Supporting sentence Supporting sentence and Ending sentenceand Ending sentence

Unit SixUnit Six

Step One PresentationStep One Presentation 1. Note-writing1. Note-writing祝贺便条除了时间、称呼、结尾客套话和祝贺便条除了时间、称呼、结尾客套话和署名外还需有：署名外还需有：

11 ）对祝贺的反应）对祝贺的反应 22 ）祝贺行为）祝贺行为 33 ）对祝贺的评价和对对方的钦佩）对祝贺的评价和对对方的钦佩 44 ）美好祝愿）美好祝愿

SampleSample March,30thMarch,30th Dear Tom,Dear Tom, I am rather pleased to hear that you I am rather pleased to hear that you

have won the master degree. Please have won the master degree. Please accept my heartfelt congratulations. I accept my heartfelt congratulations. I know you really deserve it, for you have know you really deserve it, for you have been working so hard in your study. I am been working so hard in your study. I am always admiring your persistency and I always admiring your persistency and I hope you have a bright future. Sincerely hope you have a bright future. Sincerely congratulations again. congratulations again.

Yours,Yours, BearBear

Some useful expression:Some useful expression: 祝贺之事和自己的反应：祝贺之事和自己的反应： I‘m happy to learn that you’ve just I‘m happy to learn that you’ve just

passed your thesis defense. passed your thesis defense. I’m so pleased to hear that you’ve gI’m so pleased to hear that you’ve g

ot the admission by the Cambridge Uniot the admission by the Cambridge University to further your graduate study.versity to further your graduate study.

Some useful expression:Some useful expression: 祝贺行为祝贺行为 : : Congratulations on your success. Congratulations on your success. I’d like to express my warmest congratulI’d like to express my warmest congratul

ations on it. ations on it. Please accept my warmest congratulationPlease accept my warmest congratulation

s. s. Congratulations upon having received youCongratulations upon having received you

r master’s degree from Beijing University. r master’s degree from Beijing University.

Some useful expression:Some useful expression: 对成功的评价和对对方的钦佩对成功的评价和对对方的钦佩 :: You really deserve it because…You really deserve it because… This meant years of your hard work, aThis meant years of your hard work, a

nd it’s an achievement you can well nd it’s an achievement you can well be proud of. be proud of.

I have been appreciating your excelleI have been appreciating your excellent performance in study and ability in nt performance in study and ability in your work. your work.

Some useful expression:Some useful expression: 美好祝愿美好祝愿 :: You will have a brilliant future. You will have a brilliant future. I believe our school life will be more colI believe our school life will be more col

orful under your leadership. orful under your leadership. I believe that the knowledge you’ve aI believe that the knowledge you’ve a

cquired will enable you to be successfucquired will enable you to be successful in whatever aspect of life. l in whatever aspect of life.

Step One PresentationStep One Presentation

2.Some information about homework2.Some information about homework 问题解决型问题解决型 Structure Structure IntroductionIntroduction －－ problemproblemBodyBody －－ reasonsreasonsConclusionConclusion －－ solutionssolutions

Some important expression:Some important expression: Recently, the issue/problem/ question Recently, the issue/problem/ question

of youth crime has been brought into of youth crime has been brought into focus.focus.

/has been brought to public attention./has been brought to public attention. /has been posed among public /has been posed among public

attention.attention. According to a recent survey/report/According to a recent survey/report/ study,_________. There are mainly three study,_________. There are mainly three

causes of this problem-the negative causes of this problem-the negative effect of mass media, increasing effect of mass media, increasing pressure from society and high pressure from society and high divorce rates.divorce rates.

In the past few decades/In recent In the past few decades/In recent years, there has been a sharp years, there has been a sharp increase/a dramatic decline in___. increase/a dramatic decline in___. According to a recent survey/According to a recent survey/

report/study, report/study, ______. . The answer to The answer to the problem/issue involves a the problem/issue involves a couple of complicated couple of complicated reasons/factors, which will be reasons/factors, which will be illustrated as follows.illustrated as follows.

Thus, as far as I am concerned, it Thus, as far as I am concerned, it is of importance for people to find is of importance for people to find out its causes and ascertain some out its causes and ascertain some possible solutions to address it.possible solutions to address it.

One of the most important One of the most important reasons for the increase in reasons for the increase in juvenile delinquencyjuvenile delinquency lies in the lies in the negative influence of negative influence of commercialized mass media.commercialized mass media.………………

Another factor for the Another factor for the significant change in significant change in juvenile juvenile crimecrime is the increasing number is the increasing number of single-parent families.of single-parent families.

Finally, the increasing pressure Finally, the increasing pressure from both education and society from both education and society gives rise to the gives rise to the youth crime.youth crime.

Confronted with……, we should take a Confronted with……, we should take a series of effective measures to cope witseries of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, …… For ah the situation. For one thing, …… For another…… Finally……. nother…… Finally…….

Along with the awareness of the above Along with the awareness of the above mentioned reasons come the following mentioned reasons come the following measures which should be taken immemeasures which should be taken immediately.diately. The top priority is ……Another The top priority is ……Another approach is ….. Finally,…..approach is ….. Finally,…..

Only in this way can we……..Only in this way can we……..

NounsNouns ：： Solution, approach, measure, Solution, approach, measure, action, method, step, Meansaction, method, step, Means

Modified adj.:Modified adj.: effective, forceful, immed effective, forceful, immediate, practicaliate, practical

Verbs: Verbs: Solve, deal withSolve, deal with, , cope with, hancope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle, work outdle, resolve, address, tackle, work out

ReviewReview Topic Sentence:Topic Sentence: One Definition:One Definition: The focus of the paragraphThe focus of the paragraph Two Parts:Two Parts: Topic and assertionTopic and assertion Three Features of Topic Sentence:Three Features of Topic Sentence: CompleteComplete Not Too BroadNot Too Broad Not Two Narrow Tip: Never a Not Two Narrow Tip: Never a

questionquestion Four sentence structuresFour sentence structures

I. Supporting sentenceI. Supporting sentence1.Definition1.DefinitionSupporting sentences come after tSupporting sentences come after t

he topic sentence, making up the bhe topic sentence, making up the body of the paragraph. They give detody of the paragraph. They give details to develop and support the maiails to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph.n idea of the paragraph.

No one can avoid being influenced by advNo one can avoid being influenced by advertisements.ertisements. Much as we may pride ourse Much as we may pride ourselves on our good taste, we are no longer flves on our good taste, we are no longer free to choose the things we want, for advree to choose the things we want, for advertising exerts a subtle influence on us. In ertising exerts a subtle influence on us. In their efforts to persuade us to buy this or their efforts to persuade us to buy this or that product, advertisers have made a clothat product, advertisers have made a close study of human nature and have classifse study of human nature and have classified all our little weakness. ied all our little weakness.

该段落的第一句话就是主题句意思是广告影响该段落的第一句话就是主题句意思是广告影响每个人，第二和第三句都是扩展句对主题句进每个人，第二和第三句都是扩展句对主题句进行展开说明。行展开说明。

2. Requirements2. Requirements 好的扩展句能使段落结构更加清晰，更具说服力。好的扩展句能使段落结构更加清晰，更具说服力。

要写出好的扩展句，应该注意把握以下几点：要写出好的扩展句，应该注意把握以下几点： 11 ．清晰翔实，说服力强．清晰翔实，说服力强(( 避免写出与主题不相关的句子避免写出与主题不相关的句子 ))

扩展句是用来体现段落中心思想的，因此不可扩展句是用来体现段落中心思想的，因此不可含糊其辞、言之无物，而要清晰翔实；同时扩含糊其辞、言之无物，而要清晰翔实；同时扩展句是用来支持主题句的，所以要具有较强的展句是用来支持主题句的，所以要具有较强的说服力，能清楚有力地表达思想，不可只考虑说服力，能清楚有力地表达思想，不可只考虑篇幅、凑足字数草草了事。篇幅、凑足字数草草了事。

例如：例如：　　　　 There are several ways to improve our There are several ways to improve our English writing skills and keeping a diary in English writing skills and keeping a diary in English is surely one of them. Compared witEnglish is surely one of them. Compared with other forms of writing, it is shorter and tah other forms of writing, it is shorter and takes less time. My mother advised me to writkes less time. My mother advised me to write diary when I was very young. It can help us e diary when I was very young. It can help us cultivate the habit of thinking in English. If cultivate the habit of thinking in English. If we can keep this practice, we will gradually we can keep this practice, we will gradually learn how to express ourselves in English.learn how to express ourselves in English.

My mother advised me to write diary when I My mother advised me to write diary when I was very young.was very young.

22 ．层次分明，逻辑清楚．层次分明，逻辑清楚主题句和扩展句除了要保持意义的相关性以外，主题句和扩展句除了要保持意义的相关性以外，还要保持思想逻辑的连贯性。为了清楚地表达主还要保持思想逻辑的连贯性。为了清楚地表达主题思想，扩展句必须条理分明、脉络清楚。所以题思想，扩展句必须条理分明、脉络清楚。所以在写扩展句时，要注意连接转折词语的使用，扩在写扩展句时，要注意连接转折词语的使用，扩展句之间一般会有一定的逻辑关系，如因果、转展句之间一般会有一定的逻辑关系，如因果、转折、递进等，这就要求使用连接词使句子之间连折、递进等，这就要求使用连接词使句子之间连贯，逻辑清楚。无疑，逻辑清楚的文章便于阅卷贯，逻辑清楚。无疑，逻辑清楚的文章便于阅卷理解，也是阅卷者判分的重要标准之一。 理解，也是阅卷者判分的重要标准之一。

There are reasons why I like to fishThere are reasons why I like to fish ．． I eI enjoy the pull of a big fish at the othernjoy the pull of a big fish at the other end end of the lineof the line ．． My enjoyment increases if tMy enjoyment increases if the fish is in the deep waters of a lakehe fish is in the deep waters of a lake ．．The hope of catching a big one lures me The hope of catching a big one lures me to the lesser known pools and the cool wto the lesser known pools and the cool waters near some hidden rockaters near some hidden rock ．． I like the I like the quiet under the open sky away from the quiet under the open sky away from the weekend campers and vacationistsweekend campers and vacationists ． ．

There are three reasons why I like to fishThere are three reasons why I like to fish ．．FirstFirst ，， I enjoy the pull of a big fish at the oI enjoy the pull of a big fish at the other end of the linether end of the line ．． MoreoverMoreover ，， my enjomy enjoyment increases if the fish is in the deep wyment increases if the fish is in the deep waters of a lakeaters of a lake ．． SecondSecond ，， the hope of catthe hope of catching a big one lures me to the lesser knoching a big one lures me to the lesser known pools and the cool waters near some hiwn pools and the cool waters near some hidden rockdden rock ．． FinallyFinally ，， I like the quiet undeI like the quiet under the open sky away from the weekend car the open sky away from the weekend campers and vacationistsmpers and vacationists ．． Of the three reaOf the three reasonssons ，， I prefer the lastI prefer the last ． ．

33 ．句式多变，节奏明快．句式多变，节奏明快 为了使段落灵活多样，扩展句除了要有说为了使段落灵活多样，扩展句除了要有说服力，逻辑清楚以外，还要有多变的句服力，逻辑清楚以外，还要有多变的句式，否则段落语言会显得单调呆板，语言式，否则段落语言会显得单调呆板，语言水平低下。如长短句、简单句和复合句并水平低下。如长短句、简单句和复合句并用可以使段落具有节奏感。用可以使段落具有节奏感。读起来才有活读起来才有活力，令人回味力，令人回味。。

可以混合使用简单句、并列句、复合句和短语等 可以混合使用简单句、并列句、复合句和短语等 　　　　

There are also many quiet, private things that IThere are also many quiet, private things that Ienjoy doing. (enjoy doing. ( 主从复合句主从复合句 )I would spend a whole day )I would spend a whole day reading a book, and I sometime stay up late at night reading a book, and I sometime stay up late at night reading a good novel.(reading a good novel.( 并列句并列句 )When I am tired of )When I am tired of physical activities, I may find a good movies or a physical activities, I may find a good movies or a light TV program very entertaining.(light TV program very entertaining.( 主从复合句主从复合句 ) In ) In short, I like to do many different kinds of things, short, I like to do many different kinds of things, depending on the mood I am in and the kind of depending on the mood I am in and the kind of people I am in and the kind of people I ampeople I am in and the kind of people I amaround.(around.( 简单句，分词短语作状语简单句，分词短语作状语 ))

3.Writing skills3.Writing skills 3.1 Language3.1 Language A. A. 平行结构的运用平行结构的运用

句式优美、表达清晰、重点突出 句式优美、表达清晰、重点突出 主题句：主题句： Pc games are a kind of entertainment. Pc games are a kind of entertainment.

利用平行结构拓展为利用平行结构拓展为 : They bring pleasures to y: They bring pleasures to youngsters, train them to respond quickly, stimuloungsters, train them to respond quickly, stimulate their imagination in electronics. ate their imagination in electronics.

B.B. 句式灵活多变句式灵活多变 若文中的简单句出现得太多若文中的简单句出现得太多 ,, 就会显得单调、就会显得单调、

含混、不生动。要写出生动而鲜明的句子含混、不生动。要写出生动而鲜明的句子 ,,可通过乔姆斯基的转化生成语法中的嵌入方可通过乔姆斯基的转化生成语法中的嵌入方式来实现式来实现 .. 一个简单句一个简单句 ,,嵌入定语、状语、补嵌入定语、状语、补语后语后 ,, 变得生动有趣。变得生动有趣。

Eg: Books are worth reading. Eg: Books are worth reading. Books telling people how to adapt themsBooks telling people how to adapt thems

elves to the society are worth reading. elves to the society are worth reading.

C.C. 地道的英语习语地道的英语习语 Attach great importance toAttach great importance to Leave a deep impression onLeave a deep impression on D.D. 连接手段的补充连接手段的补充启承转合启承转合

根据在文章中的作用根据在文章中的作用 , , 过渡词大致可以分为以下过渡词大致可以分为以下四类　四类　

(1) (1) 表达“启”的常用词语表达“启”的常用词语 : : 用于引导主题句用于引导主题句 , , 或用于主题句的后面或用于主题句的后面 , , 引导第一个发展句。引导第一个发展句。

A proverb says...... At present.......A proverb says...... At present....... As the proverb says.... Currently.....As the proverb says.... Currently..... Generally speaking, .... Now,....Generally speaking, .... Now,.... In general, ..... On the Whole....In general, ..... On the Whole.... It is clear that.... Recently.....It is clear that.... Recently..... It is often said that.... It is often said that.... Without doubt, ....... Without doubt, .......

(2) (2) 表达“承”的过渡词语表达“承”的过渡词语 : : 用于承接主题句或第一用于承接主题句或第一个个 (( 或前一个或前一个 )) 发展句。发展句。

First (of all), ...... Moreover, .........First (of all), ...... Moreover, ......... Firstly, ............ No one can deny that....Firstly, ............ No one can deny that.... In the first place, ......... Obviously.....In the first place, ......... Obviously..... To begin with, ......... Of course, .........To begin with, ......... Of course, ......... Also, ....... Similarly,.........Also, ....... Similarly,......... At the same time...... Therefore, we should realize At the same time...... Therefore, we should realize

that.....that..... Certainly...... There is no doubt that.......Certainly...... There is no doubt that....... In addition,..... What's more, ..........In addition,..... What's more, .......... In fact........ It can be easily proved that...In fact........ It can be easily proved that... Meanwhile......Meanwhile......   

(3) (3) 表达“转”的过渡词语表达“转”的过渡词语 : : 用来表示不同或相反用来表示不同或相反的情况。的情况。

But... Still, ......But... Still, ...... But the problem is not so simple...But the problem is not so simple... There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we stiThere is a certain amount of truth in this, but we sti

ll have a problem with regard to.......ll have a problem with regard to....... However,However, ....... To our surprise,................. To our surprise,.......... Nevertheless, ........ Unfortunately.......Nevertheless, ........ Unfortunately....... On the other hand, .......On the other hand, ....... Yet difference will be found and that is why I feel tYet difference will be found and that is why I feel t

hat........hat........ Others may find this to be true, but I do not. I thinOthers may find this to be true, but I do not. I thin

k.....k.....

4) 4) 表达“合”的过渡词语表达“合”的过渡词语 : : 用于总结段落中上文的内容用于总结段落中上文的内容 , , 引导引导一个发展句或结论句一个发展句或结论句 , , 也可以用于文章的最后一段。也可以用于文章的最后一段。

Above all, In brief, ........Above all, In brief, ........ Accordingly, ..... In conclusion, ........All in all, .......Accordingly, ..... In conclusion, ........All in all, ....... In other words, it is hard to escape the conclusion tIn other words, it is hard to escape the conclusion t

hat........hat........ As a consequence, ......... In short, .........As a consequence, ......... In short, ......... As I have shown/said/stated/.... In sum, ........As I have shown/said/stated/.... In sum, ........ In summary, ....... As has been noted, ....In summary, ....... As has been noted, .... Obviously, ......... By so doing, .....Obviously, ......... By so doing, ..... On the whole, ..... Consequently, ........On the whole, ..... Consequently, ........ Presumably, ....... Eventually, .........Presumably, ....... Eventually, ......... To conclude, ...... Finally, ........To conclude, ...... Finally, ........ To sum up, ..... In a word, ......To summarize, ...... To sum up, ..... In a word, ......To summarize, ......

3.2 Content3.2 Content A.A. 化抽象的概述为细节的描述化抽象的概述为细节的描述

Music is everywhere.Music is everywhere. We can hear it in restaurants, airports, hoWe can hear it in restaurants, airports, ho

spitals, supermarkets and many other puspitals, supermarkets and many other public places. blic places.

B.B.从不同角度选材从不同角度选材Science and technology benefits human Science and technology benefits human being much.being much.

Science makes it possible for a nation to Science makes it possible for a nation to ensure food and clothing (Agriculture), ensure food and clothing (Agriculture), science can make people live longer science can make people live longer (Medicine), and it's science that makes it (Medicine), and it's science that makes it a small world (Communication).a small world (Communication).

3.3 Methods3.3 Methods 例证法例证法 对比法对比法 正反论证 正反论证

II.Ending sentenceII.Ending sentence Restate the topic of the Restate the topic of the

paragraph.paragraph. Keep it interesting.Keep it interesting. Make it a closing sentence so Make it a closing sentence so

your reader knows this is the your reader knows this is the end of the paragraph.end of the paragraph.

这里介绍几种常见的写小结句的方法这里介绍几种常见的写小结句的方法 ::11 、、小结句对全段落总结小结句对全段落总结 My mother has passed along to me certaiMy mother has passed along to me certai

n rules for getting along with others. Don rules for getting along with others. Don’t argue with parents; they will think yn’t argue with parents; they will think you don’t love them. Don’t argue with ou don’t love them. Don’t argue with children; they will think themselves victichildren; they will think themselves victimized. Don’t argue with spouses; they mized. Don’t argue with spouses; they will think you are a tiresome mate. Dowill think you are a tiresome mate. Don’t argue with strangers; they will think n’t argue with strangers; they will think you are not friendly.you are not friendly. My mother’s rules, iMy mother’s rules, in fact, can be summed up in two words: Dn fact, can be summed up in two words: Don’t argue.on’t argue.

22 、、小结句对主题句呼应小结句对主题句呼应 In the meanwhile, people around smokers,In the meanwhile, people around smokers,

especially chain-smokers are also threat especially chain-smokers are also threatened by the poisonous gases given off. Aened by the poisonous gases given off. And according to some researchers, the pond according to some researchers, the possibility of the negative smokers’ cancer issibility of the negative smokers’ cancer is even greater since they breathe in more s even greater since they breathe in more dangerous waster gases than those smokdangerous waster gases than those smokers. ers. Therefore, the smokers are also spoilTherefore, the smokers are also spoiling others’ health when they are smoking.ing others’ health when they are smoking.

33 、小结句用引语 、小结句用引语 There is no doubt that youth drug abuse is There is no doubt that youth drug abuse is

a serious social problem and has produced a la serious social problem and has produced a lot of negative effects on our society. The most ot of negative effects on our society. The most severe consequence is the rapid increase of jsevere consequence is the rapid increase of juvenile delinquencies committed by youths tauvenile delinquencies committed by youths taking drugs. With the high incidence of youth dking drugs. With the high incidence of youth drug cases, many once-happy families have berug cases, many once-happy families have been on the verge of collapse, which will inevitaen on the verge of collapse, which will inevitably disrupt social order and jeopardize social sbly disrupt social order and jeopardize social security and even national stability. ecurity and even national stability.

On the other hand, young drug addicts also On the other hand, young drug addicts also suffer a lot. They have various symptoms, suffer a lot. They have various symptoms, such as progressive thinning, damage to such as progressive thinning, damage to their vital organs, and general deterioration their vital organs, and general deterioration of heath.of heath. In short, as an old saying goes, In short, as an old saying goes, drugs turn humans to beasts.drugs turn humans to beasts.

常用的结尾句句型有：常用的结尾句句型有：　　　　 In short…; In conclusion…;In short…; In conclusion…;　　　　 To sum up…; Consequently…;To sum up…; Consequently…;　　　　 From the point of view, …; In a word…;From the point of view, …; In a word…;　　　　 Therefore…; Thus, … Therefore…; Thus, …

Ex. Write a paragraph according Ex. Write a paragraph according to a topic sentence.to a topic sentence.

Mobile phone can exert positive Mobile phone can exert positive and negative effects on students.and negative effects on students.

HomeworkHomework

The importance of cooperationThe importance of cooperation