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On Stravinsky, his Style, and Rotational Arrays Igor Stravinsky (1882–1971) had quite a long career as a composer. The works that really launched his career were the three ballets (Firebird, Petroushka, Rite of Spring) in the early part of the second decade of the 1900s, and he was still an active composer well into the 1960s. One of the things about Stravinsky that speaks to his greatness as a composer is the fact that he was able to compose interesting music over such a long time, changing his compositional style while always maintaining something essentially ‘Stravinskian.” Whether one listens to his early ballets, the neoclassical pieces, or the serial works he did in the 1950s and 1960s, it still sounds quite like Stravinsky and no one else. Our brief discussion on Stravinsky’s rotational arrays touched (only lightly) upon how Stravinsky was able to keep certain distinguishing characteristics of his style when he adopted serial procedures. First, a brief explanation of rotational arrays. An important part of Stravinsky’s precompositional process occurred after he had constructed his 12tone row. Following the construction of the row, Stravinsky would choose only a small handful of row forms, and divide those row forms into hexachords. He subjected the hexachords into rotational arrays. Straus’s discussion (p. 231) of rotational arrays is quite thorough, but his Figure 6–16 could perhaps be clearer. Straus is quite concise, however, when he says “The second line of the array takes that hexachord (Eb–D–Gb–E–F–Ab), rotates it to start on its second note (D–Gb–E–F–Ab–E), then transposes it a semitone to start on Eb.” That’s pretty much the way it works. I’d like to clarify the idea by breaking it down. There are really two steps in this process; the first involves rotating the hexachord so that each pitch class gets to be the first. See the example below, reading each row across from left to right. From one row to the next, each pitch class moves one space over to the left. The leftmost pitch class of one row goes to the end of the rotation at the next row and becomes the rightmost. Eb D Gb E F Ab D Gb E F Ab Eb (rotation 1) Gb E F Ab Eb D (rotation 2) E F Ab Eb D Gb (etc.) F Ab Eb D Gb E Ab Eb D Gb E F

Stravinsky and Rotational Arrays

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Page 1: Stravinsky and Rotational Arrays

On  Stravinsky,  his  Style,  and  Rotational  Arrays    Igor  Stravinsky  (1882–1971)  had  quite  a  long  career  as  a  composer.  The  works  that  really  launched  his  career  were  the  three  ballets  (Firebird,  Petroushka,  Rite  of  Spring)  in  the  early  part  of  the  second  decade  of  the  1900s,  and  he  was  still  an  active  composer  well  into  the  1960s.  One  of  the  things  about  Stravinsky  that  speaks  to  his  greatness  as  a  composer  is  the  fact  that  he  was  able  to  compose  interesting  music  over  such  a  long  time,  changing  his  compositional  style  while  always  maintaining  something  essentially  ‘Stravinskian.”  Whether  one  listens  to  his  early  ballets,  the  neo-­‐classical  pieces,  or  the  serial  works  he  did  in  the  1950s  and  1960s,  it  still  sounds  quite  like  Stravinsky  and  no  one  else.      Our  brief  discussion  on  Stravinsky’s  rotational  arrays  touched  (only  lightly)  upon  how  Stravinsky  was  able  to  keep  certain  distinguishing  characteristics  of  his  style  when  he  adopted  serial  procedures.  First,  a  brief  explanation  of  rotational  arrays.    An  important  part  of  Stravinsky’s  pre-­‐compositional  process  occurred  after  he  had  constructed  his  12-­‐tone  row.  Following  the  construction  of  the  row,  Stravinsky  would  choose  only  a  small  handful  of  row  forms,  and  divide  those  row  forms  into  hexachords.  He  subjected  the  hexachords  into  rotational  arrays.  Straus’s  discussion  (p.  231)  of  rotational  arrays  is  quite  thorough,  but  his  Figure  6–16  could  perhaps  be  clearer.  Straus  is  quite  concise,  however,  when  he  says  “The  second  line  of  the  array  takes  that  hexachord  (Eb–D–Gb–E–F–Ab),  rotates  it  to  start  on  its  second  note  (D–Gb–E–F–Ab–E),  then  transposes  it  a  semitone  to  start  on  Eb.”  That’s  pretty  much  the  way  it  works.        I’d  like  to  clarify  the  idea  by  breaking  it  down.  There  are  really  two  steps  in  this  process;  the  first  involves  rotating  the  hexachord  so  that  each  pitch  class  gets  to  be  the  first.  See  the  example  below,  reading  each  row  across  from  left  to  right.  From  one  row  to  the  next,  each  pitch  class  moves  one  space  over  to  the  left.  The  left-­‐most  pitch  class  of  one  row  goes  to  the  end  of  the  rotation  at  the  next  row  and  becomes  the  right-­‐most.    

Eb   D   Gb   E   F   Ab    

D   Gb   E   F   Ab   Eb   (rotation  1)      

Gb   E   F   Ab   Eb   D   (rotation  2)    

E   F   Ab   Eb   D   Gb   (etc.)    

F   Ab   Eb   D   Gb   E    

Ab   Eb   D   Gb   E   F      

Page 2: Stravinsky and Rotational Arrays

The  second  thing  that  Stravinsky  does  is  transpose  each  row  in  the  array  to  begin  on  the  initial  pitch  class  of  the  hexachord  (in  this  case,  it’s  Eb).  That’s  how  we  get  Straus’  Figure  6–16.  The  first  row  already  starts  on  Eb,  of  course,  so  no  transposition  is  necessary.  Since  the  first  rotation  begins  on  D,  it  must  be  transposed  up  a  semitone.  The  second  rotation  begins  on  Gb,  and  so  the  easier  thing  to  do  would  be  to  transpose  it  down  a  minor  third  (easier  than  transposing  up  a  major  6th,  anyway).  Here’s  the  complete  array,  after  all  the  rotations  have  been  transposed.    

Eb   D   Gb   E   F   Ab    

Eb   G   F   Gb   A   E    

Eb   Db   D   F   C   B    

Eb   E   G   D   Db   F    

Eb   Gb   Db   C   E   D    

Eb   Bb   A   Db   B   C    Notice  that  by  transposing  each  rotation  to  begin  on  the  pitch  class  that  initiates  the  original  hexachord,  Stravinsky  has  managed  to  integrate  Eb  centricity  into  his  pre-­‐compositional  procedure.  This  is  one  of  the  reasons  that  Stravinsky’s  later,  or  newer  music  still  sounds  like  old  Stravinsky:  it  still  has  that  centric  accessibility  that  listeners,  players,  and  conductors  find  so  compelling.      Now,  if  you  examine  Example  6–8  on  p.  233  of  your  text,  you’ll  see  how  Stravinsky  sets  one  of  his  arrays.  Below  the  excerpt  is  the  rotational  array,  with  the  columns  numbered.  Stravinsky  takes  the  first  column—the  one  with  the  centric  A#  and  places  it  in  a  low  register,  letting  it  sound  for  a  long  time.  This  gives  the  note  registral  and  durational  emphasis,  ensuring  a  centric  effect.  The  other  columns  sound  in  reverse  (6,  5,  4,  3,  2),  more  or  less  above  the  centric  A#.      First  of  all,  it  seems  strange  to  produce  the  rotational  array  so  carefully  by  adhering  to  the  intervallic  integrity  of  the  rows  (that  is,  the  horizontal  dimension)  only  to  go  ahead  and  parse  the  array  into  columns.  Further,  note  that  the  ordering  within  these  columns  is  not  preserved.  One  way  of  describing  Stravinsky’s  approach  here  is  to  say  that  he’s  taking  a  cut  and  paste,  or  ‘mosaic’  approach  to  composition.  It  is  interesting  that  other  scholars  have  used  the  term  ‘mosaic’  and  ‘block  style’  to  describe  Stravinsky’s  earlier  works.1    

                                                                                                               1  See,  for  example,  White,  Eric  Walter.  1966.  Stravinsky:  the  Composer  and  His  Works  University  of  California  Press  1966,  or  Siepmann,  Jeremy.  2003.  Classics  Explained:  The  

Page 3: Stravinsky and Rotational Arrays

In  addition  to  explaining  how  rotational  arrays  are  produced,  this  document  has  noted  how  two  characteristics  of  Stravinsky’s  style  are  preserved  in  his  serial  period.  The  first  is  the  built-­‐in  centricity  that  is  the  result  of  transposing  the  rotations  so  they  all  begin  on  the  same  pitch  class.  The  second  is  the  ‘mosaic’  or  ‘block  style’  of  composing.  He  certainly  seems  to  take  that  approach  with  his  grouping  and  selection  of  pre-­‐compositional  resources,  and  in  a  general  way,  it’s  characteristic  of  his  earlier  style,  too.      

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                         Rite  of  Spring,  Naxos,  compact  disc.,  or  even  Igor  Stravinsky:  The  Final  Chorale.  1990.  Ideale  Audience.