ZERO CARBON DESIGN Sustainability of Buildings

ZERO CARBON DESIGN WING HO, P.E.AssociateBuilding Physics | Arup 2012-2-22

1. Zero Carbon Design How?

Carbon Neutral: A building is carbon neutral when the

energy for building is matched annually by an equal

amount of renewable energy generation

A comprehensive Carbon Neutral Building addresses the six issues:

What is Carbon Neutral BUILDING?

Water: With significant reduction and recycling

we can reduce the use of valuable potable water

Materials: Buildings can be designed to be

reused or recycled in whole or in part

Climate Change: Buildings last for a long time,

they must be able to adapt to future climate

changes

Sustainability of Building | 2012 Building Physics | Arup HK

Community: Buildings must have positive social,

economic and environmental effects

Operation: Provide better information to ensure

that buildings operate efficiently and better

environment for occupants

Demand reduction and controls Passive Design Efficient use of energy Renewable energy source Best Practices (Demand reduction)

Passive Design Strategies

(Demand control)

Energy Efficient Design

(Efficient use of energy)

On-site generation

(Renewable source)

Local

mandatory

implementation

of Energy codes

4 Steps Approach 4

Renewable energy source Best Practices (Demand reduction)

Baseline

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Off-set remaining energy through local renewables green tariffs, carbon credits or other emission reduction projects

kg CO2e/m2/yr

ASHRAE 90.1 Energy

efficiency std for buildings

Average commercial

building in Hong Kong

Sustainability of Building | 2012 Building Physics | Arup HK

0

20

40

60

80

Carbon

Neutral?

kg CO2e/m

Conventional

Onsite

Active systems

Passive Design

ASHRAE 90.1 Energy

efficiency std for buildings

Average commercial

building in Hong Kong

Energy efficient design

Best practices

Baseline

2. Zero CarbonConstructed NetNet | Zero Carbon |

Samsung Zero Energy House

- GREEN TOMORROW

East Asia Design and Technical Excellence Awards 2010

- GREEN TOMORROW

Arup: Total Building design - Sustainability Commissioning and LEED consultancy

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Zero Carbon Wish with advance technology for a future zero carbon living

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Project Introduction Client: Samsung C&T corporation

Project location: Yongin City, South Korea

Total site area: 2456 sqm, Total GFA: 721 sqm

Two main buildings GREEN TOMORROW and Public Relation Pavilion

Zero Energy Showroom - demonstrate the Zero Energy Showroom - demonstrate the achievement of net zero energy consumption

Date of completion: September 2009

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Project Timeline Project start date: November 2008

Completion date: September 2009

LEED NC Platinum awards received at Nov 2009

LEED Design

Stage Submission

LEED Construction

Stage Submission

LEED Platinum

AwardZero Energy

Design Concepts

Building in

occupation

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NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL

Scheme DesignDetailed Design

ConstructionTesting and commissiong

Move - in

AUG SEP OCT NOV

Major Achievements The FIRST project obtained the HIGHEST rating - LEED Platinum Awards in East Asia

The FIRST Net Zero Energy Consumption Building in Korea (Type I Carbon Neutral On-site energy autonomy)

BCI Green Design Award 2010 (Residential Category)

Other sustainability achievements Other sustainability achievements

Over 40% of GREEN TOMORROW annual energy consumption provided by PVs

Over 70% of potable water use can be saved annually and three quarter of daily potable water usage is recycled/ reclaimed

More than 50% of wastes produced from this project are recycled instead of being sent to the landfill

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Sustainability, Innovation

& Creativity

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Sustainability, Innovation & CreativityThe design of building envelope, mechanical and electrical system based on sustainability design framework of Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) system, which is assessed in five major aspects in project development including

Sustainable Sites Sustainable SitesWater Saving

Energy ConservationMaterials and Resources

Indoor Environment Quality

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Highlights of Innovative designs implemented in GT Energy Conservation (Passive, Active Strategies and Renewable)

Triple layer glass with PVC frames obtain extreme low U-value (1W/m2)

Good air-tightness with double sealed frame minimize infiltration load.

Daylighting and light pipe application to reduce lighting energy use

Ground source heat pump with cool tube approach.

Radiant heating and underfloor supply

Sustainable Site

Site Stormwater management

Green Roof to reduce heat island effect

Radiant heating and underfloor supply

Phase Change Materials (PCM) is applied to reduce internal heat gain

Water Saving

The application of MBR Membrane Bio Reactor, treated the greywater and blackwater from toilet for irrigation and floor cleaning.

Adoption of Waterless urinal and Low flow fixtures

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EQuest model

Annual energy consumptionU-value calculation THERM PV Panel RADIANCE

Utilization of Advanced Simulation Techniques

External shading - ECOTECT

Thermal dynamic study - IES

Daylight study RADIANCE

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Daylight study RADIANCE

Zero Energy in GREEN TOMORROW

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Zero Energy and Zero Carbon in GT

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Overall, the annual energy consumption is about 19000kWh and be offset by the renewable energy.

Technical Challenge Technical challenge

A challenge to identify and convince the team the most appropriated and highest value extracted strategies from many design options.

Establishing zero energy designs that being able to consume zero energy in GT

Achieving LEED platinum and collaboration with USGBC Achieving LEED platinum and collaboration with USGBC

Energy modelling plays an important role to verify high complexity design options and stimulating real-time energy profile for passive ventilating and day lit spaces operation

Explore new methods of energy stimulation on transit space energy modelling that could help our further work.

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Benefit and Influence to

Client and Community

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Benefit and Influence to Client and Community

Community

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To deliver and promote sustainable high quality built environment which enhances user satisfactions, health level and heighten working performance.

GREEN TOMORROW is the FIRST LEED Platinum Rating project in East Asia enhances the reputation from the project teams and project owners to the community.

Client

The local community and clients in Korea integrate the advanced sustainability and green designs concerns in future development.

Create a platform for the public and the industry to learn the importance of green building and encourage our future generation - student for visit

Public Engagement Project Website

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Project Website for details

www.greentomorrow.co.kr

Public Engagement - The Showroom

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Open at November 2009

Public Engagement Textbook

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2. Zero Carbonon progress BeyondBeyond | Zero Carbon |

Net energy output over operating energy

consumption to offset embodied carbon of

major structural materials & construction

Energy Positive

Emissions

during

construction

Emissions

embodied in

materials Emissions

during

operationOn-site Renewable

energy emissions

> ++

energy emissions

reduction

Adsorption chiller

Cross-ventilation

Underfloor air supply

Radiant cooling

Desiccant

dehumidification

Grey water recycling

Black water recycling

Light pipes

Wind Catcher

Earth Cooling

Occupancy SensorLow Embodied Energy Design

Low VOC materials

Low-flow fixtures

Waterless Urinals

Cross-ventilation

Low ventilation resistance layout Large north-facing glazing

Sloped daylight

reflecting ceiling

Daylight sensor

Active Skylights

High Volume Low

Combined Cooling

Heat and Power

High Specification

Enveope

Task lighting

Black water recycling

Building Integrated Photovoltaics

Crystalline

Photovoltaics

Cylindrical CIGS PV

Environmental Monitoring

Mechanically Assisted Windows

Extensive Solar ShadingRecycled Aggregate

Rain Water Recycling

Solar Thermal

High Efficiency Chillers

High Greenery Ratio

D-01

High Volume Low

Speed Fans

Biodiesel

LED Lighting

Climatic Monitoring

Hybrid Ventilation

Mechanically Assisted Windows

PFA ConcreteLow Flush Toilets

Low Energy Equipment

High Greenery Ratio

Green Wall Climbers

Native Species

Permeable Surfaces

Tio Stone

And many more

(90+ in total)

Reducing Emissions During Operation

Emissions

during

operation

Passive DesignFacade Heat Gain

Natural Ventilation

Daylight

Active SystemsBusiness As

Usual Design

38%

Reduction in

EmissionsActive SystemsHybrid Operation

Energy Efficient Systems

Energy Cascade

Usual Design Emissions

Passive Design Strategy Daylight Lighting DesignLighting DesignTask lighting

Large North Facing facade

Sloped Ceiling

Lightpipes

Active Skylights

70% reduction in lighting energy

100.00%Artificial Lighting

D-01

0.00%

50.00%

Jan

Ma

r

Ma

y

Jul

Se

p

No

v

Jan

Daylighting

1000Naturally Ventilated Air Conditioned

Passive Design Strategy Cooling Ultra Low

0

500

Reduced Facade Heat Gain

Solar gain (MWh) People gain (MWh)

Equipment gain (MWh) Lighting gain (MWh)

High Specification

D-01

High Specification

Thermal Envelope40% Reduction in Facade Heat

Gain

Natural VentilationCross Ventilated LayoutThe floor plan is laid out specifically to address the hot and humid conditions of The floor plan is laid out specifically to address the hot and humid conditions of

Hong Kong. The increased air-speed leads to a higher acceptable temperature

(Up to 30C is acceptable for V>0.6m/s).

~34% of the year naturally ventilated

D-01

Higher wind speed

(2.5m/s) for good semi-

outdoor comfort

Lower wind speed for

office spaces > 1.5m/s to

avoid paper flying off

AGround Floor

0%

50%

100%

Jan Mar May Jul Sep Nov

A/C

NV NV

High Volume Low Speed Fans

HVLS fansMoves a high volume of air at low speed providing a controllable,

quiet, uniform and comfortable air-speed throughout the floor platequiet, uniform and comfortable air-speed throughout the floor plate

~50% of the year can be potentially

naturally ventilated if correctly operated

20

25

30Location: Hong Kong, Atmosphere Pressure: 101.325kPa

Radiant and air-based cooling for high load seasons.

Radiant cooling never operates adjacent to nat vent

zones

Hybrid Ventilation Four modes of dealing with the humid climate

of Hong Kong

1. Natural Ventilation (Jan to Apr) Auto control with manual option

0

5

10

15

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Moisture Content (g/kg)

Dry Bulb Temperature (C)

Apr) Auto control with manual option

2. Natural Ventilation

aided by ceiling fans (Mar to June, Oct to Dec)

3. Underfloor Air-Supply auto control

4. Underfloor Air-Supply

with Radiant System Dry Bulb Temperature (C)

20

Parameters Summer

(May to Aug)

Spring, Autumn & late summer

(Mar to Apr, Sept to Oct)

Winter & late autumn

(Jan to Feb, Nov to Dec)

Reference standard

Average Indoor temperature (upper limit ) 27.4 C 26.6 C 25.7 C ISO 7730Average Indoor temperature (lower limit) 21C 18.5C 16 C ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55-

2004

Relative Humidity (lower/upper limit) 40%/75% CIBSE AM 10: 1997

Natural ventilation Ceiling Fans Underfloor

Cooling

Ceiling Radiant

Cooling

with Radiant System auto control

200000

250000Landscape energyCoolingFansHeat RejectionPumps

> 160 kWh/sqm

Energy Reduction Summary

100000

150000

kWhrs/yr

PumpsInterior Lighting

< 100 kWh/sqm

0

50000

Baseline Proposed

Renewable Strategy: PV Panels:

Crystalline BIPV 25 sqmMulti-crystalline 1015 sqm Cylindrical CIGS 10 sqm

Expected output after

taking shading into

account: 80 MWh/yr

Renewable Strategy: Integrated Systems:

25000

30000

35000

CHPHeat/Cooling Priority control

25000

35000

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

CHP

PV

Elec

kWh/m

th

CHP is off in winter months

PV output is low

Building is in Nat Vent mode

CHP is on in summer months

PV output is high

Building is in A/C mode

Heat/Cooling Priority control

principle for CCHP to minimize

wastage of heat

-35000

-25000

-15000

-5000

5000

15000

25000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

D-01

kWh/m

th

Building is in Nat Vent mode

Net Electricity

Building is in A/C mode

Hourly Energy Simulation via

Dynamic Thermal and Energy

Modeling

60%

80%

100%

Embodied Emissions A range of material selection and structural

schemes were studied to ensure the building

0%

20%

40%

60%

Steel RC

300400

kgCO2/m3

schemes were studied to ensure the building

incurs minimum emissions during construction

30% lower EE compared to

steel structure

High PFA content used

wherever possible

D-01

0100200300

kgCO2/m3

Life-Cycle Analysis

Life-CycleMaterial

production

Construction DeconstructionOperation 50 yrs

Emissions

during

construction

Emissions

embodied

in materials

Emission

s during

operation

On-site Renewable

energy emissions

reduction

7750 tonnes

155 tonnes/yr

over 50 yrs

6050 tonnes

121 tonnes/yr

over 50 yrs

150 tonnes1400 tonnes

Zero Carbon

Taipei Kuang-Yu Lo

Kuang-yu.lo@arup.com

Hong Kong Wing Ho, P.E. LEED AP

Wing.ho@arup.com

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