Sustainable Development of Megacities:Sustainable Development of Megacities:A Mega-Challenge for China and the WorldA Mega-Challenge for China and the World

Tuesday, May 8, 2012 – ICM, International Congress Center, Munich, Room 4Tuesday, May 8, 2012 – ICM, International Congress Center, Munich, Room 4

中国城市污染土地的可持续利用：中国城市污染土地的可持续利用：问题与对策问题与对策Sustainable use of urban Sustainable use of urban contaminated land in China: contaminated land in China: Problems and CountermeasuresProblems and Countermeasures

Prof. Fasheng LiProf. Fasheng Li

Chinese Research Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Academy of Environmental

SciencesSciences

Land: important natural resource

Population Total area Forestry-cover rate

Main type of land use

1.3 billion 9,600,000 km2 18.2%* Agricultural

activities*Worldwide average forestry-cover rate reaches 31%

Comparison with the adjacent countries like Russia, Japan, Korea and the worldwide level

RussiaRussia

JapanJapan

Euro

peEu

rope

CHINACHINA

Since 1980, the annual average economic growth in China: >9% (GDP)

Wastewater discharges

Solid waste discharges

Waste gases

emission

In the meantime, waste generations and discharges have increased rapidly.

The serious situation that Chinese Government has to be faced with is:• Pressure of population• Lack of sufficient land resources• Further land deterioration and serious soil

contamination

2000

Rapid extension of cities -- Beijing

1984

Contaminated sites due to abandoned

factories and relocation

Landfill sites

Non-sanitary landfills were very popular throughout the Non-sanitary landfills were very popular throughout the country before 1990s, which led to serious contamination country before 1990s, which led to serious contamination

of soil and goundwater by the leachates.of soil and goundwater by the leachates.

Industrial residual sites

UST ( Underground Storage Tank ) sites

Majority of world’s electronic wastes

India

Emerging environmental problems

Contaminated sitesdue to waste

disposal

PetroleumPetrochemicalsContaminated

sites

Manufacturing(factories)

Chemicalsspill

others

Estimated share of contaminated

sites in China(According to

preliminary estimation )

Management of contaminated sites Management of contaminated sites in Western Europe-Topic report, in Western Europe-Topic report, European Environment Agency European Environment Agency ( 1999 )( 1999 )

Germany:Contaminated sitesEstimated total-240,000Identified-202,880

?• Number of potentially

contaminated sites• Number of proven

contaminated sites

Up to now, no registers and inventories have been established in China

Risk assessment and remediation of contaminated sites have become governments’ priority strategies in developed countries;

Superfund in United States “Brownfield” Program in the

United Kingdom ……………..

International experiences

Soil contamination in urban area may lead to damage of human health through many pathways.

Contaminant

receptor

Exposure pathway

risk

Concept of Soil environmental risk

Cost-effective techiques is unavailable in China. Commercialization and industrialization for

remediation of contaminated sites is undeveloped in China.

Establishment of national inventory for urban contamiated sites

Identification of policy priorities in urban contamiated sites management and sustainable reuse

Conducting risk assessment of urban contaminated sites

Establishment of standard system for risk assessment and remediation of urban contaminated sites

Developing effective funding mechanism for site remediation and management

Promoting the commercialization and industrialization of remediation technologies

Effective international cooperationChal

leng

es &

So

luti

ons

Site survey and risk assessment of contaminated sites

HCB

β-HCH

DDT

Development of site remediation criteria using RBCA for Beijing, China (mg/kg)

As Be Cd Cr Cu Pb Hg Ni Zn Sn Sb CN F10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

_

指导值 荷兰 新泽西 马里兰 佛罗里达

居住用地无机物质指导值

无机污染物

6+ _

多氯联苯 α

六六六

β六六六

δ六六六

林丹

4,4'-DDT

4,4'-DDE

4,4'-DDD

狄氏剂

艾氏剂

异狄氏剂

乐果

敌百虫

(GRO)总石油烃

(DRO)总石油烃

--10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

指导值 新泽西 马里兰 佛罗里达

/PCB

居住用地（农药

等）指导值

二氯甲烷

苯 甲苯

乙苯

氯仿

氯苯

四氯化碳

1,1-二氯乙烷

1,2-二氯乙烷

1,1,1-三氯乙烷

1,1,2-三氯乙烷

1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷

三氯乙烯

四氯乙烯

苯乙烯

二甲苯

氯乙烯

氯甲烷

1,2-(

)二氯乙烯顺

1,2-(

)二氯乙烯反

1,1-二氯乙烯

1,2-二氯丙烷

1,1,2- 三氯乙烷

1,2,3-三氯丙烷

--

10-3

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

指导值 荷兰 新西兰 马里兰 佛罗里达

(VOC

s)居住用地

指导值

1,2-

二氯苯

1,3-二氯苯

1,4-二氯苯

1,2,4-三氯苯

六氯苯

苯胺

硝基苯

苯酚

2,4-二硝基甲苯

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯

邻苯二甲酸二辛酯

邻苯二甲酸正辛酯

萘 菲 蒽 荧蒽

芘 屈 芴[b]

苯并

荧蒽

[k]苯并

荧蒽

[a]苯并

芘[1

23-cd]

茚并

，，

芘(g,h,i)

苯并

芘a

苯并（

）蒽 a, h

二苯并（

）蒽

2-氯酚

2,4-二氯酚

2,4-二硝基酚

2-硝基酚

4-硝基酚

五氯酚

2,4,5-三氯酚

2,4,6-2,4,6-

三氯苯酚

4-对甲酚（

甲酚）

三溴甲烷

1,2-二溴乙烷

二溴氯甲烷

一溴二氯甲烷

10-2

10-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

指导值 荷兰 新泽西 马里兰 佛罗里达

SVOC

住宅用地（

）指导值

无机类污染物 农药与 POPs

VOCsSVOCs

inorganics Pesticides & POPs

VOCsSVOCs

Bioremediation of petrochemicals

contaminated sites

123

45

Practices in Remediation of contaminated sites in China

International workshops on risk assessment and remediation of International workshops on risk assessment and remediation of urban contaminated sites in recent years in Chinaurban contaminated sites in recent years in China

German Technical Cooperation， GTZ Training course on remediation and

risk management of urban contaminated sites in China

Closing Remarks Rapid economic growth has

caused serious problem of urban contaminated sites in China.

It is sure that the increasing economic power will give excellent solutions to this problem.

Thank you for your attention! lifs@craes.org.cn

自然和谐 厚积薄发自然和谐 厚积薄发