vh-aunr a oepaomhtock bn m`hmukn b nktrn naans nt btnreoknr bhks qunaan enaans sckt een b ok unr sur ans clgnmtois bn a crjhkoshtock. Nk niint, ans htttns bns okbovobus nt bns jrcupns ans paus puosshkts hurckt paus b oephmt surclgnmtois crjhkoshtockknas qun mnaans bns hmtnurs ecoks ok unkts. Ans pprnkhktns sckt ans okbovobus nt ans jrcupns quo bpnkbnkt bn a crjhkoshtopcur httnokbrn anurs prcprns luts nt bckt a crjhkoshtock bpnkb jhanenkt.Mceprnkbrn a ok unkmn bns phrtons prnkhktns kmnssotn ukn hkhaysn bu pcuvcor nt bnsoktrts bn m`hmukn.Ah b kotock bns clgnmtois qu ukn crjhkoshtockbnvrhot pcursuovrn nst ok unk-mn phr bns mcksobrhtockstòquns. Xunaans sckt ans httnktns bn ah mcaanmtovoa jhrb bn a crjhkoshtock 3 Mns qunstocks tòquns, quo rsuatnkt bns vhanurs bscmot hu snks ahrjn, hiinmtnkt kmnsshornenkt an jcuvnrknenkt b nktrnprosn, phrtomuaonr nk mn quo mckmnrkn ah rnspckshloaot bns crjhkoshtocks. Ah

]mèh 2.8 Httnktns nt oktnktocks


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qun ans bthoas bn mnttn m`hkn vhronkt b ukn crjhkoshtock a hutrn, an sm`eprsnktn an mhs jkrha pcur ukn jrhkbn nktrnprosn mctn nk Lcursn. Ah bnuxomhusn bn bvnacppnenkt bn ah kctock bn jcuvnrknenkt b nktrnprosn nst ah vcackb heaocrnr ah vosoloaot bns rsuathts bns crjhkoshtocks, kck snuanenkt pcur anprcprothorns phr nxnepan ans hmtockkhorns ehos jhanenkt pcur ans hutrns ptons prnkhktns, y mcepros ah scmot hu snks ahrjn. Kcus prsnktnrcks ans brcotsa ok unkmn bn mns hutrns phrtons prnkhktns paus acok bhks mnttn snmtock nt snmtock 2.=.

Ah m`hkn bn jcuvnrknenkt pnrent bn mceprnkbrn qunas hmtnurs sckt eenb ok unr sur ans clgnmtois bn a crjhkoshtock nt sh strhtjon. Aht`cron bn a hjnkmn ntpaus phrtomuaornenkt anecban prokmopha-hjnkt 2 pnut trn utoaosn pcur nxpaoqunrmceenkt ickmtockknkt ans rnahtocks hu snok bn mnttn m`hkn. Mn ecban s hppbhks tcutns ans sotuhtocks bhks ansqunaans uk cu pausonurs hmtnurs (an prokehkbhtnkt b hutrns hmtnurs (a hjnkt) pcur hjor nk anur kce nt bhks anur oktrt.Bhks ans m`hkns bn jcuvnrknenkt ans paus soepans (phr nxnepan bhks ukn pntonktrnprosn iheoaohan), ans hbeokostrhtnurs sckt ans hjnkts bornmts bns hmtock(an prokmopha). Ah pauphrt bu tneps, mnrthoks enelrns bn ah iheoaan sckt hbeokostrhtnurs nt nk thkt qun tnas sckt m`hrjs bn borojnr a nktrnprosn. Ans huthmtockkhorns, quo kn sckt phs oepaoqus bhks ah jnstock, supnrvosnkt ans bmbns hbeokostrhtnurs h k bn s hssurnr qu naans vckt lonk bhks an snks bn anurs okrts. Bhks bns crjhkoshtocks bn paus jrhkbn thoaan, ah sotuhtock nst paus mcepaomhr oa nst kmnsshorn bn rnmcuror bns ehkhjnrs shahros quo kn sckt ko hmtocko hbeokostrhtnurs. Bhks mn mhs quo nst mnauo bu sm`eh 2.< ans ehkhjnrs ans hjnkts bns hbeokostrhtnurs, quo sckt anur tcur uk prokmopha. Oa nxostn bn eah pauphrt bu tneps, pausonurs kovnhux bn ehkhjnrs, m`hmuk thkt an prokmophsns sulcrbckks nt a hjnkt bn sns supronurs. Bhks ans jrhkbns nktrnprosns mctnnk Lcursn, ck bostokjun jhanenkt b hutrns strhtns hu kovnhu bns hmtockkhorns, pnuvnkt trn bns mnkthokns bn eoaaonrs b okbovobus, bckt ah pauphrt k ckt phs obornmtnenkt bhks an mhpotha bn a nktrnprosn, ehos bhks bns ickbs b okvnstossncu bns ickbs bn pnksock. Mns ickbs sckt mcktras phr anur prcprn mcksnoa b hbekostrhtock nt jrs phr bns okvnstossnurs prcinssockknas, quo sckt ah icos ans hjbns okvnstossnurs nt ans prokmophux bns hbeokostrhtnurs bns nktrnprosns bhkqunaans oas pahmnkt anurs ickbs. Thr mcksqunkt, lnhumcup b okvnstossnurs ojkcu kjaojnkt an bthoa bns nktrnprosns bhks ansqunaans anur hrjnkt nst okvnsto trs pnu bn pcuvcor bornmt sur anur strhtjon. Bhks mnttn m`hkn mcepanxn, oa noepcrthkt bn scuaojknr qun ans shahros sckt lonk scuvnkt hu trhvnrs bn a okrnssnenkt, bn anurs pahks b phrjkn cu bn rntrhotn nt bn anurs prcprns okvnstosenkts jhanenkt ans lk mohorns bn ah pnricrehkmn bu systen mckceoqun. Ahm`hkn bn jcuvnrknenkt nst bckm nk ihot uk mnrman, quo mceenkmn nt kot hvneoaaocks b okbovobus quo sckt ah icos nepacys, maonkts, hmtockkhorns nt scmohux. Mnttn rnahtock systeoqun nst jhanenkt vro n pcur ans ickmtockkhorbckt ans trhotnenkts prcvonkknkt bns thxns pranvns sur a hmtovot bns nktrnprnt kctheenkt sur ans prc ts qu naans bjhjnkt. Bhks ukn scmot ecbnrkn, kcussceens bckm tcus prokmophux nt hjnkts ans uks bns hutrns, mn quo oepaoqun qubohanmtoqun mahssoqun, bhks ahqunaan ck bostokjun b ukn phrt ukn snuan mprokmophux (ans mhpothaostns ) nt b hutrn phrt ukn snuan mahssn b hjnkts (aathorns ) nst mhromhturhan. Oa snrhot cutrhkmonr bn sn rnprsnktnr ans hmt


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M@HTOR\N 2 HRRNKRN] NR OKRNKROC8??

]m`eh 2.< Ah m`hkn bn jcuvnrknenkt

]curmn7 Bhvob Tott-Zhtsck, Lrhxtck Hsscmohtns.


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. Kcus rnvonkbrcks sur mnttn qunstockbhks ah snmtock 2.2 acrsqun kcus phranrcks bn ah pcsotock t`oqun bns crjhkotocks.Bn een, ah rnspckshloaot vos--vos bns phrtons prnkhktns ok unkmn icrtnenkans prcmnssus hu trhvnrs bnsqunas ans strhtjons sckt ahlcrns. Bhks ans crjhkotocks bu snmtnur pulaom, acrsqun ans oktrts b uk jrhkb kcelrn bn phrtons prnkhktns bcovnkt trn nxpaomotnenkt pros nk mceptn, a ahlcrhtock bn ah strht


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M@HTOR\N 2 HRRNKRN] NR OKRNKROC


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M@HTOR\N 2 HRRNKRN] NR OKRNKROC) nt bhks an m`hpotrn 0 (vcor ah snm-tock 0.2.


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cu ah scmot hu snks ahrjn. Oa nst oepcrthkt bn b kor bhks qunaan ensurn m`hmukbn mns jrcupns b hmtnurs snrh tnkt bn s oepaoqunr bhks ah icreuahtock bn ah strh-tjon cu bhks an m`cox bns clgnmtois.

Ansphrtons prnkhktns sckt ans okbovobus cu ans jrcupns quo bpnkbnkt bna crjhkoshtock pcur httnokbrn anurs prcprns luts nt bckt a crjhkoshtock bpnkbjhanenkt. Threo ans phrtons prnkhktns nxtnrkns, ck mceptn jkrhanenkt ans oks-totutocks khkmorns, ans maonkts, ans icurkossnurs, ans hmtockkhorns nt ans sykbomhts. a oktronur bn a crjhkoshtock, pnu b okbovobus btonkknkt hssnz bn pcuvcor pcurbtnreoknr ah strhtjon bn ehkorn ukoahtrhan. Mnpnkbhkt, m`hmuk phrthjn an pausscuvnkt uk mnrthok kcelrn b httnktns hvnm b hutrns hmtnurs. Thr mcksqunkt, ansokbovobus ckt oktrt s obnkto nr hvnm ans luts nt ans procrots b ukn cu pausonursbns phrtons prnkhktns 7 ickmtocks, bphrtnenkts, kovnhux `orhrm`oquns, ntm.

Ans phrtons prnkhktns nxtnrkns sn rphrtossnkt nk trcos mhtjcrons, snack ah khturnbn anurs rnahtocks hvnm a crjhkoshtock, quo btnreokn ah ihck bckt naans ok unktsur an summs cu a m`nm bns strhtjons 7

Ans phrtons prnkhktns ossuns bna nkvorckknenkt bn ehrm` tnaans qun ans icur-

kossnurs, ans mckmurrnkts, ans bostrolutnurs, ans hmtockkhorns pnuvnkt trn hkh-aysns jrmn hu ecban bns >(+8) icrmns (vcor ah snmtock


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Ah mhrtcjrhp`on bns phrtons prnkhktns 7 ah ehtromn pcuvcor/oktrt

]curmn7 hbhpt bn H. Enkbnacw, Hmtns bn ah ]nmckb Oktnrkhtockha Mckinrnkmn ck Okicrehtock ]ystnes, Mhelrobjn, EH, 8??8.


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% hu ehxoeue. Ycus hvnz mca-anmt bns sthtostoquns h k bn prphrnr vctrn rhppcrt tro-

enstrona nt vcus rnehrqunz hvnm bmnptock qu hprs ansrnehrquhlans rsuathts quo ckt suovo vctrn kceokhtock, ankovnhu b hlsnktosen nst rneckt trs ajrnenkt hu-bnssus bn > % hu mcurs bu bnrkonr troenstrn. Hacrs qunvcus nk bosmutnz hvnm vctrn hbgcoktn, naan vcus bnehkbnso vcus scu`hotnz qunaan rnxheokn nt mcrrojn ans mòi-irns hvhkt bn ans nkvcynr vctrn òrhrmòn.

Ah mcrruptockYcus tns an kcuvnhu rnspckshlan bn ah aohan m`hrjn bnbostrolunr ans prcbuots bn vctrn nktrnprosn sur an ehrm`heromhok. Hprs qunaquns snehokns, vcus rhaosnz qu oanst oepcssolan bn vnkbrn vcs prcbuots shks a hpprclhtock

b ukn clsmurn mceeossock ci monaan, mcktran phr uknlrhkm`n knw-ycrfhosn bu sykbomht bns anmtromonks. ^knrhpobn nkqutn rvan qun mnttn crjhkoshtock h bnsmckknxocks hvnm ah Eh h.

Tnu bn tneps hprs, bns enelrns bu sykbomht vonk-knkt vcus rnkbrn vosotn. Oas vcus prcpcsnkt uk hrrhkjn-enkt. ]o vctrn nktrnprosn phon bns irhos bn mcksnoa hkkunas bn 8< 444 bcaahrs (hvnm ukn mahusn b okbnxhtosur ah prcjrnssock bn vcs vnktns), vcs prcbuots snrckthpprcuvs bhks ans sox ecos. A hutrn scautock mcksostn tnktnr b cltnkor mnttn hpprclhtock phr vcus-een, mnquo b hprs bns scurmns lonk okicrens h trs pnu bnm`hkmns bn russor.

Yctrn nktrnprosn nst phr prokmopn cppcsn ah mcrrup-tock. Mnpnkbhkt, sck summs bn een qun vctrn mhr-rorn bpnkbnkt bn ah russotn bn mn prcgnt sur anehrm` heromhok. An eckthkt bn 8< 444 bcaahrs nstkjaojnhlan phr rhppcrt hux jhoks pctnktonas. Ycus pcur-ronz shks prclaen cltnkor mnttn sceen huprs bn vctrnehosck ern mckbotock bn ah bnehkbnr bn ehkorn

hpprcpron .An rhtockknenktYcus tns uk ebnmok bthm` bhks uk `potha bn mhe-phjkn nk Hiroqun sulsh`hronkkn. A quopnenkt ebomha vctrn bospcsotock nst trs aoeot, nk phrtomuaonr nk mn qmckmnrkn ans ebomhenkts nt vctrn stcmf bn shkj. ^kjrhvn hmmobnkt bn ah rcutn vonkt bn sn prcbuorn 7 uk lusacmha nt ukn vcoturn bn tcurostns sckt nktrs nk mcaaosockmn quo h mhus pausonurs bms. Oa y h jhanenkt quhtrnlansss jrhvns. Bnux sckt bns nkihkts acmhux, an trco-soen nst uk `ceen j, m`ni b ukn trolu bns nkvorcks,nt an quhtroen nst uk tcurostn haanehkb. Oas ckt tcus aneen jrcupn shkjuok nt ckt lnscok b ukn trhksiusock.Yctrn stcmf bn shkj kn vcus pnrent bn trhksiusnr qunbnux b nktrn nux.

XunstocksYcus tns mckirckt(n) m`hmuk bn mns boaneens 78. Xunas sckt ans m`cox vctrn bospcsotock 3


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okjhaots boiirnkt kctheenkt snack ans phys2=. A `ostcorn, ah rnaojock nt een anmaoeht ckt jhanenkt uk oephmt. Bn ihot, ans nktrnprosns quo oktnrvonkknkt a m`naan oktnrkhtockhan bcovnkt tnkor mceptn bns boiirnktns kcrens nt httnktns quoprvhankt bhks ans bovnrs phys c naans sckt prsnktns22. A oaaustrhtock 2.: ecktrnqunaans boi muats pnuvnkt rsuatnr bns iusocks irhkmc-lrothkkoquns.

Een so naans k hpphrhossnkt phs bhks an sm`eh 2.? (pcur bns rhoscks bn soe-pao mhtock), ans muaturnssulkhtockhans (an paus scuvnkt rjockhans) bcovnkt jhan-enkt trn prosns nk mcksobrhtock, mhr ans httotubns vos--vos bn a nepaco, bnsrnahtocks hvnm ans icurkossnurs cu bns httnktns bns mcksceehtnurs pnuvnkt sojko -mhtovnenkt boiirnr a oktronur b uk een phys, mceen ck pnut an mcksthtnrbhks ah pauphrt bns phys b Nurcpn, nt kctheenkt nk ]uossn (c ans mhktcks haeh-koquns ckt uk mcepcrtnenkt bostokmt bn anurs vcosoks irhkmcp`ckns) cu nk Othaon(c an Kcrb okbustrona kn shurhot trn mckickbu hvnm an Enzzcjocrkc). Oa nxostnjhanenkt bns muaturnssuprhkhtockhans, quo s tnkbnkt hu-bna bns ircktorns bnsthts. Ans phys smhkbokhvns prsnktnkt hokso uk mnrthok kcelrn bn soeoahrots quoans bostokjunkt mahornenkt bns phys ahtoks. Mnpnkbhkt, a enrjnkmn b uknurcmcksceehtnur , phrthjnhkt ans eens jcts nt ans eens httnktns a m`naan bna ^kock nurcpnkkn, mckstotun ukn qunstock bckt a oephmt strhtjoqun nst mrumohapcur bn kcelrnusns crjhkoshtocks, kctheenkt nk mn quo mckmnrkn anur pcaotoqunbn bostrolutock nt bn prcbuots.

2222 .... >>>> ....


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=

Bn paus nk paus b crjhkoshtocks mckstruosnkt nt mceeukoqunkt uk nksnelan bnvhanurs quo sckt mnksns b kor anur ecbn cprhtcorn. Mnah mceprnkb kctheenkta hi rehtock bns vhanurs ickbhenkthans , quo sckt ans prokmopns quo juobnkt anhmtocks bn a crjhkoshtock. Ans snrvomns bn ebnmokn b urjnkmn cu ans pcepon

hokso uk nkjhjnenkt hlscau shuvnr ans vons, quo ans mckbuot oktnrrceprn anvnktunas ecuvnenkts bn jrvn nk mhs bn kmnssot. Ah bnvosn bns shpnurs pceponbn Thros nst phrtomuaornenkt nxpaomotn mnt jhrb 7 ]huvnr cu Tror . Mhutnurs sckt haas gusqu hi renr qun an summs bn kcelrnusns nktrnprosns heromhokns phr nxnepan JN, Boskny cu =E pnut trn httrolu (bu ecoks nk phrton) ah icrmn bn anurs vhanurs ickbhenkthans>2. Tcur huthkt, mns bmahrhtocks pulaoqunsprsnktnkt uk mcksobrhlan okmckvkonkt pctnktona 7 qun sn phssn-t-oa bhks an ma crjhkoshtock kn rnspnmtn phs sns nkjhjnenkts bhks ah prhtoqun 3 Hacrs qunvhanurs ickbhenkthans bnvrhonkt trn a nxprnssock bn mn qu nst a crjhkoshtock, scuvnkt naans ehkoinstnkt pautt mn quco naan hsporn, ukn scrtn b oehjn obhb naan-een. ]hui bhks an mhs rhrossoen c mnttn bostokmtock nst mahornenkt

motn, a hi rehtock bns vhanurs ickbhenkthans pnut bckm mckbuorn tcut husso lonbn mcksobrhlans ehanktnkbus qu uk mykosen bvhsthtnur. H k b votnr mnttbrovn, lnhumcup b crjhkoshtocks prirnkt hi m`nr bns vhanurs eokoehans, huxqunaans tcutns ans phrtons prnkhktns k hurckt humuk eha scusmrorn. Mnah mckmnrknr kctheenkt bns hspnmts bn rnspckshloaot scmohan (vcor ah snmtock 2.bnssus). Nk niint, lnhumcup b crjhkoshtocks bn snrvomn pulaom rniusnkt bn s hbr bns icurkossnurs quo kn rnspnmtnrhonkt phs mns nxojnkmns eokoehans.

2222 .... 9999 .... 9. Anscrjhkoshtocks utoaosnkt jhanenkt bns clgnmtois mceenrmohux quo mckstothuthkt bn molans 7 phrt bn ehrm`, quhaot maonkt, thux bn baoshtock, ntm.

Ansvh nursckbhenkthans

sckt ans prokmopnsquo juobnkt anshmtocks bna crjhkoshtock

Aheossock b ukncrjhkoshtock nst

a hi rehtock bnsck oktnktockckbhenkthan

Ansc gnmto s sckta hi rehtock bnsrsuathtsspmo quns quobcovnkt trnhttnokts


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M@HTOR\N 2 HRRNKRN] NR OKRNKROC: hi renkt qun ans clgnmtois kn sckt utoans qun s oas sckt inres , m nst--born s oas s nxproenkt bn ehkorn quhktothtovn nt s oa nst pcssolanb vhaunr prmosenkt bhks qunaan ensurn a crjhkoshtock ans httnokt. Tcurthkt,a nxpronkmn ecktrn qun bns clgnmtoiscuvnrts pnuvnkt jhanenkt prsnktnr ukoktrt. Mnrthoks clgnmtois pnuvnkt hokso trn btnreokhkts, shks pcur huthkt snprtnr ukn quhkto mhtock hosn. ^k clgnmtoi tna qun trn uk anhbnr tnm`kcacjo-qun nst tcut ihot pnrtoknkt bhks mnrthokns okbustrons, ehos oa pnut rhpobnenktbnvnkor hlsurbn so ck m`nrm`n an mòiirnr rojcurnusnenkt.

Tcur huthkt, bns clgnmtois spmo quns sckt phricos kmnsshorns, phr nxnepan acrs-qun bns hmtocks urjnktns bcovnkt trn enkns, nk mhs bn mrosn cu bn trhksotock mro-toqun. A httnktock bn tcus bcot hacrs trn icmhaosn sur qunaquns pcokts nssnktonas.Acrsqun ah survon bn a crjhkoshtock nst nk gnu, oa k y h phs bn pahmn pcur bns clgnm-tois vhjuns nt uk mcktran am`n.

^k prclaen rmurrnkt hvnm ans clgnmtois nst qun bn kcelrnusns pnrsckkns husnok bn a crjhkoshtock nk phrtomuaonr ah lhsn bn ah òrhrmòn kn mceprnkknktphs tcugcurs trs lonk nk quco anur hmtovot quctobonkkn mcktrolun httnokbrn ansclgnmtois helotonux hi m`s phr ah bornmtock. M nst pcurquco lnhumcup b crjhkosh-tocks tnktnkt bn rscubrn mn prclaen phr ah eosn nk pahmn b ukn mhsmhbn b clgnmtois, m`hqun kovnhu òrhrmòqun sn vcyhkt hokso httrolunr bns molans quo auomcrrnspckbnkt.

Ans httnktns nt ans oktnktocks bn a crjhkoshtock sckt ok unkmns phr quhtrn ihm-tnurs prokmophux 7 an jcuvnrknenkt b nktrnprosn, ans httnktns bns phrtons prn-khktns, a tòqun bns hiihorns nt ah muaturn.Ans bospcsotocks bu jcuvnrknenkt b nktrnprosn btnreoknkt qunas oktrtsa crjhkoshtock bnvrhot snrvor nt bn qunaan ehkorn sns luts nt procrots bnvrhonkttrn thlaos. An jcuvnrknenkt b nktrnprosn nst bnvnku paus mcepanxn pcur bnux rhoscks prokmophans, quo sckt b ukn phrt ah sphrhtock nktrn ah pcssnssock nt anehkhjnenkt nt b hutrn phrt ah tnkbhkmn rnkbrn ans crjhkoshtocks bn paus nkpaus rnbnvhlans vos--vos b ukn sron bn phrtons prnkhktns.Oa mckvonkt bn bostokjunr ans phrtons prnkhktns snack an pcuvcor qu naans btonk-knkt nt a oktrt qu naans pcrtnkt hux strhtjons qun a crjhkoshtock nktnkbbpacynr. Een s oa nxostn uk hmmcrb sur ans clgnmtois jkrhux bn a crjhkosh-tock, ck mcksthtn jkrhanenkt bns boiirnkmns acrsqu ck nktrn bhks an bthoa

bns httnktns bns phrtons prnkhktns. Ahmhrtcjrhpòn bns phrtons prnkhktns nst uknet`cbn pnrentthkt b hkhaysnr mns boiirnkmns nt bn bvnacppnr ukn strhtjonpcaotoqun.Ans clgnmtois sckt jhanenkt ok unkms phr ah pcsotock tòqun qu hbcptna crjhkoshtock vos--vos bn ah scmot hu snks ahrjn. Mnttn pcsotock pnut vhronrb ukn vun trcotn, bhks ahqunaan ans oktrts mcurt tnren bns hmtockkhorns scktproecrbohux, pcur haanr gusqu hu mhs bns crjhkoshtocks quo mcksobrnkt qunanur ran mcksostn m`hkjnr ah scmot. a oktronur bn mnttn pcsotock tòqun

\sue


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jkrhan, oa mckvonkt bn scuanvnr ans qunstocks paus spmo quns mckmnrkhrnspckshloaot scmohan bn a nktrnprosn. Thr hoaanurs, ans okbovobus pnuvnkt trmckirckts bns boaneens t`oquns so anurs vhanurs pnrsckknaans nktrnkt nmck ot hvnm ans kcrens bn mcepcrtnenkt quo prvhankt bhks anur crjhkosh-tock.

Ans clgnmtois nt ans procrots hu snok b ukn crjhkoshtock sckt icrtnenkok unkms phr shmuaturn. Ah muaturn mceprnkb boiirnkts kovnhux, quo okmaunah muaturn khtockhan, mnaan bns m`heps snmtcronas cu nkmcrn mnaan bns bscus phrtons bn a crjhkoshtock. Rcus mns kovnhux btnreoknkt qunaans strhtjsnrckt mcksobrns mceen ajotoens.Ah muaturn crjhkoshtockknaan okmcrpcrn boiirnktns strhtns bn vhanursmrcyhkmns, bn mcepcrtnenkts nt bn mckvomtocks oepaomotns. Antossu muaturna nstuk cutoa quo pnrent bn mceprnkbrn mceenkt mns boiirnktns strhtns ok unk-mnkt ah strhtjon.Ans luts bn a crjhkoshtock pnuvnkt trn paus cu ecoks icrenaanenkt nxproes,bn a hi rehtock bn vhanurs ickbhenkthans gusqu hu bthoa bns clgnmtois cprhtockknas bn m`hmukn bns ukots.


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M@HTOR\N 2 HRRNKRN] NR OKRNKROC8

Blht Ans ehkhjnrs sckt-oas bojkns bn mck hkmn 3

Ans ehkhjnrs jrnkt-oas ans crjhkoshtocks bhks a oktrt bnanurs hmtockkhorns 3 An rnebn kn snrhot-oa phs porn qun aneha 3

Bhks ah snmtock 2.


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< TH\RON 8 AN BOHJKC]ROM ]R\HRJOX^N

Anmturns rnmceehkbns]ur an jcuvnrknenkt b nktrnprosn, ck pnut mck-suatnr I. Lhkmna,Ah jcuvnrkhkmn bns nktrnprosns,Nmckceomh, 8??0 6 J. M`hrrnhux,An jcuvnr-knenkt bns nktrnprosns. Mcrpcrhtn jcvnrkhkmn 7t`crons nt ihots, Nmckceomh, 8??: 6 \.O. Rromfnr,Oktnrkhtockha Mcrpcrhtn Jcvnrkhkmn7 Rnxt, mhsnshkb rnhbokjs, Trnktomn @haa, 8??? 6 H. Bhvons , H]trhtnjom Hpprchm` tc Mcrpcrhtn Jcvnrkhkmn,Jcwnr, 8??? 6 \. Eckfs nt K. Eokcw (nbs),Mcr- pcrhtn Jcvnrkhkmn,


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\irnkmns8. Tcur ukn lckkn sykt`sn bn ah qunstock, nt kcthe-

enkt ukn prsnkthtock bns spmo mots irhkhosns,vcor I. Lhkmna,Ah jcuvnrkhkmn bns nktrnprosns,Nmckceomh, 8??0. Ck pnut jhanenkt mcksuatnrH. Bhvons , H strhtnjom Hpprchm` tc Mcrpcrhtn Jcvnr-khkmn, Jcwnr , 8??? 6 \. Eckfs nt K. Eokcw (nbs),Mcrpcrhtn Jcvnrkhkmn, , an Mnktrn khtockha bu phtrckht irhkhos(bnvnku bnpuos an ENBNI) h pulao uk rhppcrtoktotuaAn mcksnoa b hbeokostrhtock bns scmotmctns. An mceot bn jrhkbs phtrcks quo thot a crojokn bn mn bcmuenkt thot prsob phr EhrmYokct, T-BJ bn ah ]cmot Jkrhan. Mn\hppcrt Yokct k h phs rneos nk qunstock an ran bn T-BJ ntk h phs prmckos uk rnmcurs paus irqunkt ahstrumturn phr mcksnoa bn survnoaahkmn nt bornmtco

?. Jcuvnrkhkmn nurcpnkkn 7 uk aovrn lahkm , Mceeos-sock Nurcpnkkn, guoaant .

8>. Ycor Z. Komcaa, B. Kcrlurk nt \. ]m`cnklnrj (rnin-rnkmn 8=). Ycor jhanenkt G. ]ckknkinab, Z`htehfns jrnht lchrbs jrnht , @hrvhrb Lusoknss\nvonw , vca. 04, kc. ? (


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M@HTOR\N 2 HRRNKRN] NR OKRNKROC>

sur ans phrtons prnkhktns ckt eos a hmmnkt sur ans mchaotocks bhks ans crjhkoshtocks. Ycor phrnxnepan a cuvrhjn ickbhtnur bn \.E. Mynrt ntG.J. Ehrm`,Trcmnssus bn bmosock bhks a nktrnprosn,Bukcb, 8?:4. Taus rmneenkt, a hkhaysn bns phr-tons prnkhktns nst bnvnkun uk aenkt mnktrha bn

a hkhaysn strhtjoqun. Ycor phr nxnepan O.O. Eotrcii,]thfn`cabnrs ci t`n Crjhkoshtockha Eokb , Gcssny-Lhss, 8?0= 6 \.N. Irnnehk,]trhtnjom Ehkhjnenkt7 H sthfn`cabnr hpprchm`, Totehk, 8?02 .

80. Ycor R. Fcstcvh nt ]. Wh`nnr, Crjhkoshtockha anjo-toehmy ukbnr mckbotocks ci mcepanxoty7 t`n mhsn oi t`n euatokhtockha nktnrprosn , Hmhbney ci Ehkh- jnenkt \nvonw , vca.


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>4. ^kn nxpaomhtock bthoaan bu tossu muaturna nst pr-snktn bhks J. Gc`ksck,]trhtnjom M`hkjn hkb t`n Ehkhjnenkt Trcmnss, Lahmfwnaa, 8?0: nt bhksJ. Gc`ksck, Ehkhjokj strhtnjom m`hkjn7 strhtnjy,muaturn hkb hmtock ,Ackj \hkjn Tahkkokj , vca. ,kc. 8 (8??. Ycor phr nxnepan L. Lhrtfus, E. Jahssehk

L. EmHinn, Eossock sthtnenkts7 hrn t`ny shkb eorrcrs3 , Lusoknss @crozcks, vca. 2=, kc(


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tu b n b n mhs

An Ehkm`nstnr ^kotnb `crs-gnu 3

Ynkbs-ah mceen Lnmf`heAh Lnmf`he-ehkoh irhpph a Nsphjknburhkt a t eoaaocks b nurcs, Lnmf`he auo-eenhvhot prir rngcokbrn an \nha Ehbrob.

Mnrthoks ebohs hmmusrnkt Lnmf`hebn provoajonr sck hutcprcectock. Acrs-qun a nktrhknur bu Ehkm`nstnr ^kotnb, Hanx Inrjusck, bmobh bn kn phs an sanmtockknr pcurmnrthokns rnkmcktrns oepcrthktns, Lnmf`he ahosshnktnkbrn qu oa thot prt quottnr an maul bckt oahvhot t uk suppcrtnur bnpuos tcugcurs nt bhksanquna oa hvhot gcu bnpuos a nkihkmn. Lnmf`hek hvhot phs phrtomop hux pcurphranrs nktrn anEhkm`nstnr ^kotnb nt an IM Lhrmnackn nt ahruenur mcurhot qun sck hjnkt, a nktrnprosn ]IP,hvhot phrhaaanenkt nkjhj bns bosmussocks hvnm an\nha Ehbrob. Ah tm`n bn ]IP mcksosthot jrnr ansoktrts bn Lnmf`he, mhpothokn bn a quopn khtoc-khan b Hkjantnrrn, malrot nt prneorn ehr-qun bu icctlhaa eckboha, huprs bns ebohs ntbns nktrnprosns bn spcrt cu bn ecbn. ]nua uk tcut

pntot kcelrn bn mauls hvhot ah sthturn nt surtcutans ecynks khkmonrs sui shkts pcur httornr Lnm-f`he. An \nha Ehbrob russot mnpnkbhkt hlhos-snr an prox bu trhksinrt =0 eoaaocks b nurcs nt ihorn hmmnptnr Lnmf`he nk hmmcrb hvnm ah pcao-toqun bu maul bn mbnr >4 % bns brcots sur sckoehjn nt sur sns kcuvnhux mcktrhts bn phrrhokhjn.Nk m`hkjn, oa rnmnvrhot hokso uk eckthkt bn


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M@HTOR\N 2 HRRNKRN] NR OKRNKROC?

phr mn trhksinrt vnrs an \nha Ehbrob. Tcurthkt, ansrnspckshlans bu maul snelahonkt shtosihots 7 icresur pahmn bnpuos sck paus gnukn jn, Lnmf`hek hvhot phs mct trs m`nr, ehos oa hvhot rhppcrtlnhumcup. ]or Hanx Inrjusck thot nk m`hrjn bntcutns ans bmosocks aons a quopn nt acrsqu oa hvhotbmob bn sn sphrnr bn Lnmf`he, an mcksnoab hbeokostrhtock a hvhot hpprcuv. Acrsqu uk gcurkhaostn hvhot bnehkb so an bphrt bn Lnmf`hekn rosquhot phs bn sn trhbuorn phr ukn lhossn bnm`oiirn b hiihorns, uk pcrtn-phrcan bu maul hvhotrpckbu qun an prcbuot quo sn vnkbhot an eonux k thot paus an ehoaact bn Lnmf`he ehos mnauo bn\uub vhk Kostnarccy. An bornmtnur jkrha hvhothgcut qun ans trhksinrts bn gcunurs closshonkt bns mcksobrhtocks ukoqunenkt spcrtovns ntqu utoaosnr bns gcunurs pcur molanr bns ehrm`srnvonkbrhot trom`nr hvnm ans suppcrtnurs.

]o an maul hvhot pnrbu hvnm Lnmf`he ukn bnsmcepcshktns bn sck oehjn, oa haojkhot tcugcursukn quopn bn jrhkb thankt, quo hvhot rnepcrt anm`hepockkht b Hkjantnrrn nk


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< nurcs phr hmtock, mn quo rnprsnkthot uknmhpothaoshtock lcursorn bn 9


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M@HTOR\N 2 HRRNKRN] NR OKRNKROC24 eoaaocksb nurcs suppaenkthorns iurnkt okgnmts bhks ansmauls ans paus rom`ns, quo mcktokurnkt mnpnkbhkt rmahenr a ^NIH paus bn pcuvcor nt b hrjnkt,enkhhkt bn quottnr ah aojun so anurs nxojnkmnsk thonkt phs rnspnmtns.

A hsscmohtock bns 82 mauls ans paus rom`ns, anJ82


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M@HTOR\N 2 HRRNKRN] NR OKRNKROC eoaaocks bn suppcrtnurs nk4 eoaaocksb nurcs pcur vcor sck kce jurnr pnkbhkt quh-trn hks sur ans ehoaacts bns gcunurs.

Bns prcgnts b okvnstossnenkts bhks ans kcuvnaanstnm`kcacjons nk phrtomuaonr sur Oktnrknt nt sur anstap`ckns pcrthlans ahosshonkt prshjnr bnsjhoks mcksobrhlans. Ahkm nk hct 8??0 nt rneh-ko nk guoaant


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rnr sck ran b nktrhknur bn a quopn, nt mnaan-mosnrhot-naan husso pnricrehktn hprs sck bphrt 3Bns okvnstossnurs kn rosquhonkt-oas phs bn s ne-phrnr bu Ehkm`nstnr ^kotnb nt bn sns mcksobrh-lans rsnrvns khkmorns, hvnm kctheenkt pcurmcksqunkmn ukn rbumtock sojko mhtovn bnsokvnstossnenkts spcrtois nt ukn icmhaoshtock sura hmtovot mceenrmohan 3

Ah votnssn b vcautock bns okbustrons bu spcrt, buacosor nt bu bovnrtossnenkt thot mcksobrhlan nk mnblut bn PPOn soman. Taus qun tcut hutrn, an Ehk-m`nstnr ^kotnb syelcaoshot mnttn rvcautock. Eenhvnm ah pnrtn bn mnrthoks bn sns hmtnurs ans paus

oepcrthkts, an maul rnsthot mhphlan b quoaolrnr ahicos sns rnspckshloaots spcrtovns nt sns rnspckshlo-aots mceenrmohans. Tcur huthkt, ronk kn prcuvhotqun mnt quoaolrn thot cu rnstnrhot an lck.

Mn mhs h t prphr phr Lcl Tnrry, bn ah Lusoknss ]m`cca bn a uko-vnrsot bn Zcavnr`heptck.

Kctns8. Nk


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MCEENKRHO\N] ] \ AH TH\RON 8 J\N\ AH MCETANPOR 7 AN ]_]REN ]R\HRJOX^N.= bu m`hpotrn 8 nt bhks ans mceenkthorns sur a oktrcbum-tock 7 an prosen bn ah et`cbn, an prosen bn a nxpronkmn nt an prosen bn ahmcepanxot. Kcus rnvonkbrcks tcut b hlcrb sur an mckmnpt bn systen strhtjoqun,prsnkt bhks a oktrcbumtock bn ah phrton 8. Tuos kcus nkvoshjnrcks mn mckmnpt ahaueorn bn m`hmuk bns trcos prosens. Nk k kcus vnrrcks mceenkt ans trcos pros-ens pnuvnkt pnrenttrn bn mceprnkbrn bn qunaan ehkorn ans ehkhjnrs pnuvnktjrnr ah mcepanxot.

An systen strhtjoqunBhks a oktrcbumtock bn ah prneorn phrton, kcus hvcks prsnkt an mckmnpt bn sys-ten strhtjoqun8 pcur ecktrnr mceenkt ukn crjhkoshtock pnut mckkhtrn an summs(vcor a oaaustrhtock O.o). Oa hpphrht qun mnrthokns crjhkoshtocks ckt trcuv an ecynkbn rmckmoaonr ah mcepanxot bns icrmns quo s nxnrmnkt sur naans hu trhvnrs bn lcumansbn rtrchmtocks pcsotovns. Tcur prnkbrn uk nxnepan, an sm`eh O.oo nst ukn rnprsnk-thtock bu systen strhtjoqun bn Fokbnrmhrn, ukn nktrnprosn bn jhrbn b nkihkts quo hmckku uk rnehrquhlan summs hux thts-^kos


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MCEENKRHO\N] ] \ AH TH\RON 8 J\N\ AH MCETANPOR 7 AN ]_]REN ]R\HRJOX^N


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.

Hu trhvnrs bu prosen bn a nxpronkmn, an systen strhtjoqun pnut bckm tpnru mceen uk ecban enktha bn a hmtovot bn a crjhkoshtock. Nk thkt qun tna,nst tcut ah icos utoan mhr m nst uk mckbnks quo pnrent hux ehkhjnrs bn bckkpaus rhpobnenkt bu snks ah mcepanxot quo ans nktcurn nt pctnktonaanenkt bhjnrnux mhr mn typn bn ecban enktha pnut bnvnkor orrvnrsolan hu pcokt bn lohah pnrmnptock bns kcuvnaans sotuhtocks.

Hu kovnhu bn ah muaturn crjhkoshtockknaan, an prosen bn a nxpronkmn sujjbhks tcutn crjhkoshtock oa nxostn ukn ehkorn bn ihorn ans m`csns mcephrhlasysten strhtjoqun , ehos qun mnaan-mo kn rsuatn phs b ukn suotn b hkhaysns ko behrm`n bn pahko mhtock. An systen strhtjoqun pnut hvcor t mcku phr uknktrnprnknur nt s trn bpacy hu mcurs bu tneps hu trhvnrs bns russotns nt bnm`nms rnkmcktrs phr a crjhkoshtock tcut hu ackj bn sck bvnacppnenkt. Mnrthokokotohtovns ckt t mcurckkns bn summs, b hutrns kck. Mnrthokns mceptnkmsckt rvans oepcrthktns, b hutrns kck. Mnrthokns cppcrtukots ckt t nk p`hsnhvnm ans mhphmots bn a crjhkoshtock, b hutrns kck. Hu mcurs bu tneps nt jrmn hmmueuahtock b nxpronkmn, an systen strhtjoqun s nst trcuv prcjrnssovnen


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ehkhjnrs cu b hutrns crjhkoshtocks pcrtnkt trcp pnu b httnktock hux icrmns quook unkmnkt anur iutur, kn bvnacppnkt humuk niicrt bn prvosock nt kossnkt phrtcelnr bhks an Tojn bu m`hcs. Tcur votnr mns bnux pojns, oa ihut hmmnptnr quna helojut, a okmnrtotubn nt ah mcepanxot sckt okvothlans. Ans ancks qun a ckpnut tornr bn tcut mnah sckt ans suovhktns 7

^k systen strhtjoqun hbhpthlan. Tautt qun bn tnktnr bn b kor prmosenkta hvnkor, ans ehkhjnrs bcovnkt bvnacppnr b ukn phrt ukn vun b nksnelan bna nkvorckknenkt bn anur crjhkoshtock sui sheenkt ahrjn pcur nkjaclnr pau-sonurs smkhrocs nt b hutrn phrt ukn vosock bn a obnktot bn a crjhkoshtock quopnut s hgustnr hu iur nt ensurn qun an iutur sn bpacon. Mnah sojko n qu oa nstoepcrthkt bn mceprnkbrn mceenkt oktnrhjossnkt ans boiirnktns mcepcshktnsbu systen strhtjoqun, thkt nk oktnrkn qu nk nxtnrkn, tcut nk vothkt uknrnprsnkthtock trcp rojobn. An systen strhtjoqun bcot trn hbhpthlan.^kn httnktock mcksthktn. Ans ehkhjnrs bcovnkt votnr ans vhstns cprhtocks bn pah-ko mhtocks stromtns nt bthoaans nt prirnr ukn httnktock mcksthktn ehos bosmrtnvos--vos bn a vcautock bn a nkvorckknenkt. Nk b hutrns tnrens, ans ehkhjnrs

bcovnkt rnstnr mckstheenkt nk mckthmt hvnm ans ok unkmns nkvorckknenkthansshks pcur huthkt y mckshmrnr trcp bn tneps ko b knrjon.A nxproenkthtock. An iutur bcot trn mcepros hu trhvnrs bn a hmtock. Ans crjhko-shtocks bcovnkt tnstnr bn kcuvnaans obns, mn quo anur pnrent b hpprnkbrn suranur bnvnkor hu iur nt ensurn qu oa sn rhaosn. Oa nst bckm nssnktona b nkmcurhjnrah vhrot hu snok bn a crjhkoshtock mhr m nst naan quo pnrent a enrjnkmn bnsokkcvhtocks.


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Thrton >>> .... 8888 OktrcbumtockMn m`hpotrn mckmnrkn ans strhtjons mckmurrnktonaans nt ans m`cox quo pnrenttnktb cltnkor uk hvhkthjn mckmurrnktona. Bhks ans trcos prmbnkts m`hpotrns, kcushvcks bthoaa ans kcelrnusns icrmns a uvrn bhks a nkvorckknenkt, ans mhphmotsoktnrkns bn a crjhkoshtock nt ans httnktns nt ok unkmns bns phrtons prnkhktns. Rcusmns aenkts ckt pctnktonaanenkt uk oephmt sur ans strhtjons bpacyns hu kovnhubn m`hqun bcehokn b hmtovot strhtjoqun (BH]).

Ah pauphrt bns crjhkoshtocks sckt mcepcsns bn pausonurs BH], quo oktnrvonk-

knkt sur bns ehrm`s bostokmts, bckt ans maonkts ckt bns lnscoks boiirnkts nt quokmnssotnkt bns rnsscurmns nt mceptnkmns spmo quns. M nst lonk nktnkbu an mhsbhks ans jrhkbns nktrnprosns euatokhtockhans, bhks ansqunaans ans BH] sckt b kosphr aojkns bn prcbuots cu phr zckns jcjrhp`oquns. Mnpnkbhkt, een ukn pntotncrjhkoshtock pnut trn oepaoqun bhks pausonurs hmtovots bostokmtns, tcut mceenuk snrvomn pulaom. ^kn ukovnrsot prcpcsn hokso pausonurs typns bn prcjrheensquo s hbrnssnkt bns pcpuahtocks boiirnktns (prneonrs mymans, bcmtcrhts, icreh-tock pnrehknktn, ntm.).


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.8 prsnktn ans trcos prokmophux aenkts quo strumturnkt ah suotnm`hpotrn 7

Kcus prsnktnrcks tcut b hlcrb ansstrhtjons jkroquns, m nst--born ans boii-rnktns strhtjons mckmurrnktonaans pcuvhkt trn bpacyns hu kovnhu b uk BHstrhtjons bn prox, strhtjons bn boiirnkmohtock nt strhtjons bn icmhaoshtockTuos kcus nxheoknrcks ans qunstocks aons a cltnktock nt hu ehoktonk b uhvhkthjn mckmurrnktona . Bhks ah snmtock >.2, kcus trhotnrcks bn ah prnkkot bnsstrhtjons, quo pnut trn phrtomuaornenkt prclaehtoqun bhks uk nkvorckknenkt turluankt nt okmnrthok. M nst pcurquco bhks ah snmtock >.> kcus rnvo

brcks sur ah kctock bypnrmceptotock (oktrcbuotn bhks ah snmtock .: aht`cron bns gnux h k b tubonr ans oktnrbpnk-bhkmns nktrn ans hmtocks bns mckmurrnkts.An trcosoen aenkt bu sm`eh >.8, ans m`cox bthoaas b cronkthtock (bn prcbuots cu ehrm`s) nt bn ecbhaot (mrcosshkmn oktnrkn cu nxtnrkn) bn bvnacppenkt strhtjoqun, snrh prsnkt bhks an m`hpotrn :.

>>>> ....


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M@HTOR\N > AN] ]R\HRJON] TH\ BCEHOKN B HMROYO

prox nt bn prcectock, ah snjenkthtock strhtjoqun nst mnksn rvanr bns syknr-jons nktrn hmtovots, bns cppcrtukots b hmquosotocks cu bn mnssocks nt pnrenttrnbn baoeotnr ans prcmnssus b haacmhtock bn rnsscurmns.

An kovnhu b hkhaysn nst boiirnkt. Tcur m`hmuk bn sns ecbans, uk mckstrumtnurhutcecloan jkrhaostn mceen Tnujnct ihlroqun hokso pausonurs bozhokns bnvhrohktns (bonsna, nssnkmn, myaokbrn, kovnhu bn kotock, mhrrcssnron trcos cu mokqpcrtns, lnraokn, lrnhf cu mhlrocant, ntm.), mn quo mcrrnspckb huthkt bn snjenktsehrfntokj. Tcurthkt, nk mn quo mckmnrkn ah snjenkthtock strhtjoqun, ah tcthaotbn ah jheen bn Tnujnct (`crs utoaothorns nt mceptotock) rnavn bu een BH] 7eens tnm`kcacjons, eens usokns, een rsnhu bn bostrolutock, eensmckmurrnkts nt bckm hu tctha een m`hkn bn vhanur (vcor ah snmtock =.9.8 bhks anm`hpotrn =). Ck pnut ihorn ah een rnehrqun nk mn quo mckmnrkn uk ahlcrhtcornp`hrehmnutoqun 7 m`hqun prcbuot mcrrnspckb uk snjenkt ehrfntokj (mn quopnut hlcutor pausonurs mnkthokns bn snjenkts), hacrs qun ans BH] sn sotunkt

jkrhanenkt hu kovnhu bns mahssns t`rhpnutoquns (mhrboc-vhsmuahorns, hkto-uamrnux, hkto-okinmtonux, ntm.), huxqunaans s hgcutnkt qunaqunicos bns BH] b kossnack bns hxns rjanenkthorns (ebomhenkts tòquns, jkroquns nt bn mckicrt)cu tnm`kcacjoquns (mòeoquns cu jkceoquns).Ah snjenkthtock ehrfntokj rnavn bn ah jnstock mcurt tnren nt pnut trnrneosn nk qunstock hu quctobonk, nk ickmtock bns vcautocks bns httnktns bnsmcksceehtnurs. Nk rnvhkm`n, ah snjenkthtock strhtjoqun nst jkrhanenktpaus prnkkn, een so naan pnut husso trn hiinmtn phr ans vcautocks bn

]mèh >.8 Ans thpns bns m`cox strhtjoquns phr bcehokn b hmtovot


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qu naan k h phs t mhphlan b obnkto nr mceen bns scurmns pctnktonaans bn mrh-tock bn vhanur, mn quo auo inren b vnktunaans cppcrtukots bn boiirnkmohtock(vcor ah snmtock >.2.< mo-hprs).^kn strhtjon bn prox pnrent b cltnkor uk hvhkthjn mckmurrnktona acrsqun (h) ahsnksoloaot bns maonkts hux prox nst oepcrthktn nt (l) a nktrnprosn pcssbn ukhvhkthjn bn mcts boi moanenkt oeothlan phr sns mckmurrnkts. An b ickbhenk-tha bn ah strhtjon bn prox mcksostn bckm rbuorn ans mcts b ukn ehkorn quoscot spmo qun nt burhlan. Een so a nxpronkmn prcuvn qun mnttn mckbotock nstphrtomuaornenkt boi moan httnokbrn, oa nxostn qunaquns postns, qun kcus prsnk-tnrcks bhks ah snmtock >.2.8 mo-hprs.

Nk sco, ah rbumtock bns mcts k hppcrtn humuk hvhkthjn mckmurrnktona. Mn quooepcrtn, m nst ah ehkorn bckt ans ehkhjnrs bmobnkt bn a utoaosnr. Bhks tcus ansmhs, an maonkt k h phs mcksmonkmn nt kn sn prcmmupn prclhlanenkt phs bns mctssuppcrts phr a nktrnprosn, ehos lonk bns prox qu naan prhtoqun nt bn ah vhanurqu naan prcpcsn.

>>>> .... ==== ....


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M@HTOR\N > AN] ]R\HRJON] TH\ BCEHOKN B HMROYO, nhsyGnt thot mcksobrmceen uk pop`kcekn bn ah brjanenkthtock butrhkspcrt hronk nk Nurcpn nt ah pauphrt bns clsnrvh-tnurs prboshonkt sh bosphrotock rhpobn. Tcurthkt, hueoaonu bns hkkns


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M@HTOR\N > AN] ]R\HRJON] TH\ BCEHOKN B HMROYO? phr ah iheoaan Xuhkbt, LEZ httnojkot nk


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=44 TH\RON < AN] M@COP ]R\HRJOX^N]

An summs b ukn strhtjon bn boiirnkmohtock, qu oa s hjossn b ukn purhtocb ukn scp`ostomhtock, bpnkb b ukn sron bn ihmtnurs 7

Oa nst kmnsshorn bn s hssurnr qun a crjhkoshtock h mahornenkt obnkto quo sckt sns maonkts, mn quo k nst phs tcugcurs trovoha. Bcot-ck mcksobrnr phr nxnepqun ans maonkts b ukn m`hkn bn tavosock sckt ans taspnmthtnurs c

hkkckmnurs quo phynkt pcur boiiusnr anurs pulaomots 3 Bn ah een ehkorans maonkts b ukn mcan cu b ukn ukovnrsot sckt-oas ans tubohkts cu ans nprosns quo ans rnmrutnkt 3 Oa nst mahor qun mns boiirnktns pcpuahtockslnscoks bostokmts. Hvhkt b nktrnprnkbrn ukn strhtjon bn boiirnkmohtockmckvonkt bckm bn lonk obnkto nr sh molan nt nk phrtomuaonr quo sckt ansmaonktsstrhtjoquns (vcor ah snmtock


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M@HTOR\N > AN] ]R\HRJON] TH\ BCEHOKN B HMROYO=48

tcugcurs phr oeotnr ukn boiirnkmohtock russon. Ans nktrnprosns quo m`cosossnktb hppaoqunr ukn strhtjon bn boiirnkmohtock sckt bckm claojns bn ah ecbo nrpnrptunaanenkt. Ck kn sn boiirnkmon ghehos bhks a hlscau, ehos phr rhppcrthux ciirns mckmurrnktns, quo lonk vobneenkt k ckt humukn rhosck bn kn phsvcaunr, surtcut so ah boiirnkmohtock m`coson s hvrn phrtomuaornenkt httrhmtovn.Mnah scuaojkn ukn icos bn paus mcelonk oa nst oepcrthkt bn bvnacppnr ah mhph-mot b okkcvhtock b ukn crjhkoshtock.

Ah pauphrt bns prclaens aos ah b kotock bns mrotrns bn boiirnkmohtock scktprsnkts bhks a oaaustrhtock >.>.

Oaaustrhtock >.>

Bns losmuots bnktnas mceen hvhkthjn

mckmurrnktona 3Nk mckstruoshkt ukn strhtjon bn boiirnkmohtock, ansehkhjnrs kn bcovnkt phs sn ahossnr anurrnr phr bns mrotrnsihaahmonux.

Acrs b uk htnaonr strhtjoqun, ans mhbrns supronurs b ukneuatokhtockhan bn a hjrchaoenkthorn bosmutrnkt ans ick-bnenkts bn a hvhkthjn mckmurrnktona pcur m`hmuk bnsbcehokns b hmtovot strhtjoqun bckt oas thonkt rnspck-shlans. Ah kctock b hvhkthjn ickb sur a obnkto mhtockbns lnscoks bns maonkts iut rhpobnenkt vcqun nt a ukbns ehkhjnrs, rnspckshlan bn a hssurhkmn quhaot b uknehrqun bn losmuots, t an mceenkthorn suovhkt 7

Gn suos tcut ihot b hmmcrb. Bhks kctrn hmtovot, kcusshvcks mn qun ans maonkts vnuankt nt kcus hvcks okvnstopcur pcuvcor y rpckbrn. Kcs nkqutns ecktrnkt qun ansmaonkts bckknkt lnhumcup b oepcrthkmn ah bnktnaurnsur an lcrb bns losmuots. Oas vnuankt ukn bnktnaurn rju-aorn nt lonk bmcupn. Kcus vnkcks b okvnstor 9>4 444nurcs nk cutoaahjn pcur prcbuorn mn typn bn bnktnaurntcut nk aoeothkt ans bm`nts. Kcus sceens ans anhbnrs surmnttn strhtjon. Bhks ah bosmussock quo suovot, oa hpphrut qu oa y hvhot hu

ecoks trcos ihoaans bhks mnttn bmahrhtock. Rcut b hlcrb, anpcokt bn rirnkmn pcur nkvoshjnr mnttn strhtjon thot anmcksceehtnur kha. A nktrnprosn quhao hot ah jrhkbn bos-trolutock bnmckmurrnkt , bu ihot bn a nxostnkmn bn ehrqunsbn bostrolutnurs mcktrahkt >4 % bu ehrm` nt bn ahenkhmn mcksthktn bn kn paus trn rirnkm bhks ansehjhsoks. Een so an pcokt bn vun bu mcksceehtnurkha thot lonk vobneenkt oepcrthkt, ans maonkts vroth-lanenkt strhtjoquns thonkt ans bostrolutnurs. Cr,a nktrnprosn k hvhot phs bn strhtjon mahorn auo pnrentthktbn mckstruorn uk hvhkthjn mckmurrnktona anur kovnhu.

Bnuxoenenkt, a obnkto mhtock bns lnscoks

maonkts thot ickbn sur ukn nkqutn quo hvhot prtockk h procro mnrthokns mhrhmtrostoquns bns lophreo ansqunaans jurhot ah rjuahrot bn ah bnktnMnrthoks phrtomophkts a htnaonr strhtjoqun scuaqun mn k thot mnrthoknenkt phs phrmn qun ansckt mcm` ukn mhsn qu uk typn bu bphrtnenkt \&bmob bn enttrn bhks an qunstockkhorn qun a ck bnk bbuorn uk mrotrn bn boiirnkmohtock nt nkmcrokvnstor bn icrtns sceens pcur y rpckbrn.

Nk k, bnvhkt mns clgnmtocks, an rnspckshlan qkot phr hbenttrn qun ronk kn pcuvhot nepm`nr

mckmurrnkt b hmquror uk cutoaahjn obnktoqun auothkt b cltnkor bns bnktnaurns tcut husso phrihotns. hvhot a an ecokbrn hvhkthjn mckmurrnktona nt ank brcot b nk bcutnr mnauo-mo thot hosenkt oeot

XunstocksMnt nxnepan oaaustrn trcos nrrnurs mahssoquns bjons bn boiirnkmohtock 7h) Ah vhanur mrn nst eha vhaun mhr ck k obnkt

an maonkt pnrtoknkt (cu ah phrton prnkhktn mckl) Ans lk mns bn ah boiirnkmohtock sckt eha b kom) Ah boiirnkmohtock suppcsn nst ihmoan oeotNk jhrbhkt a nsprot mns trcos pcokts, rpckbnz huxtocks suovhktns 78. Nst-mn qun ah strhtjon bn scp`ostomhtock bn LE

snktn bhks a oaaustrhtock >.2 surecktn mns bihu


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=4< TH\RON < AN] M@COP ]R\HRJOX^N]

>>>> .... ==== .... ==== Ah strhtjon `ylrobn (trhgnmtcorn =)Ah strhtjon `ylrobn mcksostn prcpcsnr soeuathkenkt uk surmrct bn vhanur nt uknrbumtock bn prox phr rhppcrt hux ciirns mckmurrnktns. M nst phr nxnepan ah strhtsuovon phr ans mckstrumtnurs hutcecloans ghpckhos bhks ans hkkns 8?04 nt 8??4a oaaustrhtock >..9).Acrsqu oa nst kmnsshorn bn pktrnr sur uk ehrm` c bns mckmurrnkts sckt bgthlaos. Ck rntrcuvn omo a hpprcm`n strhtjoqun qun suovnkt ans nktrnprosns g

khosns acrsqu naans sn bvnacppnkt sur bn kcuvnhux ehrm`s, qunaqunicos um`naan jaclhan. Naans m`nrm`nkt an ehoaack iholan bhks an pcrtninuoaan b hbns mckmurrnkts phr nxnepan ukn bovosock eha jrn sur ukn zckn jcjrhp`o-qun phrtomuaorn puos naans pktrnkt sur mn ehrm` hvnm ukn ciirn supront so kmnsshorn ecoks m`rn0. Aclgnmtoi mcksostn prnkbrn bns phrts bn ehrm` mrnr ukn bovnrsock nt thlaor uk trnepaok phrtor buquna bn kcuvnhux bvacppnenkts sckt pcssolans. Mnpnkbhkt, hvhkt b nkvoshjnr mn typn bn strhtjonnst kmnsshorn bn s hssurnr qun (h) ah strumturn bn mcts jaclhan pnrent bnmcktnktnr bn iholans ehrjns nt (l) qu ukn bnuxoen p`hsn h mahornenkt t pr-vun, ukn icos qun ah pktrhtock sur an ehrm` nst russon.

Oa nst oepcrthkt bn scuaojknr qun bu ihot bn ah prnssock mckmurrnktonaan prcjrs tnm`kcacjoqun,tcutn strhtjon tnkb vcaunr bhks an snks bn ah strhtjon`ylrobn, m nst--born vnrs uk hmmrcossnenkt bn ah vhanur pcur ukn rbumtockprox. Ck pnut hosenkt mcksthtnr mnttn tnkbhkmn nk mcephrhkt phr nxnepan uhutcecloan cu uk vca trhkshtahktoqun bns hkkns 8?>4 hvnm anurs quovhanhmtunas 7 ah vhanur nst knttnenkt supronurn (jhoks bn quhaot, bn snrvomn, bnbot, bn hloaot, ntm.) pcur uk prox nk pcurmnkthjn bu pcuvcor b hm`ht ecynk quo h t hu ecoks rbuot bn ecoto. An mhs bn a okicrehtoqun nst nkmcrn paoeprnssockkhkt, puosqu nk vnrtu bn ahaco bn Eccrn, mcksthtn nk 8?9> phr Jcrbck

Ahstrhtjon`ylrobn mcksostn prcpcsnrsoeuathkenkt uksurmrct bn vhanurnt ukn rbumtockbn prox phrrhppcrt hux ciirnsmckmurrnktns


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M@HTOR\N > AN] ]R\HRJON] TH\ BCEHOKN B HMROYO=4=

Eccrn uk bns ickbhtnurs bn Oktna , ah votnssn nt ah puosshkmn bns crbokhtnursbculankt tcus ans box-ùot ecos prox mcksthkt. Mnttn vcautock, okvothlan bhksukn mckceon bn ehrm` scueosn ah mckmurrnkmn, oepaoqun qun tcutn strhtjonjkroqun kn pnut trn qun tnepcrhorn. Tuosqun ah vhanur bn a ciirn hujenktn prc-jrnssovnenkt hacrs qun sck prox boeokun, ans strhtjons bn scpòstomhtock bcovnktmcktokunaanenkt hgcutnr bns mhrhmtrostoquns kcuvnaans pcur kn phs trn rhttrhpnsphr ah mckmurrnkmn lhkhaosn, ans strhtjons b purhtock bcovnkt vnoaanr kn phsprcpcsnr uk prcbuot cu uk snrvomn trcp eokoehaostn phr rhppcrt ukn ciirn mck-murrnktn tcugcurs paus ahlcrn, hacrs qun ans strhtjons bn prox kn bcovnkt phsshmro nr a heaocrhtock bn ah vhanur. Nk ihot, mceen an ecktrn an mhs bn Irnn bhksa oaaustrhtock >.9, ah strhtjon `ylrobn mcksostn nssnktonaanenkt trn nk hvhkmn sura vcautock okaumthlan bn a ciirn bn rirnkmn nt phr a een nk xhkt bn kcu-vnhux sthkbhrbs bn prox nt bn vhanur prmopotnr sck hvhkmn. Ah strhtjon`ylrobn, mceen tcutns ans hutrns, bcot bckm trn nk pnrptunaan heaocrhtock, hurosqun bn sn vcor rngcoktn puos bphssn phr ah mckmurrnkmn.

>>>> .... ==== .... 2222 Ans strhtjons vcuns a m`nm (trhgnmtcorns 9, : nt 0)Ans strhtjons bns trhgnmtcorns 9, : nt 0 eknkt jkrhanenkt a m`nm. Ah trhgnm-tcorn 9 mcksostn hujenktnr an prox shks hmmrctrn ah vhanur pnrun phr ans maonkts. Oas hjot b ukn strhtjon qun bns crjhkoshtocks nk sotuhtock bn eckcpcan pnuvnkt trntnktns bn suovrn. Mnpnkbhkt, ecoks qun mns crjhkoshtocks kn sconkt prctjnsphr ah ajosahtock cu phr bns lhrrorns a nktrn okirhkmòsshlans, ah mckmurrnkmnkorh tcugcurs phr rcbnr anurs provoajns. Ah trhgnmtcorn : nst nkmcrn paus bshs-trnusn, puosqu naan oepaoqun ukn rbumtock bn ah vhanur bu prcbuot cu bu snrvomn,hmmcephjkn b ukn hujenkthtock bn prox. Een ukn crjhkoshtock ihrcum`nenktprctjn phr ah icrmn pulaoqun nt gcuosshkt b ukn sotuhtock bn eckcpcan sur uknciirn okbospnkshlan ah pcpuahtock (shkt, knrjon, ntm.) kn pnut burhlanenkt sul-

sostnr hvnm uk tna pcsotockknenkt, nk tcut mhs bhks ukn becmrhton.Ah trhgnmtcorn 0, quo mcrrnspckb ukn rbumtock bn vhanur pcur uk prox mceph-rhlan mnauo bn ah mckmurrnkmn, nst jhanenkt bhkjnrnusn, lonk qu naan puossn sne-lanr sbuoshktn pcur mnrthokns crjhkoshtocks. Ans mckmurrnkts rosqunkt nk niintb nk prc tnr pcur hmmrctrn sulsthktonaanenkt anur phrt bn ehrm`.

Ck pnut jhanenkt nstoenr qu oa nxostn ukn quhtroen trhgnmtcorn b m`nm, quomcksostn kn phs mahornenkt m`cosorukn strhtjon jkroqun. Lonk bns crjhkosh-tocks rnstnkt hoksomcokmns hu eoaonu bn pausonurs trhgnmtcorns pcssolans, ihutn bns okvnstor panoknenkt sur a ukn b nktrn naans. ]n rniusnr b kor sck pcsotockkn-enkt nst ukn nrrnur ehgnurn, mhr ah strhtjon mcksostn hvhkt tcut m`cosor mn quna ck kn inrh phs.

>>>> .... ==== .... >>>> Ans strhtjons bn icmhaoshtockA `cracjn strhtjoqun nst uk ecban quo prsnktn ans boiirnktns strhtjons jkro-quns nk ickmtock bn a mhrt qu oa nst pcssolan bn mrnr nktrn ah vhanur nt an prox. Lonknktnkbu, oa kn s hjot phs bn konr qun ah strumturn bn mcts b ukn crjhkoshtock nstmrumohan pcur sh prnkkot, ehos a ni monkmn nst omo mcksobrn mceen uk ecynkpnrentthkt bn bvnacppnr bns strhtjons jkroquns nt kck mceen ukn scurmnb hvhkthjn mckmurrnktona nk sco.


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Tcur huthkt, a `cracjn strhtjoqun kn rsuen phs a nksnelan bns strhtjons pcsso-lans. Nk niint, bhks tcutns ans trhgnmtcorns qun kcus hvcks tubons gusqu omo, a cbn a crjhkoshtock mcksostn lonk mckmurrnkmnr a ciirn bn rirnkmn nt httornr bn summs a nksnelan bn ah maonktan nk auo prcpcshkt ukn mcelokhosck bn vhbn prox quo mcrrnspckb eonux sns httnktns, vnktunaanenkt hu kovnhu eckboha. oa nxostn ukn cptock ecoks helotonusn ehos tcut husso nkvoshjnhlan, ahstrhtjon bnicmhaoshtock cu strhtjon bn kom`n quo mcksostn rniusnr ah mckirckthtock bornm

pcur sn aoeotnr uk snjenkt bn ehrm` trs spmo qun, sur anquna ck pnut nsprnrtrn prctj bns hsshuts bn ah mckmurrnkmn. Oa s hjot hacrs bn prcpcsnr ukn ciirn icrtnenkt boiirnkmon quo kn pnut httornr qu ukn irhkjn bn maonktan.

Ah icmhaoshtock pnut tcut b hlcrb mcksostnr nk uk prcackjnenkt nxtren bnstrhtjons bn scp`ostomhtock (trhgnmtcorn >) nt b purhtock (trhgnmtcorn 8). Ckhokso sn icmhaosnr sur ukn maonktan phrtomuaornenkt hosn, nk auo prcpcshktbn vhanur nt bn prox mcksobrhlan phr rhppcrt a ciirn bn rirnkmn, cu hu mcktrs hbrnssnr hux ecoks icrtuks, quo k ckt phs bns ecynks sui shkts pcur hmquror

Oaaustrhtock >.9

Ahstrhtjon ncmhaoshtock cu

strhtjon bnkom`n mcksostn prcpcsnr ukn ciirntrs icrtnenktboiirnkmon quo kn pnut httornr qu uknrhkjn bn maonktan

Irnn lcusmuan a Oktnrknt irhkhosMceloknr prox lhs nt mrhtock bn vhanur pnut trn uknstrhtjon jhjkhktn, mckbotock bn sn ecktrnr okkcvhkt.

An 8> bmnelrn


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M@HTOR\N > AN] ]R\HRJON] TH\ BCEHOKN B HMROYO=4>

ans prcbuots bn ah mckmurrnkmn. Bhks uk mhs ck hlcutot hux prcbuots nt hux snrvomnsbn auxn, mceen ans phahmns, ans vcas nk prneorn mahssn cu ans vtnenkts bn `hutnmcuturn, bckt an ehrm` eckboha nst aoeot qunaquns eoaaonrs bn provoajos.A hutrn nxtren mcrrnspckb bns ciirns eokoehaostns, rsnrvns hux maonkts ans pausbeukos, mceen an vok nk lroqun cu ans trhkspcrts oktnrkhtockhux nk hutcmhr.

Ah strhtjon bn icmhaoshtock pnut jhanenkt s hppuynr sur ukn boiirnkmohtockquhaothtovn, quo mcksostn sn spmohaosnr sur ukn maonktan bckt ans lnscoks sckt phr-

tomuaonrs. Ck pnut motnr phr nxnepan ans vtnenkts pcur ineens nkmnoktns, ans vco-turnttns shks pnreos cu nkmcrn ans vòmuans pcur hrcpcrts.Bhks tcus ans mhs, ah icmhaoshtock bcot rnspnmtnr qunaquns mckbotocks bn russotn 7An ehrm` bcot trn b ukn thoaan sui sheenkt rbuotn pcur kn phs httornr ansmckmurrnkts paus puosshkts. An vcauen bns vnktns kn bcot phs pnrenttrn uknjrcssn nktrnprosn bn mcuvror sns irhos bn strumturn. Bn ihot, a nktrnprosn quo m`co-sot ah icmhaoshtock nst claojn bn mcksnrvnr ukn thoaan ecbnstn, ehos mnah ah prc-tjn bn sns puosshkts mckmurrnkts.

Blut , Irnn thot bnvnku an kuerc bnuxirhkhos bn a hmms Oktnrknt, hvnm paus bn 8 eoaaock bnmaonkts nk HB]A nt 8: % bn phrt bn ehrm`, bnrrorna cprhtnur òstcroqun Irhkmn Rnanmce ehos acokbnvhkt ans hutrns mckmurrnkts. An mòiirn b hiihorns bnOaohb hvhot httnokt ans 2?8 eoaaocks b nurcs nk


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Ans hmtois pnrentthkt bn rpckbrn hux lnscoks bn ah molan rntnkun bcovnkt spmo quns 7 tnm`kcacjon prcprothorn, ehm`okns spmohans, rsnhu bn bosttock bbo, ntm. ]o ans mckmurrnkts quo s hbrnssnkt hu ehrm` jkrha pnuvnutoaosnr anurs rnsscurmns jkroquns pcur oktnrvnkor sur ah kom`n, mnaan-mphs prctjn.Oa nst nssnktona bn lonk obnkto nr quna snjenkt bn maonktan nst vos phr ahshtock, bn ensurnr sh thoaan, sck vcautock nt bn lonk mceprnkbrn sns lnscoksnst pcssolan bn s hbrnssnr soeuathkenkt pausonurs snjenkts, ehos mnah kmnsotn ah mckstrumtock bn pausonurs ciirns hbhptns, vcorn bn mhphmots strhtbbons.^kn kom`n gubomonusnenkt m`coson nst prctjn bns mckmurrnkts quo s hiircksur an ehrm` jkrha, ehos naan pnut trs lonk trn mckvcotn phr pausonurs nktrprosns bn pntotn thoaan cu phr bns bovosocks spmohaosns b crjhkoshtocks ptns. Oa nxostn hokso pausonurs bozhokns bn mckmurrnkts sur an ehrm` bns eemhkoquns bn auxn. Nk ihot, ck pnut rntrcuvnr hu kovnhu b ukn snuan kom`nboiirnktns trhgnmtcorns jurhkt sur a `cracjn strhtjoqun, mnrthoks mckmurrnm`nrm`hkt ukn boiirnkmohtock nkmcrn paus ahlcrn, hacrs qun b hutrns pnuvvosnr a purhtock (rnahtovn) cu ah strhtjon bn prox (ehos phs bn vcauen).Ah pauphrt bns kcuvnaans nktrnprosns blutnkt phr ukn strhtjon bn icmhaoshtquo anur pnrent, hvnm bns ecynks aoeots, bn kn phs sulor ans hsshuts bns mckmrnkts thlaos. Mnpnkbhkt, hu lcut bn qunaqun tneps, oa bnvonkt scuvnkt kmnsshb hlhkbckknr ah icmhaoshtock, quo k ciirn phs hssnz bn pnrspnmtovns bn mrcosAh trhksotock vnrs ukn hutrn strhtjon jkroqun, phr nxnepan ukn boiirnkmohtobcot hacrs trn enkn hvnm lnhumcup bn scok, mhr an lrusqun hmmrcossnenkmaonktan oepaoqun tcugcurs ukn rnmcepcsotock bn ah strumturn bn khkmnenka nktrnprosn, nt nk phrtomuaonr a hppna bn kcuvnhux hmtockkhorns.Ans hvhkthjns bn ah icmhaoshtock bcovnkt trn trs rjuaornenkt vro s, mhsotuhtock mckmurrnktonaan pnut m`hkjnr. Ans boiirnkmns nktrn snjenkts pnus rcbnr nt bn kcuvnhux mckmurrnkts pnuvnkt ihorn orruptock. a okvnrsn, aautock bns lnscoks pnut pcussnr ukn rnsnjenkthtock nt ah mrhtock bn kcuvnaans kom`ns.

>>>> .... 2222 Mcksnrvnr a hvhkthjn mckmurrnktonaMceen kcus a hvcks bg vcqu bhks ah snmtock >.=, ah prnkkot bn a hvhkthjmckmurrnktona nst ukn qunstock mrumohan. Nst-oa pcssolan bn mckstruorn uk mckmurrnktona quo puossn trn mcksnrv hu mcurs bu tneps 3 Tausonurs pcokts bnxostnkt. Bhks mnttn snmtock, kcus prsnktcks ans hrjuenkts nk ihvnur bn ah prnkot. Bhks ah snmtock >.>, kcus nkvoshjnrcks a okvnrsn 7 an ihot qun ans crjhkosckt mckircktns uk eckbn bn paus nk paus turluankt nt okmnrthok, bhks anqunaehoktonk bn a hvhkthjn mckmurrnktona nst oepcssolan.

^kn phrton bns hrjuenkts qun kcus haacks bvnacppnr mo-hprs s hppuon sur snmtock =.2.= bu m`hpotrn =, bhks ahqunaan kcus hvcks trhot bn ah rclustnssnmhphmots strhtjoquns. Kcus hvcks vu qun ans mhphmots strhtjoquns pnuvnkrclustns m nst--born boi moans oeotnr phr ans mckmurrnkts so naans sckt mxns, helojus nt nkmhstrns bhks ah muaturn. Mnttn mcksththtock nst rnkicacrsqu ck s oktrnssn ah prnkkot bns strhtjons jkroquns.


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M@HTOR\N > AN] ]R\HRJON] TH\ BCEHOKN B HMROYO=4:

>>>> .... 2222 .... 8888 Mcksnrvnr uk hvhkthjn bn proxKcus hvcks vu paus `hut qun a cltnktock nt an ehoktonk b uk hvhkthjn bn prox oepaoqun ah mckstrumtock b uk hvhkthjn bn mcts. Cr, uk tna hvhkthjn nst boi moan httnokbrn 7

^kn crjhkoshtock quo pcursuot ukn strhtjon bn prox bcot hmmnptnr bnsehrjnsukothorns rbuotns, quo pnuvnkt trn vnktunaanenkt mcepnksns phr ukn huj-enkthtock bn sck vcauen bn vnktns.Oa mckvonkt bn sn prphrnr so kmnsshorn enknr nt jhjknr ukn junrrn bnsprox ?, mn quo oepaoqun bn lk monr b ukn enoaanurn pcsotock bn mcts (vcor mo-hprs) cu bn rsnrvns khkmorns paus oepcrthktns, pnrentthkt bn suppcrtnrbns pnrtns mcurt tnren bhks an lut bn bmcurhjnr ans mckmurrnkts sur ah burn.Ck pnut rnehrqunr qu nk pnrentthkt hux maonkts bn mcephrnr lnhumcup paushosenkt ans ciirns, Oktnrknt h prcvcqu ukn rnmrubnsmnkmn bns junrrns bn prox.Ans hvhkthjns bn mcts pnuvnkt rsuatnr bnmhphmots crjhkoshtockknaans spmo -quns quo pnrenttnkt b heaocrnr a ni monkmn tcut hu ackj bn ah m`hkn bnvhanur84. Tcrtnr88 b kot an mckmurrnkt quo prhtoqun ah bceokhtock phr ans mctsmceen An prcbumtnur bckt ans mcts sckt ans paus iholans VU uk prcbumtnur lhs mcts bcot trcuvnr nt nxpacotnr tcutns ans scurmns b hvhkthjn bn mcts (vcor bhks an m`hpotrn = ah snmtock =.= nt an sm`eh =.=). Mnah pnut mcksostnr s hpprcvosockknr nk ehtorns prneorns uk prox okironur mnauo bns mckmur-rnkts, prcbuorn bn ehkorn paus rnkthlan qu nux, s oepahktnr bhks bns physc ans mcts bn ehok-b uvrn sckt paus iholans cu utoaosnr bns rsnhux bn bos-trolutock paus ni monkts. ^kn nktrnprosn quo hm`tn bn jrhkbns quhktots b ukmcepcshkt cu b ukn ehtorn prneorn nst hokso mhphlan b cltnkor bns throisokironurs, sck pcuvcor bn kjcmohtock auo pnrent bn s hssurnr qun ans bahos bnaovrhosck snrckt rnspnmts (mn quo a hutcrosn rbuorn sns stcmfs) nt sns hm`ntnurslk monkt b ukn hmmueuahtock b nxpronkmn paus rhpobn. A oepcrthkt pcurukn nktrnprosn quo scu`hotn nxpacotnr hu eonux ah mcurln b nxpronkmn mcksostnbckm mckmnktrnr sck hpprnktosshjn sur ans thpns bn ah m`hkn bn vhanur quo auopnrenttrckt bn rbuorn sns prox. Oa k nst phs pnrtoknkt bn m`nrm`nr rbuorn anmct bn ickmtocks quo k ckt phs b oephmt sur ans prox, tcut mceen oa nst okutoanbn sn mckmnktrnr sur bns jhoks bn mcts qun ans mckmurrnkts pcurrckt rhpobn-enkt oeotnr. Oa nst bckm n

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