Tai lieu Giao duc quoc phong

Mn hc: Gio dc Quc phng An ninh Ti liu hc phn 3

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TRNG I HC GIAO THNG VN TI

KHOA GIO DC QUC PHNG B MN CHIN THUT QUN S CHUNG

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HC PHN 3 MN HC GIO DC QUC PHNG-AN NINH

I TNG: SINH VIN CHNH QUY HGTVT H NI

(Ti liu ny ch cung cp mt s n v kin thc c bn trong mt s bi trong chng trnh GDQP - AN theo Q s 81 ca B Gio dc v o to. Sinh vin tm c thm Gio

trnh Gio dc quc phng- An ninh tp 2 ni dung kin thc y hn.)

NM 2010


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BI 1 : GII THIU MT S LOI V KH B BINH ----------------------------------------------------------

I- SNG TRUNG LIN RPD (C 7,62mm 1- Tc dng, tnh nng chin u a/ Tc dng

Sng trung lin RPD l ho lc mnh ca aBB, trang b cho c nhn s dng. Dng ho lc tiu dit sinh lc ch, ho im ca ch trong vng 800m, chi vin cho BB xung phong. b/ Tnh nng chin u

- Sng bn lin thanh, c th bn lot ngn (t 3-5 vin ), lot di (t 6-10 vin). - Tn bn ghi trn thc ngm n 1000 m - Tm bn thng hiu qu + Mc tiu cao 0,5m: 365m + Mc tiu cao 1,5m: 540m - Bn my bay bay thp v qun nhy d trong vng 500m - Tc bn chin u: 150 pht/pht - S tc u n (v0 ) = 739 m/s; c n 7,62 mm - Sng dng chung n vi cc loi sng: RPK, K63, AK, CKC, kiu n K43 do Lin X, ho c K56 do Trung Quc sn xut. - Hp tip n cha c 100 vin - Sng nng 7,4 kg, n: 16g, u n: 7,9g, chiu di sng: 1,04 m

2. Cu to v tc dng cc b phn ca sng, n. a/ Cu to cc b phn chnh ca sng.

Sng RPD gm 11 b phn chnh - Nng sng: nh hng bay cho u n. Trong nng sng c 4 rnh xon, to m men quay gi hng cho u n

khi bay. on cui nng sng rng hn v khng c rnh xon gi l bung n. Trn nng c l trch kh thuc, khu truyn kh thuc ng iu chnh kh thuc )

- Hp kho nng: lin kt cc b phn ca sng v hng cho b kho nng, kho nng chuyn ng. - B phn tip n v np hp kho nng: B phn tip n ko bng n

a vin n tip theo vo sng y n, y vin n vo bung n. Np hp kho nng lin kt b phn tip n v y pha trn hp kho nng.

- B phn ngm: ngm bn cc mc tiu cc c ly khc nhau.Cu to gm c u ngm v thc ngm.

+ u ngm: u ngm hnh tr, c lp vo b di ng bng ren c hiu chnh sng v tm.

+ Thc ngm: Trn thn thc ngm c cc vch ghi s t 1-10 tng ng vi c ly bn t 100 1000 m, cc vch khc khng ghi s l ch c ly bn l 150 m, 250 mMt di c cc khuyt cha then hm ca c thc ngm.(C thc ngm ly thc ngm tng c ly chn).


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- B kho nng v thoi y: lm cho kha nng chuyn ng, mt thoi chu sc y ca p sut kh thuc lm cho b kho nng li.

- Kho nng: y n vo bung n, ng nng sng lm n n, m nng sng ko v n ra khi bung n.

- Tay ko b kho nng: ko b kho nng v sau khi np n. - B phn c v bng sng: B phn c gi b kho nng v kho nng

pha sau thnh th sn sng khi bn. Bng sng t vo vai khi bn. - B phn y v: lun y b kho nng v trc. - Bng n v hp bng : cha n v chuyn n vo b phn tip n. - Chn sng: sng khi bn

b/ Cu to cc b phn ca n. Gm c 4 b phn: - u n - V n - Thuc phng - Ht la

u n c cc loi: u n thng, vch ng, xuyn chy. 3. S lc chuyn ng ca sng, n.

Sau khi lp n (c 2 cch lp n ), np n vo bung n (ko b kho nng v sau), m kho an ton, bp c. L xo y v dn ra y y b kho nng, kho nng lao v trc y vin n trn sng n vo bung n, kim ho chc vo ht la lm n n.

Thuc phng chy sinh ra p lc y u n chuyn ng sit vo rnh xon trong nng sng to m men quay cho u n bay ra khi nng sng chuyn ng thng hng trong khng gian.

Khi u n va qua l trch kh thuc, mt phn kh thuc c trch ra qua ng iu chnh kh thuc p vo mt thoi y (ng iu chnh kh thuc c 3 s: 1, 2, 3 Tng ng vi lng kh thuc c trch ra tng dn theo tng s), y b kho nng li v sau, ko kho nng li t heo, mc v n ra khi bung n gp mu ht v n ht v n ra ngoi qua ca thot v n.

L xo y v b p li, b phn tip n ko bng n sang bn phi a vin n tip theo vo vo ng tin ca sng y n. Nu tip tc bp c thi l xo y v dn ra y b kho nng, kho nng tip tc lao v pha trc y vin n trn sng y n vo bung n.

Hot ng ca sng c lp li cho n khi ngng bp c hoc sng ht n. Ch : Khi ngng bp c tay ko b kho nng pha sau l sng vn cn n;

tay ko b kho nng pha trc l sng ht n. 4. ng tc s dng sng.

a. T th bn: Bn sng trung lin c th dng t th nm, qu, ng bn ti ch hoc bn khi ang vn ng. b.t sng v tr bn : Phi t chn sng trn nn thng bng v t cng c. Lp n: C 2 cch

+ Khi bng n cha y n : t l thp u bng n t tri qua phi, ko l thp cho vin n u tin lt vo v tr tip n l c.


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+ Khi bng n khng cha y n : M np hp kha nng, vin n u tin vo v tr tip n, dng ngn tay n xung v ng np hp kha nng. d. Ngm bn : M kha an ton, cm c bng sng y i ko li cho chn sng bm v trt theo rnh mt t. - Tay phi nm tay cm, h khu tay chnh gia pha sau tay cm , ngn tr t ngoi vnh c, ngn ci v 3 ngn cn li nm chc tay cm. - Tay tri nm c bng sng, h khu tay chnh gia pha di c bng sng, ngn ci v ngn con nm chc ly c bng sng hoc pha di bng sng. - Nng bng sng ln, t bng sng vo hm vai, hai khy tay m rng bng vai, dng sc ca hai tay gh sng vo vai sao cho chn sng r trung bnh.

II- SNG DIT TNG B40 (RPG-2) 1- Tc dng, tnh nng chin u

a/ Tc dng - Sng chng tng B40 l ho lc mnh ca t iu i BB, trang b cho c nhn s dng. Dng ho lc tiu dit xe tng, xe bc thp, sng, l ct ca ch bng lung xuyn v nhit cao

b/ Tnh nng chin u - Sng thit k theo ngyn l khng git - Tm bn ghi trn thc ngm l 150m - Tm bn hiu qu vi mc tiu cao 2m l 100m - Tc bn chin u t 4- 6 pht/pht - S tc u n v0 = 83 m/s; c u n (ch to nht) 80 mm - n thit k theo nguyn l n lm, ngi chm n. Sc xuyn ca n khng

ph thuc vo c ly bn v tc bay ca n, m ph thuc vo gc chm ca n vi mc tiu. Nu gc chm l 900 th xuyn c thp 200mm, xuyn b tng 600mm

- Sng nng: 2.75 kg, n: 1.84 kg, chiu di sng: 0,95 m 2. Cu to v tc dng cc b phn chnh ca sng, n

a/ Cu to, cc b phn ca sng. Gm 4 b phn:

- Nng sng: nh hng bay cho n. Cu to nng sng gm: Khuyt lp n pha trn ming nng sng, tai lp hp c, cha b phn kim ho, l thot kh thuc, p che nng.

- B phn ngm: ngm bn cc mc tiu cc c ly khc nhau Cu to gm c u ngm v thc ngm: u ngm c th gp hoc dng ln nh

dp gi. Thc ngm c 3 khe ngm ghi cc s 50, 100, 150 ng vi cc c ly bn 50m, 100m, 150m, th c ngm cng c th gp hoc dng ln nh dp gi.

- B phn c v tay cm: kho an ton cho cho sng khi lp n v khi m kho an ton bp c ba p vo kim ho; gi sng cho chc khi bn.

- B phn kim ho: p vo ht la. b/ Cu to, tc dng cc b phn ca n.

n B40 gm c qu n v thu c phng.


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- Qu n gm c: u n, ui n v ngi n. u n hnh chp gim sc cn khng kh v gi tiu c cho lng n lm, phu n to li lung xuyn tiu dit mc tiu. Thuc n loi T - 50 ( 50%TNT, 50% Hxgen)

ui n n nh hng bay cho n khi bay, st y ng ui c ht la t chy thuc phng khi b kim ho p vo.

Ngi n lm n n khi u n chm muc tiu. Thuc phng: Khi chy sinh cng y u n vn ng n tiu dit mc tiu.

3. S lc chuyn ng ca sng, n. Chun b n, lp n vo sng ging ba, m kho an ton (y then an ton sang

tri ) bp c, ba p vo kim ho. Kim ho p vo ht la qu n. Ht la pht la t chy thu c phng. Phn lc kh phng qu n bay n mc tiu. Mun bn qu n tip theo ph i lp li nhng ng tc, chuyn ng nh trn.

Chuyn ng ca ngi n: Ngi n m an ton theo nguyn l qun tnh. Chm n theo nguyn l qun tnh.

Khi n chm mc tiu trng hp gc chm ln, n ang bay nhanh t nhin b mc tiu chn li, kim ho p l xo kim ho li y kim ho ca ngi n p vo kp mi, lm kp mi n, lm n n. Trng hp gc chm nh kim ha khng p l xo lai nhng khi qun tnh theo trt sang mt bn y kim ho v kim ho p vo kp mi lm n n.

4. ng tc s dng sng. a. T th bn: t sng ln vai phi. C th ng, nm, qu hay ngi bn. Khi nm bn phi

chch so vi hng bn mt gc 450. Khi bn pha sau ui nng sng 1m khng c vt chn thng gc vi trc nng sng. Trong phm vi t nht 10 m pha sau nng sng khng c cht d chy n hoc ngi qua li.

Trn ng bay ca n cch ming nng sng 50 m tr li khng c c vt cn. Xung quanh ming nng sng cch t nht 20 cm khng c c vt cn lm nh hng n cnh ui n.

b. Ngm bn : Cn c vo c ly bn chn khe ngm 50 m, 100 m hay 150 m. Chn im

ngm v tr xung yu nht v hng bn vung gc vi b mt mc tiu Khi bn mc tiu di ng, phi ngm n, lin quan n hng v tc xe

chy. Tay tri nga nm p che nng ( Sau b thc ngm ) Hai tay nhc sng ln vai,

sao cho ngm tt, mt sng khng b nghing. Dng ngn ci tay phi ging ba. Dng sc hai tay gi sng chc v cn bng trn vai, hai khyu tay m t nhin. Bn tay phi nm chc tay cm, ngn tr t vo tay c.

Ch : Cm bn sng B.40 bng vai tri III- SNG CHNG TNG B41 (RPG-7V)

1- Tc dng, tnh nng chin u a/ Tc dng


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- Sng chng tng B41 l ho lc mnh ca tiu i BB, trang b cho c nhn s dng. Dng ho lc tiu dit xe tng, xe bc thp, sng, l ct ca ch bng lung xuyn v nhit cao.

b/ Tnh nng chin u. - Sng thit k theo ngyn l khng git - Tm bn ghi trn thc ngm ( c kh v knh ngm quang hc) t 200 - 500m - Tm bn hiu qu vi mc tiu cao 2m l 330m - Tc bn chin u t 4 - 6 pht/pht - S tc u n v0 = 120 m/s - Vn tc ln nht lc tng tc l 300 m/s - C u n (ch to nht) 85 mm - n thit k theo nguyn l n lm, ngi n theo nguyn l p in, thi gian

t hu t 4- 6 giy. - Sc xuyn ca qu n khng ph thuc vo c ly v vn tc m ph thuc

vo gc chm ca n vi mc tiu. Nu gc chm l 90 0 th xuyn c thp dy 202 mm 280mm, xuyn b tng dy 900mm, xuyn ct trn 800mm

- Sng nng: 5.8kg(khng lp knh), n: 2,2 kg (c ng thuc phng) 2. Cu to v tc dng cc b phn chnh ca sng, n.

a/ Cu to cc b phn ca sng. Gm 4 b phn:

- Nng sng: nh hng bay cho n. Cu to nng sng gm: Khuyt lp n pha trn ming nng sng, tai lp hp c, cha b phn kim ho, l thot kh thuc, p che nng, b lp knh ngm quang hc, loa gim la - B phn ngm: ngm bn cc mc tiu cc c ly khc nhau

+ B phn ngm c kh: C 2 u ngm mang du (+) v (-) dng bn nhit >O0c v < O0c. Vit nam dng u ngm (+). Trn thn thc ngm c vch khc ghi s 2, 3, 4, 5 tng ng vi c ly bn 200m, 300m, 400m, 500m

+ Knh ngm quang hc: L b phn ngm chnh ca sng (khng c thi gian nghin cu su, ch gii thiu s lc)

- B phn c v tay cm - B phn kim ho

b/ Cu to, tc dng cc b phn ca n.

3. S lc chuyn ng ca sng, n. Chuyn ng ca sng (Ging nh sng B40 ) Chuyn ng ca n: khi thuc phng chy, phn lc kh thuc phng qu n

i vi vi s tc 120 m/s, c mt lng kh thuc tc ng vo ui n lm n

- n B41 gm c u n, ng thuc y, ui n v thuc phng. - u n hnh chp gim sc cn khng kh v gi tiu c cho lng n

lm, phu n to li lung xuyn tiu dit mc tiu. - V n l mch in ngoi, phu n l mch in trong - Thuc n l loi AIX 1 (95% Hxgen v 5% paraphin) - Ngi n: Gm c b phn sinh in, v b phn u n cha kp in.


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va tin va quay, Khi n ra khi nng sng, lc ly tm lm cho cnh ui c m ra n nh hng cho qu n trn ng bay.

Do lc qun tnh, b phn pht la ca ng thuc y hot ng, lm thuc y chy, kh thuc pht mnh ra 6 l pht kh phn lc lm cho tc bay ca u n tng ln n 300m/s.

Khi n ra khi ming nng sng t 2,5 18m lc qun tnh lm b phn pht la t hu hot ng. Khi n chm mc tiu, b phn sinh in to ra in lm n kp in, lm n n. Thuc n n, phu n tp trung nhit v p sut to thnh lung xuyn xuyn thng v t chy mc tiu. Khi n khng chm mc tiu thuc chy chm ca b phn t hu chy ht ( khong 4-6 giy) lm cho kp ca b phn t hu n, lm n n.

4. ng tc s dng sng. (Ging sng B40) IV- SNG TRNG BN T NG CKC (SKS).

1. Tc dng, tnh nng chin u a/ Tc dng

Sng trng bn t ng SKS (CKC) c nng 7,62 mm trang b cho c nhn s dng, dng ho lc, li l v bng sng tiu dit sinh lc ch.

b/ Tnh nng chin u - Sng trng CKC l loi sng bn pht mt, t ng ln n bng cch trch 1

phn kh thuc lm chuyn ng cc b phn bn trong ca sng. - Tn bn ghi trn thc ngm n 1000 m - Tm bn thng hiu qu + Mc tiu cao 0,5m: 350m + Mc tiu cao 1,5m: 525m - Bn my bay bay thp v qun nhy d trong vng 500m - Tc bn chin u: 35 - 40 pht/pht - S tc u n (v0 ) = 735 m/s; c n 7,62 mm - Sng dng chung n vi cc loi sng: RPD, RPK, K63, AK, kiu n K43 do Lin X, ho c K56 do Trung Quc sn xut. - Hp tip n cha c 10 vin, l lp lin vi sng - Sng nng: 3,75 kg

2. Cu to, cc b phn chnh ca sng Sng CKC gm 12 b phn chnh - Nng sng: nh hng bay cho u n. Trong nng sng c 4 rnh xon ln t tri sang phi, to m men quay gi

hng cho u n khi bay. on cui nng sng rng hn v khng c rnh xon gi l bung n. Trn nng c l trch kh thuc.




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+ Thc ngm: Trn thn thc ngm c cc vch ghi s t 1-10 tng ng vi c ly bn t 100 1000 m, mt di c cc khuyt cha then hm ca c thc ngm.(C thc ngm ly thc ngm tng c ly chn).

- Hp kho nng v np hp kho nng: Hp kho nng lin kt cc b phn ca sng v hng cho b kho nng, kho nng chuyn ng, np hp kho nng y pha trn hp kho nng bo v cc b phn chuyn ng bn trong hp kho nng.

- B kho nng: lm cho kha nng chuyn ng - Kho nng: y n vo bung n, ng nng sng lm n n, m nng

sng ko v n ra khi bung n. - B phn c: gi ba th ging, gii phng ba khi bp c ba p

vo kim ho lm n n. - B phn y v: lun y b kho nng v trc - Thoi y, cn y v l xo cn y: truyn p lc kh thuc y b kho

nng li - ng dn thoi v p lt tay: ng dn thoi dn thoi chuyn ng c l thot

kh, p lt tay gi sng v bo v tay khi nng khi bn. - Bng sng: t sng vo vai v gi sng khi bn. - Hp tip n: cha n v tip n - L: dit ch khi nh gip l c

3. S lc chuyn ng ca sng, n. Lp n vo hp tip n ko b kha nng v sau ht c ri th ra ln n,

m kho an ton, bp c, ba c gii phng, lo xo ba bung ra y ba p mnh v trc vo ui kim ho, kim ho chc v ht la, ht la chy t chy thuc phngto p lc y u n vn ng trong nng sng. Khi u n va qua l trch kh thuc mt phn kh thuc c trch ra tc ng vo mt thoi y, cn y li v sau y b kho nng v kho nng v kho nng li v sau ko theo v n gp mu ht vo n ra ngoi. Nu tay vn gi c, ly c chn vo di mu ui ba nn ba khng p v trc c. Mun bn pht khc phi bung tay c ra ca nh th bn cho n khi ht n hp tip n.

Khi ht n b kho nng b ly bo ht n chn li gia hp kho nng. Mun b kho nng, kho nng v trc phi ko tay ko b kho nng v sau. V- SNG TIU LIN AK

1. Tc dng, tnh nng chin u a/ Tc dng - Sng tiu lin AK c nng 7,62mm do Lin X ch to gi tt l AK, sng

AK ci tin c thm b phn gim ny, ly gim tc gi l AKM, sng AK bng gp gi l AKMS.

- Sng tiu lin AK trang b cho c nhn s dng. Dng ho lc, li l v bng sng tiu dit sinh lc ch.

b/ Tnh nng chin u - Sng bn c lin thanh v pht mt - Tn bn ghi trn thc ngm n 800m, AKM: 1000 m


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- Tm bn thng hiu qu + Mc tiu cao 0,5m: 350m

+ Mc tiu cao 1,5m: 525m - Bn my bay bay thp v qun nhy d trong vng 500m - Tc bn chin u:

+ Bn lin thanh: 100 pht/pht + Bn pht mt: 40 pht/pht

- S tc u n (v0 )AK = 710 m/s; (v0 )AKM = 715 m/s. - Sng dng chung n vi cc loi sng: RPD, CKC, RPK, K63, kiu n K43 do

Lin X, ho c K56 do Trung Quc sn xut. - Hp tip n cha c 30 vin, l thng lp ri vi sng, c 2 loi l trn v bt - Sng AK nng: 3,8 kg, AKM: 3,1 kg

2. Cu to cc b phn ca sng. Sng AK gm 11 b phn chnh - Nng sng: nh hng bay cho u n.

Trong nng sng c 4 rnh xon ln t tri sang phi, to m men quay gi hng cho u n khi bay. on cui nng sng rng hn v khng c rnh xon gi l bung n. Trn nng c l trch kh thuc.



+ Thc ngm: Trn thn thc ngm c cc vch ghi s t 1- 8 (hoc t 1-10 i vi AKM) tng ng vi c ly bn t 100m 800 m (hoc 100m 1000 m) mt di c cc khuyt cha then hm ca c thc ngm.(C thc ngm ly thc ngm tng c ly chn).

- Hp kho nng v np hp kho nng: Hp kho nng lin kt cc b phn ca sng v hng cho b kho nng, kho nng chuyn ng, np hp kho nng y pha trn hp kho nng bo v cc b phn chuyn ng bn trong hp kho nng.

- B kho nng v thoi y: lm cho kha nng chuyn ng - Kho nng: y n vo bung n, ng nng sng lm n n, m nng

sng ko v n ra khi bung n. - B phn c: gi ba th ging, gii phng ba khi bp c ba p

vo kim ho lm n n. - B phn y v: lun y b kho nng v trc - ng dn thoi v p lt tay: ng dn thoi dn thoi chuyn ng c l thot

kh, p lt tay gi sng v bo v tay khi nng khi bn. - Bng sng v tay cm: t sng vo vai v gi sng khi bn. - Hp tip n: cha n v tip n - L: dit ch khi nh gip l c

3. S lc chuyn ng ca sng, n. - Khi bn lin thanh:


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t cn nh cch bn v kho an ton v tr lin thanh, ln n, bp c, ba p vo kim ho, kim ho chc vo ht la, lm n n. Thuc phng chy to p lc y u n ra khi nng sng. Khi u n va i qua l trch kh thuc, mt phn kh thuc c trch qua khu truyn kh thuc p vo mt thoi y lm b kho nng, kho nng li v sau ko theo v n, gp ly ht v n ht v n ra ngoi qua ca thot v n. Mu ging ba ba ng v sau, l xo y v b p li. Khi b kho nng, kho nng li v sau ht mc, l xo y v gin ra y b kho nng, kho nng lao v pha trc, y vin n tip theo vo bung n. Ba p vo kim ho, kim ho chc vo ht la, lm n n, mi hot ng ca sng lp la nh ban u. Nu vn bp c n n tip, ngng bp c n khng n nhng vin n tip theo vo bung n. Sng t th sn sng bn tip.

- Khi bn pht mt: t cn nh cch bn v kho an ton nc bn pht mt, ln n, bp c n

ch n 1 vin, mun bn pht tip theo phi th tay c ri li bp c n mi n. 4. Cch dng sng.

a/ Quy tc chung Khi bn sng tiu lin AK, ngi bn c th dng cc t th ng, qu, nm

bn. Ngi bn phi thnh tho cch dng sngv khng ngng quan st mc tiu nhanh chng hon thnh nhim v bn.

b/ Chun b bn Sau khi thc hin ng tc ng, qu, nm chun b bn ( ng tc quy nh

trong iu lnh i ng c sng). Tin hnh lp n vo sng: Tho hp tip n khng c n sng ra trao cho ta tri kp gi vo m phi p lt tay. Ly hp tin n c n trong ti ng (bao xe) lp vo sng ln n, ng kho an ton. Mt lun quan st mc tiu sn sng ch lnh.

c/ Bn - Ging sng: Trc khi ging sng phi ly thc ngm. Gt cn nh cch

bn v kho an ton v v tr bn lin thanh hoc pht 1 (tu theo nhin v bn). Tay tri nm p lt tay di hoc hp tip n tu theo tay di hay ngn ca tng ngi. Tay phi nm tay cm, h khu tay t pha sau tay cm, ngn tr t vo vnh c, cc ngn con cn li v ngn ci nm chc tay cm. Hai tay nng sng ln t bng sng vo hm vai phi, gi v gh sng chc vo vai, sc gh ca tay phi u nhau v bn trong mi lot bn, hai cnh tay m t nhin.

Khi ging sng, phi gi sao cho ngi v sng to thnh mt khi vng chc, t rung ng

- Ngm: Khi ly ng ngm m p st v bng sng vi sc va phi u ngm t b rung ng. Mt tri (hoc phi) nheo t nhin, mt phi (hoc tri) ngm qua khe ngm n u ngm, ly ng ngm c bn v dng ng ngm c bn vo im ngm xc nh trc trn mc tiu, mt sng khng nghing.

- Bp c: Dng cui t th nht, u t th hai ca ngn tr tay phi ( hoc tri) bp c, mt trong ngn tay khng p st tay cm. Bp c u thng v sau theo hng trc nng sng cho n khi n n.


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Khi ang bp c nu ng ngm b sai lch th ngng bp c, gi nguyn p lc trn tay c, chng li ng ngm ri li tip tc bp c. Khng bp c vi vng lm sng rung ng mnh bn s khng t kt qu.

Khi bn im x ngn ( t 2-3 vin)ng tc bp c phi u v vo ht c th ngay, khi th ngn tay bp c khng c ri c sng trnh th c qu nhanh (nhy c ) d gy bn pht 1.

Khi bn im x di ( t 6-10 vin ) th bp c vo ht c hi dng li ri th ngay, khi th ngn tay bp c khng c ri c sng trnh nhy c.

Ch : Trong qu trnh bp c ng thi phi iu chnh ng ngm ng, mun vy phi ngng th t nhin ngi bt rung ng.

d/ Thi bn - Thi bn tm thi (ngng bn) ang bn khi c lnh ngng bn ngn tr tay phi ( hoc tri) th c sng ra

kho an ton hai tay gi sng nh khi chun b bn ch lnh. - Thi bn hon ton ang bn khi c lnh thi bn ngn tr tay phi ( hoc tri) th c sng ra hai

tay h sng xung, tho hp tip n ra khi sng trao cho ta tri kp gi vo m phi p lt tay. Tay tri vn gi sng, mt sng hng ln trn. Dng ngn ci tay phi ko b kho nng t t v sau, ngn tr lt trn ca thot v n, 3 ngn con khp li chn ca lp hp tip n hng vin n trong bung n ra. Lp vin n vo hp tip n va tho sng ra ly hp tip n khng c n trong ti ng lp vo sng, ct hp tip n c n vo ti ng.

CU HI N TP

Nu tnh nng chin u cc loi sng: RP, B40, B41, CKC, AK?


12

BI 2 : THUC N -------------------------------------

I. THUC N V CC PHNG TIN GY N. 1. Khi nim, tc dng, yu cu khi s dng thuc n Trung Quc l nc u tin pht minh ra thuc n, th k XVI. Thuc n s khai u tin l cc cht d chy kt hp vi cc cht c kh nng hot tnh cao nh lu hunh, dim tiu, than ci... Sau pht minh ny c truyn b sang chu u, nh c nn khoa hc k thut tin tin hn nn thuc n c pht trin mnh chu u v lan rng trn ton th gii.

a - Khi nim thuc n. Thuc n l mt cht hoc hn hp ho hc gm cc phn t khng bn,

khi b kch thch c th t nhin bin ha rt nhanh to thnh phn ng n, sinh ra mt lng hi ln c p sut cao vi nhit lng v nhit ln, bin thnh cng c hc, c kh nng ph hoi v lm thay i trng thi cc vt th xung quanh.

- Tc truyn n rt nhanh: 2000 - 8000 m/s. - Ta ra nhiu nhit: 15000C 45000C, v hng nghn Kilcalo. - To ra nhiu kh: 1 Kg Thuc n sinh ra t 600 n 1000 lt kh. - Phn ng sinh ra la, ting n v sng xung kch vi p xut cao n 200.000

Kg/cm2. Uy lc ca thuc n pht trin ra xung quanh, lm ph v mi trng xung quanh, phm vi uy lc n c chia thnh: Phm vi p, phm vi ph hoi v phm vi chn ng.

b- Tc dng ca thuc n. - Thuc c sc ph hoi ln nn c th s dng tiu dit sinh lc ch,

ph hu phng tin chin u, cng s vt cn ca ch - S dng thuc n ph t, ph , lm cng s, khai thc g c. Yu cu khi s dng thuc n - Phi cn c vo nhim v, cch nh, tnh hnh ch, a hnh, thi tit v

lng thuc n hin c quyt nh cch nh cho ph hp. - Chun b chu o, bo m n. - nh ng mc tiu, ng khi lng, ng lc, ng im t. - Dng cm, bnh tnh, hip ng cht ch vi xung lc, ho lc. - Bo m an ton.

2. Mt s loi thuc n thng dng a- Thuc nhy n (thuc gy n ). C c tnh c bn l rt nhy n vi tc ng bn ngoi. Khi n d mt

lng rt nh, nu trc tip tip xc vi cc loi thuc n khc, n s gy n


13

thuc n khc; loi thuc ny d ht m, khi b m sc gy n km v n tc dng mnh vi Axt ( nht l A xt c ) to ra phn ng n.

Thuc nhy n bao gm: - Phuymint thu ngn (st thu ngn): Hg(OCN)2 + Nhn dng: Tinh th mu trng hoc xm tro, kh tan trong nc lnh

nhng tan trong nc si. + Tnh nng: Rt nhy n, d bt la, khi bt la n ngay; 160 0C

1700C t n, tc n 5040 m/s; nhit khi n 4227oC; nhit lng n 415 kcal/kg.

Tip xc vi nhm s n nt nhm; D ht m, khi b m sc gy n km, hoc khng n (nu sy kh c th n) T trng: 3,3 4 g/cm3 + Cng dng: Nhi trong kp, ht la ca cc loi u n bom n, mn. - Aztua ch: Pb (N3)2 + Nhn dng: Mu trng, ht nh kh tan trong nc. + Tnh nng:Va p, c xt km nhy n hn Phuymint thu ngn,

nhng sc gy n mnh hn Phuymint thu ngn. t kh chy, t chy v n nhit 3100 C, tc n 5100 m/s; nhit

khi n 4027oC; nhit lng n 390 kcal/kg. t ht m hn Phuymint thu ngn, tc dng vi ng v hp kim ca

ng, do vy thuc n c nhi trong kp c v bng nhm. + Cng dng: Nhi trong kp, ht la ca cc loi u n bom n, mn.

b. Thuc n mnh. - Thuc n Pentrit C(CH2ONO2)4 + Nhn dng: Tinh th mu trng, khng tan trong nc. + Tnh nng: Nh y n vi va p, c xt n sng trng bn xuyn qua n. Khng ht m, khng tc dng vi kim loi. T chy nhit 140 142oC chy tp trung trn 1kg c th n.

Tc n: 8300 8400 m/s; nhit khi n 4327 oC; nhit lng n 1385 kcal/kg.

+ Cng dng: Lm thuc n mi gy n cc loi thuc n khc; nhi vo trong kp tng sc gy n; trn vi thuc n TNT lm dy n hoc nhi trong bom, n.

- Thuc n Hxgen C3H6O6N6 + Nhn dng: Tinh th mu trng, khng mi v, khng tan trong nc, khi

thun ha c mu hng nht.


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+ Tnh nng: Khng tc dng vi kim loi, n sng trng bn xuyn qua c th n

Khi t chy mnh, la mu trng, chy tp trung > 1kg chuyn thnh n, T chy nhit 201-203oC, chy nhit 230oC. Tc n: 8100 m/s; nhit khi n 4127oC; nhit lng n 1320 kcal/kg. Hxgen kh p do vy thng trn vi pharapin p ng thi gim

nhy n khi va p, thun tin cho nhi vo bom n. + Cng dng: Ging thuc Pentrit c. Thuc n va.

- Thuc n Tlit (TNT- Tri-ni-tr-T-lu- en). Cng thc ho hc : C6H2(NO2)3CH3 + Nhn dng: Thuc n Tlt (TNT) c dng tinh th cng, mu vng

nht, ngoi nh sng chuyn sang mu nu nht, c v ng, khi t khi en (khi c), la , mi nha thng.

+ Tnh nng: An ton khi va p, c xt, n sng trng bn xuyn qua khng n, gy n t kp s 6 tr ln ( nu thuc c khi gy n phi c thuc n mi).

Khng ht m (tr thuc bt), khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong mt s dung mi hu c nh: Cn, Este, Benzen, Actn...

Khng tc dng vi kim loi, tc dng vi Baz to thnh cht nhy n. t kh chy, 810C th nng chy, 3100C th chy, chy ch kn vi

khi lng ln c th n. Tc n: 4700 - 7000 m/s; nhit khi n 3473 oC; nhit lng n

1100 kcal/kg. T trng: 1,56 -1,62 g/cm2

+ Cng d ng: Thuc c p thnh bnh 75g, 200g, 400g cu trc cc loi lng n; nhi trong bom n, mn; trn vi thuc n mnh lm dy n. - Thuc n C4.

L loi thuc hn hp gm : 80% Hxgen v 20% Xngcrp (l cht kt dnh, mu tr ng c).

+ Nhn dng: Mu trng c, do, mi hc, v nht. + Tnh nng: nhy n va p thp hn TNT, n sng trng bn

xuyn qua khng n, gy n t kp s 6 tr ln, c th nho nn theo mi hnh thu cho ph hp vi vt th nh ph.

Thuc n C4 khng tan trong nc, nhng ngm lu b ngm nc, khng tc dng vi kim loi. t kh chy, 190o th chy, 201o th n, khi chy khng c khi, chy vi khi lng 50 kg c th n.


15

Tc n: 7380 m/s + Cng dng: Dng cu trc cc loi lng n theo hnh dng khc

nhau ph hp vi c im ch t khi ph vt th, dng lm lng n lm. d. Thuc n yu Nitrat amn.

Nitrat amn l tn gi chung ca loi thuc n c thnh p hn chnh l nitrat amn trn vi ph gia v cht chy khc.

+ Nhn dng: Tinh th mu trng, ht mu vng khi khng c. + Tnh nng: An ton khi va p, c xt. Khi chm la t th chy, khi

rt la ra th tt; nhit 169oC th chy v b phn tch. D ht m, khi b m vn hn, tc dng mnh vi axit, kh gy n, khi

gy n phi c thuc n mi. + Cng dng: Thng gi thnh thi di, khi lng mi thi 100 -200 g

dng trong ph t, o ng hm 3. Phng tin gy n.

a. Kp - Cng dng - Tnh nng:

+ Dng gy n thuc n hoc dy n. + Kp rt nhy n nu b va p, c xt, vt nng ln; khu chc vo

mt ngng (thuc gy n), tng nhit t ngt, tia la nh pht vo u lm kp n.

- Phn loi kp: + Cn c vo cch gy n kp c chia thnh 2 loi: Kp thng v kp

in + Cn c vo cu to vt liu v kp c 3 loi: Kp ng, kp nhm, kp giy + Cn c vo kch thc v khi lng thuc n bn trong c: Kp s 1 n

kp s 10 ( c s cng to khi lng thuc cng ln), thc t thng dng kp s 6,8,10.

- Cu to kp: Kp thng : V kp lm bng ng bng nhm hoc bng giy, di

y lm tng sc gy n. Bn trong c thuc n mnh, trn thuc n mnh l thuc gy n, lp phng m v bt kim loi gi thuc gy n, gia bt kim loi c l gi l mt ngng, phn trn rng lp dy chy chm hoc dy n.

(Loi v ng thuc gy n l Fuyminat Thy ngn, loi v nhm thuc gy n l Aztua ch )


16

Nguyn l hot ng: Khi dy chy chm chy ht pht la vo mt ngng lm cho thuc chy bn trong chy gy n kp.

Kp in: Cu to phn di ging kp thng, ch khc phn trn c dy tc (nh

dy bng n 2,5V), quanh dy tc c thuc chy, hai u dy tc ni vi 2 dy cung kp qua ming nha cch in.

gy n c kp in cn c mt s phng tin khc nh: ngun

in ( pin, c quy hoc my gy n), dy dn in, m k kim tra kp. Nguyn l hot ng: Khi c dng in chy qua, dy tc nng lm

chy thuc pht la, la pht vo mt ngng gy n kp. b. Dy chy chm

- Cng dng - Tnh nng: + Dng dn la vo kp, gy n kp. Bo m an ton cho ngi gy

n, b mt khng pht ra nh sng, c khong thi gian v v tr n np, ra khi bn knh nguy him ca lng n.

+ Tc chy trong khng kh trung bnh l 1 cm/s, nu chy di nc th nhanh hn. + D bt la, khi bt la chy mnh; d ht m, khi b m tc chy thay i, chy ngt qung hoc khng chy - Cu to:

V bc gm nhiu si dy cun, bn ngoi qut nha ng, bn trong v l lp giy, si tim v thuc en. ng knh ca dy: 4,5 mm 6 mm.

1. V kp 2. ng cha thuc gy n 3. Vnh mt ngng 4. Thuc gy n T-n-rt 5. Thuc Aztua ch 6. Thuc Fuyminat thu ngn 7 . Thuc n mnh

KP NG KP NHM

1. Dy cung kp 2. Ming nha cch in 3. Thuc pht la 4. Dy tc 5. Phn ging kp thng

1 2 3 4

5


17

Chiu di cun: 10 m 0,15 m. C loi v bng nha dng di nc hoc ni c m cao.

- Nguyn l chy: Khi n xo pht la, u giy chy chm bt la v chy li thuc en vi tc chy 1cm/s. Khi dy chy ht pht la vo kp, gy n kp.

c. N xe - Cng dng - Tnh nng: Dng pht la t dy chy chm hoc gy n trc tip kp thng. N xo pht na rt nhy nhng d ht m.

- Cu to: C th lm bng giy, nha hoc lm bng ng

- Nguyn l pht la: Khi git dy git, dy kim loi xn c st vo thuc pht la, thuc pht

la chy, t chy dy chy chm hoc trc tip gy n kp. d- Dy n

- Cng dng- tnh nng: + Dy truyn n dng truyn n cng mt lc nhiu lng n ngoi

ra cn dng dy n ph mt s mc tiu nh nh o h, ct cy, ph bi mn.

+ Va p, c xt an ton, n sng trng bn xuyn qua khng n. Tc n: 6500 m/s. t chy tp trung trn 1 kg c th n.

- Cu to: + V bng nha ni lng hoc vi cun cht, qut mt lp nha phng m,

(thng v c mu ), trong cha thuc n mnh trn ln vi thuc gy n. + ng knh ca dy: 5,5 mm 6 mm, li dy c mu trng hoc hng

nht. Chiu di mi cun: 50 m. 4. Quy tc kim tra, gi gn, vn chuyn

a. Kim tra: Cc loi thuc n v kh ti gy n u phi c nh k kim tra, nh

gi cht lng c bin php phn loi, bo qun v s dng hiu qu.

1- V n xo 2- Tay git 3- Dy git 4 - Phu kim loi 5- Thuc pht la 6- Dy xn kim loi 7- L tra day chy chm

1 2

3 4 5 6

7


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Bin php kim tra: - Nhn giy bc ngoi xem c b sn rch khng - Nhn mu sc ca thuc, hnh dng bn ngoi ca phng tin gy n

xem c thay i khng. Nu c thay i s dng s khng an ton, phi hu. - Dng la t mt on dy chy chm kim tra khi, la, tc chy. - Kim tr khi lng nu khc vi khi lng quy nh l thuc b

m, hoc b bin cht. b. Gi gn: - Thuc n v phng tin gy n phi ni kh ro, thong kh, trnh

nh nng trc ttip chiu vo. - Cc loi thuc n khng c ln vi nhau. Khng chung thuc n vi kp, n xo. Khng thuc n vi Axit, sn, du, m - Khng c bc giy phng m khi cha dng thuc n v phng tin gy n c. Vn chuyn:

- Thuc n v kp phi vn chuyn ring, khng mt ngi hoc mt phng tin mang cng mt lc, khng chung thuc n vi cc loi hng ha, kh ti khc.

- Khi vn chuyn cm kp vo ti qun, ti o. - Vn chuyn nh nhng, chng buc chc chn, khng qung qut va p. - Xe vn chuyn thuc n khng dng li cc cng trnh quan trng, ph

x hoc ni ng ngi. II- NG DNG THUC N TRONG CHIN U.

Trong chin u, ngoi vic s dng thuc n nhi vo trong cc loi bom, mn, lu n, cn s dng thuc n gi thnh cc lng n khi, lng n di, th pho, dng uy lc ca thuc n khi n st thng sinh lc, ph hu cc phng tin chin tranh ca ch.

1- Lng n khi. L loi lng n c tc dng ph hoi ln, uy lc tp trung. Thng dng

tiu dit sinh lc ch tp trung, ph hoi cc mc tiu kin trc nh: hm ngm, kho tng, sng, l ct, cu cng, ng s v cc phng tin chin tranh (xe tng, xe bc thp, my bay, pho ci, t, tu xung,)

Khi gi lng n khi tt nht gi khi lp phng hoc khi hp ch nht, nhng cnh ln nht khng qu 3 ln cnh nh nht.

2- Lng n di. L loi lng n c tc dng ph hoi ln, khi n uy lc thuc n pht

trin nhanh theo chiu di nhng t 2 u lng n thng dng ph cc


19

loi vt cn nh: hng ro dy thp gai, tng, bi m, ca ch m ng cho b i ta xung phong tiu dit ch trong trn a ca chng. Khi cn thit c th dng dnh ph cc loi mc tiu khc.

3- Th pho. L lng n khi c khi lng nh (t 400 g- 1000g). Trang b ph bin

cho tng ngi c th t, nm, tung, lng dit ch tp trung trong v ngoi cng s, trong nnh trong hm ngm v ph hu mt s loi phng tin chin tranh ca ch.

III- NG DNG THUC N TRONG SN XUT. Trong lnh vc kinh t dng thuc n kt hp vi sc ngi v xe my

ph t t nng xut cao, rt ngn thi gian, h gi thnh. Nhng dng thuc n phi ng lc, ng k thut, nu khng s tn km gy nguy him ti nn lao ng

1. Ph t - Lng n dng ph t c nhiu loi. Cn c vo hin tng n v kt

quar n phn thnh cc loi lng n sau: Lng n bn tung; lng n ph om; l-ng n nn p.

2. Ph . - Ph p: Thng tn thuc n ch vn dng khi thi gian ngn, khng c

dng c khoan, c l nhi thuc n (khi ph di nc phI gi lng n sao cho phng m tt v gy n bng kp in, nu gy n bng kp thng phi tnh ton chiu di dy chy chm m bo chiu di cho ngi gy n bI v b hoc ln thuyn an ton.

- Ph tung, ph om: Dng chong, ba my khoan thnh l ct ngang hoc ct cho cc th , nhi, ln thuc n v chn t chc chn y l sau tin hnh gy n.

3. Ph cc vt th khc. - Ph g trn, g vung, ch nht v ph cy. - Ph thp tm, thp ng, thp trn, ay cp. - Ph cc vt kin trc

CU HI N TP

1. c tnh ca thuc n: Phuymint Thu ngn, Aztua Ch, Pentrit, H xgen, Tlt, C4 ?

2. Nu quy tc kim tra, gi gn, bo qun, vn chuyn thuc n v dng gy n ?


20

BI 3 : PHNG CHNG V KH HY DIT LN ----------------------------------------------

I/ V KH HT NHN A/ KHI NIM V KH HT NHN

- V kh ht nhn l loi v kh hy dit ln, gy st thng, ph hoi ch yu bng nng lng ht nhn c gii phng trong qu trnh phn ng ht nhn.

- V kh ht nhn bao gm bom n, tn la... v cc phng tin ua v kh ht nhn ti mc tiu (my bay, tn la, pho, tu ngm...) v cc phng tin iu khin.

B/ PHN LOI 1/ Phn theo ng lng n

ng lng n c k hiu: (q) n v tnh: kiltn (kt) Mgatn (Mt) + Loi cc nh: q < 1kt (kiltn) + Loi nh 1 kt < q < 10 kt (kiltn) + Loi va: 10 kt < q < 100 kt (kiltn) + Loi ln: 100 kt < q < 1 Mt + Loi cc ln: q 1 Mt C 1 kt 1000 tn (thuc n TNT) 1 Mt = 1000 kt hoc 106 thuc (TNT)

2/ Phn loi nguyn l cu to: Gm 2 loi a/Loi gy n: Bao gm

- V kh nguyn t hay cn gi l v kh phn hoch (th h 1- K hiu: A, tn gi: ATn nguyn t )

V kh nguyn t da trn nguyn l s dng nng lng ca phn ng phn hch (Urani: U235 v Plutni: Pu239)

- V kh nhit hch hay cn gi v kh ht nhn th h 2 (Tn gi: Hyrgen, k hiu: H)

+ V kh nhit hch: Da trn nguyn l s dng nng lng ca phn ng nhit hch ph hy, st thng i phng.

+ V kh nhit hch thng c ng lng n ln t 100 kt tr ln. + Khi iu khin u n nguyn t n, s to ra nhit cao l iu kin cho

phn ng nhit hch - V kh Ntrn hay cn gi l v kh nhit hch cc nh th h 3(v kh nhit

hch cc nh). + V kh Ntrn l ngi n nguyn t c ci tin sao cho nng lng va

phn ng nhit hch.


21

+ V kh Ntrn thng c ng lng n nh nhm st thng i phng ch yu bng cc tia bc x Ntrn l ch yu.

b/ Loi khng gy n: L cc cht phng x chin u. 3/ Phn theo mc ch qun s: gm 2 loi a/ V kh ht nhn chin thut: - Thng c ng lng n nh (t loi cc nh n loi va) dng tp kch

cc mc tiu cp chin thut, chin dch nh s ch huy, trn a tn la, pho, ra a. b/ V kh ht nhn chin lc: - T loi ln n loi cc ln: Dng tp kch cc mc tiu c tnh cht

chin lc nh: Trung tm kinh t, vn ha, chnh tr, qun s, an ninh quc phng v cc

phng tin phng chng v kh ht nhn chin lc then cht nh: sn bay, kho tng,bn cng.

C/ PHNG THC N CA V KH HT NHN - Ty theo mc ch s dng v kh ht nhn ca i phng m ngi ta iu

khin v kh ht nhn n cc cao thp khc nhau nh: N v tr, n trn cao, n trn khng, n mt t, n di t hoc n di nc.

- Da vo phng thc n ta c th on, nhn bit c mc ch s dng v kh ht nhn ca i phng, c bin php phng chng cho ph hp.

1/ N v tr: (K hiu : VT) - L n cao t 65 km tr ln nhm tiu dit cc phng tin ang bay

trong tng kh quyn nh: v tinh, tu v tr, my bay, tn la... - Cnh tng: mt thng kh quan st thy; cao 65 n 85 km, quan st

thy nh chp, lan rng sau vi giy bao quanh l lp kh pht sng hng lan rng hng 100km2

2/ N trn cao: (K hiu : C) - L n cao t 16 n 65 km nhm tiu dit cc phng tin ang hay

trong tng bnh lu, trong kh quyn nh my bay, tn la... - Cnh tng n: Thy cu la trn sng chi, lan rng ri bc ln cao gn tn

nm to thnh my phng x to tn i. 3/ N trn khng: (K hiu : K) - L n di 16 km (bn knh cu la khng chm vo mt t, mt nc)

nhm tiu dit cc sinh lc ngoi cng s hoc trong cng s khng kin c bn vng ph hy cc phng tin chin tranh v nhng cng trnh km bn vng trn mt t.

- Cnh tng n: Thy vng n sng chi sau ting n x, rn vang ri hnh thnh cu la, nhanh chng, n to ra, lan rng ri bc ln cao, sau vi giy cu la tan dn chuyn thnh my phng x. Ri t mt t bi t cun ln thnh ct


22

bi ging nh thn cy nm, kt hp vi tn nm hnh thnh mt cy nm khng l gi l nm my nguyn t.

4/ N mt t (KH: ) hoc n mt nc (KH: N) - L n ngay trn mt t (mt nc) hoc cao cu la chm vo mt t

(mt nc). Nhm tiu dit cc sinh lc trong cng s, hm phng trnh kin c, ph hy cc phng tin chin tranh v cc cng trnh kin trc trn mt t (mt nc) to ra 1 khu vc nhim x rng ln vi mc bc x cao.

- Cnh tng n: Thy nh chp sng chi v nghe ting n vang, mt t rung chuyn nh ng t nh. Sau mt nc si ln d di hnh thnh nhng t sng cao, v mnh nh sng thn. Vng n hnh thnh bn cu la dt pha di ri nhanh chng n to ra, lan rng ri bc ln cao. Sau vi giy cu la tan dn thnh m my phng x hnh thnh tn nm, kt hp vi bi, t, (nc) cun ln thnh nm my nguyn t. Khu vc tm n to thnh h bom su ph mt lp x phng x dy.

5/ N di t: (KH:D) hoc n di nc (DN) - L n su di t (di nc) t 1 vi mt n 100 m nhm ph hy

cc mc tiu kin c bn vng di mt t (mt nc) nh: tu ngm, xe in ngm, hm chng bom nguyn t. To ra khu vc nhim x rng ln vi mc bc x cao

- Cnh tng: + N di t: Thy nh chp sng chi nghe thy ting n trm, mt t rung

chuyn ( nh ng t mnh). Bi t tung ln ging nh hnh nn ct, lt ngc mu nu thm, bn tung to bi m mt. Ri sau khng kh ngui dn thnh my phng x, mt t to thnh h bom su.

+ N di nc: Ti vng n, nc si, bc hi, hnh thnh nhng t sng khng l, d di cao hng chc mt, ng thi mt khi nc tung ln to thnh ct sng cao hng 100 m. Ri ri xung mt nc tung to to thnh sng m phng x hoc my phng x ri ngng t thnh ma phng x hng gi.

D/ C IM CC NHN T ST THNG PH HOI CA V KH HT NHN.

1/ Sng xung kch: ( Sng xung ng ) Chim 50% nng lng ca v n ht nhn - Khi nim: Sng xung kch l mt min ca mi trng n (kh, lng, rn), b nn rt

mnh v t nhin lan truyn i mi phng, vi vn tc ln hn vn tc m trong mi trng .

- c im tc hi: St thng trc tip con ngi, bng sc p ca khng kh lm cho c th b

tn thng, v kh b h hng, bin dng. St thng gin tip do sng xung kch lm sp nh ca, hm ho, cng s, cy ci v cc vt liu khc ln hoc qung qut vo ngi gy nn chn thng.


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2/ Bc x quang: Chim 30%nng lng ca v n ht nhn. - Khi nim: Bc x quang l chm tia sng pht ra t cu la ca v n ht nhn, vi nhit

cc k cao ( hng chc triu C ). Bao gm cc tia hng ngoi v tia t ngoi, tia nh sng nhn thy truyn thng i mi phng vi vn tc nh sng, thi gian gy tc hi t ( 1/10 10 s)

- c im tc hi: Gy chy da, m m t, nng chy v kh trang b, ph hu cc cng trnh kin trc

qun s, dn s. Uy lc st thng ph thuc vo iu kin a hnh, thi tit kh hu. 3/ Bc x xuyn: Chim 5% nng lng v n ht nhn - Khi nim: Bc x xuyn gm chm tia Gama () v dng Ntrn (n) pht ra t vng n

truyn thng i mi phng vi sc xuyn rt mnh. - c im tc hi: + St thng sinh lc bng bnh phng x (ngi mt mi, km n, rng tc,

st cao). + Lm thay i tnh cht ca mt s dng c in t v bn dn. Lm hng

knh ngm quang hc v hng phim nh khi c lng chiu x ln + Gy nhim phng x trong t, trong nc, trong khng kh v lng thc,

thc phm ... gy tc hi gin tip ko di. 4/ Cht phng x: Chim 10% nng lng ca v n ht nhn. - Ngun gc: Cc cht phng x gy nhim x gm cc mnh v ht nhn v cc

cht ng v phng x cm ng, cc ht nhn cha phn ng ht ca cht n ht nhn. * c im tc hi: + Nhm st thng sinh lc bng cc tia phng x (,,) gy bnh phng x

hoc bng phng x ( do tia ) + Gy nhim x mt t trong phm vi rng. + Nhim x v kh trang thit b k thut lng thc, thc phm, nc ung ...

khng kh gy ma phng x. 5/ Hiu ng in t: Chim 5% nng lng v kh ht nhn - Khi nim: Hiu ng in t l do s ion ho cc phn t, nguyn t khng kh di tc

dng cc tia bc x ca v n ht nhn to thnh khi lng ln cc phn t mang in tch trong kh quyn gm electron v cc ion.

-c im tc hi: + Gy ra xung in t v tng mt electron trong kh quyn


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+ Gy hng my in t v my bn dn. + Gy tr ngi cho raa khi bt mc tiu E/ BIN PHP CHUNG PHNG CHNG V KH HT NHN - Khi pht hi n i phng s dng VKHN phi nhanh chng trit li dng a

hnh, a vt, binh kh k thut n np, ch trnh xa nhng vt d v, d chy. - Xy dng hm ho phi vng chc, kin c, c dy, lm bng cc vt

liu kh chy. - Kp thi s dng cc kh ti ch sn hoc ng dng bo v c quan h hp

v c th. ng thi theo di s di chuyn ca m my phng x c bin php phng trnh cho ph hp.

- Trng hp ang vn ng trn a hnh bng phng pht hin v n ht nhn phi nm sp xung t, chn quay v pha tm n hai tay ngc, dng ngn tay tr nt l tai, u ci xung t, p mt vo cnh tay, mt nhm, mm h, th u.

- Khi cht phng x dnh bm vo c th phi tin hnh ty ra b mt nhim x bng cc cht ty ra nh: nc x phng, nc mui, nc axt bo hay lung khng kh nng lnh.

- Nhanh chng phn loi bnh nhn a bnh nhn i iu tr, cu cha kp thi ti cc bnh vin ni gn nht.

- Cm tuyt i khng c s dng nc ung, lng thc, thc phm ... nghi b nhim phng x.

II/ V KH HO HC 1/ Khi nim v kh ha hc: (VKHH) - VKHH L loi v kh hu dit ln, m tc dng st thng ca n do c tnh

ca cc cht c qun s gy cho ngi, sinh vt v ph hy mi trng sinh thi. - VKHH bao gm cc cht c qun s v cc phng tin s dng chng gy

tc hi qua con ng ( h hp, tiu ho, tip xc da, vt thng ... ). 2/ Phn loi cht c a/ Phn loi theo thi gian gy tc hi. Theo cch phn loi ny cht c c chia thnh 2 nhm chnh: l l cht

c lu tan v cht c mau tan. - Cht c lu tan: L loi cht c sau khi s dng vn gi c tnh cht st

thng t vi gi n nhiu ngy ( Nh: Vx, Yprt, Yprtnit) - Cht c mau tan: L loi cht c sau khi s dng vn gi c tnh cht st

thng t vi pht n vi chc pht ( Nh: CS, BZ, iphtgien, Axitxyanhydrc ) b/ Phn theo bnh l: gm 6 loi - Cht c thn kinh - Cht c lot da


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- Cht c ton thn - Cht c ngt th - Cht c kch thch - Cht c tm thn b/ Phn theo c: gm 2 loi - Loi gy cht ngi - Loi gy mt sc chin u 3/ c im tc hi c bn ca v kh ha hc. a/ St thng sinh lc ch yu bng tnh c. - V kh ha hc gy st thng ngi, ng vt, thc vt, gy nhim c

a hnh khng kh bng c tnh cao, gy tn thng cc b phn bn trong c th dn n mc bnh ton thn.

- V kh ha hc gy nhim c a hnh, v kh trang b, cng s trn a gy kh khn cho hot ng ca i phng, ng thi gy nhim mi trng sinh thi.

b/ Pham vi gy tc hi rng. - V kh ha hc gy st thng trong phm vi rng, v li hu qu lu

di cho i phng. - Tc hi ca cht c ha hc ph thuc vo iu kin a hnh thi tit.

c/ Thi gian gy tc hi ko di. - Ty theo ddiiefu kin kh tng, a hnh, mt nhim c m mc

nguy him c th ko di trong khong thi gian nht nh. C nhng loi cht c ko di n hng nm, li hu qu lu di.

4/ Mt s cht c ch yu gy tc hi cho con ngi: a/ Cht c thn kinh Vx: - Tnh cht: Th lng, khng mu, khng mi, khi s dng chuyn sang

th hi sng, git gy nhim c khng kh v a hnh. Khi xm nhp vo c th qua ng h hp v tiu ha gy t lit h thn kinh trung ng, l loi cht c c c tnh cao nht hin nay (cht c Vx c c tnh cao hn GB vi ln qua ng h hp v hng chc ln nu tip xc qua da).

- Triu chng trng c: ng t mt thu nh, si bt mp, nn ma, kh th, i ng khng vng, co git c bp sau chuyn sang co git ton thn dn n t lit v cht sau t pht nu b liu c cao v khng cp cu kp thi.


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b/ Cht c lot da Yprit (H). - Tnh cht: Th lng, snh nh du, khng mu, khi s dng chuyn sang

sng, git lng gy nhim c khng kh v a hnh. Khi xm nhp vo c th gay tn thng c quan h hp v c quan tiu ha, da, mt v vt thng dn n nhim c ton thn.

- Triu chng trng c: + Da b nhim c thi gian t 4 n 6 ngy, da b ty sau chuyn

sang rp, phng v lot da. + Nu ht phi cht c lot da sau 1 gi thy kh c, ho khan, khn ting,

chy nc mt, nc mi dn ti vim phi cp. Git c lot da ri vo mt c th b m.

+ n ung ph i lng thc (thc phm) hoc ung nc nhim c gy bnh ng rut, vim lot b my tiu ha, dn n nhim c ton thn gy hu qu trm trng v c th cht.

c/ Cht c kch thch CS. - Tnh cht: Th rn, mu trng hoc vng nht, khi s dng chuyn sang th

khi gy nhi m c khng kh, kch thch mnh ng h hp v kch thch da. - Triu chng trng c: Chy nc mt, nc mi, ho khan, au rt

hng, tc ngc, kh th, da rt , rp phng. d/ Cht c tm thn BZ

- Tnh cht: Th rn, mu trng hoc vng nht, khng mi khi s dng chuyn sang th khi mu trng hay vng xanh, gy nhim c khng kh. Xm nhp vo c th qua ng h hp, gy tc hi h thn kinh, lm mt sc chin u tm thi.

- Triu chng trng c: Sau 1 gi b nhim c thy nhc u, tc ngc, kh th, ming v da kh, nhn o nh, nhp p ca tim tng, nhit tng cao, chy nc mt, nc mi, chn tay run ry, hnh ng nh ngi in. Sau 5 ngy mi tr li bnh thng.

e/ Cht u c - Tnh cht chung : Nhng cht c ha hc c s dng lm cht u

c phi c c tnh cao, khng mu, khng mi, khng v, d ho tan trong n-c v cc dung mi hu c. Bn vi nhit v mi trng, gy tc dng t t. Nh: Nicotin; Nc rn; Cc hp cht flo hu c ; Cc hp cht v c

- Triu chng: Khi ngi b nhim cht u c xut hin cc triu chng: nn ma, a chy, au bng qun qui, co git, lon nhp tim, kh th, chong vng, mt kh ngng vn ng. Nu b nhim c nng c th dn n t vong.


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g/ Cht c dit cy: L nhng ho cht c hoc cc dng pha ch ca n c tc dng ln cy

ci, c dng hu dit cc loi thc vt gy tn tht mt cch gin tip cho i phng. Cht c dit cy ngoi tc hi i vi thc vt cn gy tc hi i vi con ngi. Nh: Cht c da cam; Cht c trng; Cht c xanh.

- Tnh cht: Trng thi thng l th git hoc bt dng dit cy ci, gy nhim c cho ngi v gia sc.

- Triu chng trng c: n phi thc n b ng c, au bng, vim lot d dy, b au bng. Ht th phi b ho, nhc u, cht c ri vo da gy nga, mn . Cy ci b nhim sau vi gi n 1 ngy cy b ho, a.

5/ Bin php chung phng chng v kh ha hc - Khi pht hin i phng s dng v kh ha hc phi nhanh chng trit

li dng a hnh, a vt, binh kh k thut n np, ng thi s dng kh ti phng chng cho ph hp.

- Nu b nhim c vo da phi nhanh chng tin hnh ty ra cht c ra khi c th, tiu c cho ngi v v kh trang thit b k thut bng cc vt liu ch sn nh. Tim thuc (Atrpin) vo bp hoc ung thuc tiu c khc, hay ng dng bng cc dung dch c tnh xi ho kh hay tnh kim hoc dng nc vi trong, nc tro bp, nc x phng tin hnh ty ra vt thng v v kh, trang thit b.

- Trng hp n ung phi lng thc, thc phm hoc nc ung nhim c phi gy nn, lm h hp nhn to, ht m ri, thm ht, gi m cho c th ng thi a bnh nhn n bnh vin ni gn nht cu cha kp thi.

- Phi chp hnh nghim cc ni quy,quy nh ca ngi ch huy v c quan chuyn mn khi hot ng trong khu vc nhim c.

III/ V KH SINH HC 1/ Khi nim v kh sinh hc (VKSH) - VKSH L loi v kh hu dit ln da vo c tnh gy bnh hoc truyn

bnh ca vi sinh vt hay c t do mt s vi trng tit ra gy bnh truyn nhim cho ngi, ng vt, ph hoi ma mng, gy nhim mi trng sinh thi.

- V kh sinh hc thng s dng trong chin tranh hin i kt hp vi VKHN v VKHH lm mt sc chin u i phng trn chin trng v ngay ti hu phng gy cc loi bnh dch ... ph hoi ma mng, lm ri lon i sng nhn dn i phng.

- VKSH: bao gm bom n cha vi trng gy bnh v cc thit b phun ri a v kh sinh hc n mc tiu. Nh my bay, n pho hoc bit kch thm bo

2/ Phng tin s dng, cch nhn dng v kh sinh hc


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- VKSH thng sn xut di dng n pho v cc thit b phun ri c bit hoc thng cha cc vt nhim bnh a ti mc tiu bng cc phng tin nh: tn la, pho, my bay, tu chin ...Hoc thng qua lc lng bit kch thm bo, gin ip mang bao gi cha sinh vt gy bnh th vo ngun nc, lng thc thc phm, nh gieo rc mm bnh cho i phng.

- Vi sinh vt hoc c t gy bnh l nhn t chnh gy tc hi st thng ca VKSH.

- Trng thi chin u ca VKSH thng dng kh, ngoi ra cn dng cc loi cn trng, chut mang mm bnh gy tc hai trc tip v lu di.

- Cc loi bom n cha vi trng u c cu to kch th c nh, v mmg. Ch yu l v bng can xi, snh s, giy nn. Lng thuc n thng l t hoc l khng c.

3/ Mt s loi bnh v cch phng chng a/ Bnh dch hch - Triu chng: Nhc u, st cao, bun nn, au mnh, mt , mch p

nhanh, hch ni bn, nch, c. Thi gian bnh: t ngy 2 5 ngy - Cch phng chng: Bo v c quan h hp, tim chng, dit chut, tim

khng sinh v thuc c hiu. b/ Bnh dch t - Triu chng: a chy, nn ma nhiu ln, mt nc, c th h nhit ( 30-

320 C) tim p nhanh nhng yu, huyt p thp. Thi gian bnh: t ngy 2 3 ngy

- Cch phng chng: V sinh n ung, tim chng, dit rui, ung khng sinh, truyn huyt thanh.

c/ Bnh u ma - Triu chng: st cao ( 39-40)0c, rng mnh nhc u, nn ma, ni mn

khp ngi dn dn thnh nt bng ( mn m). Mn v thnh vy li so lm (r). Thi gian bnh: T 12 13 ngy

- Cch phng chng: Chng u, cch ly bnh nhn iu tr d/ Bnh st pht ban, chy rn - Triu chng: St cao trn 390c, nhc u d di, mt , au bp tht, st

xut huyt ngc, cnh tay. Thi gian bnh: T 10-14 ngy - Cch phng chng: Dit chy rn, v sinh thn th, tim vc xin c

chng, dng khng sinh tr tim v truyn huyt thanh e/ Bnh thng hn


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- Triu chng: St li b, m man v i tin ra mu, thng rut dn n t vong nhanh.

- Cch phng chng: Bo v tt ngun thc n, lng thc thc phm. Cch li ngi bnh vi ngi lnh, tim chng vcxin phng bnh.

f/ Bnh than: - Triu chng: St nh, c lc ti 39-400c, ko di 5 6 ngy, xut hin

nt nga sau bin thnh nt sn, sau vi gi xut hin mn nc, trong cha dch c c mu, mn v ra l vt lot, hnh thnh vy mng mu en xut hin chi,c , mt.

- Cch phng chng: Dng Pnicilin tim vo bp (mt t riu n v) ngy 4 ln trong 7 ngy. Nu nng dng Gamaglobulin, vt lot bi m Pnicilin truyn dch, cho th xi thuc tr tim, vitamin liu cao.

f/ Bnh cm: - Triu chng: St cao lin tc 39 400C ko di 4 7 ngy, mt mi, n

ng km, mi kh, li bn, mch p nhanh, huyt p dao ng, nc tiu vng.

- Cch phng chng: Cch li ngi bnh vi ngi lnh, ngh ngi, n ung cht dinh dng. Ung thuc an thn, xng hi, n cho hnh ta t, ngm chn tay bng nc m, nh mi bng nc ti, v sinh rng ming.

4/ Bin php chung phng chng VKSH a. V sinh - phng v kh sinh hc *. V sinh phng dch: - Thc hin np sng v sinh - Tim chng phng dch cho ngi v sc vt. - Dit cn trng, dit chut gy bnh truyn nhim. *. phng khi ch s dng VKSH : - S dng kh ti phng ha ch sn hay ng dng. - Ung thuc phng dch. - Quan st, trinh st, pht hin kp thi ch s dng VKSH. Nhanh chng

thng bo, bo ng cho cc phn i bit d c bin php chng hiu qu. b. Bin php khc phc hu qu - Quan st, trinh st, pht hin kp thi ch s dng VKSH. Nhanh chng

thng bo, bo ng cho cc phn i c bin php phng chng hiu qu. - nh du khoanh vng khu nhim, xc nh ranh gii vi khu v c b

nhim trng vi khu vc sch.


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- Dit trng khu vc nhim. - Tiu hy cc ngun gy bnh, bao gm cc loi cn trng trung gian

mang mm bnh nh chut, b xt, rui, mui, vev cc vt qun trang b nhim trng do ch th xung.

- T chc theo di bnh dch v tnh trng sc khe ca nhn dn trong khu vc nghi ng b ch tp kch VKSH.

- T chc cp cu, iu tr khi xc nh chnh xc i phng s dng cc loi vi khun gy bnh.

IV/ V KH LA 1. Khi nim - V kh la (VKL) l v kh tc dng st thng ph hoi da trn c s s

dng nng lng cht chy c nhit cao v ngn la mnh khi chy to nn. - VKL dng st thng sinh lc v thiu hu v kh trang b k thut,

cng trnh quc phng, kho tng... v cc mc tiu quan trng khc. - VKL bao gm: Cht chy v cc phng tin s dng nh: Bom, mn ,

thng cha, lu n, sng phun la...Cht chy l c s gy tc hi ca VKL. 2. Phn loi a. Phn loi cht chy theo trng thi tn ti - Cht chy th rn. - Cht chy th lng. - Cht chy th kh. b. Phn loi theo thnh phn ha hc - Cht chy cn oxy ca khng kh - Cht chy khng cn oxy ca khng kh c. Phn loi theo ngun gc ca cht chy - Cht chy c ngun gc t sn phm du m ( Xng, du, napan, du keo

OP 2, crep - Cht chy kim loi: Tecmit, Electron, Natri - Cht chy hn hp: Pyrogen, Trietyl nhm Cht chy photpho trng. 3. Mt s cht chy ch yu a. Cht chy Napan. (NP) - Thnh phn: Xng 92 98% + Cht ng du M1 hoc M2 (2 8%) + M1 l x phng nhm ca mt s axit hu c: Axit Panmitic 50%, Axit Oleic 25%, Axit Naphtaric 25%. + M2 gm 95% M1 vi 5% Silicagen ( chng vn cc. ) - c tnh: dnh bm cao, thi gian chy ko di, cn oxy ca khng kh, d mi chy, chy nhiu khi en; c th chy ni trn mt nc. Nhit chy: 9000C 10000C.


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- Phng php s dng : c np trong bom, n, sng phun la v cc phng tin khc b. Cht chy Tecmit : - Thnh phn: Oxit st :( Fe2O3 ; Fe3O4 ) 76% + Bt nhm (Al) 24%. Ngoi ra cn mt s ph gia nh Ba(NO3)2, lu hunh, cht kt dnh. - c tnh: Chy khng cn oxy ca khng kh, do phn ng nhit nhm. Chy ngn la sng chi, khng khi. Nhit mi chy : 11500C 12500C. + Nhit chy 22000C - Phng php s dng: c nhi, np trong bom, n, lu n chy. c. Cht chy Etylen oxit. - Thnh phn: Fropan : C3H8 + Etylenoxit : CH2CH2O - c tnh: L cht chy th kh, khi chy to ra m chy lan rng nhanh, to ra nc v CO2 , to ra ting n, p sut cao ph sp hm ho.. + Nhit chy to ra : 20000C - Phng php s dng: c nhi, np trong bom, n, s dng my bay, pho binh cho n trn khng l ch yu.

d. Cht chy Pht pho trng. - Loi rn ( WP): Ging sp ong mu vng nht, mi kht. - Loi do ( PWP) Gm WP pha vi cao xu trng tng hp c n nh

hn c thi gian chy dai hn. - c tnh: + Khng tan v rt n nh trong nc dng nc bo qun v dp

chy + Tan trong du thng (Khng dng thuc m bi v ch bng + T bc trong kh ng kh ngn la sng xanh, to nhiu khi trng dy

c, chy cn nhiu xi, nhit khi chy t 12000C + Khi chy pht pho nng chy gy chy ngm, to ra khi c , ngi b

bong c th b nhim c nh hng h thn kinh, dng dung dch CuSO4 dp chy v tiu c

e. Cht chy Pyrogien: (PT - 1). - Gm xng (du ho), bt Magi hoc xt Magi v mt s cht ph

khc dng do. - c tnh: Mu sm d bt chy, nhit chy 1400 - 16000C ngn la

vng khi en. 4/ Bin php chung phng chng v kh la a. Bin php phng : - Hun luyn v ph bin cho mi ngi nhng kin thc v cht chy, v

kh la - Trang b cho mi ngi trong chin u bao tiu c cp cu, cc dung

dch cha bng.


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- Mi ngi thnh tho bin php dp chy trn cc i tng, bit s dng cc phng tin dp chy ng dng ti ch nh cnh cy, vI bt, chn chiu

- C quan, n v phi xy dng k hoch phng chng chy n. - B tr kho tng phi phn tn, pht quang vnh ai chng chy rng 20

25 m. - Cng s phi lm bng vt liu kh chy. Dn sch cc vt d chy xung

quanh hm ho. b. Dp chy: - Phng php dp chy. + Phng php lm lnh (h nhit ). + Phng php lm long: Dng cc cht khng tham gia phn ng chy

phun vo vng chy lm long cc cht tham gia phn ng chy. + Phng php km hm phn ng chy. + Phng php cch ly: Dng cc cht chy ph ln b mt, cch ly cht

chy vi xy trong khng kh. - Nguyn tc dp chy: + Xc nh m chy thuc loi no ( Cht chy, din tch, hng gi,.. Ph-

ng n cha chy.) + Dp chy phi dng u gi. + Khi 2 m chy cng lc th dp m nguy c lan rng tr c.. Tp trung

lc lng, phng tin chia ct, ngn chn lan truyn + Cm khng phun nc, bt vo m chy ni c in, t n, kim. - Thc hnh dp chy: + Dp tt chy du keo: Ly t, ct, hoc chn chiu, bt trm ln m

chy. S dng bnh CO2, bnh bt, xe cu ha... + p tt m chy Photpho trng: Ly t ct, bn ph len m chy.

Phun nc lin tc, xc gt chn lp cc mnh Photpho. Th ng dng dng kh ti ch sn v ng dng phng khi c Photpho.

+ Dp tt m chy kim loi: Dung nhiu nc v c p lc cao phun lin tc. c. Cp cu ngi b bng: * Nguyn tc chung: - Nu ngi va b bng va b thng, phi bng b cm mu vt thng

trc, x l vt bng sau. - Nu c triu chng nhim c ton thn th cp cu nhim c trc, x

l vt bng sau. - X l vt bng phi kp thi, chnh xc, khng tn thng thm hoc

nhim trng, gy kh khn cho chun on v iu tr bnh tuyn sau.


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* Cp cu: - Dng bng v trng bng li, nu vt bng rng th dng vi sch ph

ln, khng s tay vo vt bng, khng bi cc loi nc vi, nc mm, nc gii, nc l cy phng b nhim trng.

- Khng lm v nt phng rp, nu qun o b dnh vo vt bng nguyn bng li. C th dng n c ch m, thuc tm KMnO4 5%, ru ra xung quanh vt bng trc khi bng.

- Gi m cho bnh nhn, n ung nng, khing nh nhng v Trm qun y hoc bnh vin ni gn nht.

- B bng cht chy Photpho trng th phi dng nc sch dp chy, sau dng mt trong cc dung dch CuSO4 5%, Na2CO3 2 - 8%, H2O2 3% tm vo ming gc p ln vt bng bng li.

Ch : Khng bi thuc m ln vt bng P hotpho trng. Khng dng dung dch CuSO4 qu nhiu trnh nhim c ng.

CU HI N TP

1. Nu bin php chung phng chng VKHN ? 2. Nu bin php chung phng chng VKHH ? 3. Nu khc phc hu qu do VKSH ? 4. Nu bin php dp chy do VKL ? 5. Nu bin php cp cu ngi b bng?


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BI 4: S DNG BN QUN S ----------------------------------------------

I. KHI NIM CHUNG 1. Khi nim bn : Bn l hnh nh thu nh v khi qut ha mt phn hay ton b b mt tri

t, ln mt giy phng, theo nhng t l nht nh. Da trn c s ton hc v nhng dng c o c chnh xc. Cc yu t trn mt t c th hin bng h thng k hiu.

Bn qun s thng l Bn a hnh: L tng hp cc yu t dng t v a vt mt cch chnh xc v chi tit thng qua h thng cc k hiu c th, thng nht r rng, n gin, d hiu theo mt quy lut nht nh.

2. Phn loi bn : - Phn loi theo t l Bn :

+ Bn t l ln: 1: 200.000 + Bn t l trung bnh : t 1: 250.000 n 1: 106 , + Bn t l nh: < 1: 106

- Phn loi theo ni dung : + Bn a l i cng: C t l < 1: 106 + Bn a hnh. C t l 1: 106

- Phn loi theo mc ch qun s : + Bn cp chin thut : 1:10.000 1:100.000. + Bn cp chin dch : 1: 200.000 1:300.000. + Bn cp chin lc : 1:500.000 1:1000.000.

II. C S TON HC CA BN A HNH 1. T l bn : T l bn l t s so snh gia di trn bn v di ngoi thc a. - Biu din t l bn theo 3 cch : + Bng s : 1: 25.000 + Bng ch : 1cm trn bn bng 250 m thc a. + Bng thc t l : Biu din bng hnh v ngoi khung pha nam bn * Ba cch biu din trn u th hin trn bn

2- Php chiu bn . a- Phng php chiu .

L phng php chuyn hnh dng mt cong ca tri t ln mt giy phng (bn ). Khi chiu thng c s sai lch v c ly, din tch v gc hng. V vy ty theo cc nghnh, nghip v chuyn mn m ngi ta u tin chn phng php chiu cho ph hp, hn ch nhng sai xt trn. Hin c 3 Phng php chiu l :

+ Phng php chiu hnh tr. + Phng php chiu hnh nn. + Phng php chiu trn mt phng.


35

K.ty di chiu s1

b- Phng php chiu Gauss. - Phng php chiu Gauss l phng php php chiu theo hnh tr nm

ngang, da trn s liu kch thc qu t ca nh Bc hc ngi Nga: Kraxovski (1878- 1948) xc nh nm 1946 (Ra = 6378245 m; Rb = 6356863 m).

Tri t c chia thnh 60 mi dc theo kinh tuyn, mi mi rng 6 0 kinh . Tin hnh chiu ln lt tng mi, ng kinh tuyn chy gia mi l ng tip xc ca Tri t v hnh tr (tng tng) gi l ng kinh tuyn trc, hai ng kinh tuyn hai bn gi l kinh tuyn mp mi.

Sau 60 ln chiu, cho ta 60 hnh chiu, ct b dc hnh tr tng tng ra, ri tri ra trn mt phng th ta s c hnh chiu ca ton b b mt tri t, 60 hnh chiu gi l 60 di chiu .

60 Hnh dng ca cc di chiu nh sau : Kinh tuyn trc ng xch o

- S th t ca di chiu : 1740 1800 1740

nh ngc chiu kim ng h bt u t 1800

- 1800 1740 kinh ty di ch. s 1 - 1740 1680 kinh ty di ch. s 2 - .. - 60 00 kinh ty di ch. s 30 - 00 60 kinh ng di ch. s 31 - .. 60 00 60 - 1740 1800 l kinh ng di ch. s 60.

* Vi cch nh th t gii chiu nh vy Vit nam nm di chiu th 48 v 49

- c im phng php chiu Gauss : - Tri t c chia thnh 60 mi chiu, nn hn ch c s sai s v din

tch, hnh dng, c ly. - Thc hin chiu ring bit tng mi, do sai s ch gii hn trong tng di. - Cc ng KTTW v ng xch o trn bn u l nhng ng thng v

vung gc vi nhau. ng KTTW c gi nguyn di nh ngoi thc a.


36

- Cc ng kinh tuyn mp mi l nhng ng cong cng xa ng KTTW cng cong nhi u. Sai s ch bng 1/1000 so vi thc t. c- Li vung Gauss.

- Cch thnh lp li vung. Tri t c 60 di chiu s thnh lp 60 li vung ring bi t. Trong mi di chiu

ly ng kinh tuyn trung ng lm trc dc v ly ng xch o lm trc ngang lm gc. T ngi ta k nhng ng thng song song, cch u nhau v hai pha hp thnh li vung hay cn gi l li km. (V ty theo t l ca bn m cc ng thng song song ny cch nhau mt s chn km).

X Y

- S th t li vung . nh ngc chiu kim ng h bt u t 00 1740 1800 1740

- T 00 60 l kinh ng li vung s 1 - ..

- T 1740 1800 l kinh ng li vung s 30. - T 180 0 - 1740 l kinh ty li vung s 31 X - .. - T 60 00 l kinh ty li vung s 60 Vit Nam nm li vung th 18, 19

60 00 60 - Quy nh ca li vung. * Quy nh kch thc vung theo t l bn .

- Bn 1 : 25.000. C 4 cm k 1 ng song song, tng ng vi c ly ngoi thc a l 1 km. - Bn 1 : 50.000. C 2 cm k 1 ng song song, tng ng vi c ly ngoi thc a l 1 km. - Bn 1 : 100.000. C 2 cm k 1 ng song song, tng ng vi c ly ngoi thc a l 2 km - Bn 1 : 200.000. C 5 cm k 1 ng song song, tng ng vi c ly ngoi thc a l 10 km.

* Quy nh di trc to tr s Km khng mang du m.trong 1 di chiu , ngi ta quy c di trc

dc (KTTW) sang pha Ty 500 km, trc ngang ( ng xch o) gi nguyn.

K.ng l. vung s1


37

Kinh tuyn TW 0 km X

ng X o Y 500 km * Quy nh i trc to . Do gc trong a l ngc chiu so vi gc trong ton hc nn quy nh i trc

to : Trc dc theo KTTW k hiu l trc X, trc ngang theo ng xch o k hiu l trc Y.

3- Cch chia mnh v ghi s hiu mnh bn . - Din tch ca b mt tri t rng khong 510 triu km2. Din tch ca 1 di

chiu 60 kinh rng khong 8.482.000 km2. V vy khi thnh lp bn phi thu nh li rt nhiu ln. Tu theo t l thu nh chia mnh bn thnh nhiu mnh. tin cho vic s dng c d dng ngi ta phi t tn cho cc mnh bn vi nhng k hiu ring gi l s hiu mnh bn . C 2 cch chia m nh bn : + Chia theo l i kinh v . + Chia theo l i vung.

Hin nay thng dng cch chia theo li kinh v a - Chia m nh bn 1:106 - Trong tng di chiu ly ng xch o lm gc chia ln pha bc v

xung pha nam tng khong 40 theo V , v ghi k hiu cc khong va chia bng ch ci in hoa: A, B, C, D, Vit Nam nm trong khong C, D, E, F , trong di chiu th 48, 49.

Cch chia d i chiu vi 60 theo Kinh v 40 theo V nh trn l mnh bn 1/1000.000. - Cch ghi s hiu: Cc mnh bn nm pha Bc ng xch o ghi thm ch N.

Cc mnh bn nm pha Nam ng xch o ghi thm ch S trc k hiu. V d: N.F 48 S.F 48

F-48 1: 1000000

00 40

80 120

160 200

240 280

A B

D C

E F G H

48 18

320

ng xch o


38

b - Chia m nh bn 1:100.000 Ly mnh bn 1:106 chia thnh 144 u nhau v nh s 1,2,3, .144. theo

th t t tri sang phi, t trn xung di. Mi c chiu ngang l 30 pht Kinh v c chiu dc l 20 pht V l mnh bn 1: 100.000.

Cch ghi s hiu: VD: F-48-116 F - 48 - 116 1/ 100.000

a b c

c - Chia m nh bn 1:50.000

Ly mnh bn 1:100.000 chia thnh 4 u nhau v k hiu A, B, C, D theo th t t tri sang phi, t trn xung di. Mi c chiu ngang l 15 pht Kinh v c chiu dc l 10 pht V l mnh bn 1: 50.000.

Cch ghi s hiu: VD: F-48-116-A d - Chia m nh bn 1:25.000

Ly mnh bn 1:50.000 chia thnh 4 u nhau v k hiu a, b, c, d theo th t t tri sang phi, t trn xung di. Mi c chiu ngang l 7pht 30 giy Kinh v c chiu dc l 5 pht V l mnh bn 1: 25.000.

Cch ghi s hiu: VD: F-48-116-A- b III. K HIU TRN BN 1. Khi nim. K hiu l ting ni ca bn c th hin bng mu sc, hnh v, ch v

s th hin theo mt quy c nht nh, thng nht c th, r rng nhng n gin d nh, d hiu.

Yu cu : H thng k hiu phi sinh ng v mang tnh tng trng, tng hnh cao, phi bo m chnh xc.

2. Cc hnh thc th hin k hiu. a. K hiu bng hnh v.

- K hiu v ng theo t l bn : c dng th hin nhng a vt c kch thc ln ( nh lng mc, thnh ph);

biu th ng mi lin h gia cc a vt trn bn v ngoi thc a. - K hiu v 1/2 t l : L k hiu biu th ng mi tng quan v chiu di cn chiu rng th khng

biu th ng t l c. K hiu ny thng dng cho nhng a vt di nh ng s, sng, ng in

C

A F- 48 - 116 - A

1/50.000 F- 48 - 116 - D - b

1/ 25.000

D d

B


39

- K hiu khng v theo t l : Dng th hin cho nhng a vt c kch thc nh, nhng c tnh cht quan trng cn th hin trn bn , ch yu v mt nh hng. Thng dng k hiu bng phng php tng trng hoc tng hnh ( VD: Cy c lp, nh, cha)

b. K hiu bng mu sc. L phng tin to hnh mnh tng tnh trc quan ca bn cho sinh ng - Mu en : Ch v tr a vt nh : Cu, nh my, nh ga, a vt c lp (nh,

cha, cy c lp). - Mu xanh nht: Ch nc - Mu nu : Ch dng t, ng s. - Mu xanh lc : Ch rng. - Mu : Ch khu vc dn c thnh ph, th x ( C trn 60% l nh vnh cu)

c. K hiu bng ch, s Ch v s dng trn bn rt hn ch. Ch thng dng ch a danh, s

dng gii thch r thm tnh cht ca a vt. VD : H NI ; H TY; Cy thng : - Cy cao 15m - ng knh: 0,5m 15 0,5 Tt c cc k hiu trn c ghi ch pha nam ngoi khung bn

3. Quy nh v tr chnh xc k hiu trn bn a. K hiu c dng hnh hc c bn cn u

. . . - V tr chnh xc ti tm hnh.

b. K hiu c hnh cn y - V tr chnh xc ti im chnh gia ng y

. . c. K hiu c hnh chn gc vung

- V tr chnh xc ti chn ca gc vung . .

d. K hiu c hnh y rng

- V tr chnh xc ti im gia ca ng tng . . tng ca y

e. K hiu c hnh dng hn hp

- V tr chnh xc l ly theo hnh di.


40

4. K hi u dng t K hiu dng t c th hin trn bn thng qua ng bnh . a- Cch xy dng ng bnh

Gi s c mt trn ma l lm nc dng ngp ton b a hnh c mi khong cao u h li trn a hnh mt ng ngn nc. Chiu bng nhng ng ngn nc ln mt phng (bn ), thu theo t l ca bn ta c cc ng cong kp kn gi l ng bnh .

Vy ng bnh l nhng ng cong kp kn ni lin cc im c cng mt cao trn mt t so vi mt nc quy c (Mt nc Bin)

h h llll l - h: L khong cao u ng bnh - l : L c ly phng ngang

b. Cc lo i ng bnh trn bn - ng bnh con (ng bnh c bn):

Th hin dng t mt cch c bn, c v bng nt lin mnh mu nu - ng bnh ci: Th hin dng t mt cch tng qut c v bng nt lin m mu nu trn

ng ny c ghi tr s cao. - ng bnh gia: Dng biu din na khong cao u h nhng ni ng bnh qu tha

(ch dc thoai thoi) c v bng nt mnh t on di mu nu - ng bnh ph: Biu din ni a hnh thay i c bit, c V bng nt t on ngn mu

nu c. c im ca cc ng Bnh - ng Bnh lun l nhng ng cong khp kn. - Hai ng Bnh i xng nhau c cng cao. - ng Bnh cng xt dc cng ln v ngc li. - ng Bnh cch u nhau biu th dc u. - ng Bnh lc tha lc xt trn mt sn dc biu th sn dc hnh li

lm


41

- ng Bnh chn ni xt cng ln nh cng tha biu th mt dc li. Ngc li chn ni tha cng ln nh cng xt, biu th mt dc lm.

d. Bng quy nh cao cc ng bnh theo t l bn

T L BN NG BNH 1 : 25.000 1 : 50.000 1: 100.000 1: 200.000

ng bnh con ( c bn ) 5 m 10 m 25 m 50 m

ng bnh ci 25 m 50 m 100 m 200 m

ng bnh gia 2,5 m 5 m 12,5 m 25 m

ng bnh ph Ty theo a hnh c ghi ch c th

III- GII THCH KHUNG BN . 1- Khung bn

L nhng ng nt thng v xung quanh bn , ng khung trong in nt mnh, ng khung ngoi in nt m, hai ng ny cch nhau 1 cm. ng khung trong l ng gii hn mnh bn .

2. Gii thch phn ngoi khung bn a- Hng ca bn

Trn bn ngi ta quy nh mp trn l hng bc, di l hng nam, mp phi l hng ng, mp tri l hng ty.

Trong thc t c 3 hng bc: Hng Bc tht, Bc t ( a bn) v Bc vung. Ba gc ny thng lch nhau v ngi ta ghi ch lch pha nam khung bn . Cn c vo gin gc lch iu chnh ly hng Bc tht

b- Mp trn + Phn chnh gia : Tn mnh v s hiu mnh. + Gc tri : Ghi tn a phng c trong mnh. + Gc phi : Thc chia t thin, mt, s chp ghp mnh.

c- Mp di + Phn chnh gia : T l bn , thc t l, s gc lch ca 3 hng bc. + Gc tri : Ghi mt s k hiu thng gp. + Gc phi : Ghi tip k hiu, thc o dc, ni v nm sn xut bn ,

h thng cao lm bn , s lng iu chnh. 3. Gii thch gia 2 ng khung bn

Chnh gia cc ng khung c ghi s hiu ca cc mnh tip gip.


42

a. Li vung ( li km) u cc ng k ngang v dc ca li vung c ghi cc tr s. Trong

gn gc khung bn chn ng ngang, ng dc c ghi y cc tr s, cn li ch ghi 2 ch s nt m v to hn ( l tr s Km) dng xc nh to chn.

ngha ca cc s nh sau : VD1 : Ti chn ng dc ghi 186 05 Hai s u ( 18 ) l s th t ca li vung. Ba s cn li ( 605 ) Ch tr s

Km t ng dc vung cch trc 0 km ca di chiu l 605 km. V vy n s cch ng KTTW ca di chiu l: 605 km 500 km = 105 km.

VD2 : Ti chn cc ng k ngang ghi : 17 83 Ghi tr s Km ca ng ngang cch ng xch o l 1783 Km.

b. Li kinh, v . - Li kinh, v c biu din trn bn bng cc t m, nht nm st

ng khung ngoi ca bn . Trong mp pha Bc v pha Nam l cc t kinh ; mp pha ng v pha Ty l cc t v .

4 gc khung bn ghi y tr s Kinh , V ca ng khung trong bn , cn li c th hin bng cc t m nht. VD: V 20010

Kinh 1050 30 00

- Cc bn c t l t: 1: 25.000 n 1: 200.000 mi t kinh, v tng ng l 001. Cc t gc khung bn c chia thnh 6 khong mi khong tng ng l 10 - Bn t l: 1:25.000 Chiu di 1 t kinh l 69 mm. Chiu di 1 t v l 73,5 mm - Bn t l : 1/ 50.000 Chiu di 1 t kinh l 36 mm. Chiu di 1 t v l 37,5 mm

IV. S DNG BN Khi s dng Bn chng ta phi bit o c, tnh ton cc s liu cn thit cho

vic lp k hoch tc chin hnh qun. Nh tnh ton xc nh ta cho vic ch th mc tiu; xc nh cao cho vic lp i quan st hay xc nh dc cho vic s dng binh kh k thut, phng tin c ng chin u.v.v.. C vy mi pht huy ht tc dng ca Bn trong vic ch huy b i chin u.

1- o c ly, din tch a - o c ly - o on thng v ng gp khc: Da v t l bn v thc t l thng

trn bn o tnh - o ng cong: Dng si ch mu dng nc un theo ng cong nh

du hai u dui thng v o nh on thng. - Dng La bn nhiu tc dng o.


43

b. o tnh din tch trn bn Da vo li vung trn bn o tnh din tch

- o tnh din tch vung : S = a 2 S l din tch ca 1 vung a l cnh ca 1 vung - o tnh din tch vung thiu: Xc nh St nm trong vung ta lm nh sau : Chia mi cnh vung thnh 10 phn bng nhau, sau k cc ng giao

nhau vung gc ta s c 100 vung nh.

100SPxSt =

Trong : St L din tch vung thiu cn tm P L tng s vung nh + vi s vung nh thiu quy chn. S /100 L din tch 1 vung nh Cng thc tnh din tch 1 khu vc: += StSnA . Trong : A l din tch khu vc cn tnh n l s vung ln * Ngoi cch tnh nu trn ta c th tnh din tch mt khu vc bng cch chia

khu vc thnh cc dng hnh hc c bn tnh din tch, hoc tnh bng phng php tch phn.

2. Xc nh to , ch th mc tiu. a. Ta s lc(4 s) - Trng hp s dng: trong vung ta ch c mt i tng mc tiu M

hoc nhiu mc tiu c tnh cht khc nhau. - Khi xc nh ta s l c phi tm 2 s cui cng ca ng honh

(ng ngang bn di Xc) v 2 s cui ca ng tung (ng dc bn tri Yc )

- Khi ch th mc tiu vit tn hoc k hiu mc tiu (XY), ta XY vit lin khng c du chm phy gch ngang.

V d: to s lc: Trm xng (1653) b. To 4. S dng khi trong vung ta c nhiu mc tiu tnh cht ging nhau, khi

dng ta s lc d nhm ln. - Cch xc nh: Chia vung ta s lc thnh 4 phn bng nhau, nh du

bng ch ci in hoa A, B, C, D t tri qua phi t trn xung di. Ch th mc tiu: Vit tn, k hiu mc tiu (M) kt hp vi ta s lc XY

v k hiu ch ca tng . V d: Trm xng (1653C) c. Ta 9 Khi ch th mc tiu vit tn mc tiu (M) vi ta s lc (XY) v k hiu s

ca tng . V d: trm xng: (16539)


44

d.To chnh xc - L to dng tr s di xc nh to ca mt im nm trong mt

vung to , ta tm ra chnh v mt so vi h trc gc hoc to s lc ca im . chnh v X gi l x, chnh v Y gi l y

- Mun xc nh ta vung chnh xc ca im trn mt phng bn khi bit v tr im trn bn ta tin hnh theo 3 bc sau :

+ Bc 1 : Xc nh ta vung chn cha im : ( Ta s lc ). Ta vung chn gm 4 s. c xc nh bng 2 s cui ca ng ngang

bn di l gi tr (Km) theo trc X. V 2 s cui ca ng dc bn tri l gi tr (Km) theo trc Y. ca vung cha im

Khi c hay vit bao gi cng vit tung trc v honh sau, vit lin (XY) VD : Cy thng c to chn: Xc = 06 km Yc = 53 km + Bc 2: Xc nh ta vung l T im cn xc nh to k 2 ng vung gc n ng ngang pha di

v ng dc bn tri ca vung cha im . o khong cch t im n chn ng vung gc. Theo trc X k hiu l

X, theo trc Y k hiu l Y Nhn cc khong cch vi mu s t l Bn ta c gi tr X v Y

ngoi thc a (to vung l), n v tnh bng (m) + Bc 3: To vung chnh xc ca im cn xc nh l:

K hiu a vt X = Xc + X Y = Yc + Y Nh vy to vung chnh xc ca im M bt k thc cht l xc nh

chnh l ch v m ca im M so v i trc to gc (X,Y). - Cch vit to chnh xc: M(XY) - V d: Xc nh to vung chnh xc ca cy thng nh hnh v sau: Bit t l bn 1: 25.000 + Xc nh to vung chn Y =15mm Xc = 06 ( km ) Y c= 53 ( km ) X = 20mm + Xc nh to vung l: 06 p dng t l bng ch ta c: 53 1cm trn bn tng ng bng 250 m ngoi thc a X = 2. 250 = 500 (m)

Y = 1,5 . 250 = 375 (m) + Ta chnh xc ca cy thng l: X = 06 km + 500 m = 06500 m Y = 53 km + 375 m = 53375 m Cch vit to vung chnh xc ca cy thng l: (0650053375 )

M


45

BI 5: CP CU BAN U VT THNG CHIN TRANH

----------------------------------------------------------- I. H THNG NHNG KIN THC C BN V BNG B CHUYN

THNG 1. Nguyn tc bng: - Bng kn vt thng, khng b st vt thng: cn kim tra vt thng trc khi

bng, c bit khi b thng vo ban m, khi b nhiu vt thng trn c th. - Bng cht: khng bng lng qu v gy chy mu hoc tut bng trong qu

trinh vn chuyn, khng bng cht qu v gy cn tr qu trnh lu thng mu. Khng lm nhim vt thng, lm bn vt thng trong qu trnh bng.

- Bng sm, bng nhanh nhm gim au, hn ch s mt mu v trnh nhim vt thng gip cho cc tuyn sau iu tr c hiu qu. Nu vt th ng nh, bng sm vn c th tip tc chin u.

2. Cc kiu bng c bn : a. Bng vng xon : Bng vng xon l a cun bng i nhiu vng t di ln trn theo chiu xon l

xo hoc nh hnh con rn cun quanh thn cy. Cch bng: Sau khi t gc ph kn min g vt th ng, t u ngoi cun

bng di vt thng. Tay tri quay u cun bng, tay phi gi cun bng nga ln trn, vng bng sau ln 2/3 vng bng tr c cho khi vt thng c ph kn. u cui ca bng c c nh cho tht cht bng cch dng kim bng hoc x i on cui cun bng sau buc cht va phi pha trn vt thng.

Ch : Kiu bng ny th ng p dng bng cc vt thng cc on chi trn, chi di, vng ngc, vng bng. Cc vng bng phi cun u nhau v xit t-ng i cht.

b. Bng s 8 : L kiu bng a cun bng vng theo hnh s 8. Kiu bng ny phc tp hn,

nhng rt ph hp vi nhng vt thng vng vai, nch, bn mng, cng tay, gt chn, i, cng chn, tu theo v tr vt thng nh bng m a cun bng s 8 to hay nh khc nhau.

3. Thc hnh bng vt thng mt s v tr trn c th : a. Bng vai - bng nch theo kiu s 8 : Bng 2 vng u pha trn vt th ng, c nh on u ca bng. a cun

bng vng theo hnh s 8, hai v ng s 8 lun di 2 nch v bt cho nhau trc vng vai b thng, u cn li c nh v cnh tay trn

b. Bng ngc : t ng bng u tin i cho t di rn ln vai tri vng ra sau lng, u bng

tha mt on buc 2 u bng vi nhau. Bng vng xon quanh ngc t


46

di ln trn, cc vng bng cun tng i cht, nht l i vi vt thng ngc h. ng bng cui cng vng ra sau lng vt qua vai trc buc vi u bng.

c. Bng bng : u tin ph gc ln vt thng, nu c ph tng li qua vt thng khng c

nht vo bng m cun gc vng trn hnh vnh khn. Sau p ln trn vt thng,bng hai u ln nhau gia cun bng. Tip bng theo kiu s 8 mt vng, i trn vnh khn mt vng i d i vnh khn cho ti khi ph ti vt thng, u cn li ca bng c nh bng kim bng.

d. Bng bn, bng mng theo kiu s 8 : Bng hai vng ln nhau, v tr 1/3 trn i c nh u bng. Bng theo

hnh s 8, vng trn cun ln hai mu chu, bt cho trc bn, ri vt ra sau i. Bng nhiu vng s 8 cho n khi che kn vt thng, u cn li ca bng c nh bng kim bng.

e. Bng u gi, gt chn khuu tay : Bng theo kiu s 8 u tin c nh hai vng bn d i gi(gt chn, khuu tay),

a tip cun bng theo hnh s 8 quia kheo vng ln gi cho khi kn vt th ng, sau c nh u bng bng kim bng.

g. Bng bn chn, bn tay theo kiu s 8 : Bng vng u tin gc ngn tay, ngn chn, sau a cun bng theo hnh s 8

vng sau c chn, c tay v bt mu bn tay, bn chn u cn li c nh buc vo bn tay, bn chn.

h. Bng trn theo kiu vnh khn : Bng theo kiu hnh trn t trn ra sau gy sao cho ng bng trn nhch dn ln

t trn xung di v ng bng sau gy nhch dn ln t di ln trn. i. Bng u theo kiu quai m : Buc mt u bng vo vai tri ( nu ngi b thng nh c th cho thng binh

cm mt u bng) a cun bng vt ngang t u tri sang phi, sau gp ngc tr li xon vo on bng ch mang tai, vng mt vng qua trn, qua gy t qua mang tai vt ln nh u xon on mang tai bn u c nh vt tip tc che kn vt thng u cn li buc c nh vi u bng ch vai tri di cm nh quai m.

4. Chuyn thung: Tu theo a hnh, iu kin thi tit tnh trng ca vt thng, khong cch vn

chuyn m s dng phng tin ti thng cho ph hp nh: Cng thng binh, mang Thng binh bng ai s 8, du th ng binh, b vn chuyn th ng binh khnh

thng binh bng kng, bng vng. a. Mang thng binh bng tay : Mang thng binh bng tay p dng trong chin u chuyn th ng binh

nhng khong cch ngn nh: b chuyn thng binh, b chuyn th ng binh, cng chuyn thng binh.

b. Mang thng binh bng dy ai :


47

Bin php mang thng binh bng dy ai rt ph hp vi a hnh rng ni v hai tay ngi ti thng c t do c th bm nm, leo tro, ( khng p dng i vi thng binh b gy xng ct sng v gy xng chi di)

c. Khing thng binh bng cng - Bng vng : Vn chuyn thng binh bng kng, bng vng l bin php ph bin, thng

dng nht. Cng vng l bin php an ton thun li nht cho thng binh. II. CP CU BAN U VT THNG CHIN TRANH. 1. c im ca vt thng chin tranh. a. V kh lnh : Cc tn thng do v lnh gy ra nhn chung t ng i n gin, t li di

chng. b. V kh n thng thng : V kh n st thng bng tc ng trc tip ca u n, mnh ph, vin bi

trong bom n gy nn vt thng cht vt thng xuyn, vt thng dp nt nhiu ng ngch, vt th ng gy, vt th ng mch mu, vt thng thn kinh, vt thng cc tng trong c th.

Cc loi v kh n st thng bng tc ng ca sc n nh: bom, mn, ph n, gy sc p m nh i vi ngi gn tm n to chn thng kn cc tngc khi r nng.

c. V kh ht nhn : V kh ht nhn n to ra cc nhn t st thng nh: sng xung kch, bc x

quang, bc x xuyn, cht phng x gy nn cc tn thng hn hp lm cho vt thng nng v phc tp. Mt ngi c th b ng thi cc tn thng nh: bng v bnh phng x, bng v trn thng.

d. V kh ho hc : Loi v kh s dng cht c ho hc cha ng trong tn la, bom, n

pho, VKHH gy nhim kh quyn, mt t, gy tn thng hng lot i vi ngi v ng vt, gy nhim ngun nc, lng thc, thc phm ph hoi cy ci, ma mng. c im ca nhng tn thng do v kh ho hc gy ra l:

Nhim c ton thn Nhim c thn kinh Gy lot da Gy ngt th. d. V kh sinh hc : V kh sinh hc l cc loi v kh cha cc loi vi sinh vt gy bnh hoc c t

do mt s loi vi c trng tit ra gy bnh v truyn bnh cho ngi. ch c th dng gin ip, bit kch trc tip lm nhim cc ngun thc n, nc ung; hoc c th dng n pho, bom cha cn trng, vi sinh vt gy bnh. Khi bom n n vi sinh vt, cn trung tung ra xung quanh lm nhim hoc dng my bay phun thnh cc m my vi sinh vt dng sng lm nhin mt vng rng ln.


48

V kh sinh hc thng gy bng n cc v dch ln, nhiu ngi mc trong mt thi gian ngn, triu chng rt da dng, kh chun on. Tuy nhin khi mm bnh vo c th ngi c gy bnh c hay khng cn ph thuc vo sc khng (min dch) ca tng ngi.

2. Cp cu ban u vt thng do v kh n ( V kh thng thng ) a. Khi nim v vt thng kn - Vt thng h : Vt thng kn : L vt th ng khng b rch da hoc chy mu bn ngoi, th ng gi l chn

thng nh: chn thng ngc kn, chn thng bng kn do sc p ca bon, n n sp hm, cy loi vt thng ny cng rt nguy him cn c pht hin sm v x tr kp thi.

Vt thng h : L loi vt thng rch da v cc m, gp rt ph bin trong cc vt thng chin

tranh. Tu theo tnh cht tn th ng phn bit vt th ng phn mm, vt th ng mch mu, vt thng gy xng, vt bng, vt thng c tn thng ph tng.

b. Vt thng phn mm : L vt thng c tn thng da, gn c trong c l ch yu. c im ca vt thng phn mm : Vt thng cc b phn khc u kt hp c tn thng phn mm Vt thng phn mm c s l tt l c s cho vic iu tr tt i vi cc tn

thng khc nh: gy xng, vt thng thn kinh, Nhng vt thng do mnh ph bom n thng b dp nt nhiu ng ngch. Bin chng: Tt c vt thng do v kh n u b nhim. Nhim khun nng hay nh vt

thng ph thuc vo nhng yu t sau: + Cc m dp nt v hoi t, di vt cng nhiu nhim khun cng nng. + Vng b thng cng nhiu khi c dy ( mng, i, bp chn ) cng b nhim

khun nng. + Sc khng ca thng binh km cng lm cho nhim khun nng thm. Cp cu u tin ( s cu ) : + Bng vt thng: Nhm bo v vt thng khng b nhim thm, cm mu ti

vt thng, hn ch c nhng bin chng xu. + Nhanh chng a thng binh ra khi ni nguy him, ct du th ng binh vo

ni tng i an ton, t chc vn chuyn v c s iu tr. c. Vt thng mch mu: c im ca vt thng mch mu: + Phn ln vt thng mch mu l c kt hp vi cc tn thng phn mm,

gy xng, t dy thn kinh, th ng l phc tp cp cu iu tr tng i kh khn.


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+ Vt thng do n sng trng, sng my, hoc do mnh n u c th gy tn thng mch mu t nh n dp nt, t hn.

+ Vt thng gy xng c nhiu mnh x ng sc cnh cng c th gy thng, rch hoc t mch mu trong qu trnh vn chuyn thng binh.

+ Nguy him nht l cc loi tn th ng ng mch ln, tn thng ng mch t chi ( loi ny thng hay gp ).

Bin chng : + Chong do mt mu nhiu dn n t vong. + Vt thng mch mu u b nhim + Chy mu ln th 2 ( chy mu th pht ). Cp cu u tin ( s cu ) : Khi c vt th ng mch mu phi cm mu tm thi nhanh v tt ti ni b

thng l rt quan trng v cn thit cu sng thng binh. Yu cu cm mu tm thi l : Khn trng nhanh chng, ng ch nh theo yu cu ca vt th ng, bin php

cm mu tm thi phi ty theo tnh cht chy mu. d. Vt thng gy xng : Nhng vt thng gy xng trong chin tranh phn ln l gy xng h do mnh

n, bom, mn gy nn, nhng cng c th gy xng kn. c im ca vt thng gy xng : + i vi vt thng gy xng kn : da khng rch, c th da ch gy xng b

bm tm, cng c th u xng gy i mt da ln, n vo ch xng gy c ting ku lo so. Chi b gy khng t vn ng c m b bin dng so vi bn lnh.

+ i vi vt thng gy xng h: da b rch m xung quanh ch gy xng b dp nt c th nhn thy u xng gy hoc mt s mnh xng vn theo ra ngoi vt th-ng. Chi b gy khng t vn ng c m b bin dng so

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