HNG DN S DNG
SURFER V.9
Dch v bin tp: Hunh Vn Trc
Thng 7 nm 2010
Chng 1:Gii thiu 1.Cc lnh trong ca s bn v File Menu Commands New
Open Close Save Save As Import Export Page Setup Print Preferences
Exit To mt ti liu hoc bng tnh mi M mt tp tin, bng tnh, hoc trnh bin
tp nt li ng mt ti liu Lu ti liu Lu ti liu vi tn, nh dng mi Nhp khu
file ho Xut khu file ho nh dng trang in In ti liu hin hnh Thiit lp
mc nh Surfer ng Surfer
Edit Menu Commands Hon tc hnh ng cui Undo Lm li hnh ng trc hon
tc Redo Ct i tng chn vo clipboard Cut Copy Copy i tng t clipboard
Chn ni dung clipboard vo ti liu Paste Paste Special Chn ni dung
clipboard vi ty chn nh dng Xo mc chn Delete Chn thc th ti liu
Select All B chn i tng Deselect All Invert Selection o ngc la chn
Object ID Reshape Properties Thay i tn ca i tng chn Di chuyn, xa,
hoc chn thm cc nh trong mt polygon Hin th thuc tnh cho i tng
chn
View Menu Commands Fit to Window Page Actual Size Full Screen
Zoom Pan Realtime Redraw Auto Redraw Rulers Drawing Grid Toolbars
Status Bar Object Manager Hunh Vn Trc Scale mn hnh cho tt c cc i
tng c th nhn thy Hin th y cc trang trn mn hnh Xem bn v kch thc thc
t Xem ton b ti liu Zoom realtime, in, out, vi rectangles hoc i tng
chn Di chuyn ca s bng cch "ly" ni dung ca chng Lm mi hnh nh trn mn
hnh Bt redraw on v off Hin, n cc thc Hin, n li v Hin, n thanh cng c
Hin, n thanh trng thi Hin th mt danh sch tt c cc i tng chnh sa
1
Draw Menu Commands Text Polygon PolyLine Symbol Rectangle
Rounded Rect Ellipse Arrange Menu Commands Order Objects Order
Overlay Align Objects Combine Break Apart Rotate Free Rotate
Transform To ra mt khi vn bn To ra mt polygon To ra mt polyline To
ra mt symbol To ra mt ch nht To ra mt ch nht bo trn gc To ra
ellipse
Sp xp cc i tng v vi Move to Front, Move to Back, Move Forward, v
Move Backward Sp xp mt lp ph trong mt bn tng hp viMove to Front,
Move to Back, Move Forward, v Move Backward. Cn i tng theo chiu
ngang hoc chiu dc Kt hp cc i tng vo mt i tng duy nht Break mt i tng
kt hp vo nhiu i tng Xoay mt i tng theo gc c th Xoay mt i tng vi con
chut Di chuyn, kch thc, v t l cc i tng , cng nh bin i loi b vi bin
i
Grid Menu Commands Data Variogram Function Math Calculus Filter
Spline Smooth Blank Convert Extract Transform Mosaic Volume Slice
Residuals Grid Node Editor To mt li td liu khong cch khng u XYZ To
v lu mt variogram To mt mng li t mt hm Cung cp ton t grid-to-grid v
grid-to-constant Thc hin cc hot ng tnh ton trn mt tp tin li hin c
lc mt li hin c bng cch p dng mt b lc ma trn di chuyn Lm trn mt li
hin c bng cch s dng khi splines Blank cc nt li bn trong hoc bn ngoi
mt ranh gii Chuyn i gia cc nh dng li khc nhau Trch xut mt tp hp con
ca mt li t mt tp tin li hin c Scale, offset, mirror, hoc rotate mt
tp tin li hin c Kt hp mt lot cc li u vo tng thch vo mt li duy nht
Tnh ton khi lng di hoc trn mt b mt li Tnh ton mt phn cho cc d liu
thng qua mt b mt li Tnh ton s khc bit gia d liu XYZ v b mt li Thay
i cc gi tr ca cc nt ring l trong mt li
Map Menu Commands To mt bn ng ng mc mi, chnh sa cc nhn, xut khu
ng bnh 3D Nhp khu mt file bn c s Base Map To mt bn mi hoc bn phn
loi Post Map To mt bn nh mi Image Map Shaded Relief Map To mt bn
shaded relief mi Contour Map Hunh Vn Trc 2
Vector Map Wireframe Surface Scale Bar Digitize
Trackball Stack Maps Overlay Maps Break Apart Overlay Window
Menu Commands New Window Cascade Tile Horizontal Tile Vertical
Arrange Icons
To mt bn vector mi t mt mng li duy nht, hoc t hai li (X, Y hoc
hng, ln) To mt wireframe mi To ra mt b mt 3D mi Thm mt thanh t l bn
ang c chn Hin th ta ca bn c chn trong n v bn v thu thp cc im d liu
t bn Xoay v phng to bn c la chn trong 3D Cn hai hoc nhiu bn Kt hp
cc bn c la chn vo cng h thng ta Break mt lp ph c chn ra t mt bn tng
hp
m ra mt ca s bn sao ca cc ti liu hot ng. Sp xp cc ca s chng chng
ln nhau Sp xp cc ca s theo chiu ngang nn khng chng . Sp xp cc ca s
theo chiu dc nn khng c chng cho Sp xp cc biu tng di cng ca ca s ng
dng.
2.Cc lnh trong ca s bng tnh: File Menu Commands Ging nh trn Edit
Menu Commands - Worksheet Ging nh trn Format Menu Commands Cell
Properties Thit lp nh dng s, cn ll, v mu nn cho cc la chn Column
Width Thit lp rng ct cho cc c la chn Thit lp rng hng cho cc c la
chn Row Height Data Menu Commands Sp xp cc Sort p dng mt bin i ton
hc ti ct Transform Tnh ton thng k v cc c la chn Statistics Window
Menu Commands Ging nh trn 3.Cc lnh trong trnh bin tp li: File Menu
New Open Close Save Save As Exit Options Menu Show Contours Contour
Levels Hunh Vn Trc Hin, n bnh Thay i hin th ng bnh 3 To mt ti liu
hoc bng tnh mi M mt tp tin, bng tnh, hoc trnh bin tp nt li ng mt ti
liu Lu ti liu Lu ti liu vi tn, nh dng mi ng Surfer
Show Nodes Blank Node Unblank Node Grid Info
Toggle hin th cc biu tng nt Blank nt li chn Khi phc cc nt li
blanked cui Hin th thng tin v cc li hin hnh
Chng 2:hng dn thc hnh Lm th no s dng Surfer Vic p dng ph bin nht
ca Surfer l to ra mt bn da trn mt tp tin li t d liu XYZ. Lnh
Grid\Data s dng mt tp tin d liu XYZ sn xut mt tp tin li. Cc tp tin
li sau c s dng bi hu ht cc cc lnh ca menu Map to bn . Cc Post Map
(bn v tr, hin th im chi tit) v Base Map (bn c s) khng s dng cc tp
tin li. Biu minh ha mi quan h gia tp tin d liu XYZ, cc file li, bn
ng ng mc, v bn khung li (wireframes.)
1.Bi 1 : To file d liu XYZ Mt tp tin d liu XYZ l mt tp tin c cha
t nht ba ct ca cc gi tr d liu. Hai ct u tin l ta X v Y . Ct th ba l
gi tr Z . Mc d n khng phi l bt buc, nhp to X trong ct A, Y trong ct
B, v gi tr Z trong ct C l mt tng tt. Surfer s cho cc ta trong nhng
ct ny theo mc nh. a.M mt file hin thi xem mt v d v mt tp tin d liu
XYZ, bn c th m TUTORWS2.DAT vo mt ca s bng tnh, s dng lnh Open hoc
kch biu tng
Hunh Vn Trc
4
b.To mt File d liu mi: Surfer worksheet c th c s dng to ra mt tp
tin d liu. m mt ca s bng tnh v bt u nhp d liu chn lnh File | New
hoc bm nt Kch tu chn Worksheet trong hp thoi New v OK .
Khi mhp xong , lu li d liu vi lnh Save as Cc tp tin c lu nh dng
[.DAT] vi tn file m bn ch nh. Tn ca tp tin d liu s xut hin pha trn
ca s bng tnh.
2.Bi 2 - To File li Grid file l cn thit to mt bn li c s.
Grid-based maps bao gm cc bn ng ng mc, bn hnh nh, bn dng ni, bn
vector 1-li, bn vector 2-li, wireframes, v b mt. Grid file c to ra
bng cch s dng lnh Grid\Data . Lnh Data i hi d liu trong ba ct
X,Y,Z. sn xut mt tp tin li t file mu TUTORWS.DAT: 1. Nu bn m ca s
bng tnh, bm vo menu Window v chn Plot1. Ngoi ra, bn c th to ra mt
ca s mi vi File\ New (chn Plot Document v sau nhn OK). 2. Chn lnh
Grid \ Data . 3. Trong hp thoi Open, kch file TUTORWS.DAT (Trong th
mc SAMPLES ). 4. Click Open v hp thoi Grid Data xut hin.Ngoi ra, bn
c th kch p vo tn file d liu hin th hp thoi Data Grid. Hunh Vn Trc
5
5. Hp thoi Grid Data cho php bn kim sot cc thng s grid. -Nhm
Data Columns c s dng xc nh cc ct c cha cc gi tr ta X,Y,Z trong tp
tin d liu. -Nhm Grid Line Geometry c dng xc nh gii hn li XY, khong
cch li, v s lng ng li (cn gi l hng v ct) trong tp tin li. -Nhm
Gridding Method c s dng xc nh phng php ni suy v cc ty chn ni suy.
-Nhm Output Grid File c s dng xc nh ng dn v tn file cho file li.
-Ty chn Grid Report c s dng xc nh to ra mt bo co thng k v s liu.
6-Click OK. Trong thanh trng thi pha di ca ca s, hin th tin trnh ca
th tc gridding. Bng vic chp nhn cc mc nh, tp tin li s dng cng mt ng
dn v tn file tp tin d liu, nhng cc file li c mt ui n rng [GRD].
3.Bi 3 : To bnh a.To bnh : Bn ng ng mc(Bnh )l mt bn v ca ba gi
tr. Hai gi tr u tin l ta X, Y , v th ba Z v ng ng mc (cc ng cong
trn bn ) . Hnh dng ca b mt c th hin bi cc ng cong. to mt bn ca tp
tin TUTORWS.GRD c to ra trong bi hc trc : 1.Chn Map | New | Contour
Map , hoc kch nt 2.Trong hp thoi, chn file TUTORWS.GRD v kch Open
3.Bn to ra s dng cc thuc tnh mc nh b.M thuc tnh bn : Sau khi to mt
bn , bn c th thay i cc thuc tnh bn . C mt s cch m thuc tnh ca mt i
tng. Phng php ph bin nht l kch p vo i tng trong Object Manager. V
d, thay i gii hn ca mt bn , kch p vo i tng "Map" trong Object
Manager m hp thoi v nhp chut vo trang Limits. thay i cp ng bnh ,
kch p vo "Contours" trong Object Manager m hp thoi thuc v nhp chut
vo trang Levels.
c.Thay i mc ng bnh : Sau khi to mt bnh , bn c th d dng sa i bt k
cc tnh nng bn . V d, bn c th thay i cp ng bnh hin th trn bn . Thao
tc nh sau: 6 Hunh Vn Trc
t con tr bn trong gii hn ca bn v nhn p hin th hp thoi thuc tnh.
Trong hp thoi thuc tnh, nhp vo trang Levels hin th cc mc ng bnh v
cc thuc tnh ng cho bn . Trong v d ny, mc ng bt u ti Z = 20. Nhp
chut vo thanh cun bn phi di chuyn n pha di. Bn c th thy rng mc ng
ng mc ti a l Z = 105 cho bn ny v khong chnh cao u l 5.
thay i phm vi v khong cch, nhp vo nt Level v hp thoi Levels
Contour c hin th. iu ny cho thy cc ng ng mc ti thiu v ti a cho bn v
cc khong cao u . Click i vo trong hp Interval v g gi tr 10. Nhp OK
v trang Levels c cp nht phn nh s thay i. Kch OK d.Thay i thuc tnh
Contour Line Bn c th nhp p vo bt k cc yu t trong danh sch trn trang
Levels sa i cc yu t ring bit. V d, bn c th kch p vo mt gi tr Z
trong danh sch thay i gi tr Z cho mc contour c th. Bn cng c th kch
p vo line sa i cc thuc tnh ng cho cp ny. iu ny cung cp mt cch nhn
mnh mt ng bnh ring bit trn bn . (level l gi tr cao Z)
Hunh Vn Trc
7
d.Thm mu gia hai ng bnh : Mu sc c th c ch nh cho cc cp ring
trong cng mt cch nh thuc tnh line. Ngoi ra, bn c th gn cc mu da trn
mt quang ph gia hai mu (chuyn tip mu) Cc trang Levels trong hp thoi
thuc tnh cho thy mt s tng ng gia mc (di nt Level) v mt mu (di nt
Fill). Nhng mu sc c s dng t y cc khong trng gia cc mc tng ng v mc
cao hn. V d, nu mc ng l 20, 30, 40, ..., vv, sau cc mu tng ng vi mc
20 c s dng t vo khong trng gia cc ng c mc 20 v 30 . thay i mu,
trong hp thoi thuc tnh, trang Levels nhp vo nt Fill m hp thoi Fill.
Trong hp thoi Fill, nhp vo nt Foreground Color m hp thoi ColoMap.
Hp thoi ny cho php bn chn mu sc gn cho cc gi tr Z. Click vo nt bn
tri pha di ph mu v sau bm vo mu xanh trong bng mu. T l mu dao ng t
mu xanh sang mu trng. Ngoi ra, bn c th chn mt ph mu t cc mu thit lp
sn trong danh sch th xung, hoc bng cch nhp vo nt Load.
(Ty chn) Nu bn mun mu t c r rng, thay i gi tr Opacity. Nhp vo nt
OK tr v hp thoi Fill. Nt Foreground Color by gi hin th nh mt mu
chuyn tip t mu xanh sang mu trng. Nhp vo nt OK Nhp vo nt OK v bn v
li vi ng bnh l mu xanh ti trng. Hunh Vn Trc 8
e.Thm, xo v di chuyn nhn bnh : Nhp chut phi vo bn v chn Edit
Contour Labels. Bn cng c th chnh sa cc nhn ca mt ng bng cch s dng
lnh Map | Edit Contour Labels. Vic thay i con tr thnh mt u mi tn mu
en cho bit bn ang ch chnh sa. Cc ng bnh c nhn hp hnh ch nht xung
quanh chng trong ch chnh sa. xa mt nhn, nhn vo nhn v bm phm Delete
. thm mt nhn, bm v gi phm CTRL v nhp chut tri v tr trn ng bnh , ni
bn mun t nhn mi. Con tr mi tn mu en vi mt du cng cho bit bn c th
thm mt nhn mi. . di chuyn mt nhn, kch chut tri trn nhn, gi nt chut
tri v ko nhn. Nh chut tri hon thnh di chuyn nhn. nhn bn mt nhn, gi
phm CTRL trn bn phm trong khi gi nt chut tri v sau ko nhn vo mt v
tr mi. thot khi ch Edit Contour Labels, bm phm ESC. g.Bin tp trc ta
: Mi bn c to ra vi bn trc: di cng, phi, trn, v trc tri. Bn c th kim
sot hin th ca mi trc . Trong v d ny, s thay i khong cch gia ng bnh
v thm mt nhn trc 1.Di chuyn con tr trn mt trong nhng nhn nh du trc
trn trc X di v click tri chut. Trong thanh trng thi pha di ca ca s,
cc t "Map: Bottom Axis" c hin th. Cci tng "Bottom Axis" trong
Object Manager cng c nh du. iu ny cho thy rng bn chn trc di cng ca
bn . Ngoi ra, vng trn mu xanh xut hin ti cui cng ca trc x l, v mu
xanh l cy hnh vung xut hin xung quanh ton b bn . iu ny cho thy rng
trc l mt "i tng ph" ca ton b bn . 2.Click i vo trc di cng hin th
trc di cng hp thoi thuc tnh. 3.Trong hp Title trn trang General, g
"Bottom Axis" (khng c du ngoc kp) v sau nhn nt Apply. iu ny t mt
tiu trn trc c la chn
Hunh Vn Trc
9
4.Nu bn khng th xem tiu trc, chn View | Zoom | Selected. Ch rng
bn khng ng hp thoi thuc tnh chn cc lnh ca menu, cc nt thanh cng c,
hoc cc i tng trong ca s . 5.Nhp vo tab Scaling hin th ty chn t l
trc. Trong hp Major Interval , nhp gi tr 1,5 v sau nhn nt Apply. iu
ny thay i khong cch dc theo trc c la chn. 6.Nhp vo tab General v
sau nhp vo nt Label Format m hp thoi Label Format. 7.Trong hp thoi
Label Format, chn ty chn Fixed trong nhm Type. Click vo mi tn xung
trn hp ch s thp phn v thay i gi tr cho 1. iu ny cho thy rng ch c mt
ch s sau du thp phn cho cc nhn nh du trc. 8.Nhp vo nt OK tr v hp
thoi thuc tnh trc. 9.Nhp vo nt OK trong hp thoi thuc tnh trc v bn c
v li. Trc nh du khong cch v nhn c thay i, v tiu trc c t bn di bn .
h.Lu bn : Khi hon thnh bn hoc bn v , bn c th lu bn cho mt [file
Surfer SRF] cha tt c cc thng tin cn thit ti sn xut bn .. Khi bn lu
mt bn , tt c cc nh dng bn v thuc tnh c bo tn trong tp tin. i.Xut
khu ng bnh 3D: Khi hon thnh mt bn bnh , bn c th xut cc ng bnh vi gi
tr lin quan n Z cho mt tp tin AutoCAD DXF. 1.Chn bn bng cch nhn vo
bn trong ca s hoc bng cch bm vo ch "Contours" trong qun l i
tng.
2. Chn Map | Contour Map | Export Contours. 3.Trong hp thoi Save
As, nhp tn file TUTORWS v kch save 4.Bi 4 : V tr d liu im v lm vic
vi lp: Bn v tr (post Map)l g? Post Map c to ra bng cch t biu tng i
din cho d liu im X, Y trn bn . Post map c th hu ch trong vic xc nh
s phn b ca cc im d liu, cng nh t d liu hoc thng tin vn bn ti cc im
c th trn bn . Tp tin d liu cha X, Y c s dng t cc im trn bn . Tp tin
d liu cng c th cha cc nhn lin kt vi mi im. lp bn c s dng lm g? Cc
lp cho php bn thm nhiu bn cho mt bn hin c to ra mt i tng bn hin th
mt lot cc loi bn . V d, nu bn c mt bn ca d liu thi tit , bn c th
thm mt lp post map hin th v tr v tn trm ca mi trm thu thp d liu. Lm
th no cc lp bn b sung vo bn hin hnh? Lp bn c th c thm vo mt bn hin
c bng cch chn cc bn v lnh Map | Add hoc bng cch ko mt lp bn hin ti
t mt i tng bn khc. a.Thm mt lp bn v tr: -S dng tp tin TUTORWS.SRF
bn to ra trong bi hc trc , chn bn ng ng mc. -Chn lnh Map | Add |
Post Layer , hoc nhp chut phi trn bn ng ng mc v chn Add | Post
Layer. -Trong hp thoi Open Data, chn TUTORWS.DAT t th mc mu. 10
Hunh Vn Trc
-Nhp vo nt Open v Post map c thm vo bn ng ng mc. b.Thay i thuc
tnh Post Map: -Hy chc chn rng Object Manager c m ra. Nu Object
Manager khng m ca, chn View | Object Manager, hoc nhn vo nt .
-Double-click vo ch "Post" trong Object Manager, hoc nhp chut phi
vo ch "Post" v chn Properties. -Trong hp thoi Post Map Propeties,
trang General, nhp vo nt Default Symbol m hp thoi Symbol
Properties. -Chn biu tng t bng k hiu. -Chn Cyan t bng mu. Opacity c
th c iu chnh to ra biu tng trong sut (ty chn). -Nhp vo nt OK. Cc
biu tng ty chn xut hin -Nhp vo nt Apply v biu tng s xut hin cc im d
liu trn bn . -Trong hp Fixed Size (mc Symbol Size), ch nh kch thc
(v d 0,09 ) Ngoi ra, kch thc biu tng c th c kim sot bi t l rng (ty
chn). -Nhp vo nt OK v bn c v vi biu tng ty chnh. Nu Post map khng
hin th, m bo rng cc lp Post l trn lp ng bnh trong Object Manager. B
lc lp c lit k trong mt i tng bn l th t cc lp bn c v trong ca s. di
chuyn mt lp bn , nhp chut tri v ko ln hoc xung trong i tng bn .
Ngoi ra, chn lp bn v s dng lnh Arrange | Order Objects hoc nhp chut
phi v chn lnh Order Objects. c. La chn mt lp bn v thay i cc ID i
tng : Chn Layer Bn : Mt lp bn ring bit c th c chn trong bn nhiu lp
bng cch nhp vo layer trong ca s hoc nhp vo lp bn trong qun l i tng.
Cch d nht chn mt lp bn l nhp vo tn lp trong Object Manager. Tuy
nhin, bn cng c th chn layer trong ca s bn v bng chut. Bt c khi no
hai hoc nhiu i tng chim v tr tng t trong ca s, s dng phm CTRL v nt
chut tri chn i tng mong mun. Cc phm CTRL cho php bn chn thng qua
vic la chn cc i tng chng cho. V d, nu bn mun chn mt lp bn bnh pha
sau mt lp bn v tr, gi phm CTRL v bm vo cho n khi cc lp bn ng bnh c
chn. Bn c th s dng cc thanh trng thi gip bn xc nh i tng c chn. i tn
Layers chn mt lp bn v gn hoc thay i ID i tng: Nhp vo tn lp bn ng ng
mc trong qun l i tng. Trong trng hp ny, nhp vo ch "Contours". Thanh
trng thi hin ln " Map: Contours." Chn Edit | Object ID. Trong hp
thoi Object ID, g tn, v d " Tutorial Contour Map " v nhp vo nt OK.
Thanh trng thi, Object Manager, v hp thoi thoi properties phn nh s
thay i tn. -Nu bn kch p vo layer " Tutorial Contour Map " trong qun
l i tng, thng bo Tiu hp thoi thuc tnh c t thnh Map: Tutorial
Contour Map Properties. Khi bn i tn mt i tng trong Surfer, hp thoi
ny phn nh s thay i tn theo di cc i tng m bn ang chnh sa. V d, nu bn
c tm bn trong ca s, n c li thay i tn bn ti mt tn c ngha lu. d.Thm
nhn cho Post Map: Nhp chut phi vo layer "" Tutorial Post Map trong
qun l i tng v chn Properties. Nhp vo tab Labels. Trong mc Worksheet
Column for Labels, nhp vo mi tn th xung v danh sch cc ct trong
TUTORWS.DAT c hin th. Chn Column C: cao t danh sch. Nhp vo nt
Format m hp thoi Label Format. Thay i Type l Fixed v gi tr ch s thp
phn l khng. Hunh Vn Trc 11
Nhp vo nt OK tr v hp thoi thuc tnh bn , trang label Nhp vo nt
OK
. . Di chuyn nhn ring l: Chn Post Map trong qun l i tng. Chn lnh
Map | Edit Post Labels hoc nhp chut phi trn bn chn v chn Edit Post
Labels. Con tr s thay i cho bit bn ang ch chnh sa nhn. Nhp chut tri
vo mt nhn, gi nt chut tri , v ko nhn vo mt v tr mi, bn phm phm mi
tn c th c s dng di chuyn v tr nhn. Nh chut tri t cc nhn trong v tr
mi.. Bm phm ESC thot khi ch chnh sa. 5.Bi 5:To 3D Surface Map: 3D
Surface Map l g? Tng t nh 3D wireframes, ch khc l cc b mt ba chiu
biu din bng m. B mt 3D cho php bn to ra mt m hnh cao ca khu vc ca
bn quan tm v sau thm cc lp d liu trn u trang ca b mt. Bn c th iu
khin mu sc, nh sng, mu che ph, v li ca mt b mt 3D. + to mt bn b mt
3D: -Chn lnh File | New | Plot m mt ti liu. -Chn lnh Map | New | 3D
Surface, hoc bm nt . -Chn tp tin li TUTORWS.GRD (file v d) t danh
sch trong hp thoi Open Grid. -Nhp vo nt Open, v b mt 3D c to ra bng
cch s dng cc thit lp mc nh. +Thm mt Mesh (li): ng li c th c p dng
cho cc b mt. Bn b mt 3D c kh nng nhiu hn bn 3D wirframe. Thm ng li
ti mt bn b mt 3D m phng mt bn 3D wireframe. thm mt li: -Click i vo
bn b mt 3D m thuc tnh b mt 3D. -Nhp vo tab Mesh. -nh du kim cc hp X
v Y trong phn Draw Lines of Constant -Thay i Frequency n nm cho dng
X v Y -Nhp vo nt OK hoc nt Apply thm mt li 3D ti b mt c la chn
+Thay i mu: -Click i vo trn b mt 3D m hp thoi thuc tnh b mt 3D.
-Trn trang General, nhn vo nt Upper trong nhm Material Color. Hp
thoi mu m ra. Hunh Vn Trc 12
-Trong hp thoi mu, chn Rainbow t danh sch Presets. Danh sch
Presets cha nhiu mu nh sn. Ngoi ra, bn c th nhp vo nt Load v chn mt
tp tin ph mu tu chnh vi ui m rng [CLR]. -Ch rng cc mu sc v v tr nt
thay i trong hp thoi mu. The Rainbow ci sn cc nt c su mu t tm n .
Bn c th thm, loi b, p dng m c, ty chnh cc nt, hoc chp nhn cc la chn
mc nh. -Nhp vo nt OK trong hp mu tr v hp thoi thuc tnh . -Nhp vo nt
Apply xem cc thay i mu ca bn.
+Thm mt lp bn : -Kch chut phi vo trn b mt 3D trong Object
Manager v chn Object ID. Thay i text thnh TUTORWS d phn bit cc lp
bn trong danh sch Object Manager. Nhp vo nt OK. -Chn bn TUTORWS
trong Object Manager hoc ti liu bn . Tip theo, thm mt lp bn 3D
phng: -Vi bn TUTORWS chn, s dng lnh Map | Add | 3D Surface Layer,
hoc kch chut phi vo bn b mt v chn Add | 3D Surface Layer. -Trong hp
thoi Open Grid, m th mc mu ca Surfer v chn li phng, TUTORPL.GRD.
-Nhp vo nt Open, v bn b mt ca lp c to ra bng cch s dng cc thit lp
mc nh. -Kch chut phi vo trn b mt 3D mi trong qun l i tng v chn
Object ID. Thay i text thnh TUTORPL d phn bit cc lp bn trong danh
sch Object Manager. Mt phng l by gi phn tng vi b mt 3D gc. -M thuc
tnh bn TUTORPL v thay i Upper Material Color vi Rainbow ci sn cho
ph hp vi mu trong TUTORWS. 6.Bi 6: Thm tnh r rng, t l mu, v tiu
a.Thm tnh r rng ti Layers Map Bn c th iu chnh gi tr Opacity (m dn)
ca mt lp bn , hay cc ng bnh , t c polygon, vn bn, line, hoc biu tng
trong hp thoi thuc tnh thch hp. iu ny c th hu ch khi bn c nhiu lp
bn v cn phi thc hin mt hoc nhiu lp trong sut d liu th hin tt nht
thc hin iu ny, m hp thoi thuc tnh ng bnh . Trn trang Levels, nhp vo
nt Fill. Trong hp thoi Fill, nhp vo nt Foreground Color. Trong hp
thoi mu, chn Rainbow t danh sch Presets Thay i Opacity n 43%. Nhp
vo nt OK tr v hp thoi Fill. Nhp vo nt OK tr v trang Levels ca hp
thoi thuc tnh. Ct Fill hin th s thay i m c. Nhp vo nt OK xc nhn s
thay i. b.thm mt lp bng m : Thm mt lp bn bng m bn hin th cao pha
sau ng bnh thm mt lp bn cu tr bng m: Nhp chut vo bn bnh chn n. Chn
lnh Map | Add | Shaded Relief Layer Hunh Vn Trc 13
Chn tp tin v d TUTORWS.GRD, v nhn vo nt Open. Mt lp bn bng m c
thm vo trong Object Manager. Ch bng ca lp bn bng m gip phn bit a
hnh ca cc tp tin li. (Ty chn) Trong qun l i tng, bn c th nhn vo du
kim bn cnh cc bn lp bt, tt tm nhn ca cc bn . c.Thm mt Scale mu Bn c
th thm t l mu sc cho cc loi bn trong Surfer M thuc tnh bn . Nhp vo
trang General, hy chc chn cc ty chn Fill Contours c chn. Sau , nhp
vo hp kim Color Scale. Nhp vo nt OK v mu sc mc nh c to ra. Mt i tng
Scale mu mi c thm vo Object Manager. thay i tnh cht t l cc mu sc
(ty chn): Click i vo thanh scale hin th hp thoi Properties Color
Scale. Hy iu chnh thuc tnh nhn hoc line. Nhp vo nt OK. thm mt tiu
ti thanh t l mu (ty chn): S dng lnh Draw | Text v click bn tri ca
thanh t l. Hp thoi text Properties s m ra. Trong phn text, hy nhp "
cao (mt)", v nhn vo nt OK. Nhp ESC thot khi ch chnh sa vn bn Chn i
tng text v s dng lnh Arrange | Rotate. Trong hp thoi Rotate, hy nhp
"90" theo chiu Kim ng h trong hp Degrees. Nhp vo nt OK. d.Thm mt
tiu Map thm mt tiu : M thuc tnh axis nh hng dn trc y. Nhp vo tab
General trong hp thoi. Trong phn Titile, g " Tutorial Map " m khng
c du ngoc kp. Bm phm ENTER chuyn sang dng k tip. Trn dng th hai, s
dng mt nh ngha ton hc nng ng chn ngy hin ti. Trong trng hp ny chng
ti s s dng ngy thng " \date " hin th ngy thng hin hnh. Hy chc chn
thm mt khng gian vo cui "\date ". Nu khng t mt khng gian sau "\date
". s cho kt qu ton hc li. Nhp vo nt Font trong phn tiu m hp thoi
Properties Font. Nhp vo hp kim bn cnh Bold trong phn Style. Thay i
Kch thc (im) n 14.
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14
Chng 3 Li 1. Tng quan: a.Mt s khi nim: Li l mt khu vc hnh ch nht
bao gm cc hng v ct u nhau. Giao im ca mt hng v ct c gi l nt li. Cc
hng c cha cc nt li vi cng ta Y, v cc ct cha cc nt li vi ta X.
Gridding to ra mt gi tr Z ti mi nt ca li hoc ngoi suy cc gi tr d
liu. To mt File li [. GRD ] Lnh Grid | Data c s dng to mt tp tin
li. Hp thoi cho php cc ty chn Data Columns, Gridding Method, Output
Grid File, v Grid Line Geometry ch nh. Cc la chn c thc hin trong hp
thoi s tc ng n cc tp tin li u ra v cc bn c to ra t tp tin li. Mt
file d liu phi c ba ct d liu X, Y, Z v to mt tp tin li. t nht ba im
d liu cn thit cho ct X, Y, Z. Phng php Gridding Phng php sn xut mt
mng Gridding, khong cch hnh ch nht u nhau ca cc gi tr Z t d liu
khng u nhau XYZ. Thut ng "khng u nhau" c ngha l khng c im theo m
hnh c bit, do , c rt nhiu "l", ni d liu ang thiu. Gridding in vo
trong cc l bi gi tr Z ngoi suy ti nhng a im ni m d liu khng c. Khi
d liu XYZ c thu thp, bn c th to mt tp tin li c s dng cc gi tr Z trc
tip v khng suy cc gi tr cho cc nt li.. Ty chn chung ca li: Mi phng
php gridding thit lp ty chn ring ca li. Mt s cc tu chn u ging nhau
cho cc phng php khc nhau. Mt s ty chn c sn cho nhiu phng php
gridding bao gm: Search, Anisotropy, Breaklines, v Faults. Ct v hng
: Ct v cc hng i khi c gi l ng li X v ng li Y. Trong thc t, khi bn
to mt bn wireframe t mt tp tin li , cc ng to nn li i din cho hng li
X v Y. Giao im ca cc ng li xc nh v tr ca cc nt li trn wireframe, v
chiu cao ca b mt ti mi nt li l t l thun vi gi tr Z c giao ti nt .
Xc nh hnh hc li trong hp thoi Data Grid. S dng tp tin Grid to Maps
Tt c cc loi bn u yu cu li ca n trong Surfer. Lnh Grid | Data cung
cp cho bn mt s phng php to ra mt tp tin li [GRD] t d liu XYZ ca bn.
Surfer cng c th s dng nhiu nh dng file li trc tip (tc l USGS
[DEM]., GTopo30 [HDR]., SDTS [DDF]., a hnh k thut s cao Model
(DTED) [DT *.], v.v). iu ny c ngha l bn khng phi i qua qu trnh
gridding nu bn c mt tp tin li h tr. b.V d v li: Mt tp tin d liu
XYZ:
S dng lnh Map | New | Post Map to ra mt bn v tr hin th v tr d
liu vi cc nhn gi tr Z. Bc ny l hin th cc d liu khng u nhau trn
bn
Hunh Vn Trc
15
. S dng lnh Grid | Data to ra mt file li khong cch u [GRD] t
khong cch khng u tp tin d liu XYZ..
Chn bn v tr (post Map)v s dng lnh Map | Add | Contour Layer thm
bn ng ng mc ca tp tin li vo.
c.Grid data: Tp tin li l cn thit trong Surfer to bn cc loi. T tp
tin d liu c chuyn i thnh mt li trc khi s dng cc tnh nng ca Surfer.
Grid file c sn xut bng cch s dng lnh Grid | Data. Khi to mt grid
file, thng c th chp nhn tt c cc thng s mc nh. Theo hu ht cc trng
hp, phng php c ngh l kriging. y l mc nh la chn phng php li bi v n
cho kt qu tt cho hu ht b d liu XYZ. C mt vi thng s gridding bn c th
thit lp. Hy tham kho phng php gridding bit thm thng tin v cc thng s
c th. Tt c cc phng php gridding cn t nht ba d liu im khng qu gn
nhau. Mt s phng php yu cu nhiu im d liu hn. Hp thoi Grid data:
Hunh Vn Trc
16
Data columns: Ch nh cc ct cho cc d liu X, Y, Z. Surfer mc nh X:
Ct A, Y: Ct B, v Z: ct C. Bn c th thay i th t. Filter Data: Bn c th
lc cc d liu trc khi grid da trn mt b lc c xc nh trc hoc da trn mt
phng trnh ngi dng nh ngha bng cch nhn vo nt Filter data. View data:
Nu bn khng chc chn trong c ct cha d liu XYZ ca bn, hy nhp vo nt
View Data xem d liu trong mt nh dng tp tin bng tnh. Statistics: hin
th s liu thng k da trn ct X, Y, Z c la chn Grid Report: bo co kt qu
to file li Ty chn Gridding Method v Advanced : Surfer c nhiu phng
php khc nhau. Nhng phng php ny xc nh cch thc m cc d liu XYZ sn xut
mt tp tin li. Hy tham kho cc phng php gridding thm thng tin v cc ty
chn. Cross Validate: Nhp vo nt Validate Cross thc hin xc nhn qua
trn d liu ca bn Grid Line Geometry: xc nh cc gii hn mt li Gii hn ti
thiu v ti a ta X v Y cho li : Surfer tnh ton gi tr ti thiu v ti a X
v Y t tp tin d liu XYZ. Nhng gi tr ny c s dng nh l gi tr mc nh ta
cho li . Spacing v # of Lines (mt li): Grid mt thng c xc nh bi s
lng cc ct v cc hng trong li, v l mt thc o ca s nt li. Cc # of Lines
trong X Direction l s ct li, v # of Lines trong Y Direction l s hng
. Hng (X Direction hoc Y Direction) bao gm cc mc ln hn (ln hn s lng
d liu n v) c gn 100 ng li theo mc nh. S lng cc ng li theo mt hng
khc c tnh ton sao cho khong cch ng li trong hai hng l cng gn nhau
cng tt. Bng vic xc nh cc gii hn li v s lng cc hng v ct, cc gi tr
Spacing s c t ng xc nh. d.Grid Files: Ngoi cc tp tin li m Surfer to
ra, n cng c th c cc m hnh k thut s cao (DEM). Surfer s dng file li
USGS DEM [DEM], GTopo30 [HDR], SDTS [DDF], v DTED [DT.*] . File DEM
cha arc- hai ta XY s c t ng chuyn i sang v / kinh thp phn Hunh Vn
Trc 17
2.Phng php grid: Gii thiu chung phng php Gridding: Tham s phng
php grid kim sot cc th tc ni suy. Khi to mt tp tin li, bn thng c th
chp nhn cc phng php mc nh v sn xut mt bn c th chp nhn c. S khc bit
gia cc phng php gridding nm trong cc thut ton ton hc c s dng tnh
ton trong thi gian ni suy nt li. Mi phng php c th dn n mt biu hin
khc nhau ca d liu. y l iu thun li kim tra mi phng php vi mt d liu
in hnh xc nh phng php gridding cung cp cho bn. Bi v bn Surfer c to
ra t d liu grid. Khi bn ng im d liu ban u trn mt bn ng ng mc, mt s
cc ng bnh c th l v tr "sai" tng i so vi d liu gc. iu ny xy ra bi v
cc a im ca cc ng cong c xc nh ch duy nht bi cc gi tr nt li ni suy v
khng trc tip bi cc d liu gc. Mt s phng php tt hn so vi nhng phng
php khc cho d liu ca bn, v i khi mt s th nghim (tc l tng mt li ) l
cn thit trc khi bn c th xc nh phng php tt nht cho d liu. Phng php
grid c la chn trong hp thoi Grid Data (truy cp thng qua Grid |
Data). So snh cc phng php grid: Hy th mi phng php gridding khc
nhau, chp nhn gi tr mc nh. iu ny mang n cho bn mt cch xc nh phng
php tt nht s dng vi cng mt d liu thit lp.
Hunh Vn Trc
18
Hunh Vn Trc
19
Chn phng php cn c vo s liu im XYZ: Kch thc ca d liu u vo cn c
xem xt khi la chn mt phng php gridding. Surfer cn ti thiu ba im X,
Y, v Z khng qu gn thc hin qu trnh gridding. Mi im hay t hn khng xc
nh nhiu xu hng chung trong d liu ca bn. Nh vi hu ht cc b d liu,
phng php Kriging v Radial Basis Function s sn xut bn tt nht ca d
liu ca bn. Nu ch xc nh xu hng ca d liu, bn c th s dng Polynomial
Regression. Vi 10 im hoc t hn, gridding l cc k nhanh, v vy bn c th
th cc phng php khc nhau xc nh phng php hiu qu nht. Vi b d liu nh (
1.000 im), Minimum Curvature v Triangulation with Linear
Interpolation thc hin kh nhanh, v c hai cho kt qu tt. Nh vi hu ht
cc d liu khc, Kriging hoc Radial Basis Function c th sn xut ra cc
bn tt nht, nhng thao tc hi chm mt cht. S dng Kriging hoc Radial
Basis Function vi b d liu ln khng cho kt qu khc nhau ng my. V d, nu
tp tin d liu ca bn cha 3.000 hoc 30.000 d liu im, thi gian grid vi
Kriging v Radial Basis Function l khng ng k. chnh xc v lm mn: Pphng
php li km vi Surfer c chia thnh hai loi chnh: exact interpolators v
smoothing interpolators. Mt s exact interpolators c th kt hp mt yu
t lm mn tr thnh smoothing interpolators. -Exact Interpolators: tn
trng im d liu chnh xc khi im trng vi cc nt li c ni suy (khng b qua
im khi n trng nt li). tng kh nng d liu ca bn c tn trng, bn c th tng
s lng cc ng li trong hng X v Y . iu ny lm tng c hi m cc nt li trng
vi im d liu, do tng c hi m cc gi tr d liu c p dng trc tip vo tp tin
li. - Smoothing Interpolators: hoc cc yu t lm mn c th c s bn mt m
hn. a.Phng php Inverse Distance to a Power: L mt phng php rt nhanh
cho gridding. Vi im t hn 500, bn c th s dng phng php ny. Chn phng
php trong Gridding Method ca hp thoi Grid data v nhn nt Advanced
Otions
Tab General: Power: Tham s Power xc nh trng lng ri ra vi khong
cch t nt li. Khi tham s bng khng, b mt to ra mt mt phng nm ngang
thng qua t l trung bnh ca tt c cc im mia t tp tin d liu. Smoothing:
yu t lm mn Anisotropy: Thit lp khi cn thit (xem cc phn sau) Hunh Vn
Trc 20
b. Phng php Kriging: Kriging l mt phng php hu ch v ph bin trong
nhiu lnh vc. Phng php ny to ra cc bn trc quan hp dn t d liu khng u
nhau. Kriging l mt phng php rt linh hot. Bn c th chp nhn cc mc nh
Kriging sn xut mt mng li chnh xc ca d liu, hoc c th ty chnh
Kriging, ph hp vi mt tp hp d liu bng cch xc nh m hnh variogram thch
hp.
Variogram Model: Mt thnh phn quan trng ca phng php kriging l
variogram. Mc nh tuyn tnh variogram cung cp mt mng li hp l trong hu
ht cc trng hp. Nu bn khng hiu variograms hoc m hnh variogram, s dng
mc nh Kriging Type: Surfer bao gm hai loi Kriging: point Kriging (
l phng php ch c h tr bi Surfer 6), v Block Kriging. C hai u to ra
mt li ni suy. Point Kriging c lng gi tr ca cc im ti cc nt li. Block
Kriging c lng gi tr trung bnh ca cc khi hnh ch nht vo cc nt li. Cc
khi c kch thc v hnh dng ca mt cell li. c.Phng php Minimum
Curvature: Phng php ny c s dng rng ri trong khoa hc tri t. B mt c
to ra bi ni suy s un cong ti thiu i qua tng mng cc gi tr d liu.
Phng php ny to ra b mt mn nht c th tn trng cc d liu ca bn cht ch
nht. Tuy nhin d liu ca bn khng phi lun lun tn trng mt cch chnh
xc.
Hunh Vn Trc
21
Maximum Residual: Tham s c cc n v ging nh cc d liu, v mt gi tr
thch hp l khong 10% chnh xc ca d liu. Nu gi tr d liu c o n gn nht
1,0 n v, gi tr ny nn c t 0,1. Mc nh = 0,001 (Zmax - Z min) Maximum
Iteration: Tham s ny nn c t 1-2 ln s nt li c to ra trong tp tin li.
V d, khi to 50 ca li 50, gi tr ny c t gia 2.500 v 5.000. Relaxation
Factor: Ni chung, Relaxation Factor khng nn c thay i. Gi tr mc nh
(1,0) l mt gi tr tt. Internal and Boundary Tension: Theo mc nh,
thit lp 0. d.Phng php Radial Basis Function:
Basis Function: Xc nh cc loi hm t danh sch th xung Cc hm c s tng
t nh variograms trong Kriging. Cc hm c s xc nh cc thit lp ti u ca
trng lng p dng cho cc im d liu nt li. R2 Parameter: Gi tr mc nh cho
R2 trong hm c tnh nh sau: ( di ng cho ca mc d liu)2 / (25 * s im d
liu) Ngoi ra cn mt s phng php khc, nghin cu trong phn Help ca chng
trnh 3. Tm kim: Ty chn Search iu khin cc im d liu c coi l do hot ng
gridding khi interpolating cc nt li. truy cp cc ty chn tm kim, nu c
vi cc phng php gridding, hy nhp vo nt Advanced Options trong hp
thoi Data Grid. Nu tm kim c sn vi cc phng php gridding chn, mt tab
Search xut hin trong hp thoi ty chn. Tuy nhin, trong mt s trng hp
mt vi trong s cc ty chn tm kim, chng hn nh Antisotropy, c sn trn
trang tng hp cc phng php ca gridding. Nu la chn tm kim khng c sn
cho mt phng php gridding iu ny c ngha l tt c cc im d liu t file d
liu phi c s dng khi tnh ton li.
Hunh Vn Trc
22
No Search: Ty chn cho Surfer s dng tt c d liu khi interpolating
mi nt li. B chn hp kch hot cc tm kim trong qu trnh gridding. Number
of Sectors to Search: Ty chn phn chia khu vc tm kim thnh cc phn nh
hn m bn c th p dng trong ba quy tc tm kim. Bn c th xc nh ln n 32
lnh vc tm kim. Maximum Number of Data to Use from ALL Sectors: Gii
hn gi tr tng s im c s dng khi interpolating mt nt li. Maximum
Number of Data to Use from EACH Sector: Quy nh gi tr c th s im s c
s dng t tng lnh vc. Minimum Number of Data in All Sectors (node is
blanked if fewer): m bo rng cc gi tr s quy nh ca im ang gp phi khi
interpolating mt nt li. Nu s lng ti thiu ca cc im l khng tm thy, gi
tr trng c gn ti cc nt li. Blank Node if More Than This Many Sectors
are Empty: m bo rng nu c nhiu thnh phn trng hn gi tr ny , gi tr
trng c gn ti cc nt li. 4. Breakline v faults: Breaklines v Faults l
mt phng tin hin th khng lin tc b mt. Breaklines v Faults c nh ngha
vi file ranh gii [BLN]. Nu li ca bn khng dy, cc breakline hoc
faults s khng hin th tt trong bn . Nu bn khng th thy bt k du hiu ca
breakline hoc faults (tc l ng nt un cong khng ng), regrid d liu vi
mt mng li dy c hn. a vo cc breakline hocaofaults nh mt ng trn bn ,
chn bn v s dng Map | Add | Base Layer. Nu tp tin li c s dng to ra
mt bn ng ng mc c mt li, hp thoi contour properties c mt nt Fault
Line Properties , do bn khng cn phi s dng mt bn nn hin th li trn cc
bn ng ng mc. 5. Lm trn ng bnh : Contour Smooth iu khin trn ca cc ng
cong. Smooth trong mt bn ng ng mc c th c kim sot bng nhiu cch sau:
-Bng cch sn xut mt tp tin li dy c hn t d liu gc ca bn. Nh mt quy
tc, bn ng vin lm t li mt cao c xut hin mt m hn so vi cc bn ng vin
lm t cc tp tin li mt thp. V d, mt file li 10 X 10 (10 hng v 10 ct)
kt qu ng nt gc cnh nhiu hn so vi mt tp tin li X 50 50 . -Bng cch s
dng lnh Grid | Spline Smooth chn thm cc hng v ct vo mt tp tin li
hin c. -Vi ty chn Smooth trong hp thoi contour map properties. Nu
smooth c kch hot trong hp thoi , cc ng cong c th ct nhau. Cc ty chn
trong hp thoi p dng mt thut ton ni suy spline hn ch n nh ng vin b
sung. -Bng cch thay i phng php gridding hoc tham s gridding . Mt s
phng php sn xut li mt m hn nhng ci khc, v mt s c cc tham s lm mn c
th c s dng trong gridding. Xem To tp tin li thm thng tin v
gridding. -Mt khi cc file li mi c to ra, nhp vo nt ng ng mc. thay
th li c trong bn
Hunh Vn Trc
23
Chng 4: i tng bn 1.Gii thiu v lp bn Trong Surfer 8, qu trnh ph
cc bn bao gm vic to ra hai bn ring bit, la chn c hai bn , v s dng
lnh Map | Overlay Maps. Trong Surfer 9, qu trnh ny c ci thin. Hin
nay c hai cch che ph cc lp bn ; bng cch ko mt lp bn t mt i tng bn n
mt i tng bn trong qun l i tng, hoc bng cch chn mt bn v s dng lnh
Map | Add thm mt lp bn . N c th kt hp mt s bn c to ra t d liu lin
quan to ra mt i tng bn vi nhiu lp bn . Bn c th thm bt k s kt hp ca
bt k cc loi bn . Tuy nhin cc bn c th cha ch mt lp 3D wireframe
Hy xem xt mt bn ng ng mc v bn c bn c hin th cc phc tho ca mt h
nc trn bn ng ng mc. Cc gii hn ca bn nn l mc X, Y ca h v khng ging
nh cc gii hn bn ng ng mc. Nu bn to ra c hai bn nn v bn ng ng mc
trong mt ca s duy nht l bn ring bit bng cch s dng lnh Map | New cho
c hai bn , chng khng che ph c v theo mc nh cc bn c thu nh khc nhau.
Ngoi ra, mi bn s dng mt h trc X, Y khc nhau. Hai bn c th c ph ng v
tr cc h trn bn ng ng mc bng cch ko cc lp bn nn cho cc i tng bn khc
c cc lp ng ng mc. Kt qu s l mt i tng bn vi mt lp bn nn v lp bn ng
ng mc. Ngoi ra, nu bn to ra cc bn ng ng mc v sau thm vo mt lp bn nn
vi lnh Map | Add | Base Layer , hai bn c rescaled v kt hp thnh mt
bn bng cch s dng mt tp duy nht ca trc. V tr h c chnh xc trn bn ng
ng mc Phng php 1: Thm mt lp bn ti mt Frame bn hin hnh: To mt bn mi
vi lnh Map\New. V d, bn c th chn Map | New | Contour Map to ra mt
bn ng ng mc. Chn bn v s dng lnh Map\add thm mt lp bn . Chn loi lp
bn thm vo bn hin c ca bn. V d, chn bn ng ng mc v s dng lnh
Map\Add\post layer thm mt lp post map ti bn ng ng mc. Cc bn c kt hp
v tr chnh xc da trn ta ca n v gii hn. V d, trong Object Manager, bn
s thy mt i tng bn vi lp bn ng bnh v mt lp bn v tr (post map). Phng
php 2: ph hai Layers bn hin ti Nu hai bn c tn ti, bn c th di chuyn
(hoc chng) mt lp bn t mt khung bn vo trong khung bn khc bng cch ko
v th trong qun l i tng. 2.nh dng nhn: nh dng nhn c s dng bi cc i
tng khc nhau c th c sa i bng cch s dng hp thoi Label Format. Cc loi
nhn, chiu di, tin t, v hu t c th c thit lp bng cch s dng hp thoi
ny. Hp thoi ny thng c hin th thng qua mt nt Label Format trong hp
thoi propeties. Hunh Vn Trc 24
Fixed: ty chn hin th s nh dd.dd. Nhng con s bn phi ca s thp phn
c t trong hp ch s thp phn. V d, nu nh dng s c thit lp c nh vi ba ch
s sau du thp phn, s 1998 hin th l 1.998,000 . Exponential : hin th
s nh d.ddE + dd , y d l mt con s duy nht, dd c th l mt hoc nhiu ch
s, v + dd l mt du hiu v ba ch s. Nhng con s bn phi ca s thp phn c t
trong hp ch s thp phn. V d, nu nh dng s c thit lp Exponential vi
hai ch s thp phn, sau 1998 hin th l 1.99E+003 Compact: hin th cc
nhn trong kiu Fixed hoc Exponential, i hi phi c ch s no t hn. in s
ch s hin th trong ch s c ngha. V d, nu nh dng s c thit lp Compact
vi tng s hai ch s, nm 1998 s hin th l 1.9E+003. Significant Digits:
Nhng con s bn phi ca s thp phn c t trong hp ch s c ngha. Xem v d
trn ty thuc vo cc tu chn ca nhm Type. Thousands: Nu hp c chn, du
phy xut hin mi ba ch s bn tri ca im thp phn Absolute Value: hin th
gi tr tuyt i ca cc s. s m c hin th khng c du m Trim Exponent Zeros:
loi b n hai s khng dn u trong s m. V d, 1.9E 003 tr thnh 1.9E 3 .
Prefix v Suffix :Bn c th thm mt chui vn bn trc v sau mi nhn 3.Thay
i kch thc i tng Bn c th thay i kch thc i tng ha vi con chut hoc bn
phm. i tng c chn xut hin vi cc la chn x l cc gc v hai bn ca hp ranh
gii cho i tng. Kch thc ca mt i tng chn c hin th trong thanh trng
thi. Nhng thay i con tr n mt mi tn hai u khi n c chuyn qua mt trong
cc la chn x l. Thay i kch thc i tng bng cch s dng mt s phng php sau
y: ko mt i tng x l vi con chut, di chuyn con tr qua i tng v sau bm
v gi nt chut tri. Di chuyn con tr n mt v tr mi. Th chut tri v i tng
c thu nh. ko mt i tng x l vi bn phm, di chuyn con tr qua i tng x l,
bm v gi SPACEBAR, v s dng cc phm mi tn di chuyn con tr n mt v tr
mi. Nh SPACEBAR v i tng c thu nh. Ko mt trong bn gc i tng x l . Bm
v gi phm ALT trong khi ko mt gc vi con chut . thay i kch c bn , s
dng thuc tnh tab Scale vi kch thc bn . Thit lp kch thc ca trc trong
hp thoi thuc tnh trc (axis properties ). S dng trng W v H trong cng
c Position/Size thay i chiu rng v chiu cao ca mt i tng. o ngc kch c
ca mt i tng, chn i tng v sau chn hp Identity (Clear Transforms)
trong Arrange | Transform.
Hunh Vn Trc
25
Chng 5: Cc loi bn (Map type) Surfer c th to ra cc loi bn bao gm
bnh (contour), c s (Base), v tr (post), phn loi v tr (classed
post), hnh nh (image), dng ni (shaded relief), vector li -1, vector
li-2, b mt 3D (3D surface), v bn khung dy 3D (3D wireframe).
Contour map: Mt bn ng ng mc l mt i din 2D ca d liu 3D. Contours xc
nh bng gi tr Z trn. Hnh dng ca b mt c th hin bi cc ng cong. Bnh c
th hin th cc ng cong, n cng c th hin th mu sc v hoa vn gia cc ng
cong.
Base map: Hin th ranh gii trn bn . Ranh gii c th bao gm ng giao
thng, cc ta nh, sui, h, vv bn c s c th c sn xut t mt s nh dng tp
tin. Empty Base map: Cho php bn to mt bn nn m khng c i tng. i tng c
th c thm vo v g b khi cn thit. Post map: Post Map v classed Post
Map hin th v tr d liu trn bn . V tr k hiu v v tr cc nhn c th c ty
chnh.
Image Maps v Shaded Relief Maps: Image Maps v Shaded Relief Maps
da trn tp tin li. Image maps gn mu da trn gi tr Z t mt tp tin li.
Shaded Relief Maps ch nh mu sc da trn hng dc tng i so vi mt ngun nh
sng.
Vector Maps: 1-grid v 2-grid hin th d liu hng v ln bng cch s dng
cc mi tn nh hng ring l. V d, ti bt k nt li trn bn , cc mi tn theo
hng dc gc v di mi tn l t l thun vi dc. Trong Surfer, vector map c
th c to ra bng cch s dng cc thng tin trong mt tp tin li hoc hai tp
tin li khc nhau. Hunh Vn Trc 26
3D Surfaces: mu sc b mt i din ba chiu ca mt tp tin li. Nhng mu
sc, nh sng, lp, v li c th c thay i trn mt b mt 3D.
3D Wireframes: Wireframes l s i din ba chiu ca mt tp tin li.
wireframe c to ra bng cch kt ni cc gi tr Z dc theo dng X v Y khng
i. Ti mi giao l XY (li node), chiu cao ca wireframe l t l thun vi
gi tr Z c giao ti nt . S lng cc ct v cc hng trong tp tin li xc nh s
lng cc dng X v Y c v trn cc wireframe.
1.Contour Map (bn ng ng mc): a. Tng quan: +V ng ng mc: Khi bn to
mt bn ng ng mc, tp tin li c c vo ca s nh l mt mng ni b ca X, Y, Z v
cc nt li. Cc nt li bao gm cc hng v ct ca cc gi tr Z. Cc hng c cha
cc nt li vi cng ta Y , v cc ct cha cc nt li vi ta X. Ct v cc hng
Grid file i khi c gi l ng li X v ng li Y. Giao im ca mt hng v ct c
nh ngha l mt nt li. Grid file xc nh v tr X,Y ca mi nt li trong phm
vi ca bn , v gi tr ni suy Z ti mi nt.
Hunh Vn Trc
27
Khi Surfer to ra mt bn mg mc, cc ng cong c rt ra nh l mt chui cc
on ng thng gia cc ng li ln cn. Cc im m ti mt ng bnh ct mt ng li c
xc nh bng ni suy gia cc gi tr Z ti cc nt li ln cn. Cc gii hn li xc
nh mc ca bn . Khi mt tp tin li c to ra bn khng th sn xut mt bn ng
mc ln hn mc tp tin li. Tuy nhin, bn c th s dng nhng hn ch trang xc
nh mt tp hp con ca li c s dng to ra cc bn ng ng mc. +Lm trn ng ng
mc (Contour smoothness): Contour smoothness iu khin trn ca cc ng
cong. Smooth c th c kim sot bng nhiu cch: Bng cch sn xut mt tp tin
li dy c hn t d liu gc ca bn. Theo quy nh, cc bn ng bnh lm t li mt
cao l r rng mt m hn so vi cc bn lm t tp tin li mt thp. V d, mt file
li 10 X 10 (10 hng v 10 ct) mt hn so vi mt tp tin 50 X 50 Bng cch s
dng lnh Grid | Spline Smooth chn thm hng v ct vo mt tp tin li hin
c. Vi ty chn Smoothing trong hp thoi contour map properties. Nu
smoothing c kch hot, cc ng cong c ct nhau. Ty chn Smoothing trong
hp thoi contour map properties p dng mt thut ton ni suy spline hn
ch n nh ng vin b sung. Bng cch thay i phng php li hoc tham s li sn
xut li mt m hn, khi cc file li mi c to ra, nhp vo nt thay th li c
trong bn . +Xut khu Bnh gi li cc thng tin Z cho cc ng cong s dng
trong cc chng trnh bn khc, s dng lnh Map | Export Contours. Mt s nh
c chn nh ASCII AutoCAD DXF, SHP 2D, hay 3D SHP. -AutoCAD DXF: Cc ng
c lu nh polylines. Cc polylines c ct bt ti gii hn bn v thu nh vi t
l bn hin hnh. Khng c thuc tnh trc, nhn, ng vin t y, (chiu rng,
phong cch, v mu sc), vv. -2D SHP: Cc 2D SHP xut khu mt hnh dng 2D
polyline trong mi nh dc theo ng gm c mt ta X v Y . Cc ta Z cho mi
nh c lu tr trong tp tin DBF lin quan. -3D SHP: 3D SHP xut khu mt
loi hnh polyline Z trong mi nh bao gm mt dng ta X, Y, Z . Cc ta Z
cho mi nh c lu tr trong tp tin DBF lin quan. b. Bnh (Contour Map):
lnh Map | New | Contour Map to ra mt bn ng vin t mt tp tin li. Hunh
Vn Trc 28
Lnh Map | Add | Contour Layer thm mt lp bn ng ng mc ti cc bn chn
+To mt bnh : Click Map | New | Contour Map, hoc bm nt Chn mt tp tin
li trong hp thoi Open Grid. Nhp vo nt Open. +Bin tp bnh hin hnh:
thay i cc tnh nng ca bnh , m hp thoi contour map properties bng
cch: -nhn i vo bn trong ca s bn v, -Kch i vo tn bn trong Object
Manager -kch chut phi vo cc bn v chn Properties, hoc bng cch nhn vo
Edit | Properties khi chn bnh . +hp thoi Contour Properties: -Tab
General:
Nt hin th thng tin v tp tin li c s dng sn xut cc bnh . thng tin
ny bao gm cc kch thc li, cc gi tr X, Y, Z ti thiu v ti a cha trong
cc file li. Nu file li ln, kch vo nt OK trong hp thng bo xut hin to
ra mt bo co chi tit li hoc nhn vo nt Cancel to ra mt bo co ngn . Nt
hin th hp thoi Open grid cho php bn m mt tp tin li mi. Chn mt tp
tin li v nhn vo nt OK. Nu file li vt qu gii hn bn hin ti, bn s c
nhc nh iu chnh gii hn bn . Nu phm vi Z cho li mi bn ngoi ng bnh c,
cc ng cong khng c v li cho n khi mc ng bnh c thit lp li ph hp vi li
mi. Mc Filled Contours: kim sot vic hin th mu sc gia cc ng cong cng
nh s hin th mu ca thanh t l. Mc Smoothing: Cho php lm mn cc ng bnh
. Mc Blanked Regions: Cho php chn thuc tnh t y v ng mu cho cc khu
vc cha cc nt trng. Click vo nt Fill chn mt mu v mu. Nhp vo nt Line
phc tho vng trng vi mt kiu ng c th, mu sc, v chiu rng. Mc Fault
Line Properties: Nu tp tin c cha thng tin t gy, bn c th thit lp cc
ng mu, kiu, v dy mc nh bng cch nhp vo nt Fault Line Properties.
-Tab Levels: iu khin hin th ng, nhn, mu sc, v hach. 29 Hunh Vn
Trc
-Mc bnh : hp thoi Contour Levels c s dng ch nh khong cch u nhau
gia hai ng bnh , khu mu (v d nh 3D wireframe). V d, gi s gi tr nh
nht Z c nh ngha l 50, gi tr Z ln nht l 100, v khong cch gia hai ng
10. Trong trng hp ny, cc ng cong, khu mu c rt ra cc cp Z ca 50, 60,
70, 80, 90, v 100. Nu phm vi gi tr Z ca li vt qu quy nh ti thiu v
mc ti a, cc ng bnh , khu mu vt cp khng c rt ra. D m hp thoi mc bnh
(Contour Levels), kch vo Level trn tab Levels
c. ng bnh (Contour line): +Thuc tnh ng ring bit: S dng hp thoi
Properties Line thay i thuc tnh ng cho ng c chn trong ti liu. Bn c
th thit lp cc thuc tnh mc nh bng cch nhp nt Fault Line Properties
trong tab general
+Thuc tnh nhiu ng: Hunh Vn Trc 30
S dng hp thoi Properties Line thay i thuc tnh ng cho nhiu ng. Bn
c th thit lp cc thuc tnh mc nh bng cch nhp nt Line trong tab
Levels
+Gn thuc tnh Gradational (gn dy tng ng vi ng bnh ): 1.Click i vo
mt bn m hp thoi thuc tnh. 2.Click trn trang Levels chnh sa cc thuc
tnh ng vin. 3.Trn trang Levels, nhp vo nt Line hin th hp thoi Line.
4.Trong hp thoi Line, chn Gradational. 5.Click vo Style ch nh mt
kiu c th cho tt c cc ng . 6.Nhp vo nt color gn mt ph mu cho cc ng.
Cc ph mu gradational c th lu s dng vi cc bn khc. 7. ch nh dy, nhp s
vo Min width v Max width. 8.Nhp vo nt OK. Cc mu sc v rng ng la chn
c hin th trn trang Levels. 9.Nhp vo nt OK hoc nt Apply trong hp
thoi +Gn thuc tnh nh nhau ti tt c ng bnh : 1.Click i vo mt bn ng m
hp thoi thuc tnh. 2.Click trn trang Levels chnh sa cc thuc tnh ng
vin. 3.Trn trang Levels, nhp vo nt Line hin th hp thoi Line.
4.Trong hp thoi Line, chn Uniform. 5.Nhp vo nt Style v color m kiu
ng v bng mu. Chn kiu v mu sc s dng cho tt c cc ng cong. loi b cc ng
cong t bn , thit lp line style l "invisible." (chn dng trn cng)
6.Nhp s vo Line width thit lp chiu rng ng. Mt chiu rng Line 0,00 l
mt trong nhng im nh rng. 7.Tt c cc mc c gn thuc tnh line ging nhau,
tr khi s trong hp Skip c thit lp ti mt s khc khng. 8.Nhp vo nt OK
tr v hp thoi thuc tnh ng bnh . 9.Nhp vo nt OK hoc nt Apply kt thc
qu trnh +Thit lp thuc tnh line trn mt c s Tn s: -Mc b nh hng: Cc
thit lp mc b nh hng c s dng sa i cc mc ng bnh trn c s tn s. Cc thit
t ny c th tm thy bng cch nhp vo nt Line trn trang Levels trong hp
thoi thuc tnh ng bnh . Cc mc First, Set, v Skip cho php bn xc nh
nhng mc ng bnh c sa i. First: mc ng bnh u tin b nh hng bi s thay i.
Con s ny dng ch v tr cp ng bnh trong danh sch (bt u bng 1) v khng
phi l gi tr thc t ca ng vin. Set: cho bit s cc cp p dng thay i.
Skip: cho bit s cp ng bnh b qua khi gn thuc tnh quy nh. +Gn thuc
tnh Line cho mc ng bnh c th: 1.Nhp p chut vo bn hin th hp thoi thuc
tnh. Hunh Vn Trc 31
2.Click i vo line mu mun thay i trn trang Levels. V d ng bnh 70.
3.Hp thoi Properties Line c hin th, cho php bn chn kiu, mu sc, v
chiu rng. 4.Nhp vo nt OK trong hp thoi Properties Line v lp li cc
th tc cho tt c cc ng bn mun thay i. 5.Khi bn lm xong, bm vo nt OK v
bn c v vi cc thuc tnh ng quy nh. + Ch s ng bnh (Index Contours): Ch
s ng l nhng ng mu sc khc nhau, kiu, hoc rng xut hin mt tn s thng
xuyn. Bn c th to ch mc ng bnh bng cch Gn thuc tnh Line cho mc ng
bnh c th, hoc s dng mc Affected Levels trong hp thoi Line t ng gn
cc ch mc ng bnh . to ra ch mc: 1. To mt bn ng ng mc. 2. M hp thoi
thuc tnh contour map properties. 3. Nhp vo nt Line trn trang
Levels. 4. Thit lp cc thuc tnh ch s trong nhm Affected Levels trong
hp thoi Line. 5. Nhp vo nt color v thay i mu thnh mu . 6. Trong nhm
Affected Levels, thit lp First l mt, Set l mt, v Skiplaf bn. iu ny
c ngha, bt u vi ng bnh u tin, thit lp mt mc ng mu , b qua bn cp, v
sau thit lp mc ng mu th nm, vv (thit lp bnh ci mu ) 7. Nhp vo nt
OK. 8. Tip theo, t kiu v mu sc c s dng trn cc ng gia (bnh con). 9.
Nhp vo nt Line trn trang Levels. 10. Nhp vo nt color v thay i mu
thnh xanh lam. 11. Trong nhm Affected Levels, thit lp First l hai,
Set n bn, v Skip l mt. iu ny c ngha, bt u vi mc ng bnh th hai (cp u
tin l mt ch s ng bnh mu ) thay i mu xanh cho bn cp ng bnh tip theo,
b qua mt cp ng, thit lp bn cp ng bnh bn cnh mu xanh, vv 12. Nhp vo
nt OK trong hp thoi Line. 13. ng cp u tin xut hin mu , tip theo l
bn mu xanh, tip theo l mu , vv 14. Nhp vo nt OK hoc nt Apply hon tt
qu trnh d.T c mu bn : +T y mu gia hai ng bnh : Surfer cho php bn t
mu vo gia cc ng bnh . C th thay i mu t ti thiu n ti a, hoc thuc tnh
t c th c th c gn cho cc cp ng bnh ring bit. Gradational color c gn
trong hp thoi colorMap. V d, nu mu c gn vi gi tr ti thiu, v mu xanh
da tri vi gi tr ti a, kt qu ph t mu sang mu xanh. Bn cng c th ch nh
thuc tnh ring bit cho cc cp ng bnh bng cch nhp p mu t (fill) trang
Levels trong hp thoi contour map properties. Khng c thay i
gradational cho cc mu in. +Hp thoi ColorMap: Hp thoi ny c s dng gn
hoc ci sn mu ty chnh cho bn . Contour maps, image maps, shaded
relief maps, vector maps, v 3D surface maps, tt c s dng hp thoi
ColorMap gn mu sc cho bn . Colormap ch nh mu sc c th gn cho cc nt
dc theo quang ph. Surfer t ng pha trn mu sc gia cc nt sn xut mt mu
chuyn tip mn trn bn . Sau khi bn to mt bn mu, bn c th lu ph tn
[.CLR] sau ny s dng vi cc bn khc. Mc d cc mu sc c gn cho cc gi tr c
th trn bn , quang ph c th c s dng vi cc bn c cha cc phm vi Z khc
nhau v cc gi tr nt c lu tr nh l t l phn trm. Mt s Colormaps c xc nh
c sn trong th mc mu. Hp thoi c m ty thuc vo loi bn ang s dng truy
cp vo hp thoi 32 Hunh Vn Trc
Presets:Cc mu thit lp sn cho php chn mt tp tin [CLR] nh sn.
Value: hin th cc gi tr d liu ca nt chn. Cc nt la chn c th c thay i
v tr chnh xc bng cch nhp mt gi tr mi vo hp Value. Cc nt u tin v cui
cng khng th thay i v kim sot ny l v hiu ho khi mt nt cui cng l chn.
Load: m ra mt tp tin [CLR] hin c.. Khi bn nhp vo nt Load, hp thoi
Open c hin th vi mt danh sch cc tp tin bn mu. Kch p vo file bn mun
s dng, v bn mu c cp nht hin th cc ci t tp tin bn mu. Thanh trt: Ko
sang tri hoc sang phi phng to colorMap trong hay ra ngoi. Color:ch
nh mu Opacity: Thay i trong sut, m dn, s dng cc nt mi tn bn phi ca
hp, hoc ko thanh trt thay i t l phn trm m c. Nt Apply opacity to
ALL nodes p dng cho tt c cc nt li Data to Color Mapping: cha cc ty
chn ci t cc d liu ti thiu v ti a s dng trong bn mu. Nu bn mun thit
lp cc gi tr mu ti thiu v ti a cho cc gi tr khc, hy nhp s mi vo hp
ti thiu v ti a. iu ny rt hu ch khi bn lp bn b d liu khc nhau trong
mt phm vi tng t v mun c cng mt d liu gi tr c i din bi cc mu sc ging
nhau. Nu mt gi tr d liu trong bn khng thuc phm vi ny, mu sc c gn ti
thiu hoc ti a, ty theo ci no gn nht. +Hp thoi Fill:
Fill Pattern: Thay i Fill Pattern bng cch chn mt mu t bng mu mu.
M bng mu bng cch nhn vo nt fill pattern. Cc m hnh c th c thit lp bt
k mu nn v thay i Opacity trong hp thoi ColoMap Foreground Color:
Foreground Color l mu ca cc ng hoa vn hoc im nh. Click vo nt
Foreground Color m hp thoi bn mu. Background Color: l mu ng sau mu.
Tt c cc m hnh raster (pixel) phi c mt mu nn. Click vo nt Background
Color m hp thoi bn mu. Opacity mu nn c th c iu khin trong hp thoi
bn mu. Hunh Vn Trc 33
Background Mode: c th c thit lp ti Opaque hoc Transparent vi
Stock Windows patterns. Nu m hnh l mt hnh nh hoc Solid Stock
Windows, s chuyn sang mu xm Affected Levels: c s dng sa i cc mc ng
vin trn c s tn s. Firts, set, v cc lnh vc cho php bn xc nh nhng mc
ng bnh c sa i. + Gn Fill Color da trn mt ph t c: Click i vo mt bn
ng ng mc hin ti hin th hp thoi thuc tnh. Hy chc chn rng mc ng cao c
thit lp trc khi tip tc vic to ra cc mu sc lp y. Nhp vo nt Fill trn
trang Levels hin th hp thoi Fill. Nhp vo nt Fill Pattern hin th bng
mu. Cc mu l khng i cho tt c cc mc. Nhp vo nt Foreground Color hoc
Background Color m hp thoi bn mu. Mu nn trc c s dng cho mu. Mu nn c
s dng cho cc khu vc pha sau mu. Cc ch nn c th c thit lp l Opaque
hoc Transparent. Vi hnh nh t y, nn lun lun thit lp Opaque. Nhp vo
nt OK trong hp thoi Fill tr v hp thoi thuc tnh. Cc tnh cht c hin th
trn trang Levels. Chn ty chn Fill Contours trn trang General. Nhp
vo nt OK hoc nt Apply +Gn Fill Color cho mc cao c th Nhp p chut vo
bn ng mc hin th hp thoi thuc tnh. Click i vo mu t i vi cp ng vin bn
mun thay i. Chn thuc tnh t hp thoi Fill Properties. Nhp vo nt OK
trong hp thoi Properties v lp li cc th tc cho tt c cc cp ng cao bn
mun thay i. +To mt Filled Contour Map c cc vng trng Khi mt bn cha
cc vng trng, din tch trng c mu mc nh c gn. Bn c cc ty chn cho cc
vng trng cng nh ng bao quanh vng trng trn trang General trong hp
thoi thuc tnh bn . Vng trng thng c to ra vi lnh Grid | Blank. Vng
trng cng c th c to ra do khng d liu trong qu trnh gridding. Gn t y
v thuc tnh ng n cc vng trng: Click i vo bn m thoi thuc tnh. Nhp vo
trang General. rong nhm Blanked Regions, nhp vo nt Fill m hp thoi
Fill Properties. Chn Fill Pattern, Foreground color, v Background
cho cc. Nhp vo nt OK tr v hp thoi thuc tnh. Trong nhm Blanked
Regions, bm vo nt Line m hp thoi Properties Line. Chn kiu ng, mu
sc, v chiu rng cho cc ng bao. Nhp vo nt OK tr v hp thoi. Nhp vo nt
OK trong hp thoi thuc tnh +Hin th Fill Contour Map m khng c Contour
Lines: S dng lnh Map | New | Contour Map. Chn mt tp tin li v nhn vo
nt Open to ra cc bn ng ng mc. Nhp p chut vo bn ng ng mc hin th hp
thoi thuc tnh. Nhp vo tab Levels m trang Levels. Nhp vo nt Line trn
trang Levels m hp thoi Line. Trong hp thoi Line, bm vo dng Style
palette v chn kiu l " invisible ". Trong nhm Affected Levels, thit
lp first l mt, Set l mt, v Skip s khng. Nhp vo nt OK trong hp thoi
Line tr v hp thoi thuc tnh. Nhp vo nt OK hoc nt Apply hon tt qu
trnh
Hunh Vn Trc
34
.Nhn bnh : Nhn bnh ghi r gi tr ca cao ng bnh . Nhn c th s dng bt
k thuc tnh vn bn v nh dng s, nhng tt c cc nhn ng ng mc trong mt bn
nht nh phi s dng cng mt thuc tnh. Nhn c iu khin t hp thoi contour
map properties. Trong ct Label trn trang Levels, mc ng bnh c gn nhn
c ch nh bi ch Yes. thay i hin th ca cc nhn cho mt mc cao c th, kch
p vo dng ch Yes hoc No trong danh sch.
Curve Tolerance: quy nh c th s lng ti a ca ng cong cho php khi t
nhn trn cc ng cong. Curve Tolerance c tnh bng cch chia khong cch
thc t dc theo ng bi khong cch ng thng gia cc im kt thc ca nhn. Mc
nh 1,015 c chp nhn trong hu ht trng hp. Label to Label Distance: xc
nh khong cch ti thiu (theo inch hoc cm) gia cc nhn trn mt ng .
Surfer tm kim cc v tr ph hp tip theo cho cc nhn sau khi di chuyn mt
khong cch ti thiu. Label to Edge Distance: xc nh khong cch ti thiu
(theo inch hoc cm) t nhn ti mp ca bn . Tnh nng ny kim sot v tr nhn
nhn khng ghi ranh bn . Affected Levels: c s dng sa i cc mc ng trn c
s tn s,cho php bn xc nh nhng mc ng c sa i. Orient Labels Uphill:
hin th cc nhn lun lun hng ln dc. Nu hp ny c chn, cc nhn lun c nh
hng bn phi- pha trn. Bin tp nhn: Nhn bnh c th di chuyn, thm, xa.
thit lp nhn vo ch chnh sa, chn mt bn bng cch nhp vo n trong ca s
hoc bng cch nhp vo n trong Object Manager. Tip theo, chn lnh Map |
Edit Contour Labels. Ngoi ra, nhp chut phi trn bn c la chn v chn
Edit Contour Labels. Mi nhn hin th vi mt vin hnh ch nht. Hunh Vn
Trc 35
Thit lp thuc tnh nhn da trn tn s: M hp thoi contour map
properties bng cch nhp p vo bn . Nhp vo tab Levels. Click vo nt
Label m hp thoi Labels. Thit lp cp ng u tin (First ) b nh hng bi cc
thit lp, s Set ca cc cp thit lp vi cc thuc tnh quy nh, v s Skip cho
thy s lng cc cp b qua khng gn cc thuc tnh quy nh. Nhn ch c th c mt
thit lp Affected Levels. Nu Affected Levels c thit lp ln th hai, n
ghi ln cc thay i c thc hin bi ln trc e.Hachures c s dng nh du tick
nh t dc theo cc ng cong ch ra hng dc. Trong Surfer, hachures c th
upslope hoc downslope. Hachure c iu khin trong trang Levels trong
hp thoi contour map properties
s dng Affected Levels vi hachures: M hp thoi thuc tnh bn bng cch
nhp p vo bn . Chn trang Levels. Click vo nt Hach. V thc hin cc thit
lp g.To tp tin cp : i vi cc bn ng ng mc,tp tin [.Lvl] cha thng tin
v mc cong, bao gm cc thuc tnh line, t y, tn s nhn hiu, v cc thng
tin hachure. Cc tp tin ny c trn trang Levels trong hp thoi thuc tnh
bn . Sau khi xc nh mc ty chnh ng v mu sc trn bn , bn c th lu cc cp
v mu sc trong mt tp tin. Mt tp tin c th c s dng li cp cho bt k bn
ng ng mc khc hoc wireframe 3D. Khng phi tt c cc thng tin trong mt
tp tin cp c th c s dng trong mt wireframe 3D. Nu bn s dng mt tp tin
c to ra trong hp thoi thuc tnh trong mt wireframe, thng tin mu t y,
nhn ng , v hachure c b qua. Cch d nht to mt tp tin cp l t hp thoi
thuc tnh. Bn cng c th to mt tp tin cp trong bng tnh hoc trong mt
trnh son tho ASCII, bng cch s dng nh dng tp tin [lvl]. 2.Base Map
(bn c s): a.Bn c s: Bn c s hin th thng tin a l v hnh chnh nh ng x,
sui, h, hoc nh v ranh gii qun, huyn... bn c s c th c kt hp vi bt k
loi bn khc trong Surfer. Lnh Map | New | Base Map to ra bn c s t cc
tp tin ranh gii hin ti. S dng hp thoi Base map thit lp ng c bn, mu
t, k hiu ch, v cc thuc tnh opacity. Vi mt s hnh nh, bn cng c th gn
li ta bn c s Lnh Map | Add | Base Layer thm mt lp bn c s ti bn c la
chn. Mt s bn c s bao gm nhiu i tng (v d nh a gic, polylines, vn bn,
vv). Thuc tnh ca i tng ph-c th c chnh sa ring l trong qun l i tng.
Trng thi m rng cc i tng trong qun l i tng c gi li trong file [SRF].
S dng ty chn Expand new Object Manager items trong hp thoi Options
kim sot trng thi m rng cc i tng mi trong Object Manager. Hunh Vn
Trc 36
+ ti, mt file bn c s: Chn lnh Map | New | Base Map, hoc bm nt .
Hp thoi nhp khu c hin th vi mt danh sch cc tp tin trong tt c cc loi
nh dng m c th c nhp khu. Chn mt tp tin trong danh sch v click vo nt
Open. i khi hp thoi Import Options cho cc loi tp tin c hin th. Thc
hin bt k thay i cc ty chn nhp khu. Nhp vo nt OK v bn c s c nhp khu
vo ca s hin hnh. +Chnh sa mt bn c s hin ti: thay i cc tnh nng ca mt
bn c s, m hp thoi thuc tnh bn c s, nhn i vo bn trong ca s, hoc nhn
i vo tn bn trong qun l i tng, kch chut phi vo cc bn v chn
Properties trong menu ng cnh, hoc bng cch nhp vo Edt | Properties
khi bn c chn. b.Bn c s rng: Lnh Map| New | Empty Base Map cho php
bn to mt bn c s trng vi nh to ra hnh hc mi mt cch th cng trong nn
bn (bng cch s dng cc lnh nhp). Lnh Map | Add | Empty Base Layer cho
php bn thm mt lp bn c s ti mt bn hin c. Hp thoi Base Map Limits:
Llnh Map | New | Empty Base Map m hp thoi.
c. bn ganh gii: Mt bn ranh gii l mt bn c s. bn ranh gii hin th
chnh xc cc i tng ti X, Y cc a im trn bn . Bn ranh gii a im cha
point, polygon, polylines, text, v hnh nh raster. Bn c th s dng cc
tp tin ranh gii hin th cc i tng ranh gii (nh ranh gii qun. x), sui,
ng giao thng, cc ta nh, hay cc i tng khc trn bn . d. Gn ta cho mt c
s nh: Nu hnh nh ca bn c georeferenced (tham chiu ta ), khi bn nhp
khu hnh nh nh l mt bn c s, hnh nh s c tham chiu ph hp. Nu hnh nh ca
bn khng georeferenced, bn c th ch nh ta cho hnh nh. Bn c th xc nh
li ta hnh nh bng cch s dng lnh Map | New | Base Map (khng phi l
File | Import lnh). Theo mc nh, khng phi tp tin hnh nh no cng c gn
mt h thng ta tng ng vi cc hng v ct ca hnh nh raster. Theo hu ht cc
trng hp, cc ta khng ph hp vi ta h thng s dng trn cc loi bn . Trong
trng hp ny, cn xc nh li cc ta cho hnh nh. Sau khi hnh nh c nh ngha
li ta , hnh nh bn c s c th c s dng trong lp vi cc loi bn . Cc ty
chn ta hnh nh b v hiu, tr khi bn c s cha mt hnh nh duy nht. thay i
ta hnh nh bn c s: S dng lnh Map | New | Base Map. Hp thoi nhp khu s
m ra. Chn hnh nh (v d, Demogrid.TIF nm trong th mc mu). Nhp vo nt
Open. Trong Object Manager, double-click vo i tng " Base " m hp
thoi thuc tnh.
Hunh Vn Trc
37
Trn trang Base Map, bn c th thay i ta . S ha (Digitize): Lnh Map
| Digitize (hoc kch ) cho php bn ghi ta bn cho mt file d liu. Khi
bn di chuyn con tr trn bn c la chn, ta X, Y bn cho v tr chut hin ti
c hin th trong thanh trng thi. Nhp chut tri vo mt bn ghi im s ha ti
hp thoi Digitized Coordinates Cc ta im pick c ghi vo hp thoi s ho
Ta . Mi ln pick, mt ch thp nh mu c v ra trn bn , ta cho v tr chut
hin ti c ghi vo hp thoi. Bng cch ny, bn c th s ha bn v d dng to ra
cc tp tin ranh gii t cc thng tin s ha. 3.Post Map (bn v tr): a.Tp
tin d liu +Tp tin d liu c s dng cho Post map: Tp tin d liu c s dng
sn xut bn c cc ta X v Y c s dng xc nh v tr cc im trn bn . N cng c
th cung cp thng tin b sung c s dng t nhn trn bn , xc nh nhng biu
tng s dng, kch thc cc biu tng, v cc gc m ti mi biu tng c v. Hng u
tin ca tp tin d liu ty chn c th cha cc tiu cho mi ct. Sau tiu l cc
d liu thc t, t chc nh mt im trong mi hng. Cc ct trong file d liu
cha cc thuc tnh khc nhau cho im nh ta X, Y, gi tr Z, vv Tp tin d
liu c s dng post maps v classed post maps c th cha thng tin hi khc
nhau. C hai loi tp tin phi c ta X, Y c s dng xc nh v tr cc im trn
bn . Ngoi ra, cc tp tin d liu cho mi loi post map phi c mt ct vi cc
d liu gi tr c s dng xc nh cc lp cho mi im. Ta XY trong File d liu
:xc nh v tr biu tng v cao. Cc ta c th bt k ct no trong tp tin d
liu, theo mc nh X l ct A v Y l ct B Gi tr Ztrong tp tin d liu: c s
dng xc nh cao. D liu nhn trong file d liu: l chui vn bn hoc s lin
kt vi mi im trn bn . Nhn c th l cc gi tr d liu ban u cho cc im d
liu, hoc c th l text xc nh tn hoc s mu. Nhn c th s dng cc nh dng k
t ty chnh. +Ch nh biu tng trong file d liu: Tp tin d liu c th cha
mt ct xc nh thit lp biu tng v ch s biu tng s dng cho mi im. Thng
tin ny c th c quy nh mt trong ba cch: T M t SymbolSet:Index Hnh thc
ny cho php c thit lp biu tng v ch mc biu tng c xc nh. SymbolSet ch
nh tn ca thit t biu tng mong mun. Cc k t du hai chm phi xut hin gia
v thit lp v ch mc. Nu tn khng hp l, biu tng mc nh c quy nh trong hp
thoi thuc tnh c s dng thay th. Index Nu mt s nguyn duy nht c ch nh,
n c xem nh l mt ch s biu tng vo thit lp biu tng hin hnh. Cc thit lp
biu tng hin thi l thit lp cui cng hoc biu tng mc nh biu tng mc nh c
s dng
Hunh Vn Trc
38
Symbol Index Ch s k hiu l biu tng hoc s font m n xut hin trong
hp thoi Symbol Properties. Tuy nhin, nu biu tng hin ti thit lp khng
Default Symbols, sau 32 phi c b sung vo gi tr ch s thu c t hp thoi
Symbol Properties. iu ny lm cho ch s biu tng ging nh m ASCII ca n.
Bn c th s dng tin ch ca Window k t bn xc nh m ASCII cho cc k hiu
ch. Nu cc biu tng c quy nh trong tp tin d liu khng ng, hay khng c,
khi biu tng mc nh c s dng. + Cp nht Post map v tp tin d liu Post
Map: Mt bn sao ca tp tin d liu c to ra v nhng vo trong cc bn ti thi
im bn c to ra. iu ny c ngha l bt k thay i tip theo c thc hin cho cc
tp tin d liu khng c phn nh trong bn . kt hp cc thay i c thc hin cho
mt tp d liu vo bn , cc file d liu phi c b tr ti bn . t ng cp nht mt
thay i : S dng lnh File | Reload Map Data. Tt c cc lp bn trn bn c
chn s c np li. iu ny c th thay i cc thuc tnh bn c s (tc l bn ca bn
c cha mt hnh nh). cp nht th cng: Chn bn c cp nht. M hp thoi thuc
tnh bn Click vo nt trong nhm Data Filename. Chn tp tin d liu. Nhp
vo nt Open. Nhp vo nt OK hoc nt Apply v li bn vi cc d liu cp nht.
b.Post Map: to mt bn post Map:S dng lnh Map | New | Post Map, hoc
bm nt Chn mt tp d liu trong hp thoi Open. Nu bn khng c bt k biu tng
no trong n, bn c th khng c ct bng tnh ng quy nh.Gp trng hp ny m hp
thoi thuc tnh bn v iu chnh ct X Coord v Y Coord. bn ny cng c th c
to ra vi cc ct m khng cha d liu s. Kim tra cc thuc tnh XCoord v Y
Coord trong hp thoi v kim tra cc file d liu. Cc gii hn bn cng c th
khng chnh xc, ngn cn cc d liu hin th. Thm mt lp bn : Khi bn v tr c
to ra, n l c lp vi cc bn khc trong ca s bn v. V d, to ra mt bn v tr
trong mt bn ng ng mc th trong ca s c hai bn ring bit. to mt bn duy
nht, s dng lnh Map| Add. Ngoi ra, ko mt lp bn n mt i tng bn chng bn
. V d, to ra mt bn ng ng mc vi lnh Bn | New | Contour Map, chn bn
ng ng mc, v s dng lnh Map | Add | Post Layer thm mt bn v tr ti bn
ng ng mc. iu ny to ra mt bn duy nht vi hai lp bn , s dng mt tp hp
cc trc v cc thng s rng. Bn c th kt hp bt k s lng bn v tr vi bt k bn
khc. Hunh Vn Trc 39
Hp thoi thuc tnh post map: +Tab General:
Data filename: Tn file d liu Worksheet Columns: ch nh ct s s dng
t file d liu Symbol Column: quy nh c th mt ct c cha thng tin ty chn
cc biu tng (Xem li phn trc) Frequency: S dng tn s thit lp kim sot
cc im d liu c th hin. Mt tn s ca 1 bi vit mi im. c s dng hin th im
trnh ghi ln nhau Fixed Size: kch thc biu tng trn ton bn . Kch thc l
in hay cm, ty thuc vo n v chn trn trang draw ca hp thoi Options.
Proportional: Click Nt Scaling m hp thoi Proportional Scaling. S
dng thng tin trong hp thoi thit lp kch thc tt c symbols tng ng.
+Tab Labels:
Worksheet Column for Labels: Chn ct ghi nhn trn bn Position
Relative to Symbol: Xc nh v tr text nhn so vi biu tng ca im Plane:
quy nh c th ta phng c cha cc nhn. Nu XY- Plane c chn, cc nhn c nh
hng song song vi mt phng XY ca bn . Vi bn nghing trong khng gian
3D, cc nhn nghing l tt. iu ny c th lm cho n kh c cc nhn gc nghing.
Trong trng hp ny, n c th tt hn nh hng cc nhn trong mt phng ca mn
hnh. nhn mn hnh theo nh hng lun vung gc vi dng hin th ca ngi xem ca
th gic. Leader Lines c s dng khi bn bt c gc khc hn 90 hoc khi nhn c
chuyn n mt v tr mi. 40
Hunh Vn Trc
Chn ty chn Enable for dragged labels hin th cc leader line khi
nhn ko bng tay n v tr mi vi lnh Edit Labels Post. Leader line s hin
th mt dng t v tr nhn gc n v tr ko. +Bin tp nhn: S dng lnh Edit Post
Labels c.Classes Post Map (bn phn lp v tr): Classed post maps vi cc
k hiu ,nhn v cc gi tr Z ngoi cc ta XY. Nhm Classed post maps cc d
liu vo cc lp ri. Cc im d liu c hin th bng cch s dng cc biu tng gn
cho lp. Cc gii hn ca mt bn ny da trn cc gii hn ta X v Y cha trong
cc file d liu lin quan. Cc gii hn ny c th thay i nu cn thit. to mt
bn phn lp v tr: S dng lnh Map | New | Classes Post Map, hoc bm nt .
Chn mt tp d liu trong hp thoi Open Data v sau nhn nt Open. Bn phn
loi c to ra. Nu bn phn lp khng c bt k biu tng no trong n, bn c th
khng c ct bng tnh ng quy nh. m cc thuc tnh bi bn phn lp v iu chnh
ct X v Y. bn ny cng c th c to ra vi cc ct m khng cha d liu s. Kim
tra XCoord v Y Coord trong hp thoi v kim tra cc file d liu. Trong
hp thoi thuc tnh bn phn loi lp ngoi cc Tab General, Label, layer,
cn c tab Classes:
Number of classes : c s dng xc nh c bao nhiu lp hoc nhm s c trn
bn . Khi bn thay i gi tr ny, hp danh sch cc lp c t ng cp nht phn nh
s thay i. Binning Method :dng tnh ton gii hn ca cc lp: Equal
Number: gn cc phm vi lp, nhng s xp x bng nhau ca cc im c a vo trong
mi lp. Trong trng hp ny, khong cch ca tng loi thng khc nhau. Equal
Intervals: gn cc phm vi lp, nhng khong cch gia gi tr >= Minimum
v gi tr =Minimum v gi tr =Minimum hoc = Minimum: quy nh cc gii hn
di ca tng loi d liu. Bn c th nhp p vo s cho bt k lp no v thay i gi
tr trong hp thoi Class Limit.
