英英英英语语语语 STUDY, STUDIES，，，，RESEARCH的含义的含义的含义的含义 和用法与和用法与和用法与和用法与““““鲁鲁鲁鲁（（（（迅迅迅迅））））学学学学””””、、、、““““鲁迅研究鲁迅研究鲁迅研究鲁迅研究””””、、、、 ““““鲁迅研究中心鲁迅研究中心鲁迅研究中心鲁迅研究中心””””的英译的英译的英译的英译之浅见之浅见之浅见之浅见

张过大卫

第一次在《鲁迅研究月刊》2005年第一期见到英译名 Lu Xun Research Monthly时，笔者发现它与我熟悉的 Newtonian Studies (牛顿研究，或译作牛顿学) 用词不同。为了解作为“人物研究”的“研究”一词的英语惯用法，笔者带着这个问题在万维网作了搜索，同时查

询了 studies/study与 research的相关词义。笔者深知，举凡代表事物的名称，在任何语言中，约定俗成较之判定用词是否准确更为重要，因此笔者对此问题解决，重点放在调查“人物研

究” 在英语中常见词语，而不是 studies/study与 research的词义差异。 笔者认为，鲁迅研究作为一门学问已成为显学，称之为“鲁迅学”或“鲁学”是很恰当的，一如孔学。频频出现在国外英文研究鲁迅的论著中的 Lu Xun Studies既表明是人文科学的一门独立、专门的分支学科，与 Confucius Studies，Newtonian Studies一样，准确的中译是“鲁迅学”，若译作“鲁迅研究”则失之于宽泛而欠准确。进而言之，对鲁迅学的研究可

称之为“鲁迅学研究” ，类似于“物理学研究” 。笔者猜测《鲁迅研究月刊》的命名或许本应理解为“鲁迅学研究月刊” ，然而，鉴于实际情况，亦即此刊视野较宽，登载的文章不限于狭义的鲁迅学，不能说此刊名不妥。但是，其英文名还是以英语常用搭配 Lu Xun Studies为好，只要刊出的文章与鲁迅学相关。

（1） Denton, Kirk A. and Sieg, Jeremy. “Lu Xun Studies”；scholars of Lu Xun studies from all around the world

（2） In China, studies of Lu Xun have flourished into a special academic field which holds such a position that it can be paralleled to that of the Dream of the Red Mansion which is one of the four classical literature masterpieces in China

（3） Reference Materials Collections of Studies on Lu Xun （4） Lu Xun research. Monthly；China sets up first Lu Xun research center （5） Chen Jingan. Lu Xun yanjiu de lishi yu xianzhuang (The history and current state of

Lu Xun studies). Nanjing: Jiangsu jiaoyu, 1986. （6） Cheung C[hiu].Y[ee] . "The Nietzsche of Chinese Lu Xun Studies: A Zigzag Road

of the Reception of the 'Gentle' Nietzsche." （7） In order to broaden the public's knowledge of Lu Xun, one of the famous historic

figures of modern China, and acquire more information about contemporary scholars' much-discussed questions of Lu Xun Studies, the UM and Shanghai Lu Xun Museum jointly organized the Exhibition of Prints from Shanghai Lu Xun Museum's collection, where about 60 pieces of valuable prints were on display.

（8） During the festival, the city's 50-year-old Lu Xun Museum will hold a symposium and has invited scholars of Lu Xun studies鲁学家/鲁迅学学者 from all around the world.

（9） A history of Lu Xun's study in Japan （10） research of Lu Xun （11） articles on Lu Xun

（12） Studies on Lu Xun

（13） 人物研究 Newtonia n Studies in the new Millennium The studies into Newton’s unpublished papers mentioned above

Newton studies

双月刊 孔子研究 Confucius Studies The Conflict Studies Research Centre studies 论文 of Lu Xun 双月刊 孔子研究 Confucius Studies studies on Confucius and Mencius the studies of Confucius works the American Studies Research Portal入口/津梁 the Women's Studies Research Center, Brandeis University the Center for Shakespeare Studies the European Studies Research Institute at the University of Salford 孔学 易学 道学 儒学 新学 西学 汉学/中国学 钱学 金学 鲁学与红学 鲁学研究 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ studies Country ~ American Studies Asian Studies

Center For Strategic & International Studies

Center for Buddhist Studies, National Taiwan University

U of Pennsylvania, African Studies Center | African Studies WWW

Biblical Studies Foundation

National Council for the Social Studies | socialstudies.org

Center for Immigration Studies

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ DEFINITION FOUND FOR STUDIES 3. Any particular branch of learning that is studied; any object of attentive consideration. [1913 Webster]

• survey: a detailed critical inspection

• applying the mind to learning and understanding a subject (especially by reading); "mastering a second language requires a lot of work"; "no schools offer graduate study in interior design"

• report: a written document describing the findings of some individual or group; "this accords with the recent study by Hill and Dale"

• a state of deep mental absorption; "she is in a deep study"

• a room used for reading and writing and studying; "he knocked lightly on the closed door of the study"

• analyze: consider in detail and subject to an analysis in order to discover essential features or meaning; "analyze a sonnet by Shakespeare"; "analyze the evidence in a criminal trial"; "analyze your real motives"

• 学科/课程 discipline: a branch of knowledge; "in what discipline is his doctorate?"; "teachers should be well trained in their subject"; "anthropology is the study of human beings"

• be a student; follow a course of study; be enrolled at an institute of learning

• sketch: preliminary drawing for later elaboration; "he made several studies before starting to paint"

• give careful consideration to; "consider the possibility of moving"

• cogitation: attentive consideration and meditation; "after much cogitation he rejected the offer"

• learn: be a student of a certain subject; "She is reading for the bar exam"

• someone who memorizes quickly and easily (as the lines for a part in a play); "he is a quick study"

• learn by reading books; "He is studying geology in his room"; "I have an exam next week; I must hit the books now"

• a composition intended to develop one aspect of the performer's technique; "a study in spiccato bowing"

• think intently and at length, as for spiritual purposes; "He is meditating in his study" www.cogsci.princeton.edu/cgi-bin/webwn

• An endgame study, or just study, is a composed chess position that is, one that has been made up rather than one from an actual game presented as a sort of puzzle, in which the aim of the solver is to find a way for White, moving first, to win or draw, as stipulated, against any moves that Black plays. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Study_(chess)

• 书房 A study is a room in a house which is used for paperwork, computer work, or reading. People who operate a home business often do so from a study. A typical study contains a desk, chair, computer, book shelves or bookcase, and other furniture. A spare bedroom is often utilized as a study, however many modern homes have rooms specifically designated as studies. These are usually located in a convenient area on the main floor of the house and may be referred to as a den or library. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Study_(room)

• (Syn: masked study): A study in which observer(s) and/or subjects are kept ignorant of the group to which the subjects are assigned, as in an experimental study, or of the population from which the subjects come, as in a nonexperimental or observational study. Where both observer and subjects are kept ignorant, the study is termed a double-blind study. If the statistical analysis is also done in ignorance of the group to which subjects belong, the study is sometimes described as triple blind. The purpose of "blinding" is to eliminate sources of bias. (Diagnosis, Harm, Therapy) www.med.ualberta.ca/ebm/define.htm

• a study that does not generateprimary data but that involves the qualitative or quantitative consolidationof findings from multiple primary studies. Examples are literature review,meta-analysis, decision analysis, and consensus development. (Contrast withprimary study.) www.sbu.se/Filer/Content0/publikationer/1/literaturesearching_1993/glossary.html

• An EP study is a test that evaluates the electrical activity within your heart. This test is used to help your doctor find out the cause of your rhythm disturbance and the best treatment for you. During the test, your doctor may safely reproduce your abnormal heart rhythm, then give you medications to see which one controls it best. aolsvc.health.webmd.aol.com/content/pages/9/1675_57847

• An activity, program or project that is funded through the Transportation Pooled Fund Program. The duration of a study may be fixed or indefinite. www.pooledfund.org/help/glossary/

• geleza (Is) Hands held up in front of the speaker with palms facing towards the face as if holding a book. www.aaanet.org/sla/jla/brookes_dictionary/r_to_s.htm

• NYSTA's comprehensive study of transportation needs and mobility within the Thruway's Buffalo Corridor. This study is being undertaken in order to develop alternatives to address the future structural and other identified needs of the Corridor. www.thruway.state.ny.us/studies/buffalo/glossary.html

• An evaluation of the hearts conduction (electrical) system in a medically supervised setting. www.columbia-stmarys.org/body.cfm

• remained his term of choice for most of the remainder of the interview. However, at the point when he described a negative experience resulting in his withdrawal from the research, he became agitated and switched to the seemingly negative word procedure: 10 muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_speech/v075/75.2butters.html

• To apply one's mind to a subject in order to acquire knowledge and skill. www.geocities.com/clearbirds/study/glosstudy.htm

• A detailed drawing or painting made of one or more parts of a final composition, but not of the whole. 208.147.72.17/~christina/artterms.html

• Set audire, Latin, means 'to hear Set'. Studium is zeal. Concentration would be needed to hear faint electrical sounds, such as sparks, from the ark, hence the priest's call for silence. thigh The constellation of the Great Bear was named by the Egyptians 'The Thigh'. It was described as being in the northern heaven in the Great Lake. It was also named Mesekhti, and was described as having a bull's head. The Book of the Dead [Tr. Budge, Arkana p. 409] refers to the water flood which is over the thigh of the goddess Nut at the staircase of the www.quantavolution.org/vol_13/firenotblown_27.htm

• An investigation of the health and/or economic impact of one or more therapies in humans which may or may not involve a randomisation step. If a randomisation step is involved, the preferred term is trial. www7.health.gov.au/pbs/pharm/pubs/pharmpac/glossary/glosss.htm

• means any experiment at one or more test sites, in which a test substance is studied in a test system under laboratory conditions or in the environment to determine or help predict its effects, metabolism, environmental and chemical fate, persistence, or other characteristics in humans, other living organisms, or media. The term "study" does not include basic exploratory studies carried out to determine whether a test substance or a test method has any potential utility. www.setonresourcecenter.com/cfr/40CFR/P792_004.HTM

• Vocabularies used when studying especially some language www.zerodelta.net/dizionario/index.php

• a subset of Measurement System Analysis. Gauge repeatability is the response variation when a single operator utilizes a single Measurement System to measure the same characteristic of a single part multiple times. Gauge reproducibility is the response variation due to several operators using a single Measurement System to measure the same characteristic of a single part. www.gpsqtc.com/library/ghijkl.shtml

• A careful detailing of a subject image, used primarily as an instructive excercise for the artist. (See Sketch) www.darvillsrareprints.com/glossaryRS.htm

• observation of a chosen theme and attempt to reproduce this theme in a drawing or painting or through photography, etc. www.ceja.educagri.fr/en/agriculture/lexiq/lex.htm

• is a musical form also used to practise or demonstrate a subject or technique; see study (music). encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Juku

• REsearch is a United States magazine and book publisher, based in San Francisco, founded and edited by V.Vale in 1980. It was the successor to Vale's earlier punk rock fanzine Search & Destroy (1977–1979). en.wikipedia.org/wiki/REsearch

• Research is an active, diligent and systematic process of inquiry in order to discover, interpret or revise facts, events, behaviors, or theories, or to make practical applications with the help of such facts, laws or theories. The term "research" is also used to describe the collection of information about a particular subject. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research

• means a systematic investigation, including research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge. Activities which meet this definition constitute research for purposes of this policy, whether or not they are conducted or supported under a program which is considered research for other purposes. For example, some demonstration and service programs may include research activities. www.research.psu.edu/orp/HUM/train/definitions.html

• is systematic study directed toward more complete scientific knowledge or understanding of the subject studied. The federal government classifies research as either basic or applied according to the objective of the sponsoring agency. www.aaas.org/spp/rd/ca02app2.htm

• Systematic, intensive, patient study and investigation in some field of knowledge, usually employing the techniques of hypothesis and experiment, whose purpose is to reveal new facts, theories, or principles. Asterisk: Definition is quoted from ODLIS faculty.valencia.cc.fl.us/jdelisle/lis2004/glossary.htm

• A systematic investigation, including research development, testing, and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge. research.louisville.edu/UHSC/HIPAA/Glossary/glossary.htm

• Diligent and thorough inquiry and investigation into a topic. This includes using all appropriate print and electronic sources, asking the reference librarian for help, and making use of bibliographies given by other authors. lib.nmsu.edu/instruction/healthsci/vocab.html

• Fabrication, falsification or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research results (Steneck, Zinn, 2003). ori.dhhs.gov/education/products/n_illinois_u/data_management/datamanagement/dmglossary.html

• means investigation or experimentation aimed at the discovery of new theories or laws and the discovery and interpretation of facts or revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts. www.setonresourcecenter.com/49CFR/Docs/wcd00008/wcd008aa.asp

• Scientific study to find out facts, test models and develop theories about the natural world. www.reefed.edu.au/glossary/r.html

• the process of collecting information and data about a topic being studied education.jlab.org/beamsactivity/6thgrade/vocabulary/

• Research programs of study are postgraduate programs of study which involve a student independently researching a specific topic under the guidance of a supervisor and producing a thesis or report. Some research programs do involve a course-work component. www.handbook.unsw.edu.au/glossary.html

• Inquiry into a topic to discover or revise facts or add to knowledge about the topic. (Unit 2> Starting Your Search) www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/ollc_glossary.html

• When an activity involving a patient is undertaken with the prime purpose of testing a hypothesis and permitting conclusions to be drawn with the intention of contributing to medical knowledge, it becomes research. www.mrc.ac.za/ethics/definitions.htm

• Research is responsible for analysing the economic, political and technical factors influencing the markets, supporting both the salespeople and traders, as well as their own direct client relationships. www.barcap.com/campusrecruitment/glossary/

• ninemsn can conduct research on your behalf with tools such as random pop-up survey boxes. This allows clients to gather valuable information from targeted prospects. mediacentre.ninemsn.com.au/mediacentre/how_to_buy/glossary.aspx

• A systematic investigation designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge. Retrospective study Research conducted by reviewing records from the past or by obtaining information about past events elicited through interviews or surveys. www.virginia.edu/vprgs/irbsbsterminology.html

• Terminology on the Web www.surrey.ac.uk/lcts/terminology/

• all research activity organized to produce research outcomes. Currently, all scholarly activities at UVSC are classified as Academic Support/faculty development. www.uvsc.edu/budget/budgetterms.html

• of the historical advancement of geochemical knowledge and environmental regulations is summarized in Advancement of Environmental Geochemistry, a paper presented by Dr. Johnson at the 1997 ACS National Meeting. www.johnsonenviro.com/

• n. 1. Scholarly or scientific investigation or inquiry. [synonyms sv inquiry:] inquiry, inquest, inquisition, investigation, probe, research. The central meaning shared by these nouns is "a quest for knowledge, data, or truth." 2. Close, careful study. v. . . . --tr. To study (something) thoroughly so as to present in a detailed, accurate manner. muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_speech/v075/75.2butters.html

• (see Operation Code) www.eh.doe.gov/cairs/cairs/glossary.htm

• A systematic investigation, including research development, testing and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalized knowledge. Required by Law: A duty or responsibility that federal or state law specifies that a person or entity must perform or exercise. Required by law includes but is not limited to, court orders and court-ordered warrants; subpoenas or summons issued by a court, grand jury, a governmental or tribal inspector general, or an administrative body authorized to require the production of information; a civil or an authorized investigative demand; Medicare conditions of participation with respect to health care providers participating in the www.dhs.state.or.us/policy/admin/security/glossary.htm

• Physical assets to support research. This includes facilities such as libraries, laboratories, computing centres and equipment. Non-physical items such as salaries of research support staff are also classified as expenditure on Research Infrastructure. www.innovation.sa.gov.au/sti/a8_publish/modules/publish/content.asp

• (re-serch) Research means the systematic investigation into or analysis of a particular issue, matter or idea. learnline.cdu.edu.au/studyskills/gloss/qr.htm

• Use for person(s) involved in analytical and exhaustive investigation to determine and authenticate subject matter, objects, costumes, music, and events used in a production; also, in the case of compilation films or programs, those involved in investigating moving and still picture and sound archives to isolate appropriate segments of existing pictures and sound for inclusion into the compilation production. www.cinema.ucla.edu/CPM%20Voyager/relatorterms.html

• investigation and experimentation aimed at discovery, interpretations, and application of scientific data pharmacy.ucsf.edu/students/glossary/r/

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1 definition found for studies From The Collaborative International Dictionary of English v.0.48 : Study \Stud"y\, n.; pl. Studies. [OE. studie, L. studium, akin to studere to study; possibly akin to Gr. ? haste, zeal, ? to hasten; cf. OF. estudie, estude, F. ['e]tude. Cf. Etude, Student, Studio, Study, v. i.] 1. A setting of the mind or thoughts upon a subject; hence, application of mind to books, arts, or science, or to any subject, for the purpose of acquiring knowledge. [1913 Webster] Hammond . . . spent thirteen hours of the day in study. --Bp. Fell. [1913 Webster] Study gives strength to the mind; conversation, grace. --Sir W. Temple. [1913 Webster] 2. Mental occupation; absorbed or thoughtful attention; meditation; contemplation. [1913 Webster] Just men they seemed, and all their study bent To worship God aright, and know his works. --Milton. [1913 Webster] 3. Any particular branch of learning that is studied; any object of attentive consideration.

[1913 Webster] The Holy Scriptures, especially the New Testament, are her daily study. --Law. [1913 Webster] The proper study of mankind is man. --Pope. [1913 Webster] 4. A building or apartment devoted to study or to literary work. "His cheery little study." --Hawthorne. [1913 Webster] 5. (Fine Arts) A representation or rendering of any object or scene intended, not for exhibition as an original work of art, but for the information, instruction, or assistance of the maker; as, a study of heads or of hands for a figure picture. [1913 Webster] 6. (Mus.) A piece for special practice. See Etude. [1913 Webster] ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Reference Materials Collections of Studies on Lu Xun, Research Materials of Lu Xun in the field of Lu Xun studies Denton, Kirk A. and Sieg, Jeremy. “Lu Xun Studies.” MCLC Resource Center, Dept. East Asian Languages and Literature, Ohio State University. Internet. 10 Oct. 1998. Available: http://deall.ohio-state.edu/denton.2/lxbib.htm. In China, studies of Lu Xun have flourished into a special academic field which holds such a position that it can be paralleled to that of the Dream of the Red Mansion which is one of the four classical literature masterpieces in China. scholars of Lu Xun studies from all around the world. Research is defined to include systematic and rigorous investigation directed to the discovery of hitherto unknown facts; the construction of explanatory theory; and, the construction of original works of significant artistic merit; scholarship is defined as an activity directed to the construction of an analysis or interpretation of existing human products of human, scientific, literary and artistic activity aimed at increasing the accuracy and depth of human understanding. Both should

result in tangible output. This may include editorship or editorial board memberships, refereeing, contributions to conferences. Contributions to text books and scholarly articles on various aspects of teaching and learning are also relevant.

Since its founding in 1986, the Center for Shakespeare Studies has connected the realms of Shakespeare performance, teaching, and scholarship. Newton 2000: Newtonian Studies in the new Millennium Since its founding in 1986, the Center for Shakespeare Studies has connected the realms of Shakespeare performance, teaching, and scholarship. Newton 2000: Newtonian Studies in the new Millennium Lu Xun research. Monthly 迄今为止，有关“鲁学”的资料工具书蔚为壮观，如中科院鲁研所[？]编的《鲁迅研究学术论著资料汇编》含索引六大册；山东师院聊城分院编的《鲁迅史料丛刊》12 册；北京鲁迅博物馆鲁研所编的《鲁迅研究资料》，显示出鲁学作为一个学术门类的严谨、厚实。 China sets up first Lu Xun research center the New Confucius Studies: an interview with Professor Liu Qiliang. studies on Confucius and Mencius the studies of Confucius works 作为一门学科或学问，应作 Confucius Studies，studies on/of/in = research on the American Studies Research Portal入口/津梁 the Women's Studies Research Center, Brandeis University 比较 : 鲁迅研究中心 /Lu Xun Research Center,宜为 Lu Xun Studies Research Center,

Lu Xun Studies <-- Shakespeare Studies, Newton（ian） Studies相当于“鲁迅研究”/“鲁[迅]学” the European Studies Research Institute at the University of Salford The Conflict Studies Research Centre Document Actions The Centre is the The Centre is the only part of the Defence Academy whose primary task is research. Its remit covers Central, Southern and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, including the Caucasus and Central Asia. Its team of experts analyses:( http://www.da.mod.uk/CSRC) http://mclc.osu.edu/rc/lxbib.htm

LU XUN STUDIES Chen Jingan. Lu Xun yanjiu de lishi yu xianzhuang (The history and current state of Lu Xun studies). Nanjing: Jiangsu jiaoyu, 1986. Cheng Ma. Lu Xun liuxue Riben shi (A history of Lu Xun's study in Japan留日). Xian: Shanxi renmin, 1985. 外 Cheung C[hiu].Y[ee] . "The Nietzsche of Chinese Lu Xun Studies: A Zigzag Road of the Reception of the 'Gentle' Nietzsche." In Ricardo K. S. Mak and Danny S. L. Paau, eds., Sino-German Relations since 1800: Multidisciplinary Explorations. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2000, 167-85. Exhibition of Prints from Shanghai Lu Xun Museum in Library 澳门大学 In order to broaden the public's knowledge of Lu Xun, one of the famous historic figures of modern China, and acquire more information about contemporary scholars' much-discussed questions of Lu Xun Studies, the UM and Shanghai Lu Xun Museum jointly organized the Exhibition of Prints from Shanghai Lu Xun Museum's collection, where about 60 pieces of valuable prints were on display. ************* First Lu Xun Festival Planned The first Lu Xun Culture and Arts Festival will be held October 16-22 in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province. Meanwhile, the Shaoxing Cinema City, covering 24,000 square meters, will screen a week of films adapted from Lu's novels. During the festival, the city's 50-year-old Lu Xun Museum will hold a symposium and has invited scholars of Lu Xun studies鲁学家/鲁迅学学者 from all around the world. (Eastday.com July 31, 2003) ********* Leigh Denault History 101 (3)

October 20, 1998 Lu Xun: Waking up Stones “As long as there shall be stones, the seeds of fire will not die.” (p. 7, Seeds of Fire: Chinese Voices of Conscience. Lu Xun as quoted by Simon Leys in The Burning Forest) Lu Xun, China’s most eloquent voice amid the governmental chaos of the civil wars, was from childhood deeply aware of the difference between traditional and modern, East and West. Lu Xun was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang province in 1881 to a family he characterized as “middle class” (p. 289, “Willing in the Face of Necessity: Lu Xun, Brecht, and Sartre.” In the preface to Two Hearts, Lu Xun writes: “At times, when I used to speak about myself, about how I used to keep “knocking my head against the wall,” about how I acted like a snail, with the weight of the world’s suffering on my back … this was nothing but the flawed character of the middle class intellectual. At first, I simply hated the class I knew best …”) – actually country gentry well on the way to poverty. (p. 4, Voices from the Iron House) Spending his time between the Zhou family home and his dying father, the pawnbrokers and the medicine shop, Lu Xun received an early education in social hierarchy: “I believe those who sink from prosperity to poverty will probably come … to understand what the world is really like.” (p. 1, Selected Short Stories of Lu Hsun. From the preface of Call to Arms.) More than any other writer, he embodied and expressed the problem of the intellectual in nineteenth century China. In 1898, after years of classical education, Lu Xun decided to leave parochial Shaoxing for the Kiangan Naval Academy in Nanking – “perhaps because I was in search of a change of scene and faces. There was nothing for my mother to do but to raise the eight dollars for my traveling expenses.” (p. 9, Voices from the Iron House, pp. 1, 9, Selected Short Stories of Lu Hsun. Economic concerns may have dictated the shift more than ideological ones – Lu Xun transferred from an expensive examination preparatory course to a free university.) In Nanking he rediscovered the fiction and folktales that had most attracted him in his classical studies, and encountered Western-style science and the new ideas of intellectuals like Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao. (p. 95, The Gate of Heavenly Peace) When Lu Xun graduated from the Nanking School of Mines and Railroads in 1902, the Boxer Rebellion had weakened the traditional educational institutions, and the Russo-Japanese war (1904-1905) would soon finish off the examination system. (p. 14, The Lyrical Lu Xun) Lu Xun, the individualist from Shaoxing, became a pioneer – a new intellectual. Attracted by the sciences, and by the success of the Meiji Restoration, he left China to pursue a medical career in Japan. Lu Xun cut off his queue during his first year overseas, an action that symbolized the catalytic effect of his exposure to “modern” learning. Here, his love of Western science fiction and its modernizing role led him to a serious study of the social implications of literature in general. He enrolled in the Sendai Provincial Medical Academy in 1904, hoping to become a Western-style doctor, unlike the “unwitting or deliberate charlatans” who had treated his father so ineffectually for so many years. (p. 2, Selected Short Stories of Lu Hsun. In an irony worthy of Lu Xun, he and his father both died of tuberculosis.) In Japan, Lu Xun felt himself distanced from China and his identity as a Chinese intellectual. During the

Russo-Japanese War, a series of slides featuring the execution of a Chinese spy were shown at the end of a microbiology lecture. Surrounded by Japanese students jeering at the “apathetic” Chinese spectators, Lu Xun’s strong passion for China crystallized into a single vocational ambition: After this film I felt that medical science was not so important after all. The people of a weak and backward country, however strong and healthy they may be, can only serve to be made examples of, or to witness such futile spectacles … The most important thing, therefore, was to change their spirit, and since at that time I felt that literature was the best means to this end, I determined to promote a literary movement. (p. 3, Selected Short Stories of Lu Hsun) Filled with spirit and hope, Lu Xun left Japan and rushed into a new project, a literary magazine called “New Life.” The magazine fell through, and a growing sense of the impossibility of helping China began to overwhelm him: Only later did I feel the futility of it all … Later I felt if a man’s proposals met with approval, it should encourage him; if they met with opposition, it should make him fight back; but the real tragedy for him was to lift up his voice among the living and meet with no response. (p. 3, Selected Short Stories of Lu Xun) And so Lu Xun entered the discourse of the modern intellectual: the “iron house” as reality precluded hope, but life without hope was an empty impossibility. (p. 5, Selected Short Stories of Lu Xun: “Imagine an iron house without windows, absolutely indestructible, with many people fast asleep inside who will soon die of suffocation. But you know since they will die in their sleep, they will not feel the pain of death. Now if you cry aloud to waken a few of the lighter sleepers, making those unfortunate few suffer the agony of irrevocable death, do you think you are doing them a good turn?” The modern house is a metaphor for China, and the sleepers are the “Chinese people” Lu Xun hopes will someday rouse to strength and self-determination.) Lu Xun’s variegated education provides some insight into the breadth of the “new” Chinese intellectual. His family had a history of scholarship, and under the patient instruction of his grandfather he began a somewhat unorthodox tour of the classics at the age of six, reading novels like Journey to the West and Chinese folklore in addition to the traditional Confucian classics. (p. 4, Voices from the Iron House) Lu Xun read widely in both Chinese and in Western literature. In addition to his love of Western science-fiction writers like Jules Verne, he read Arthur Conan-Doyle’s Sherlock Holmes series, Rider Haggard, and Alexander Dumas. Thomas Huxley’s Evolution and Ethics had a profound impact on him as a young man: “Ah! The world once produced a man like Huxley, who sat in his study and thought such refreshing thoughts. Thus I read on breathlessly, ‘survival of the fittest,’ ‘natural selection,’ Socrates, Plato and the Stoics all appeared one by one.” (p. 95, The Gates of Heavenly Peace, and p. 11, Voices from the Iron House) Western philosophy, in part, shaped his perception of nineteenth century social trends. He saw writers like Nietzsche, Ibsen, Schopenhauer, Kierkegaard, and Stirner as examples of a radically new movement in culture and society. An activist during the May Fourth Movement, Lu Xun later

pulled away from politics to assume the role of caustic observer. He considered the interaction of his political and literary life problematic: I have always felt that literature and politics are often in mutual conflict … The purpose of politics is to maintain the status quo, and naturally it points in a direction different from literature, which is not satisfied with the status quo … Politics seeks to maintain the status quo in order to consolidate it, whereas literature prompts society to progress and gradually detaches it [from politics]. (p. 278, “Literature on the Eve of Revolution”) Lu Xun came to focus on literature as a tool for social change, reading Tolstoy, Gogol, and Gorky, among many others – he became a major force in the translation of Russian and Western literature into Chinese. During the latter half of Lu Xun’s life, Marxist theory – especially the works of Trotsky – had a profound impact on his personal philosophy. He vacillated between two relevationary world pictures: his understanding of literature as awakening, as in the metaphor of the iron house, and his concept of writing as “paper noise”: When writing meets with persecution, And protest at the world only annoys, Enough abuse will pulverize the bones, And leave behind a pointless, paper noise. (p. 69, Lu Xun Selected Poems) Much as he wanted to believe in the transformative power of literature, Lu Xun understood the fundamental problem of Chinese traditionalism as being almost insurmountable. Lu Xun himself expressed most clearly the process of his maturation as a writer: “my attempt to deaden my senses was not unsuccessful – I had lost the enthusiasm and fervor of my youth.” (p. 4, Selected Short Stories of Lu Hsun) Without the laudanum of cynicism, it would have been impossible for him to survive. His writing is indeed the “diary of a madman” – the modern intellectual’s commentary on the absurdity of his fellow men. Bibliography Barme, Geremie and Minford, John. Seeds of Fire: Chinese Voices of Conscience. New York: The Noonday Press, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1989.

外 Denton, Kirk A. and Sieg, Jeremy. “Lu Xun Studies.” MCLC Resource Center, Dept. East Asian Languages and Literature, Ohio State University. Internet. 10 Oct. 1998. Available: http://deall.ohio-state.edu/denton.2/lxbib.htm. Kowallis, Jon Eugene. The Lyrical Lu Xun: A Study of His Classical-Style Verse. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1996. Lee, Leo Ou-fan. “Literature on the Eve of Revolution: Reflections on Lu Xun’s Leftist Years, 1927-1936.” Modern China 2, 3 (1976): 277-236. Lee, Leo Ou-fan. Voices from the Iron House: A Study of Lu Xun. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987. Lu Hsun. Selected Stories of Lu Hsun. Trans. Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang. Boston: Cheng and Tsui Company. Lu Xun. Selected Poems. Trans. W. J. F. Jenner. Beijing: Foreign Languages Press, 1986. Pickowicz, Paul. “Lu Xun Through the Eyes of Qu Qubai.” Modern China 2, 3 (July 1976): 327-68. Schwarcz, Vera. “Writing in the Face of Necessity: Lu Xun, Brecht, and Sartre.” Modern China 7, 3 (July 1981): 289-316. Spence, Jonathan D. The Gate of Heavenly Peace: The Chinese and Their Revolution 1895-1980. New York: Penguin Books, 1982. *****

Life Lu Xun Remembered as A Global Literature Icon Despite his death 65 years ago, Lu Xun's literature and thought still receives great attention and his popularity appears unlikely to die out. "His works do not merely belong to one nation, but are of global value," Feng Tie, a scholar of Chinese nationality now at Germany 旅德中国学者 said at a recently held international academic symposium entitled The World of Lu Xun and the Lu Xun of the World. Lu Xun, born in Shaoxing County of east China's Zhejiang Province on September 25, 1881 and died on October 9, 1936, was China's greatest thinkers and man of letter in the 20th century. Lu wrote a number of literary classics including "The True Story of Ah Q", "A Madman's Diary", "Kong Yiji" and "Medicine" which exposed the ugly side of human nature and emancipated people 's minds. When he was still alive, his works stood out like a lighthouse providing a guiding light for perplexed Chinese youths who were passionate about China's future. After he passed away, Japanese found out from his works the strength to rejuvenate their country which was shattered during World War II. In the early 20th century, Lu Xun was named a Nobel nominee, but he refused to accept the glory. The country celebrated his 120th birthday this week. Over the past decades, ten thousands of experts and scholars across the world have engaged in the studies, from almost every possible angle such as culture, psychology, arts, linguistics, the outlook of love and the attitude toward life, on the kernel of Lu Xun's works and thoughts. In 1909, a brief article recording the literary works of Lu Xun and his brother, Zhou Jianren, written while they were in Japan, was published. Since then, the adoration of Lu Xun in literary circle of the world has never slackened. In China, studies of Lu Xun have flourished into a special academic field which holds such a position that it can be paralleled to that of the Dream of the Red Mansion which is one of the four classical literature masterpieces in China. In Japan, dozens of societies and research institutes study the literary history of modern times started with the study of Lu Xun. Many postgraduates working on either master degrees or doctorates in South Korea prefer to choose works of Lu Xun as their subjects for graduation dissertations.

"No other writers in China have been so involved in the development of Chinese history, literature and culture," said Agnes Smedley, a famous American journalist and author, in her book On Lu Xun. According to Kitaoka Masako, initiator of the Ya Sou, Japan's largest research institute on Chinese literature in modern times, most contemporary foreign scholars gained their first insight on China through the works of Lu Xun. "Without a thorough understanding of Lu Xun, it's impossible to know about China," said Masako. Lu Xun's influence has spread fast as his works have been translated into various foreign languages like English, Russian, German, and Korean and distributed throughout the world. To date, Lu Xun's works have been published in more than 30 countries in about 50 languages. Yoko Kishi, a law professor at the Waseda University in his senior years, said that he is still fascinated by Lu Xun's works and quotes his lines from time to time. Many experts believe that Lu Xun's thoughts are still valuable in the 21st century, an era that is filled with material and money but lacks real wisdom. "The works of Lu Xun and the spirit they carried have transcended every impediment on ideology and last far beyond his age," Maruyama Noboru, professor of Japanese Oumeirin University, said. 日"The study of Lu Xun that has drawn people together and broken through national boundaries," he said. ****** Lu Xun [both: lOO'shün'] Pronunciation Key Lu Xun or Lu Hsün , 1881–1936, Chinese writer, pen name of Chou Shu-jen. In 1902, he traveled to Japan on a government scholarship, eventually enrolling at Sendai Medical School. Troubled by what he saw as China's spiritual malaise, he soon abandoned medicine to pursue literature. He returned to China, where he published translations of Western works and held a post in the ministry of education. During the period 1918–26, he wrote 25 highly influential stories in vernacular Chinese. His works include “The Diary of a Madman” (1918), written in the voice of a man believing he is held captive by cannibals; “The True Story of Ah Q” (1921–22), the chronicle of a peasant who views personal failure as success even up to his execution, exposing the elitism of the 1911 republican revolution and a tendency to ignore grim realities; and “The New Year's Sacrifice” (1924), which portrays oppression of women. From 1926, Lu wrote satirical essays and served as head of the League of Leftwing Writers.

See translations by G. and H. Yang (4 vol., 1956–60) and W. A. Lyell (1990); studies论文 by T. A. Hsia (1968), W. A. Lyell (1976), V. I. Semanov (1980), and L. O. Lee (1987). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2005, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved.

Lu Xun b. 1881 d. 1936 Click on either image for a large size jpeg of the picture (each ~ 70 K) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- I much love literature and to find out about a literary giant that I'd never heard of was like finding lost gold. Lu Xun's writings aren't readily available in English, no major American or British publishing house distributes them, but I am lucky to live in the San Gabriel Valley of California and I found a good bookstore that had an English section. They had the True Story of Ah Q and other works by Lu Xun. I know that reading Lu Xun in English translation is like looking at a bit mapped black and white image of a great painting, but still I am able to tell that Lu Xun produced great literature. Lu Xun (or Lu Hsün) is called the father of modern Chinese literature. His first story "A Madman's Diary" is considered the first story written in Modern Chinese. The classic Chinese literature by Lao Zi (or Lao Tze) and Confucius for example were written in literary Chinese which is different than the language spoken by everyday folks. Any scholar worth his salt would have written in this literary style. Lu Xun chose to begin writing the way people talk. At the same time though, he was well educated and learned and, I am told, used the language very colorfully and had a large vocabulary. In no way can what he did be considered "a dumbing down". Lu Xun is a pen name. His real name was Zhou Shuren. Lu Xun wrote stories, poetry, essays, literary criticism and literary history. His stories were published in literary journals of the time and were then collected and published as books. He has three volumes of short stories. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Photo of Lu Xun and Drawing of Ah Q -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- His first set of stories was published as the book "Call to Arms" or Na Han. Na Han could also be translated "Cry Out". This collection included arguably his most famous story "The True Story of Ah Q". These were written between 1918 and 1922. In his preface to Call to Arms he told where the stories came from:

When I was young I, too, had many dreams. Most of them I later forgot, but I see nothing in this to regret. For although recalling the past may bring happiness, at times it cannot but bring loneliness, and what is the point of clinging in spirit to lonely bygone days? However, my trouble is that I cannot forget completely, and these stories stem from those things which I have been unable to forget. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- "Wandering" or Pang Huang was his second collection of stories. These stories were written in 1924 and 1925. The name of this second collection, Pang Huang, is puzzling to me in a way as it is translated as "Wandering" when literally pang huang seems to mean unsettled agitated. I think of wandering as meaning travelling around looking at things. But in Chinese, idiomatic expressions are found in different areas and in this case the unsettled and agitated must mean wandering about. I think maybe in English we might use the term rambling rather than wandering to imply the itchy feet agitated and unsettled feeling that leads to the rambling life. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- His third collection of short stories was called "Old Tales Retold" or Gu Shi Xin Bian and is what it sounds like. He retold old Chinese stories from his own perspective. This collection was published in 1935 and included stories that were written over a thirteen year period in the 1920's and thirties. In the introduction to the eight stories included in "Old Tales Retold" Lu Xun wrote: In some places the narrative is based on passages in old books, elsewhere I gave free rein to my imagination. And having less respect for the ancients than for my contemporaries, I have not always been able to avoid facetiousness. The free rein Lu Xun gave his imagination and his unavoidance of facetiousness made for some funny stuff. The story "Leaving the Pass" about Lao Zi and Confucius (Kong Zi) made me laugh aloud reading it. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Another major work by Lu Xun is Wild Grass or Ye Cao a collection of prose poems. These were written in 1924 and 1926, roughly the same time period the stories of Wandering were being written. Some might consider some of the poems in Wild Grass to be his most pessimistic or macabre. I'd say "yes and no" to this. He writes in the introduction: The fire under the Earth churns, quickly moving up; once the lava gushes forth, it will burn away all the wild grass, as well as the deep-rooted plants, then there will be nothing left to rot. Translated by Wang/Gallaher Wild Grass is a work of dreams, including nightmares. Dogs speak, insects buzz and the sky tries to hide itself from us, the onlookers. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Works by Lu Xun that are available in English are: Call To Arms (Short Story collection) Wandering (Short Story collection) Old Tales Retold (Short Story collection) The True Story of Ah Q. (Novella included in Call to Arms). Wild Grass (Collection of Prose Poems)

Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk (Collection of Essays about Lu Xun's Youth) A Brief History of Chinese Fiction (Large study of pre-modern Chinese literature) Selected Stories of Lu Xun (From Call to Arms, Wandering and Old Tales Retold) This book is now on the web in English!! Diary of a Madman and Other Stories (Translated by William Lyell) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Obtaining the Books I say these books are available in English, but good luck finding them in English language bookstores. And good luck finding them in Chinese bookstores in English. Like I said earlier, I don't think any major publishing house distributes them. Why a publisher like Penguin doesn't distribute Lu Xun is beyond me. So I will give you the reader information to maybe be able to get ahold of Lu Xun's works in English. The address I have for the publisher and distributor of the books mentioned above are: Publisher: Foreign Languages Press, Beijing, China Distributor: Guoji Shudian, PO Box 399, Beijing, China. An American publisher does publish "Selected Stories of Lu Hsün." This is probably your best bet for getting some of Lu Xun's stories. It is conveivable that you might even find this book in a bookstore. They also sell a video of the "New Year's Sacrifice" from Wandering, "The True story of Ah Q" as its own book and a 4 volume set called "The Selected Works of Lu Xun" for only $29.95. And they have a website--click on the link below to go there. The pertinent info for this company is: China Books and Periodicals 2929 Twenty-Fourth St. San Francisco, CA 94110 Tel: 415-282-2994 Fax: 415-282-0994 They have a great web site. They are great. Support them. I bought my copies at Sup Books in Monterey Park which is in a shopping center at the north-west corner of Garvey and Atlantic. The address is Sup Bookstore 111 N. Atlantic Blvd. Suite 228 Monterey Park, CA 91754 Tel: 818-293-3386 or 293-3387 Fax: 818-293-3385 (BTW I am not afiliated with any of these places. This is not an advertisement for any of them. I'm just trying to make it possible for people who might want to read Lu Xun to find the books).

Another book that is available was translated by Fang ZhiHua. It is entitled Chinese Short Stories of the Twentieth Century. It contains "The Diary of a Madman," "New Year's Sacrifice," "Kong Yi Ji" (all three by Lu Xun), "Spring Peach" by Xu Dishan, "The Class Teacher" by Liu Xinwu, "Li Shunda Builds a House" by Gao Xiaosheng, "Ah, Xiangxue!" by Tie Ning, and "Buddhist Initiation" by Wang Zengqi. You can get Chinese Short Stories of the Twentieth Century by calling Garland Publishing in CT (their warehouse) at 1-800-627-6273 and asking for "Chinese Short Stories of the Twentieth Century" under the name Zhihua Fang. The ISBN number is 0-8153-0532-X. Their mailing address is Garland Publishing, Inc., 1000A Sherman Avenue, Hamden, CT 06514. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- A Note on the translation and footnotes The translators of the books by Lu Xun mentioned here are Yang Xianyi and Gladys Yang. They seem to have done a good job. The book also contains numerous footnotes that are helpful to understand the references made in the stories, but also contain some of the silliest communist-tinged drivel you'll ever hear as well. I talked to a true scholar/translator in this field about the Yang and Yang translations. I asked about the integrity of their translation and recieved this answer: Regarding your question about the translations of Lu Xun's works, I would like to say that the older translations are fluent but not faithful, since those translators aimed to make the reading easy. There are many instances in their translations when wrong words are used, phrases omitted, and sections taken out. Still, the existing translations are acceptable. My collection contains three of Lu Xun's stories, i.e. "The Diary of a Mad Man," "New Year's Sacrifice," and "Kong Yi Ji." My translations are much more faithful, so much so that I think they may seem hard to read, but without being faithful it is almost impossible to convey the tone and style of his writing. Some people have read my translations and have really enjoyed the distinct styles and tones in the stories. This was from Fang ZhiHua. Thanks for the input. Fang has translated a number of Chinese stories including some of Lu Xun's. For info on Fang's book see the above section. Alternative Opinion I received mail from Feng Xu concerning this Lu Xun site. Included was a comment on the above paragraph by Fang ZhiHua. It read: The translators are Yang Xianyi and his wife Gladys Yang. In addition to Lu Xun, they have translated into English the Dreams of Red Mansions, the best of the best Chinese classic literary works, and many other Chinese classics such as Selected Plays of Guan HangQin, Shui Hu. Based on what I have read and remembered, their translations are not only faithful, but also fluent and elegant. By any measure their work should be considered as a landmark and the best representative of Chinese translation art. Their extraordinary talents are manifested in the English

translation of the Dreams of Red Mansions, which are filled with translators nightmares: puns, poems, proses...(You may have been aware of the rich associations, colorful symbolic language used in classic Chinese poetry, hence the difficulty of translation). My point here is that I don't agree with the 'true scholar' on that Yang's translation is only on the 'acceptable' level, as quoted in your homepage. And we should bear in mind that Lu Xun's works, like many Chinese literture masterpieces, have many different versions, which could give rise to some discrepancies in translated versions.... And I have received yet another opinion. This one from Lin Dai-yu. I feel it proper to point you in your studies of Lu Xun to the more classical antecedent of his work, the "Hong Lou Meng" of Cao Xueqin. Xueqin's work was the true origin of the vernacular style, and much, if not all of Lu Xun's work bears a direct debt to The Dream of the Red Chamber. I would strongly suggest obtaining the huge, but beautiful translation of David Hawkes and John Minford (Penguin: 5 vols.). It is most faithful, while not sacrificing the poetry of either language. As regards the Yang Xianyi / Gladys Yang duo, I would only say that I can second your opinion, and make it a bit more severe. Their translation of "The Dream of the Red Chamber" was particularly disappointing, and goes to show you how much more important it is to be a native speaker of the language that you are translating a work into. In fact, the translations coming out of Beijing are of such a uniformly low quality that I wished there were more translations of books I need outside of that agency -- the only thing impelling me to buy their books is the fact that I can't find them anywhere else. Alas! I thank these three people for commenting. Translation is a tricky thing, especially with a writer of the caliber of Lu Xun so its not unexpected to get differing ideas and opinions. If anyone else wants to comment please do so. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Lu Xun stories in simplified chinese You can get stories from Na Han and the complete YeCao from this ftp site. This site also has a number of Lu Xun works in simplified characters (.gb format). If you get these files you will see they are in .gb format. If you want to read the files you need to have a Chinese system with the proper programs or have some programs that can read the files without a Chinese system. You also may not like the simplified .gb files as well as the traditional characters (.bg5). Here is a link to a site where you can get readers and gb to big5 converters. Follow the directories to the

platform you use. The link is to the site maintained by the IFCSS. The ftp site is ftp.ifcss.org/pub/software. For the Mac you want Hanzi Converter to convert the .gb files to big5. Appropriately this is in the convert directory as HC-1.5.hqx in the mac section of the ftp site. To read you want a program called MacHanzi. MacHanzi reads simplified (.gb) and traditional (.bg5 or .b5) character files. MacHanzi is in this directory at the site. If you have the Chinese Language Kit you don't need any of these viewer programs (but you knew that all ready). For dos a program called dingdang is great for reading the files. But this program reads only simplified character (.gb) files. Ding Dang is in this directory at the IFCSS software site. It's called dddos13.zip. There is also a windows version at that site. For converters look in the convert directories for whatever platform you use. But the best way to read Lu Xun or other Chinese text on the web is to download Chinese viewing systems that work with browsers. Chinese Yahoo has a page that links to most of these programs here And this great site can show you how to make your own viewer for Chinese using Explorer or Netscape with fonts that are available. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This Lu Xun page is not yet finished. I plan to add some more, but when I cannot say for sure. Maybe sooner than later--at least I hope. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- This Lu Xun page is my newest addition to my web site. Please let me know what you think, if you like Lu Xun, if you heard of something new etc...I always appreciate feedback. gallaher@hsc.usc.edu -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- You are the visiter since Dec. 21, 1995. Thanks for coming -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Back to Gallaher Home Page.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Sept. 21, 1998

In the early 20th century, Lu Xun was named a Nobel nominee, but he refused to accept the glory. 中国文联出版社 ... Ever since its foundation in 1983, CFLACPC has published authoritative large series including Reference Materials Collections of Studies 论文 on Lu Xun, Research Materials of Lu Xun, Catalogue Abstract of Chinese Popular Fictions; ... www.cflacp.com/introduce/about.asp - 25k - 网页快照 - 类似网页

Mysteries of Lu Xun 1. Background Lun Xun, generally acknowledged as the greatest modern Chinese writer for his socially incisive short stories and essays, was a native of Shaoxin in Zejiang Province, famous for its rice wine and legal clerks (who prepare documents and "do deals" for government officials). His family was formerly prosperous, with a grandfather who was a retired court official, unfortunately involved in an examination bribery scandal and under a suspended death sentence that caused a severe depletion in the family fortune because of the need to give regular bribes to "defer" actual execution until he eventually got a pardon. When Lu Xun was still in his teens, his father died, still in his thirties, after a prolonged illness (which appears from Lu Xun's description to have started as stomach bleeding from a ruptured ulcer, but eventually resulting in kidney failure from the herbal medicines he was made to take, something that put Lu Xun off Chinese medicine for life). This further improvished his family. The contrast between people's treatment of his family before and after the misfortunes, developed in him a deep sense of cynicism, besides exposing the dark side of traditional Chinese culture to a person who would normally have enjoyed its benefits. Despite the downfall, he was able to use family contacts to get admitted to "western" schools in his region, and then to the medical faculty of Tohoku University in Japan. However, he abandoned his studies after two years to take lessons from the scholar-revolutionary Zhang Taiyan, whose speciality was ancient text analysis and authentication, and who was then in exile in Tokyo. He also attempted to publish a magazine of foreign short stories translated into Chinese to promote literature education. Also during this period, he entered into an arranged marriage, more to acquire a companion for his mother than for himself, while his younger brother married a Japanese wife whom he met after following Lu Xun to study in Tokyo.

Even though he never completed any formal degrees, his foreign exposure qualified him to be a science teacher in a government modern school back home, shortly before the fall of the Manchu Government and the establishment of the warlord republic, which created increased needs to replace imperial officials with western educated new persons. He was briefly Principal of his school as well as a director of a local newspaper, but found his situation precarious because of the chaotic condition of the new local government. Before serious crisis developed, however, he was invited to join the education ministry in the capital Nanjing, and then moved to Beijing with the central government when it relocated. Because of low pay and frequent budget problems, officials were permitted to moonlight, and Lu Xun both taught in Beijing universities and wrote articles for publications edited by literary friends. His mother moved to Beijing with his official wife to live with him, as did his brothers and their dependents, all in one house in the patriarchal tradition. But then developed the mysterious family crisis which will be addressed shortly. Two other crises, one involving a group of his young followers, and one at Xiamen University, will also be discussed. Many biographies of Lu Xun exist, but most of these come from people with an agenda. First are the family members, who were anxious to keep all skeletons in the closet and present Lu Xun as "good person". Second are the literary followers, who were anxious to present themselves as "good students". Third are the propagandists, who want to present Lu Xun as "one of us". Innocently or deliberately, they either ignore the mysteries or present a picture convenient for their particular purpose without bothering to look further into the situation behind the picture. Despite all this, for the disinterested and impartial truth finder, enough information can be extracted from the various sources to provide a reasonably complete picture of each crisis. In particular, Lu Xun's own writings provide quite reliable information: though at times he deliberately feigns ignorance or failure to understand (e.g., his saying "I did not look into Yu Si affairs and did not know who was editing it", to avoid mentioning that, as he knew all too well, the magazine was edited by his estranged brother, and his "it is ridiculous that I in Xiamen was being asked to solve a problem that occurred in Beijing by someone in Shanghai", to avoid admitting that he was siding with one group of his followers against another group over the magazine Mang Yuan), and there can also be genuine errors and misunderstandings, he was always careful not to write provable falsehoods. A whole picture would frequently emerge by piecing together various items from different sources. 2. Brotherly rupture The communal home co-habited by the extended family of Lu Xun was purchased using their share of cash from the sale of the ancestral home in Shaoxing that

used to house an even bigger extended family, and domestic expenses were also pooled. Being the largest earner, the childless Lu Xun was subsidizing the life style of his less well off brothers; this is what a traditional patriarch is supposed to do, and he did it with no apparent signs of resentment; he was known to be caring towards his nephews. To point out the significant context: in the traditional system, a child- less man would normally adopt a brother's son (or some other near male next generation relative) as heir, who (and whose parents) would enjoy his property, in return for keeping alight his "incense and candle" - it is believed that without a male heir to perform ritual ceremonies, a soul would not be able to rest. The result is somewhat like the Salic system with properties descending to heirs male. Thus, Lu Xun would in effect see his nephews as his own sons, as he had chosen not to consumate his own official marriage. He was therefore rudely shocked when a quarrel arose between himself and his sister in law, cumulating in his receiving a note from his brother "I just discovered what a fool I have been; our past is merely pitiable; there is no need for recrimination; just never come into my wing of the house again." It is clear from the note that he was accused of having designs on his sister in law. In fact, in view of the bitter attitude of the brother, it seems likely that he suspected more than just immoral designs, but that a past liaison had existed. Lu Xun's response was extremely feeble (in terms of actions - his feelings were certainly much harder and painful); he started taking his meals in his own room instead of joining the family table, and then moved out altogether. The brothers came to public blows a year later when Lu Xun went back to retrieve some of his books and material, probably because of the brother's idea that Lu Xun was spreading rumours about the sister in law's spending habits, and a nasty article on the various southern names for hooligans appeared not long after, presumably as a way to let off steam. On his side, Lu Xun complained in a book preface of being robbed of his material. He was also seriously sick after the event, and recovered only after several months. Significantly, his mother sided with him, as well as another brother (who was however to have his own marital problems, and his wife happened to be sister of his brother's wife, so that there may be other factors in his choice), in effect expressing doubts about the accusations, though some contact was maintained. A few years later Lu Xun moved to Xiamen, Canton and then Shanghai where he settled till his death, and no sibling reconciliation took place. Posterity has been harsh to the brother, who had the misfortune of being roped in to help the Japanese administration after Beijing fell during the War - he had a Japanese wife and was a Japanese speaker - and so was branded a traitor; his wife was said to be spoilt and extravagant (which is confirmed by the financial problems they would constantly have, all the way even into the Communist era when he eked out a living as a translator) and her accusation is assumed to be just vengeful spleen upon being reprimanded by Lu Xun over her

shortcomings, convincing only to her henpecked husband. Another suggested motive was the wish to take over the whole house, though a purely financial reason is hard to believe as she would lose the benefit of Lu Xun's subsidy. It is however difficult to account for Lu Xun's mild actions in response if the accusations had been entirely groundless. Even out of concern for family peace and reputation, welfare of the nephews, etc., one would not want to simply let a ranting, vengeful woman triumphantly riding roughshod over everyone else, since that could hardly be for anyone's long term good. Yet, it seems highly unlikely that there was a sexual relation, because, unlike many other artists and writers, Lu Xun does not appear to have been a highly sexual person. Stuck with a wife he did not choose, he avoided consumating the marriage altogether; he did not purchase himself a maid/ concubine, something that would be normal for a government official from a traditional grand family (even one with an active sexual relation with his wife) especially as he was childless. Several times female admirers came close to him, but his reponse to them had been always hesitating - a prospect of marriage with the sister of his friend Xu Qinwen lapsed, maybe because she and her family were reluctant to accept the status of a junior wife, but there was no story of him pushing hard for it, and his relation with the woman who eventually became his common law wife in Shanghai, Xu Guang Ping, was drawn out and very much on/off. Again it is useful to put things into the particular cultural context: For many Chinese and Japanese men of letters, sex would be the vulgar and low class ending to a romance, and Red Chamber represents the pinnacle of this mental romance ideology: females are made of water and clean; men are made of earth and stinky. The unattainable object of distant admiration is far better than just having someone to sleep with. If we view the quarrel in this light, then the behaviour of the various parties involved becomes much easier to understand. For the husband, the mere existence of a mental romance between his wife and brother would be a bitter blow, because to a literary man, this is as bad as, maybe even worse than, just sex. Further, he had been accustomed to enjoying the elder brother's protection and financial support on the assumption of sibling love; that the benefit came from other motives would come as a shattering awakening. While the bitterness looks incompreh- ensible from the outside, the people involved in it knew better, hence the tolerance and forebearance shown by Lu Xun. But is there any evidence of such a mental romance? Lu Xun was certainly protective and indulgent towards his sister in law, who was given charge of the household finances rather than his mother or official wife, and who made frequent demands on him including help for her family in Japan. Is there something more than mere patriarchal possessiveness towards the women of the tribe, in particular the mother of his future heir? Two curious pieces of literary evidence seem relevant here.

In 1924 Lu Xun wrote a comical poem about being disappointed in love, and a minor literary storm arose: Sun Fu Yuan, then editor of the Beijing Morning Press Literary Supplement, accepted it for publication, but was overruled by the chief editor. Sun resigned over this, and started the Yu Si (Threads of Speech) magazine which, supported by Lu Xun and other figures of the Beijing literary circle, became something of a classic of modern Chinese publishing. This was just a few months after he moved house, and it seems relevant to ask if there was a connection. In a 1930 article about the history of Threads of Speech, Lu Xun explained that he was making fun of then current romantic novels but a careful reading of the poem gives one the feeling of good humoured acceptance rather than hypobolic sarcasm, and the explanation does not quite ring true. Also in 1924, Lu Xun published a collection of articles Text from Ai Hall Bricks under the pseudonym Yan-zhi-ao, a name also used by a fictional avenger character in the story Forging the Swords of 1926, but nowhere else. Now Yan means banquet, Ao is to roam, while Zhi is just a connector so Yan-zhi-ao means Banquet Roamer, but the interesting thing about the Chinese character Yan is that it contains the two characters Ri (sun, or the Ja/Ni of Japan/Nippon) and Nu (female), under the partial character representing roof or home. In other words, Yan-zhi-ao could also be read as "exile from the house of the Japanese woman", an interpretation confirmed by his second wife Xu Guang Ping (who may have deduced it herself, without or without hints from Lu Xun.) Again, the indication is of humorous or at least resigned acceptance, this time not of a broken heart, but a broken home. So it seems that Lu Xun continued to show an indulgent attitude towards his sister in law - women are made of water and are not to be held responsible for their actions; but doesnt that take generosity too far, if she had been such an ungrateful and nasty character making completely groundless accusations against him? At the same time, it seems unlikely that they had an actual, physical affair, since it would less likely end with such good humour. A spiritual kind of romance would fit the bill much better. Two authors have suggested something a step further: Su Xue Lin, a Taiwanese authoress with deep hostility to Lu Xun as person, despite admiration for him as writer, wrote in 1971 "Lu Xun's sister in law was his old paramore in Japan" and Qian Jia Ju, writing in 1992 in Ming Bao Monthly, a Hong Kong magazine, said that he heard a story, coming to him second or third hand but supposedly originating from an old friend of Lu Xun, that "they lived together in Japan". While these are unsubstantiated gossip - for about a year, she was a maid in the lodging house he stayed in, so they were living "in the same house" rather than "living together" - we must add it to the rush of Lu Xun's family to get him married after hearing a rumour that he had taken a wife in Japan. Lu Xun's own explanation, that one day he was helping a Japanese woman to carry a baby, and ran into a friend just then, might describe an actual

event, though it is a bit curious that this occurred in spring 1906 when he ought to be in Sendai rather than in Kanda, Tokyo where the event was set. In any case, it is unlikely that this alone would have caused the friend to report back to his home of him having a family - there must have been other gossip on top of that to lead to such a drastic step. However, it is safer to discount an affair, since Lu Xun's stay in Tokyo, between quitting medical school in Sendai in order to return to Tokyo to engage in literary work, and getting married back home, is rather short. As he returned to Japan with his brother after his wedding in 1906 and they worked closely together during the three years till the 1909 marriage, it is also very unlikely for an affair to have occurred secretly between 1906 and 1909 when he returned to China. On the other hand, it is entirely possible that Lu Xun was the one who knew the girl first, as he tended to look after business matters on behalf of brother and friends, and they took to each other, but their relation did not develop beyond a spiritual one as he was already or soon would be married. Instead he fostered a relation between her and his brother to "keep her in the family", with disastrous consequences for the family. It is relevant to mention that, despite his extensive biographical writing, the brother never discussed the circumstances of meeting and marrying his bride, other than that they met in April 1908, just over a year before their marriage, briefly in a diary entry after her death on the same day of the year. He did write about falling in love with another Japanese girl, the young sister of his landlord, shortly after arriving in Tokyo. Disappointed there, he seemed to have fallen for his bride on the rebound, and married quickly before his family had time to object or do anything to prevent it. Did Lu Xun play a part in this quick romance (which seemed to have lasted though)? Most likely we shall never get to know the events in full. 3. Lu Xun's young followers As a well known author successfully exposing the dark side of the old social system and courageously introducing new, western ideas, Lu Xun attracted many young followers, including his common law wife Xu Guang Ping who pursued him with letters after taking lessons from him at Beijing Women's Normal College. The student disturbances at that College, partly caused by the political and diplomatic situation at the time, eventually resulting in violent suppression and bloodshed, have been much reported on and, though not uncontroversial, contain no mysteries for exploring. Here I will discuss the events related to Wei Min (Unnamed, or more accurately, Not Yet Named) Society in Beijing in the late 20s, and a quarrel with the left wing propaganda leaders in Shanghai in the 30s shortly before his death. Lu Xun often disclaimed any desire to lead movements, on the ground that he lacked the cool ruthlessness needed to send followers into deadly struggles. That may be so, and the bloody events he witnessed in Beijing and Canton certainly shook him up. But he had no hesitation in engaging in literary

controversies and keeping arguments up both in duration and intensity, and his high status as a socially relevant writer put him naturally at the head of literary groups. What he disclaimed was the leadership of mass movements, including even movements to push for particular mass literary trends. His relationship with young followers may be described as mutually beneficial or mutually exploitive, depending on one's level of cynicism. While still contributing to Threads of Speech, then edited by his estranged brother, he started another magazine Overgown Prairie (Mang Yuan) and a book series under Wei Min Society, with the young members contributing material and much of the editorial effort, mostly unpaid as the publications, like most similar ventures, were hardly profitable businesses. It is necessary to place this in the context of the traditional apprentice system: a master craftsman or businessman, rather like a feudal lord accepting homage, would "adopt" an apprendice in an official ceremony, with one side swearing obedience and the other side offering protection and future prospects. The apprentice lives in the master's house, initially not much more than an indentured servant, but receiving training in the craft or trade, so that with abilities and dedication, he could rise to be an important helper, ending perhaps running part of the business or even as heir to the master if there are no sons to take over. It was also not unusual for the master to set up the apprentice in his own business with financial and other assistance in competition to the master. Hence, the young members of Wei Min Society would see themselves as unofficial apprentices of Lu Xun in the craft of writing and publishing, who could provide them with guidance as well as publishing contacts, and saw the efforts they volunteered as part of the deal, even though there might be complaints on either side on unmet expectations. A typical case of complaint from Lu Xun's side: he was shown a set of short stories by Xu Qinwen, and selected the better ones as suitable to publish; when the book turned out to be very successful, the publisher encouraged Xu to produce another one, and he responded by publishing the stories rejected by Lu Xun as inferior. This upset Lu Xun as mercenary and he was less willing to spend time on Xu's manuscripts subsequently. Nevertheless, Wei Min Society ticked along from early 1925 to late 1926 peacefully enough, until Lu Xun left for Xiamen University and placed the editorial control in the hands of one young member Wei Su Yuan, who proceeded to reject (or to sit on) some manuscripts from members of a subgroup who were then starting a separate venture Kuang Biao (Whirlwind). Their friend Gao Chang Hong, who was editor of Kuang Biao, then made some ill tempered complaints to Lu Xun, who did not respond, after which a series of articles hostile to him appeared in Kuang Biao, basically saying that he had been corrupted by his literary authority and influence, was intolerant of different opinions, and obstructed new ideas. The generally accepted story was that Gao was in love with Xu Guang Ping

and his hostility arose from disappointment and jealousy. The main evidence was a poem published in Kuang Biao about Sun complaining that Night took away Moon, and his frequent visits to Lu Xun's home during the period when Xu also visited frequently. Both are inconclusive, since the former could mean many things, and the latter was when he was actively helping with Wei Min Society work. Xu herself had no idea of any romantic interest from Gao, who claimed to have never conversed with her and seen her only once, though they had some literary correspondence (exchanging nearly 10 letters over 2-3 months, which Gao stopped after seeing Xu in Lu Xun's home and noticing her closeness to Lu.) The first time Lu Xun discussed the idea was in a letter to Xu "I heard from some people that Gao's attack on me was because of a girl", going on to mention the poem and the many visits, and it appears that the possibility had not occurred to either of them until then. But even assuming that Gao was a disappointed secret admirer, there must have been other, more work-related complaints since a whole group of the young followers broke away from Lu Xun and showed varying levels of hostility that lingered for some years. It seems the main cause of grievance was Lu Xun selecting Wei Su Yuan as his "heir", rather than some other "apprentice" who was more talented and who had made more contributions to Mang Yuan productions. Wei's main literary work had been a translation of Gogol's short novel "The Jacket", and being consumptive, was unable to take a high level of sustained effort; the main reason he took control of the editorial work of Wei Min Society was that his health prevented him from attending college like others, and he was in effect the only full time worker. The analogy is perhaps the faceless bureaucrat infuriating better qualified professionals by telling them what to do. A number of incidents indicate that Lu Xun tended to be hypersensitive to implications of criticism from younger people. After the initial success of Threads of Speech, Sun Fu Yuan made a somewhat insensitive remark about the editorial managers of Beijing Morning Press "they didnt know they were stepping on dynamite", and Lu Xun later wrote "I thought 'dynamite' referred to me, and the remark bothered me for several days, but it did not stop me from continuing to help...". He publicly lost his temper at Lin Yu Tang (see next section) at a dinner when Lin made some careless remarks about Lu Xun's publisher giving authors very late royalty payments - the man had earlier that day just paid Lu Xun some money he owed, but blamed a rival publisher for stirring up trouble between him and Lu Xun, and Lin was insensitive enough to talk about that guy, giving the impression that this was being snidely referred to. It would seem to be a quite tricky task for inexperienced young people to offer different opinions to Lu Xun, and talking behind his back or talking ambiguously with him would probably only make things worse by its appearance of insincerity. While Lu Xun could openly and amicably disagree with his own peers whose sincerity was not in doubt, he reacted sharply to any kind of sneaky behaviour and snobbish attitudes, but unfortunately, keen but anxious

young people are all too likely to be just that way. Several of his Wei Min followers mentioned that, after Xu Guang Ping started visiting him regularly, some domestic rearrangement caused him to change from meeting them in his private room/study to the outside living room, and they jumped to the conclusion that she was staying there. While polygamy was common among the older generations, it was seen as a feudal practice unacceptable to the new generation. There could also have been some resentment that Lu Xun was devoting too much energy to the causes Xu was associated with. A great deal of gossip must have arisen, much to Lu Xun's annoyance. Hence, there were several causes of friction on both sides, made worse by the sexual angle mixing in. Whatever lessons Lu Xun learned from the Wei Min experience, 10 years later another quarrel arose between his nonimal followers in Shanghai, this time with politics playing a part. The city centre of Shanghai consisted of two concession areas ceded to Britain and France, and was under international rule. It provided a refuge for all kinds of people running away from the government of China, and was a base for the Communist Party's united front movement. There was a Left Wing Writers' Union of which Lu Xun was a member. One day he was warned by Zhou Yang, the Party propaganda chief, that a couple of young journalist-authors associated with him, Hu Feng and Huang Yuan, were government spies. When he ignored this, a follower of his who was a Party member wrote him a letter which warned (though in very deferential terms) him of coming under the sway of flatterers and conmen, which he proceeded to publish with an angry reply rejecting slanders of his friends and judgement. Before the quarrel blew up to anything big or long term, however, Lu Xun died. Given the Communist Party's policy of united front and the Party being anxious to claim him as "one of us", the incident was publicly forgotten, but nearly twenty years later, when Shanghai was under Communist Party rule like the rest of China, the "Hu Feng Faction" was given a public and sustained purge from the literary circles, though this was soon forgotten too because a much larger purge occurred shortly after with the Hundred Flowers movement. Communists like to quote Sinclair "All writing is propaganda". Perhaps they take it too literally; in so far as every writer's philosophy of life comes through, all writing, including the most nihilist, has an ideological base, but it does not follow "all writers are propagandists" who can be given marching orders as part of a movement. While leaders of Left Wing Writers' Union were sensible enough to defer to Lu Xun's statue, they could not quite accept members who hid in his shadow and claimed to be doing things "his way" instead of "our way". Neither Hu Feng nor Huang Yuan amounted to a great deal creatively or organizationally, but the mere fact that they were working with Lu Xun gave them a weight that was greater than the sum of its parts. To be able to to call oneself the heir of Lu Xun is a big deal, and perhaps he had not been quite as vigilent to what his followers were thinking of in their minds.

4. Xiamen University In 1921 a new university was started on the island of Xiamen off the coast of Fujian with financial backing from overseas Chinese businessmen, mainly based in Singapore. Because it offered generous salaries for prominent men of letters in Beijing, just at the time when warlord oppression of dissidents was increasing (Lu Xun was dismissed from his education ministry post following student disturbances in 1925, and was nearly arrested in 1926. Later the Beijing office of his book publisher and Wei Min Society were both forced to close.) In 1926, it recruited a number of stars from Beijing to its Humanities Faculty including Lin Yu Tang as Dean of Arts and Secretary General of Chinese Literature Research Institute, Shen Jian Shi as Head of the Institute, Sun Fu Yuan (the founder of Threads of Words, as Chief Editor) in addition to Lu Xun (who had no administrative responsibilities). Whereas most of China was then under warlord control, Fujian was an out of way, not particularly wealthy province, not so interesting to fight over, and the location of Xiamen detered any warlords from wanting to put their armies there, since they could not easily retreat elsewhere. It was therefore left to more or less to run itself. With many families having relatives in South East Asia through past migration, Xiamen enjoyed particular commercial and communication advantages. Things would seem to be promising, but they did not turn out to be. Within half a year or so, all the literary stars were to leave Xiamen, triggering off severe student disturbances that went on for months. Lu Xun left a number of descriptions of events at Xiamen in various writings which however do not support the generally believed story of "reactionary administration oppressing new ideas", though eventually the trouble did become one of student-administration confrontation of young versus old. The actual causes of the unhappiness of the Chinese writers, and Lu Xun's in particular, were more complex and various. A simple counting of his literary output would show that his few months in Xiamen were a highly productive period, and it was certainly invalid to argue that he felt unable to do work because of adverse conditions. Similarly, the view that the Xiamen University management wanted Confucian studies rather than modern literature is hard to sustain, since people like Lu Xun, Lin Yu Tang and Sun Fu Yuan were well known to be modern writers. Why hire them at high salaries if one was looking for Confucian scholars? Of course, how much discerning appreciation the management had for modern literature is a separate question. First Lu Xun made the complaint that the administration, dominated by the Science Faculty, was interfering in and obstructing the affairs of the Arts Faculty. This seems to be more of a locals versus outsider quarrel: most of the Chinese Literature faculty were mandarin speakers (though Lin Yu Tang was a Fujian native) who did not know the local dialect, and administation was logically in the hands of locals who could communicate with the non-academic

staff and outside community. With its high salaried stars, the Chinese Institute would be an expensive unit to run, and there was some anxiety on the part of the administrators to ensure value for money. There need to be nothing more sinister than that. While human envy and territorial ambition must play a part, this would be no surprise to an experienced person like Lu Xun and not unduly upsetting. Second, he made the complaint "the university hires professors at high salary, but expects us to show results single handed", citing as example an exhibition where he had to put up his own old stone-tablet text-rubbings for show. Now that is a common phenomenon at new universities, which do not understand that the output of staff at established universities is highly dependent on the infrastructure, not just facilities and bodies of staff, but modes of operations, ways of thinking, skills and trusting contact that can only come after years of practice. While this is irritating, and probably can be damaging to the careers of less established professors, it was actually a minor problem for Lu Xun, who could ignore expectations to put on good shows, while his own work depended more on his existing publishing contacts elsewhere. Third, he complained that he was treated as a celebrity, and people kept wasting his time. That too was a real problem, but again a small one that could be solved easily if he did not have to keep up appearance. There are ways to keep people and social functions at arms length. Fourth, and rather more serious, was his complaint that too many staff of the wrong kind were being brought in from Beijing. To explain this, it is necessary to remember the division in the Beijing literary community between those who emphasized creativity and social relevance, and those who emphasized scholarly research. The former often had no university degrees, and very few had been overseas. They cared little about modern research methodology. The latter group, typified and led by Columbia educated manuscript researcher Hu Shi, were not only more "respectable" academically, they also tended to have more official university positions, and better contact with government officials and business leaders. In short, they tended to be "pro establishmet" rather than "pro mass" figures. During student disturbances the two camps were liable to be on opposing sides and Lu Xun had carried on long literary feuds with some members of the other group. (Lu Xun's estranged brother shared features with both sides and tended to be caught in between.) Fifth, Lu Xun mentioned the incident of the chairs: he was given an apartment to live in, supposedly the best furnished on the campus, but one day an attendant came to remove his chairs, because the son of some VIP was coming to visit and needed more furniture in his apartment. This trivial incident upset Lu Xun very much because it reinforced his perception of the power reality: for all the fuss made of him and the deferrence shown, he was only a hired servant, whose priviliges, like the chairs, could be taken away as quickly as they were given at the whim of some person or event. What made things worse was the combination of the last two factors: When

his colleagues heard about the event, they were mocking rather than supportive "here he goes again playing the prima donna"; and worse: his relation with Xu Guang Ping was brought up in the gossip - "he is bad tempered because he misses his girlfriend". Xu had left Beijing with him, but went to her hometown Canton instead, because they agreed to have a period of separation to assess their future relation, presumably to think over the question of whether both parties were comfortable with what amounts to bigamy. With Lu Xun's already touchy nature, the delicate situation about Xu, and the not so ideal work situation, the malicious gossip (which presumably also dragged in his already married status and the sister in law troubles) by colleagues he considered too inferior to be there at all, would have really stung. He must have recalled the Chinese proverb "The tiger that comes down to the plain gets bullied by dogs." In fact, some subsequent articles he wrote about Gu Jie Gang, one of these colleagues with whom he previously quarrelled in Beijing, led to threats of lawsuit; part of the bad feeling arose from Lu Xun's impression that Gu was in league with what he saw as the anti Lu Xun, reactionary faction, which turned out to be incorrect because Gu himself left Xiamen not long after Lu Xun, and was making complaints about the administration similar to Lu Xun's in letters to Beijing. On top of the already precarious situation, the worsening financial postion of the Singapore backers and the need to reduce subsidy to Xiamen gave added stress. Given good will, such stringency can be survived and could even bring people together, but in this case, rapport between administration and the faculty, and between the arts and sciences sides, was lacking. Though the initial move to reduce funding of the Chinese Insititute was reversed by the president upon protest by Lu Xun, he saw the position as hopeless and left for Canton in January 1927. Soon after, Lin Yu Tang and several others of the Beijing staff followed suit because the student troubles that broke out with Lu Xun's departure made peaceful work almost impossible. In Lin's particular case, he was invited to join the new Nationalist Government established in Wu Han after the successful Northern March against warlords, and saw the prospect there to be more promising than trouble ridden Xiamen. Instead of a simple "new versus old" struggle, it is better to see the failure of Xiamen to maintain their impressive recruitment success as a case of biting off more than could be chewed. Xiamen was (still is) an out of way city isolated from the most exciting social and artistic developments of China, and its catching so many stars of Beijing was an accident of history. It did not have the knowledge and logistics to figure out what to do with them to keep them happy and productive. More subtle minded and well informed management might have succeeded; given what it had, failure would have been difficult to sidestep. &&&&&&& 北京大学中国语言文学系 ... of China in the 1990s diverged from the ideology of the state, as far as the

research of Lu Xun was concerned. Next, on the basis of the research of Lu Xun by Wang Hui, the collection of the collective research of Lu Xun and the ... chinese.pku.edu.cn/showart.asp?art_id=71&cat_id=14 - 21k - 网页快照 - 类似网页

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RTF] Reference number ____________ 文件格式: Rich Text Format - HTML 版 ... Support for Research in Lu Xun Library (H). Chiang Ching-kuo International Sinological Center (CCK-ISC). Charles University. Celetna 20, Prague 116 42. Czech Republic. e-mail: CCK-ISC@ff.cuni.cz. APPLICATION FORM ... cck-isc.ff.cuni.cz/prg/forms/HH.rtf - 类似网页

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Lu Xun :: Term Papers, Essays - Free Summary of Research Paper #29264 - [ 翻译此页 BETA ] An analysis of the life and works of Lu Xun, who is considered by many of his contemporaries to be the founder of modern Chinese literature. www.academon.com/lib/paper/29264.html - 8k - 网页快照 - 类似网页