Sub-Saharan Africa (cont’d)

Desertification Deforestation Population and Settlement Cultural Coherence and Diversity European Imprint Economic and Social Development

For Next Class: Read Chapter 7 (pp. 296-308)

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Desertification in the Sahel

• Sahel– Zone of

ecological transition

– Transhumance

• Desertification– Prolonged

drought– Overgrazing– Colonial influence

on agricultureSahel in Bloom

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Deforestation

• Issues – Increased run off– Soil erosion– Wildlife habitat– Hardship

• NGOs – Green Belt

Movement– Experiments with

bambooPlanting Bamboo

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Food Insecurity

• Global climate change

• Highly vulnerable regions

• Famine

Figure 6.14

Mapping food insecurity

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Population and Settlement

Figure 6.18

• Scattered rural populations

• Physiological density– # of people

per unit of arable land

• Agricultural density– # of farmers

per unit of arable land

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Demographic Indicators – Fertility

Figure 6.15

• High TFR• Declining family size

Large family in Senegal

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HIV/AIDS

Figure 6.16

• High rates of infection

• Social and economic implications

• Antiretroviral therapies

• AIDS prevention education

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Settlement Patterns – Rural

• Subsistence Agriculture– Swidden

• Plantation Agriculture

• Pastoralism– Tsetse Flies

Figure 6.19

Coffee in Ethiopia

Pastoralists with camels

Figure 6.20

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Settlement Patterns – Urban

• Pre-Colonial urban networks

• Rapidly growingFigure 6.21

Growing urban poor in Luanda, Angola

• Urban to rural migration

• Slums, crime, traffic

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Cultural Coherence and Diversity

• Sub-Saharan African identity– Slavery– Colonialism– Struggles for independence

and development

• Diverse political, religious, and language systems

CommonHistory

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Linguistic Diversity

Figure 6.25

Multilingual sign

Figure 6.27

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Religious DiversityFigure 6.28

Muslim Landscape

Figure 6.29

Christian Landscape >

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Globalization and African Culture

Figure 6.31

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Globalization and African Culture

Figure 6.32

Music Festival in Mali

Figure 6.33

Distance runners of Kenya and Ethiopia

800 m World Record

David Rudisha – Kenya http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=YKEOjWEzVGs

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European Imprint

Figure 6.35

Colonization in 1913

• Early European contact

• Berlin Conference– 1884,

likened to a game of Monopoly

• Pan-African Movement

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Conflict and Population Movements

Figure 6.39

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African Poverty Figure 6.42

Uncompetitive Industry

Figure 6.43

Lack of Infrastructure

• Colonialism• Structural Adjustment

Policies (SAPs)– Unsustainable Debt

• Food Policies• Corruption

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Links to the Global Economy

Figure 6.45

• Aid vs. Investment

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Social Development

Figure 6.48

African women in the workforce and politics

Ugandan school children

Figure 6.47

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African Poverty Figure 6.42

Uncompetitive Industry

Figure 6.43

Lack of Infrastructure

• Colonialism• Structural Adjustment

Policies (SAPs)– Unsustainable Debt

• Food Policies• Corruption

Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs)• SAPs have crippled Sub-Saharan African countries• Tied to neoliberal economic theory and

implemented by the IMF and World Bank• Four key elements:

Reschedule foreign debt payments Decrease state spending Increase exports Privatize economy

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Many have since advocated “Adjustment with a Human Face”• Gradualism in economic growth• Small-scale production• Shift in public spending to meet basic needs first• Target scarce state support to very poor• Community participation in covering costs

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