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Scientific Evaluation of AromaticScientific Evaluation of Aromatic--cumcum--MedicinalMedicinal

Grasses for the Welfare of Marginal PeopleGrasses for the Welfare of Marginal PeopleUplifting Rural Economy in theUplifting Rural Economy in the GangeticGangetic Plains ofPlains of

Eastern IndiaEastern India

EX-Associate Professor & Head, Department of Botany

Bejoy Narayan College, Itachuna, Hooghly, West Bengal

Secretary General, Indian Society for Promotion of

Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (ISMAP)

Regional Representative of International

Council of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants (ICMAP)

And Advisor and consultant of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants.

E-mail : [email protected]

BYBY

M. Sc. (Gold Medallist), Ph. D.

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INTRODUCTION

> In recent times, herbal plants are finding diverse uses as raw materials,not only for medicines but also as biopesticides and many other articles of

cosmetic and perfumery value like soaps, shampoos, talcum powder,

toothpaste and aroma compounds used in food flavours and fragrances of

natural colours in the world. Global demand for herbal products has steadilyincreased and there has been tremendous developmental activities within

the industrial sectors to develop various types of herbal products.

> The appropriate selection of a herb for specific purpose, its taxonomic

identification, cultivation practice and harvesting at appropriate time aresome of the steps necessary for ensuring a supply of quality raw materials

for production of high valued herbal products. Since, medicinal and

aromatic plants are new and uncommon to the growers, they are unaware of

the fact that these are to be maintained. As the demand for domestic andexport market has been increasing, the production of these crops on a large

scale by incorporating them into cropping system of the country has

become necessary to maintain sustainable production and supply.

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Medicinal and Aromatic plants are now on the decline due to deforestation, lack of

scientific cultivation, conservation etc. This is a problem that demands our

immediate attention for greater interest for the nation.It is urgent need to follow the following important recommendations made by

the third and fourth world congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

(WOCMAP) and the International council of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

(ICMAP) :

1. Should bring together information on identity, distribution and conservationstatus of MAPs.

2. Should gather information on how they are used including local traditional

knowledge.

3. Should gather information on the extent to which they are harvested in wild

population.4. Should gather information on their cultivation & propagation.

5. Should gather information on their agronomy and cultivation in protected

area.

6. Ethno veterinary medicine as well as the use of plants and plant products to

improve animal health, productivity and welfare requires more internationattention.

7. Economic sustainability of plant procurement through wild collection,

domestication and cultivation must be secured through transparent costing

and prizing that will provide ample opportunities for rural income

generation and community development.

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The State of West Bengal is gifted with an enormous wealth of diversity in

plant species. These can be a priceless resource with high potential for

economic and ecological gains especially in the rural areas if properly protectedand promoted. The area of the District of West Bengal (Hooghly) where the

present investigation has been carried out is inhabited by marginal poor

people and a large area of land, which is dry, upland and some what

unfertilized not suitable for traditional crop rice cultivation, is left out as

waste land.Considering the importance of the recommendations of the WOCMAP & ICMAP and

in order to preserve the natural resources of the MAPs of the area along with

their sustainable use and their commercial exploitation for the welfare of the

rural people, present author has attempted to carry out the following

investigations for survey & conservation: Survey of the natural resources of MAPs in the area.

Proper identification of the species growing locally and their uses by the

local people.

Observation to know the causes of depletion and loss of the plants.

Conservation strategies of MAPs. Agro-technology and economics of cultivation for scientific growing of a

few medicinal and aromatic plants in the area.

Promotion of MAPs in the area.

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An attempt has also been made to standardize all the factors

responsible for growth and development of some selected

commercially viable economically important aromatic

grasses and make them feasible for large scale cultivation at

the cultivators field after providing the know how ofcultivation. In a separate line of study, efforts have been

made to increase growth and developmental pattern of the

grasses including the biomass production by using optimum

fertilizers, photoperiodic stimulus and bio-regulators with

special reference to the synthesis of essential oil along with

quality. Finally, analysis of economics of cultivation of the

grasses has been made for their prospect of commercialexploitation in the gangetic plains of West Bengal.

Ultimately this will help the diversification of crop pattern

and uplift the rural economy.

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> Role of Environment , Growth & Developmental physiology> Role of Environment , Growth & Developmental physiology

for the synthesis of secondary metabolites:for the synthesis of secondary metabolites:The Chemical compounds responsible for aroma are the secondary

metabolites produced in plant parts. Although Genes are responsible for

the production of these compounds but the expression of Genes is

controlled by environmental factors and growth and development patternof a particular plant.

According to Meyer and Anderson, the environment is the foster parent

of every plant and plays an indispensable role in its development as do

hereditary factors which are the Biological Parents.Genetic Constituent +

Environment

Internal Processes and

condition regulated by

hormones & enzymes

Organic

Development

(Growth, Photo

synthetic activity,

Translocation and

accumulation of

necessary raw

materials)

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MATERIALS :MATERIALS :1) Cymbopogon flexuosus Steud. Wats. (Lemon Grass)

2) Cymbopogon martini Stapf. (Palmarosa)

3) Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt. (Citronella)

Family : Poaceae.

Following Experiments have been done:Following Experiments have been done:

Cultural Experiments :Cultural Experiments :

Sowing & Transplanting Experiment

Fertilizer Experiments (Different combinations of NPK):Fertilizer Experiments (Different combinations of NPK):N1P1K1 = N60 P50 K30kg & N2P2K2=N120P100 K60 kg./ha.

Photoperiodic Experiments:Photoperiodic Experiments:

Long days & short days experiment (-10,20 and 30PIC)

Hormonal Experiments :Hormonal Experiments :

GA3 50g./ml. and 100 g./ml.

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The different developmental phases were distinguished on theThe different developmental phases were distinguished on the

Basis of presence of reproductive units as follows:Basis of presence of reproductive units as follows:

1.Vegetative : From germination stage upto initiation of bud.

2.Reproductive : From the initiation of bud upto approximately

20% bud, 70% flowers and 10% fruits.

3.Post-reproductive : After reproductive phase, upto 95% fruits and

5% flowers.

4.Senile : After post-reproductive phase, upto the periodwhen 75% of the leaves yellowed.

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Following detailed studies have been undertaken:Following detailed studies have been undertaken:

1. Growth and Developmental behaviour of the plants under

above mentioned experiments

2. Essential oil synthesis in response to the above mentioned

experiments during different developmental phases.3. Analysis of some important metabolites connected with

E.oil synthesis.

4. Analysis of major chemical constituents of the oils duringdifferent developmental phases.

5. Correlationship among growth, development,metabolism

and essential oil formation.

6. Analysis of yield of herbage & oil per hectare

7. Economics of cultivation of the plants.

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West Bengal

Latitude: 22 34' North

Longitude: 88 22' East

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METEOROLOGICAL DATAMETEOROLOGICAL DATA

(During the period of Experimentation)

Temperature RelativeHumidity

(%)

Months

Max. Min Max Min.

TotalRainfall(mm)

Rainydays(No.)

Duration ofBright

Sunshine(hr.)

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

24.6

29.1

33.0

35.2

34.6

32.6

31.9

32.8

32.7

31.9

29.2

31.1

10.2

13.0

18.5

22.9

25.0

25.5

25.7

25.7

25.5

22.9

16.0

10.5

95

95

96

91

89

92

94

91

96

96

96

97

41

42

46

53

63

79

82

82

75

75

64

49

0.25

7.15

48.8

46.1

125.9

267.0

304.6

278.4

270.5

200.0

19.7

4.2

1

2

3

5

8

16

22

21

14

10

4

1

9.7

9.5

9.5

10.5

11.0

5.8

5.5

6.5

8.2

9.6

9.5

9.0

Soil Condition : Clay Soil, pH-6.

Soil Composition: N2-4%, P(as P2O5) - 0.03%, Ca (as CaO) - 0.01% and K-0.04%.

In the Met. data of the

area, max. temp. was

noted from March toAugust. Increase in the

max. and min. level of

relative humidity with

their min. variation was

noted during June to

Sept. Whereas,increase in the duration

of bright sunshine was

noted from October to

May.

Soil condition and soil

composition as

given in the bottom of

the table.

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Results of Survery and Conservation of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Gangetic Bengal

Table I

Medicinal Herbs (locally available) used by the common people for curing common ailments

Common Diseases Herbs used Parts used

Cold & CoughCold & CoughCold & CoughCold & Cough Achyranthes aspera Seeds

Allium cepa Scales

Ocimum sanctum Leaves

Zingiber officinale Rhizome

Adhatoda vasica Leaves

Datura stramonium Seeds

Body PainsBody PainsBody PainsBody Pains Aloe vera Leaves

Zingiber officinale Rhizome

Allium cepa Bulb

Allium sativum Bulb

Argemone mexicana Roots

Solanum nigrum Leaves

Centella asiatica Leaves

Ocimum sanctum Leaves

Calotropis procera Leaves

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Alimentary Tract ProblemsAlimentary Tract ProblemsAlimentary Tract ProblemsAlimentary Tract Problems Aegle marmelos Fruit pulp & leaves

Allium sativum BulbPiper longum Fruits

Piper betle Leaves

Emblica officinalis Fruits

Cassia fistula Ripe FruitsCentella asiatica Leaves

Phyllanthus niruri Whole plant

Andrographis paniculata Leaves

Enhydra fluctuens Leaves

Hygrophila spinoca Leaves

MemoryMemoryMemoryMemory Bacopa monnieri Leaves

Withania somnifera Roots

Vitex negunda Leaves

DiabetesDiabetesDiabetesDiabetes Phyllanthus niruri Whole plant


Catharanthas roseus Leaves

Gymnema sylvestris Leaves

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Kidney StonesKidney StonesKidney StonesKidney Stones Beorhaavia diffusa Leaves

Bryophyllum calycium Leaves

Phyllanthus niruri Whole plant

Dolichos biflorus Seeds

Liver DiseasesLiver DiseasesLiver DiseasesLiver Diseases Andrographis paniculata Leaves

Tinospora cordifolia Stems

Solanum nigrum Leaves & Fruits

Alstonia scholaris Bark

Hair ProblemHair ProblemHair ProblemHair Problem Elipta alba Leaves


Azadirachta indica Leaves & Fruits

Skin ProblemSkin ProblemSkin ProblemSkin Problem Aloe vera Leaves

Azadirachta indica Leaves & Fruits

Curcuma longa Rhizome

Cuts & WoundsCuts & WoundsCuts & WoundsCuts & Wounds Cynodon Dactylon Whole Plant

Tagetis patula Leaves

Azadirachta indica Leaves

ImmunityImmunityImmunityImmunity Asparagus racemosus Root Powder

Withania Somnifera Root Powder

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Table II

Gradually depleting Medicinal and Aromatic Plants

Scientific name Common name Causes of Depletion

___________________________________________________________________________

*1.Acacia arobica Babul Natural & Biotic

*2.Adhatoda vasica Vasaka Natural & Biotic

*3.Aegle marmelos Bel Biotic

*4.Allium cepa Onion Biotic

*5. Allium sativum Garlic Biotic

*6.Aloe vera GritaKumari Natural

*7.Alstonia scholaris Chatim Biotic

*8. Andrographis paniculata Kalmegh Natural

*9.Asperagus racemosus Satamuli Biotic*10.Azadirachta indica Neem Biotic

*11.Bacopa monnieri Brahmi Natural

*12.Boerhaavia diffusa Punarnova Natural

*13.Bryophyllum calycinum Patharkuchi Natural

*14.Catharanthus roseus Nayantara Natural & Biotic

*15.Centella asiatica Thankuni Natural & Biotic*16.Cissus quandrangularis Harjora Biotic

*17.Clerodendron infortunatum Ghetu Biotic

*18.Curcuma longa Halud Biotic

*19.Cymbopogon flexuosus Lemon grass Natural & Biotic

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*20.Dolichos biflorus Kulatta kalai Biotic

*21.Eupatorium triplinerve Ayapana Natural

*22.Gloriosa superba Ulotchandal Natural*23. Gymnema sylvestris Gudmar Natural & Biotic

*24.Holarrhena antidysentrica Kurchi Biotic

*25.Hygrophila spinosa Kulekhara Natural & Biotic

*26. Justicia rubra Bisallakarani Biotic

*27. Mentha piperita Pudina Natural

*28.Mimosops elangi Bakul Biotic*29.Mimosa pudica Lajjabati Natural & Biotic

*30.Nelumbo nucifera Padma Natural & Biotic

*31.Ocimum sanctum Radhatulsi Natural & Biotic

*32.Phyllanthus embelica Amlaki Biotic

*33.Rauvolfia serpentina Sarpagandha Natural & Biotic

*34.Saraka indica Ashok Biotic

*35.Terminalia arjuna Arjun Biotic

*36.Tinospora cordifolia Gulancha Natural & Biotic

*37.Tylophora indica Anantamul Natural & Biotic

*38.Vitex negunda Nishinda Biotic

*39.Wedelia calendula Keshraj Natural & Biotic*40.Withania somnifera Aswagandha Natural & Biotic

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Table III

Agro-technology of Medicinal & Aromatic Plants for proper conservation & Cultivation (in brief)

Aromatic Plants

Name Habit Soil Propagation Time of

plan

ting

&

spa

cing

Fertilizer Harvesting

Time

Main

Chemi

cals

Net Profit

(Rs./

ha)

& Parts

used

Cymbopogon flexuosusvar.OD-19(Ita-1)

(Lemon Grass)

Perennialarom

atic

grass

Well drainedsandy

loam

Seeds or rootedslips

Rainyseas

on

60cm x

60c

m

Composed-120q/ha.

NPK- 60:50:40

Kg/ha

4 cuttingsfrom

2nd year

onward

s upto 5

yr.

Citral (75-90%)

45,000/-(Leaves)

Cymbopogon winterianus

var.Manjusha

(Citronella)

Perennial

arom

atic

grass

Light loamy

soil or

sandy

soil

Rooted slips Rainy

seas

on

60cm x

60c

m

Vermi

Compos

ed-

150q/ha.

NPK-

150:60:6

0 kg/ha

4 cuttings

from

2nd year

onward

s upto 5

yr.

Geraniol

(90%)

&

Cironel

lal (35-

45%)

40,000/-

(Leaves)

Mentha piperita

(Pudina/Pepermint)

Perennial

arom

atic

crop

Light

calcare

ous or

deep

richloams

Suckers &

stolons

Winter

seas

on

50cm x

50cm

Composed-

100q/ha.

NPK-

100:60:5

0 Kg/ha

2 cuttings in 6

months

Menthol (50-

55%)

30,000/-

(Leaves)

Ocimum basilicum

(Sweet Basil)

Erect

peren

nial

under

-

shrub

Well drained

rich

loamy

with

alkalin

e-

acidicsoil.

Seeds Rainy

seas

on

60cm x

60c

m

Composed-

120q/ha.

NPK-

120:60:4

0 Kg/ha

Full bloom

stage

then 2

months

interval

s

Linalool (50-

60%)

80,000/-

(Leaves)

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Medicinal Plants

Name Habit Soil Propagation Time of plan

ting

&

spac

ing

Fertilizer HarvestingTime MainChe

mica

ls

Net Profit(Rs./

ha)

& Parts

used

Andrographis paniculata

(Kalmegh)

Erect annual

herb

Clayey to

sandy

soil

Seeds or

cutting

s

June-July.

30c

m x

15cm

Composed-

30 q/ha.

NPK-

30:20:10

Kg/ha

Just before

flow

ering

stage

Kalmeghin,

And

rogr

aphin &

Pani

colin

60,000/-

(Leaves)

Adhatoda vasica (Vasaka) Erect

peren

nial

under

shrub

Moist sandy

&

alluvia

l

Steam

cutting

s

Rainy

seas

on

1mx

1m

Bone dust-

50q/h

a.

NPK-

50:30:20/h

a

After 6

mont

hs

Quinozole

Vaci

colin

,Adh

atodi

ne,

etc.

50,000/-

(Leaves)

Centella asiatica (Thankuni) Prostrate

peren

nial

creepi

ng

herb

Natural moist

soil

Rooted node

cutting

s

Rainy

seas

on

20cm x

20c

m

Vermi

Comp

osed-

30q/h

a.

3-4 harvests

per

year

Glucoside-

asiat

icosi

de &

Asia

tic

asid

30,000/-

(Leaves)

Catharanthus rosesus

(Periwinkle)

Erect

peren

nial

herb

High alkaline

loamy

soil

Seeds &

steam

cutting

s

Rainy

seas

on

60c

mx

60cm

Composed-

50q/h

a.

NPK-

50:30

:20kg/ha

After 10-12

mont

hs

Alkaloids

Vinb

lasti

ne &

Vinc

ristine

75,000/-

(Roots &

Leav

es)

Table - IV

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Results of Growth andDevelopmental Physiology

in relation to the synthesis ofEssential oils and Economics

of cultivation of Aromatic

Grasses in Gangetic Bengal

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Table - V

Effect of effective treatments on leaf formation, dry weight accEffect of effective treatments on leaf formation, dry weight accumulation andumulation and

essential oil formation in lemon grass andessential oil formation in lemon grass and palmarosapalmarosa during vegetative phase.during vegetative phase.

In the table, analysis of growth behaviour and E.oil formation of the plants clearly revealed

that max. rates of extension growth, leaf formation and dry wt. accum. remained

associated with the max. rate of formation of E.oil. It has been also observed that the most

effective treatments of fertilizer, photoperiod and GA3 increased the growth behaviour

thereby increasing the E.oil formation. Max. effect was noted in N1P1K1 treatment.

% increase (+) or decrease (-) over control

Treatments Leaf formation Dry wt. accumulation Essential oil formation

CF CM CF CM CF CM

N1P1K1 +25 +40 +15 +14 +16 +25

LD-20 PIC +12 +26 +06 +07 +10 +13

SD-20 PIC -02 -22 -02 -03 -01 -08

GA3-50g/ml +08 +16 +04 +05 +07 +09

CF : C. flexuosus, CM : C. martini, N1 = 60 kg/ha., P1 = 50 kg/ha., K1 = 30 kg/ha.,

PIC = Photo Inductive Cycle.

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Table - VI

Duration of developmental phases and corresponding essential oilDuration of developmental phases and corresponding essential oil

formation in different treatments in lemon grass andformation in different treatments in lemon grass and palmarosapalmarosa..

Our results have clearly established a very definitive role of reproductive period on essential oil

formation and the data of fertilizer, photoperiod and gibberellin treatments have lucidly exposed to

a more congenial internal environment during reproductive growth for an augmented production

of essential oil per unit amount of laminar tissue.


PIC = Photo Inductive Cycle, --- no flower formation.

Treatments Duration (days) of phases E. Oil (gm./100 gm) content

Vegetative Reproductive Vegetative Reproductive

CF CM CF CM CF CM CF CM

Control 105 75 45 60 0.30 0.36 0.36 0.40

N1P1K1 93 60 57 80 0.41 0.48 0.48 0.52

N1P1 95 62 55 73 0.38 0.46 0.46 0.52

N1K1 100 65 50 70 0.36 0.44 0.40 0.48

SD-10 PIC 100 80 50 50 0.31 0.32 0.37 0.36

LD-20 PIC --- 63 --- 67 --- 0.40 --- 0.45

GA3-50g/ml 117 65 38 65 0.34 0.38 0.39 0.43

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Table VII

Duration of senile phase and essential oil content in lemon grasDuration of senile phase and essential oil content in lemon grass ands and palmarosapalmarosa..

In the table, it has been noted that shorter the duration of senile phase higher is theessential oil content in the treated plants as compared to control. In NPK treated

plants the minimum duration of senile phase is closely associated with the maximum

essential oil content.


PIC = Photo Inductive Cycle.

Treatments Increase (+) or decrease (-) of senile

phase over control (days)

% increase (+) or decrease (-) of

essential oil content over control

C-flexuosus C. martini C-flexuosus C. martini

N1P1K1 -10 -10 +0.09 +0.08

N1P1 -06 -08 +0.07 +0.07

N1K1 -05 -05 +0.03 +0.03

LD-10 PIC +05 -05 +0.03 +0.03

GA3-50g/ml +05 -06 +0.05 +0.04

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Table - VIII

Synthesis of essential oil in relation to total nitrogen, solublSynthesis of essential oil in relation to total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen and total carbohydratee nitrogen and total carbohydrate

formation in different treatments during developmental phases offormation in different treatments during developmental phases oflemon grass andlemon grass and palmapalma rosarosa..

Of the three Biochemical parameters, the increase of soluble Nitrogen and total Carbohydrate contents

could be said to remain associated with increased synthesis of E.oil during reproductive phase. It might be said

that increasing accum. of Carbohydrate, mainly derived from the accum. of Photosynthates, could serve as one ofthe ingredients to be channeled in to the formation of E.oil precursor.

Veg. : Vegetative Phase, Ref : Reproductive Phase.

Treatments % content during phases

Total nitrogen Soluble nitrogen Total Carbohyd Essential oil

Veg. Rep. Veg. Rep. Veg. Rep. Veg. Rep.

C-flexuosus

Control 2.36 2.26 0.80 1.26 2.41 3.03 0.30 0.36

N1P1K1 2.96 2.92 1.10 1.51 3.10 3.32 0.41 0.48

LD-20 PIC 2.48 2.49 0.81 1.36 2.58 3.15 0.36 0.40

GA3-50g/ml 2.50 2.45 0.84 1.30 2.44 3.08 0.34 0.39

C-martini

Control 2.44 2.28 0.90 1.30 2.28 3.16 0.36 0.40

N1P1K1 3.06 3.04 1.14 1.48 2.52 3.66 0.48 0.52

LD-20 PIC 2.68 2.52 0.98 1.40 2.40 3.40 0.40 0.45

GA3-50g/ml 2.56 2.35 0.92 1.35 2.32 3.28 0.38 0.43

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Table - IX

Formation of essential oil under varying effective treatments duFormation of essential oil under varying effective treatments during differentring differentdevelopmental phases of lemon grass anddevelopmental phases of lemon grass and palmarosapalmarosa..

In this table, it is observed that the total content of the E.oil per unit laminar tissue,

when examined separately during vegetative, reproductive, post reproductive and

senile phases, always appeared to be max. during reproductive phase and N1P1K1treatment showed max. content than the other treatments.

CF : C. flexuosus, CM : C. martini, N-only = Nitrogen 60kg/ha.

Optimum

treatments

Essential oil content (gm/100 gm fresh laminar tissue)

Vegetative Reproductive Post reproduct. Senile

CF CM CF CM CF CM CF CM

Control 0.30 0.36 0.36 0.40 0.30 0.38 0.25 0.32

N1P1K1 0.41 0.48 0.48 0.52 0.40 0.45 0.34 0.40

N-only 0.35 0.42 0.42 0.50 0.38 0.42 0.32 0.38

LD-20 PIC 0.31 0.45 0.40 0.48 0.36 0.43 0.30 0.38

GA3-50g/ml 0.34 0.38 0.39 0.46 0.34 0.42 0.30 0.36

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Table - X

CitralCitral andand GeraniolGeraniol content during different developmental phases ofcontent during different developmental phases oflemon grass andlemon grass and palmarosapalmarosa in different treatmentsin different treatments

While analysing citral & Geraniol contents in lemon grass & pamarosa oils during the

progress of developmental phases of the plants, it was revealed that the chemical

constituents attained its max. peak during reproductive phase of development. Max.

content was noted in N1P1K1 treatment.

C = Citral, G = Geraniol

Optimum

treatments

% Content during phases

Vegetative Reproductive Post reproduct. Senile

C G C G C G C G

Control 66.80 66.42 80.00 85.00 70.00 70.00 76.00 62.00

N1P1K1 72.50 70.00 88.80 90.00 78.80 80.32 80.00 70.00

LD-20 PIC 68.00 68.00 82.40 88.00 72.00 78.00 76.00 64.00

GA3-50g/ml 68.00 66.00 80.80 82.00 70.00 70.00 72.00 52.00

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Table XI

*Yield of green herbage and*Yield of green herbage and E.oilE.oil inin C.C. flexuosusflexuosus (CF) and(CF) and

C. martiniC. martini(CM) under varying optimum treatments(CM) under varying optimum treatments

Treatments Yield of herbage (quintal/hectare) Yield of E.oil (kg/hectare)

C-flexuosus C. martini C-flexuosus C. martini

Transplanted plants 250-300 200-250 110-120 100-110

N1P1K1 500-550 350-400 250-260 170-180

LD-20 PIC 300-350 250-300 130-140 110-120

* Average of 5 years (upto six cuttings in C-flexuosus and four cuttings in C. martini

Table XII

CF CM

Total cost of Cultivation including distillation (Rs.) 55000.00 45000.00

Total Return (Rs.) 110000.00 90000.00

Net Gain (Rs.)/ha. 55000.00 45000.00

Economics of cultivation of lemonEconomics of cultivation of lemon grass(CFgrass(CF) and) and

PalmarosaPalmarosa (CM) /hectare (Average of 5 years)(CM) /hectare (Average of 5 years)

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CONCLUSION1. About 400 plants which are available in the area are of medicinal value.2. About 80 MAPs are widely used by the local people to cure their common diseases.

3. About 40 MAPs which are depleting day to day have been recorded and these are conserved

in the Medicinal Plant Garden as Ex situ conservation.

4. Biotic pressure (including the over exploitation, excess cultivation of traditional crops,

unscientific collection by the suppliers and destruction of the plants for the development of

buildings i.e. urbanization) and Natural factors (including climatic change, drought, loss ofwater bodies etc) are the chief for the depletion and gradual loss of MAPs.

5. Specific requirements of agronomical input and also other requirements like physical and

chemical treatments for success in cultivation of the MAPs in the gangetic tract of West

Bengal.

6. Relation between weather condition of the area (bright sunshine, higher variation of

maximum & minimum temperature and humidity) and essential oil formation.7. Relation between growth and essential oil synthesis of the plants.

8. Definite role of reproductive phase for increased synthesis of essential oils & major

chemical constituents.

9. Morphological and Biochemical indexing of the essential oil formation.

10. Increased production of herbage yield and oil yield per hectare towards different optimum

treatments and net gain for cultivation of the plants would be attractive to the farmers toexploit the plants (specially the aromatic grasses) commercially in the area.

11. The aromatic-cum-medicinal plants may be exploited as non-traditional cash in the

Gangetic tract of West Bengal for the upliftment of rural economy.

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SUGGESTIONGovernment or private agencies should

take initiative and active interest in

1) Conservation, development and cultivation practices of important

medicinal and aromatic plants.

2) Expansion of the area under cultivation to meet the growing domestic as

well as export demand and reclamation of fallow land.3) Generation of quality planting material through the development of herbal

gardens and nurseries and using modern biotechnology.

4) Establishment of processing and distillation units in suitable places with

easy access for the rural people.

5) Expansion and dissemination of Agro Technology, as developed, to therural people and user agencies through local Panchayats and Block

Development Offices.

6) Establishment of training centres to train the rural people for the cultivation

of MAPs and extraction of essential oils of aromatic crops.

7) Establishment of Co-operative societies through which the raw products

developed by the rural people can be easily sold directly to the users.

8) Establishment of a coordinated network among the different segments

involved in the development of aromatic crops, especially the scientists, \

farmers, traders and the Government and non-Government organizations

for sustainable utilization of MAPs for the welfare of rural masses.

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Promotion of MAPs in the area has been done by organizing :

1. By organizing national symposium (NACMAP-05)

2. Local seminars & workshops.3. Training programmes in our institution and in a rural technology centre

for the sake of farmers and unemployed youths.

4. Awareness programme in Schools & Colleges to make the local people

aware about the importance of the conservation of MAPs in the area

and also make them interested to grow the crops as nontraditional cashcrops in their fallow land (not suitable for traditional rice cultivation)

with the agro technology developed in our institution, which will

ultimately enable them to earn extra money and enhance their job

opportunities

I owe my sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. S. K. Chatterjee, Dr. C. M. Ghosh,

West Bengal, India and

Prof. Dr. Ch. Franz (Austria) and Dr. L.E. Craker (USA)

for sending invaluable massage for my promotional activities of MAPs

in the remote area for uplifting rural economy.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTThe Author is grateful to the following Scientists /

Organizations for their Help and Encouragement :

1.Prof. Dr. S. K. Chatterjee (Ex. Prof. and Head Deptt. of Botany, B.U.,

Director and other med. Plants, Govt. of West Bengal ; M.D., W.B.

Pharmaceutical & Phyto Chemical Development Corp Ltd. India).

2.Prof. Dr. Ch. Franz, Director, Institute of Applied Botany and FoodScience, Vienna, Austria & Vice-President, ICMAP.

3.Dr. S. Sahoo, Scientist, R.R.L., Bhubaneswar, India.

4.Dr. D. D. Patra, Scientist, CIMAP, Lucknow, India

5.Dr. Chintamoni Ghosh, Director, State Medicinal Plants Board, W.B.,

6.U.G.C., New Delhi, India.

7.D.S.T., Govt. of West Bengal,India

8.Department of Agri Horticulture Society of India, Kolkata

9.Principal, B.N. Mahavidyalaya, Itachuna, Hooghly, W.B., India for

providing the research plots and necessary laboratory facilities.10.Director, Rural Technology centre, Burdwan University, India.

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LET US TAKE A QUICK LOOK AT THE PHOTOGRAPHSLET US TAKE A QUICK LOOK AT THE PHOTOGRAPHS

Lemon Grass

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Lemongrass Field

Palmarosa(high yielding var.)

Palmarosa Field

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Citronella OcimumMenthaLemon Grass

Centella CatharanthusAndrographis AdhatodaAdhatoda

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Research Lab. Extraction

With Dr. Kubeckza

(Germany) With Dr. Franz(Vienna)

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THAILAND

WOCMAP-III

WITH DR. HEYWOOD(THAILAND)

WOCMAP -III

WITH EOAI SECRETARY

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WITH DR. KHANJUJA

CIMAP WITH EOAI PRECIDENT

WITH DR. S.K. CHATTERJEENACMAP- 2005

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WOCMAP- IV (CAPETOWN)

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Work Shop

Training Programme Consultancy

With Dr. S.K. Chatterkee

Principal Speaker

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In conclusion, it is worth mentioning thatthe urgent need of the hour is the sincerecooperation and coordination among

scientists, policy makers, traders and farmersinstrumental for the successful promotionand development of medicinal and aromatic

plants in a particular agroclimatic regionwith appropriate agrotechnology fulfillingthe needs of domestic as well as exportdemand of herbal products on one hand andreclamation of wasteland thereby upliftingrural economy on the other.

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THANK YOU

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