Tp bi ging v lch s Vit Nam thi L S

ti

Khoa Lch s trng i hc Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn

thuc

i hc Quc gia Vit Nam (H Ni)

YAO Takao

i

2009

2011 12 19

15

Le Loi

171971

15 20

ii

iii

Mc lc

Bi th 1

Khi ngha Lam Sn vLch s bin son b Lam Sn Thc lc 1

M u 1

I. Cuc Khi ngha Lam Sn 2

I.1. Qu trnh ca s thc lch s 2

I.2. Quan im lch cp chnh quyn 3

I.3. Vn t cch nhn ca cc hc gi nc ngoi 4

II. Lch s bin son b LSTL 8

II.1. Ni dung b LSTL 8

II.2. Vic bin son b LSTL qua cc thi k 10

Tiu kt 17

17

Bi th 2

Khai hoang rung t o H Nam, Yn Hng Thi L s

-Hnh thc khai hoang do dn lng t nguyn- 24

M u 24

I. Vic khai hoang rung t ng bng 24

I.1. Vic nghin cu v khai thc ng bng sng Hng Nht Bn 24

I.2. Ba hnh thc khai hoang 25

I.3. Th tc khai hoang do dn lng t nguyn 26

II. Vic khai thc o H Nam, huyn Yn Hng 31

II.1. Lch s v v tr ca o H Nam 31

II.2. Phn tch hai chic bia thi Hng c 33

II.3. Nhng quan vin can d s kin ny 39

III. Tnh c bit v tnh ph bin 42

III.1. Tnh c bit ca vng An Bang 42

III.2. Tnh Ph bin 43

Tiu kt 47

48

iv

Bi th 3

Vng Gia Hng thi L Thnh Tng -X hi vng trng- 53

M u 53

I. Chc th Vit Nam v vn t a phng ph Gia Hng 55

I.1. Chc th Vit Nam 55

I.2. Chc th h inh v h H 57

II. Nguyn vn, bn dch tm v ch thch chc th h inh 58

III. Phn tch chc th 64

III.1. (A) Phn vit u v (D) Phn vit cui 64

III.2. (B) Phn vit v ti sn (bt ng sn) 65

III.3. (C) Cc l (quyn li v ngha v ca Quan lang) 66

Tiu kt 67

69

1

Bi th 1

Khi ngha Lam Sn

v

Lch s bin son b Lam Sn Thc lc

YAO Takao

GS. HQG Hiroshima, Nht Bn

M u

T nhng nm 1990, chnh sch i mi c tin hnh, nn kinh t v chnh tr Vit Nam

dn i vo n nh. Cng vi chnh sch nhng gii ha i ngoi mang tnh qun s khin quan

im u tranh gii phng dn tc b m nht i, cc v anh hng dn tc hoc cc di tch chin

trng ang tr thnh nhng a im du lch1). V th vic nghin cu hc thut v thc chng v

cuc khi ngha Lam Sn khng pht trin. Trn tp ch Nghin cu Lch s (NCLS) cng t c bi

nhan ny2). Vic nghin cu lch s b phn ha nh, a s l nghin cu v a b, cn hin i

v lch s nc ngoi.

Nht Bn, ny sinh vn Sch gio khoa Lch s mi3)

khin gii s hc ng Nam

trong nc phi a ra kin. V d: Philippine v ang si ni v lp tng anh hng c lp

Boniphasio. Benedict Anderson cho ra i cun Imagined Community (Khi Cng ng Tng

tng) (bn b sung) v c dch sang ting Nht. Nhiu hc gi Nht Bn ang quan tm n

quan im lch s cp chnh quyn.

Tc gi (sau ny vit tt l TG) l chuyn gia lch s nh L s, hn 20 nm lin tc su tm

ti liu nn t c quan tm n ch ngha dn tc thi cn hin i. Th cn cn phi ch n ch

ngha yu nc thi c trung i v s c gng vit lch s do nhng ngi thi k .

Theo nh s hc ngi Vit hin nay (tc quan im lch s cp chnh tuyn, quan im lch

s dn tc ch ngha) th lch s Vit Nam l lch s chng ngoi xm, bo v t nc, v duy tr

nh nc thng nht. Nh L nh nh Tng, nh Trn nh nh Nguyn Mng , nh H v

L nh nh Minh, v nh Ty Sn nh nh Thanh . Vng triu no cng chin u

oanh lit, cui cng thng li! Tuy va ri nu ra s suy thoi quan im lch s u tranh gii

phng dn tc, nhng trong cun thng s hoc Sch gio khoa S chia nhiu trang dnh cho vic

qu trnh u tranh. L Li , ngi ch huy qun i dnh c lp, cng c coi nh l mt v

anh hng dn tc v th k th 15 l mt th k quang vinh nht trong lch s Vit Nam ng theo

quan im lch s .

2

I. Cuc Khi ngha Lam Sn

I.1. Qu trnh ca s thc lch s

n th k th 14, c cu chnh tr nh Trn (tt c nhng quan chc cao u trong tay tng

tht h Trn) b ph dn v hu qu ca chin tranh chng qun xm lc Nguyn Mng. Thay vo

tng lp quan li khoa c chuyn ln gii chnh tr [Momoki Shiro 1982: 106-09;

2001: 192-94; 2011: 318-25]. bn ngoi kinh thnh, s mu thun x hi gy ra nhiu cuc dy

lon ca nng dn v n t. Cn pha Nam th th lc nc Chim Thnh tr nn mnh. Kinh

Thng Long b chim hai ln v vua Du Tng bt ng b cht trn.

Ngi cu th ch l H Qu Ly, ngoi thch nh Trn v c s ng h ca tng

lp quan li khoa c mi. ng c gng bo v nh nc v a ra nhiu phng php ci cch x

hi gii quyt nhng mu thun . Sau khi tiu dit th lc c (tc tng tht nh Trn), ng ln

ngi vua vo nm 1400.

Ni chung, hin nay nhng ci cch ca nh H c nh gi cao. Th nhng, v phng

php ci cch th thiu kin nhn qu mc (v du: ng buc nhiu nng n di c xung pha Nam

gii quyt tnh hnh thiu rung t ng bng sng Hng), cho nn nhn dn khng hoan

nghnh, thm ch phn i. Nhn c hi , vua Minh Vnh Lc thnh cng xm lc v nh

H kt thc ch sau 7 nm.

Nh Minh bt u cai tr mt cch trc tip cho t Vit Nam tr thnh lnh a ca Trung

Hoa. Nhng ngi Vit khng khut phc li cai tr . nhiu ni th lc chng qun Minh vn

ln, tiu biu nht l th lc Hu Trn. Hai v vua Hu Trn cng chin u chng qun Minh, lp ra

chnh quyn bc Trung b. Nhng tht khng may, mi quan h hai v vua xu i, cho nn chnh

quyn b qun Minh nh ph.

Sau tnh hnh Vit Nam vn khng yn. Nm 1417, L Li khi ngha Lam Sn thuc

Thanh Ha. Qun L Li chin u ko di 10 nm, cui cng qun Minh chu tha nhn s tht bi,

ri khi thnh ng Quan (H Ni) rt v nc. L li ln ngi vua v tuyn b Bnh Ng

i co do tham mu Nguyn Tri khi tho.

Lm vic nhn ngha l ct yn dn. Ni binh cu dn trc cn tr bo. Ngh nh nc ta

i Vit thc l mt nc vn hin. Ci b sng ni ring. Phong tc Bc Nam cng khc.

Cc triu Triu, inh, L, Trn ni nhau dng nc. Cng Hn, ng, Tng, Nguyn lm

ch mi phng.

3

Vn chng u b co ny hay c trch dn khi cp n ch ngha dn tc Vit Nam.

Vng triu L (1428-1527, 1531-1789) khi u t .

I.2. Quan im lch cp chnh quyn

Nh va nu, theo quan im lch s cp nh nc hin i th lch s Vit Nam l lch s

chng ngoi xm gi nc.

Cng ha Dn ch Vit Nam (nay l Cng ha X hi ch ngha Vit Nam) l mt nc theo

ch ngha x hi. Do vy, gii s hc cng theo ch ngha Mc - Lnin, ch n c hai cuc u

tranh giai cp v u tranh dn tc, nh gi li nhng nhn vt, vng triu, hay nhng s kin

trong lch s. Rt nhiu cng trnh nghin cu c cng b do cc hc gi thuc khoa S trng

i hc Tng hp H Ni (Nay l trng KHXH&NV) v y ban Khoa hc X hi Vit Nam (Nay

l Vin KHXH Vit Nam) vit. Theo nguyn tc: S hc l khoa hc, cc hc gi va su tm ti

liu va dch sang ting Vit rt chnh xc. Tuy nhin, v vn cuc u tranh giai cp hay u

tranh dn tc quan trng hn th kh gii quyt do nh hng chin tranh4). L Li, nhn vt chnh

ca cuc khi ngha Lam Sn, cng c c hai s nh gi tri ngc nhau hon ton. Mt bn nh

gi cao l v ng c coi nh l anh hng gii phng dn tc theo cch nhn u tranh dn tc. Mt

bn khc ph nh ng v v sau ng lp ra mt vng triu phong kin, tha hip tng lp a ch

theo cch nhn u tranh gii cp.

Hai s nh gi tri ngc nhau tht ging vi s nh gi v Chu Nguyn Chng ,

tc Minh Thi T ca Cng ha Nhn dn Trung Hoa. Chu Nguyn Chng cng c

nh gi cao l v chin u chng vng triu ngoi tc. Nhng hin nay s nh gi ny khng

c ch l v Trung Quc ang lo vn dn tc thiu s. Cn ng cng b ph phn l v chnh

sch phong ta gy ra s nh tr ca pht trin kinh t hng ha, cui cng b cc nc phng Ty

vt qua [Danjo Hiroshi 1995: m u].

Vy Vit Nam ra sao? Cun Lch s Vit Nam tp I [UBKHXHVN 1971] do UBKHXHVN

bin son v ra i vo nm 1971 l sch tiu biu nht ca quan im lch s cp chnh quyn c

gng cn bng s nh gi tri ngc. Trong chng VI cun sch ny, L Li c nh gi cao

vi t cch l anh hng cu nc. Sau trong chng VII L Thi T b ph phn vi t

cch l ngi kt hp th lc phong kin m lp ra vng triu phong kin phn ng. Tt nhin

c gi u bit rng L Li tc l L Thi T m!

Mc d vy, cch nhn quan im lch s u tranh giai cp b suy gim l do chin tranh

chng M ko di5)

. Nm 1975 chin tranh chng M kt thc, nhng tnh hnh quc t xung quanh

Vit Nam vn cn c lit. Vit Nam phi lin tc i lp vi Campuchia (chnh quyn Polpot) v

4

Trung Quc. trong nc th khng c iu kin gii quyt nhng mu thun x hi, nn cc

nhn vt lch s c coi nh l nhng v tin bi chin u cu nc6)

. L Li cng c hng

vinh d .

Sau khi ha bnh, v c bn th xu hng ny khng thay i bi hai l do. Th nht l bn

thn t tng ch ngha x hi do quan im lch s u tranh giai cp suy yu trn th gii. Th

hai l con chu ku gi yu cu phc hi danh d ca nhng v nhn vt lch s m tng b ph

phn nh l thnh phn phn ng. Gn y, phong tro phc hi dng h ang ung si v chnh

ph Vit Nam cng ng h phong tro . Do vy, hin nay vic ph phn mt nhn vt lch s no

mt cch nghim chnh th t xy ra. Hn th na, nhng nhn vt v di tch lch s tr thnh ti

nguyn du lch. Ai m ph phn c na. Ngi ta xa hai ch u tranh v vn dng t ch

ngha dn tc.

Cun Khi ngha Lam Sn [Phan Huy L & Phan i Don 1965] do Phan Huy L v Phan

i Don cng vit l tc phm nghin cu cuc Khi ngha Lam Sn ni ting nht trn lp trng

u tranh dn tc v vn cn gi tr to ln cho hc gi th h sau7)

.

Cun ny miu t tnh hnh x hi en ti cui i nh Trn, nh gi ci cch nh H,

v thc t ca ch thng tr nh Minh, qu trnh v thng li ca cuc khi ngha L Li. Tht may

i vi L Li, cun ny khng cp n thi k L s, tc l thi k ng b ph phn. Hnh nh

anh hng tr nn rc r. Trong thi k chng M cu nc, ngi dn Vit Nam d ly hnh nh

lm nh lnh o hi , tc Bc H8)

.

TG khng bao gi ph phn tc phm ny v c phn xuyn tc hoc gii thch mt cch v l.

Nh va nu trn, Vit Nam s hc phi l khoa hc. Theo i nguyn tc hai thy c gng su

tm ti liu a phng cc k nhiu v qu bu9)

. V hai thy l ngi kim tn, ni r vic trch

dn b i Minh Thc lct cun ca Yamamoto Tatsuro [Yamamoto

1950] l v hi khng c iu kin xem c nguyn vn. Tht ng c cho l tc phm bt h.

V sau 1965, khi tm thy c ti liu mi, hai thy b xung ni dung v in li cho n bn th t

by gi. Ni tht l bn thn TG cng c hai thy cung cp ti liu v nhng thng tin him hoi.

I.3. Vn t cch nhn ca cc hc gi nc ngoi

Nu cc hc gi nc ngoi ch ng theo lp trng v phng php ca hc gi Vit Nam

th khng c ngha g. Vy nhng vn t cch nhn ca hc gi nc ngoi l g? Nht Bn

cng trnh nghin cu ni ting nht l cun Nghin cu lch s An Nam I: Chinh lc An Nam ca

hai triu i Nguyn v Minh ca Yamamoto va nu.

5

Vic kho chng bt u t s so snh ngy thng trong b i Minh Thc lc v b i Vit

S k Ton th (vit tt l TT) . S d phi so snh nh vy l v nh H khng

theo lch nh Minh, cho nn trong hai b ti liu ny c nhiu chnh lch nhau v ngy thng (thm

ch nm).

Sau trong phn II Chinh lc An Nam ca nh Minh th ng vit v s dit vong ca nh

Trn, chnh sch ngoi giao nh H, chin lc nh Minh xm lc i Vit, thc t chi phi ca

nh Minh, cuc ni dy Hu Trn v L Li,...v.v. theo th t thi gian mt cch t m.

Gi tr ca cun sch ny l vic kho chng, c bit v a danh. ng s dng b TT, i

Nam Nht thng ch (NTC) , ng Khnh a d ch (DC)10),

Khm nh Vit s Thng gim Cng mc (CM), v nhiu bn do chnh

quyn thc dn Php bin son. Thnh qu by gi th phi nh chnh li phn no , nhng

vn c gi tr to ln.

Tt nhin c nhiu vn phi ph phn. Th nht, ng khng quan tm tnh thi i, cho nn

khng so snh mc ch v s hn ch ca hai triu i Nguyn v Minh. Tuy cun sch ny c hn

700 trang nhng khng c phn Kt lun! Ni cc oan, theo tn sch, TG cm thy rng tc

phm ny khng ch vit lch s Vit Nam m cn vit v chnh sch ca hai triu i Trung Quc

i vi Vit Nam.

Th hai, ng cng c gng su tm ti liu H Ni v Hu trong thi k Th chin II,

nhng v ti liu a phng th khng ng k. V li ni thm mt cht th ng vit a s trc

nm 1945, nhng tht khng may, nhng ti liu m ng su tm b bm M t chy, cho nn vic

nghin cu lch s Vit Nam ca ng sau nm 1945 khng pht trin nhiu11)

.

Cn phng Ty, cng trnh ni bt l Lun n Tin s ca J. K. Whitmore [Whitmore

1968]. ng t sm ch trch rng trong qun i L Li c nhiu nhn vt qu l Thanh Ha, tc

qun i ny mang m tnh khu vc. Do vy ng t tn qun i ny l Tp on Thanh Ha.

TG cng theo sng kin ca ng. Tuy nhin im quan tm chnh ca ng l lch s chnh tr thi L

s, cho nn ng khng cp nhiu n l do khi ngha v tnh dn tc ca tp on ny.

Lun n Tin s ca E. S. Unger [Unger 1983] cng ch n tnh khu vc ca tp on L

Li. Theo sng kin ca ng Whitmore, b nu r s phn ly gia v thn Thanh Ha v vn thn

ng bng sng Hng v hnh nh chnh quyn L mi bt u. Tip theo, b phn tch t tng v

tm l ca Nguyn Tri da theo b Lam Sn Thc lc (LSTL), TT, v c Trai tp. Theo

b, L Li cng chu nh hng mt t ca Nguyn Tri v lnh tp on v thn dn. Xin li TG

khng tn thnh kin ca b. Bi nhng ti liu tham kho u l ti liu c bin son sau khi

nh L thnh lp, cho nn c phn thuyt minh tnh chnh thng ca vua L. B nh gi L Li l

ngi khai minh v tin tin, nhng s nh gi th qu mc.

6

B cng gp hn ch ca ti liu bin son, nu c ti liu a phng do hai thy L v

Don su tm th b s i kin12)

.

By gi hon cnh thay i hn, ngy cng tt ln cho vic i tm ti liu mi. Tnh hnh

ny Vit Nam th TG gii thiu trong nhng bi khc [Yao 2003; 2004b]. Th th, th h may

mn chng ta phi t vn nh th no?

i) Vn tnh khu vc

Danjo Hiroshi, chuyn nghin cu lch s nh Minh s, ch rng l do chinh phc Vit Nam

ca vua Vnh Lc l thi bt tun ca nh H v tham vng a trt t Hoa Di vo th gii

ng13)

[Danjo 1995: 67-69]. Cn cch i ph ca bn Vit Nam th c phn tch nh th no?

Ni xut thn ca tp on L Li a s l Thanh Ha, khng nn xem nh l anh hng ca

c nc. Ngoi cuc khi ngha L Li ra, cc hc gi ch trch cn c nhiu th lc a phng

khc chng li nh Minh. Trong nhng th lc , mc ch ni dy ca Hu Trn th d hiu. Hai

v vua Hu Trn ch trng rng mnh l ngi chnh thng tha k ngi v vua Vit Nam. Th cn

L Li v cc th lnh khc th th no? Sau khi vua Vnh Lc bng h th tp on L Li mi pht

trin v dn dn thu ht nhng th lc khc.

Nguyn Tri l chu ngoi ca nh Trn v tin s. Nhiu hc gi on rng chnh ng l

nh o din ly L Li chu vai tr vua c ti vn v. TG nghi ng l lc u L Li cha c

nh chng li hn vi nh Minh. Nu Nh Minh chu tha nhn nhng quyn bnh m L Li c

c vi t cch l mt ph o th ng sn sng ngng chin.

Nhng hc gi khc cng nghi ng nh vy. Nu phn tch k vn chng Bnh Ng i co

th d hiu l ngi vit vn chng ny l Nguyn Tri. Vn chng ny biu hin m ch ngha

c lp da trn c s l lun chnh thng nh Nho. Kin thc v kinh in v c s Trung Hoa rt

chch xc. Lm sao L Li, trc y ch l mt ph o vng ni i, vit c. l kin ca

Stephen OHarrow [OHarrow 1979: 150-51, 170-73].

Xut thn ca Nguyn Tri cng kh c bit. Cha Nguyn Tri l Nguyn Phi Khanh,

qu gn kinh . Phi Khanh l vn nhn v ly con gi ca Trn Nguyn n , mt v i

thn nh Trn qu Hi Dng. Hai cha con cng tin s thi nh Trn v H. Khi vua H chy

xung Thanh Ha, hai cha con ny i theo, cui cng b qun Minh bt. Cha th b dn v Trung

Quc. Cn Nguyn Tri th b giam thnh ng Quan. Sau ng thot ra v xung Lam Sn.

Mc d mnh l vn quan c qu qun ng bng, nhng khng c iu kin lp ra quan h mt

tit vi nhng vn thn khc. Nguyn Tri th mun a L Li ln lm vua, nhng nhng vn thn

khc th cha c nh vy.

7

[Bn 1] Vit Nam gia th k th 15 [YAO 2001: 208]

Hi vng Thanh Ha

l trng im bo v pha

nam, nhng nhn t kinh th

ch l bin gii. Vua kin nh

c ch nh gic, gii phng

t quc. Nhng s sch u

nhn mnh, th nhng nhng

li ca ngi u c a ra sau

khi L Li dnh thng li. Ni

kh ca L Li, Nguyn Tri,

v cc vua L sau lm sao

cho nhn dn c nc ng h

khin nh L tr nn mnh sau

khi thng li.

ii) Vn tnh dn tc.

B LSTL ghi r gia nh

L Li i i gi chc ph

o. Ph o c chnh quyn

trung ng y quyn t tr mt

vng. Cho nn nu chnh

quyn trung ng no bo m

quyn t tr ca mnh th trong u c ca mt ph

o d nhin khng ny sinh ra thc gii phng

dn tc v t nc. Tuy nhin, L Li chin u

cho n cui cng. Hc gi nc ngoi th phi l

gii nguyn nhn .

Trong qun i L Li c nhiu nhn vt c

vn ha khc vi vn ha nhn dn ng bng. Sinh

hot vn ha ca h trc cuc khi ngha kh ti

hin l v nhng ti liu a phng nh gia ph cng b m sc v sau. Nhng iu r l ly hai

bn hp thnh m gi ngi Vit Nam th rt v l. Tt nhin hc gi ngi Vit hin nay nh hau

thy L v Don cng quan tm n s khc bit v tnh dn tc. V d: Hai thy cng cp n

hai v i quan lang (cng thn cha con L Him v L Hiu) v nu ra l cc dn

8

tc thiu s cng chin u dnh c lp [L & Don 2005: 135-43]. S thc, trong bi cnh

Thanh Ha, vic phn bit dn tc Vit v Mng mt cch r rng th rt kh.

TP. Ninh Bnh (thuc vng ng bng) c cm bia H Thnh Sn i Trn.

Chuyn gia ngn ng Shimizu Masaaki cng hp tc vi Momoki v nh kho c L th

Lin, tm thy hin tng cch vit t Mng (c hai m tit) bng hai ch Hn trn bia ny

[Shimizu, Lin, v Momoki 1998: 169-76]14)

.

Hin nay gii s hc bn Vit Nam nhn nh rng tnh tp on tc dn tc Vit Nam xut

hin kh sm v xc lp th k 15. Nhng ng bng c ni vn dng ting Proto Vit. Th th

nhn dn ng bng nhn L Li (chc ni ting Proto Vit) v tp on L Li nh th no? Anh

hng dn tc ta? Khng phi u. Th th ng khng chin c hn 10 nm l c l do g.

iii) Vng quc Lansang

Trong thi k , vng trung tm bn o ng Dng, mt vng quc lin bang Lansang

(tp th ca vng quc vng trng nh) bt u m rng lnh th [Stuart-Fox 1998: 35-44]. pha

ty Lansang th c vng quc Lanna. Lansang lp ra quan h hu ngh vi Lanna. pha nam

th c vng quc Angkhor v Ayuttaya. pha bc th c nh Minh mi c thnh lp. Lansang

mun tm ng n tn bin cho nn chin u vi nh Minh nhng tht bi. Cui cng i mt

Lansang nhn hng v pha ng, tc l min Trung Vit Nam by gi. Ni m nh Minh cha

nm c hn quyn cai tr v tp on L Li tn ti.

Tht kh chng minh c, nhng ng Lansang c kh nng gip cuc khi ngha L Li

di hon cnh chnh tr quc t15)

. S gip ca Lansang tr thnh tr ngi sau khi nh L thnh

lp, vua L Li nh vng quc ny nhiu ln.

II. Lch s bin son b LSTL

B LSTL l ngun ti liu quan trng nht m nhng thc s hoc nhn xt da trn. Trong

phn II ny, TG nu li lch s bin son b sch ny vi ch ch rng lch s chnh l lch s

thnh lp ca quan im lch s cp chnh quyn.

II.1. Ni dung b LSTL

Theo TT, sau khi nh L thnh lp, vua L Li va c gng bnh thng ha mi quan h vi

nh Minh va c gng xy dng li t nc. Bn cnh , ng bn bc tng thng cho nhng

ngi c cng trong cuc khng chin. Vo Thun Thin nm th nht (1428), ng tng

9

thng tc cho cc cng thn Lng Nhai 16). Cn nm sau (1429), thng tc li cho nhng

cng thn vn cn sng v lit k tn theo th t phong tc.

Nm Thun Thin th t (1431) nh Minh phong L Li lm Quyn th An Nam Quc s

. Cui nm ng son b LSTL17).

L Li k l do bin son l by t kh khn ca mnh cho

con chu i sau (trong bi t ta). V mc ch nh vy, sau khi hon thnh, cun ny gi trong

cung ni mt cch cn thn.

Nhng bn hin cn hu ht l bn ghi chp li. Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm (VNCHN) lu

gi my b, cn bn Nht Bn th Yamamoto gi 1 bn v Th vin Quc hi gi 1 bn18)

.

Nhng bn ny u c ta trng san ca H S Dng , cho nn bn gc l bn trng

san u th k 18. Thng tin v bn trng san in c t lu19)

, n nm 1985, V Thanh Hng gii

thiu bn in [Hng 1985]20)

.

14 nm trc (1976), Ty Vn ha tnh Thanh Ha tm thy mt bn LSTL, khng phi bn

trng san trong nh gia nh con chu L St . Theo kt qu nghin cu ca Nguyn Din Nin,

cn b ty Vn ha ny, ni dung bn ny khc hn vi bn trng san. Sau ny, TG da theo [Nin:

2006 (1976)] m trnh by ni dung bn ny v s thay i ni dung .

Th nht, bn ny khc cu thnh. Xem di:

(a) Tu vn ca m Vn L , mt v quan li cao cp thi vua Thnh Tng -

HinTng (4 ch u l Phng k nht bn).

(b) Bng ch king hy ca cc v vua v hong hu (t Hin T (cha ca Thi T),

Tuyn T (ng ca Thi T) cho n Cung ).

(c) S miu cc ni ngoi nh Phng s thc , Thi miu ,...v.v.

(d) T ta.

(e) Chnh vn.

(f) Ch thch trong Chnh vn. Ni dung l thn thoi (Trc khi L Li sinh ra, mt con h

en hay xut hin, nhng sau ngy sinh ca L Li, con h ny khng xut hin. Ngha

l L Li l ha thn ca con h ny).

(g) Ta ng ch ni vi Tri v v cng thin nhn (). Ni dung cng

l thn thoi (c mt nh s mc o trng l d on s ln ngi vua ca L Li v s mnh

ca nh L).

(h) Ta Lam Sn K tch (). Ni dung cng l thn thoi (Cng thn L Thn

nht c bo kim v bo n).

(i) Ta li khim nhng v lng nhn i (). Ni dung l chuyn Qun Minh

cp thi hi ca cha L Li21).

10

(j) Chnh vn.

(k) Bng lit k 35 v cng thn (ghi qu qun) c tng thng vo Thun Thin nm th

nht thng 10 ngy 28.

(l) Tuyn th () vo Thin Khnh nm th nht. C ghi l tuyn th ny c

cp cho cc con chu cng thn trong thi Hng c. Ngi ph trch l Ty l gim

Nguyn Khut . Cn c Tuyn th cc Tng ().

(m) Bng lit k 125 v cng thn Khai quc v Trung hng 22). LSTL hu tnh

danh c 36 v v LSTL v tnh danh c 88 v.

Ghi km l lch v qu qun ca cc v, ghi Cng Thng nm th 3 thng 8 ngy 01.

(n) Bng cng thn Lng Nhai (1428).

(o) Bng 93 v cng thn c thng tc vo nm Thun Thin nm th 2 (1429), ngi

ph trch b co l L Cnh Chuyn .

(p) Bng lit k nhng ngi (tng tht v cng thn) cht trn hoc cht trc khi hon thnh

bng ny.

Tt nhin nhng vn bn ny khng tn ti trong bn gc. Tuy nhin phn (k), (n), v (o) th

c t u l v 3 phn ny c vit trc nm 1431.

II.2. Vic bin son b LSTL qua cc thi k.

Nh va gii thiu, b LSTL (khng ch bn trng san) km theo nhiu vn t v chnh vn

cng c cha li. Sau y chng ta hy theo di qu trnh bin son.

(i) Vic bin son th k th 15.

Th nht, cc i thn L s c b nhim theo cng lao, cho nn TG on rng bng (o)

c cng khai cho gii chnh tr. Sau nhng do s yu cu ca c hai bn Nh nc v cng

thn, nhiu vn bn c vit v thm vo bn gc. Bng (m) l vn bn tiu biu nht.

Na th k sau t nm 1428 nhiu cng thn b git v mt s v n ln hoc qua i. V th

xy ra vn l kh phn bit ai l cng thn hoc dng di ca cng thn. Vua Hin Tng cho

m Vn L kim tra b LSTL v sng lc li danh sch nhng cng thn c mt (hu tnh danh)

hay khng c mt (v tnh danh) trong bi cnh chin u ca b sch ny. Kt qu sng lc l

bng (m). ng Nin on nh th [Nin: 2006 (1976): 37-39]23)

.

Vua Thnh Tng v Hin Tng c gng nh vy. n u th k th 16, trong hon cnh cc

cuc ni lon lin tip xy ra, vua Chiu Tng ra lnh vi L b Thng th m

11

Thn Huy son tho nhng ch king hy. Cng vic c l l c s ca bng (b)24). Sau

bn gc v bn m Vn L c l b chy trong cuc ni lon ca Trn Cao v Mc ng

Dung.

Mc ch v s thc vic bin son th k th 15 l nh sau. Vua L mun xc lp uy quyn

ca mnh v c gng ci thin mi quan h gia vua v cc cng thn, con chu cng thn (tp on

Thanh Ha). bo m danh d v a v ca cng thn, nhiu vn bn c thm vo b LSTL.

Cho nn c th ni l chnh quyn nh L s khng vt ln s hn ch ca chnh quyn Thanh Ha.

C iu phi ch l trong vic bin son ny, nhiu quan thi c tham gia. Chnh quyn nh L

s c th iu khin h bn trong mt phn. m Vn L b vua Uy Mc m st l v phn i vic

ln ngi vua ca Uy Mc theo l lun chnh thng. m Thn Huy th t t sau khi h Mc cp

ngi nh L. Tnh chnh thng nh L dn dn c tng lp tr thc ng bng tha nhn.

(ii) Vic bin son th k th 16.

Sau khi h Mc nm chnh quyn, nhng ngi khng chu theo, ly con trai ca Vua Chiu

Tng (tc Trang Tng ) lm vua Lo v tip tc chng li trong vng Thanh Ha. Nhiu

con chu cng thn cng tham gia. Ngi ng u l Nguyn Kim25), chu ba i ca cng

thn Nguyn Cng Dun Gia Miu Ngoi trang , ph H Trung . Sau khi

ng b mu st, thay cho ng, con r ca ng l Trnh Kim, ngi Vnh Lc , nm quyn

bnh ca chnh quyn lu vong. Con ca Nguyn Kim l Nguyn Hong s ng, chy vo Nam

v lp ra mt th lc khc.

Sau khi Trung Tng (con ca Trang Tng) bng h, chi c nh L b tuyt. Trnh Kim

tm mt ngi thng dn hu du ca L Tr (anh ca L Li) cho ln ngi vua (tc Anh

Tng) . Thi miu (c) ch vit n Trung Tng, cho nn Nin suy on rng bn mi l bn

thi k Anh Tng hoc bn ghi chp li ca bn Anh Tng [Nin 2006 (1976): 39-41]. Th th v

sao cun ny c tm thy trong nh gia nh con chu L St? Nin ngh rng Anh Tng l ngi

thuc chi cch xa chi c tng tht, nn c gi mt bn sao ca b LSTL gc. Anh Tng phc ch

thnh nhiu b cp cho cc con chu cng thn nng cao uy tn ca mnh [Nin 2006 (1976):

47-48]. Thc s Anh Tng c tham vng khi phc li thc quyn chnh tr trong tay h Trnh

nhng v sau b Trnh Tung (con ca Trnh Kim) git.

Theo chng c hin cn, lch s bin son ca LSTL gc th kt thc y. Nhng bn Anh

Tng (t thuc h thng bn gc) c lu hnh mt t ch yu Thanh Ha26)

. Mc ch vic bin

son th k th 16 l nhn mnh tnh chnh thng nh L ang lu vong Thanh Ha. Ngi

i tng ph phn l c nh Mc v cha Trnh.

Whitmore [1995] ch trch k rng c s tnh chnh thng chnh quyn L - Trnh l huyt

12

thng, cn c s ca nh Mc l vic tha k s phn vinh thi k nh L s (c bit l thi

Hng c). Khi cha Trnh ng h vua L, ngc li, bn nh Mc bin son cun Hng c Thin

chnh. Nh Mc chng li b LSTL vi cun sch mang tn Hng c.

(iii) Vic bin son th k th 17.

Cuc ni chin L - Trnh v Mc kt thc vi s thng li ca bn L - Trnh vo cui th k

th 16. Cn n th k th 17 th ni chin Bc Nam ln th hai xy ra gia L - Trnh v Nguyn.

Cuc chin tranh ko di tng cn tng t nm 1627 cho n nm 1672. n i cha Trnh

Tc ha bnh mi c thc hin, ng bt u coi trng ni tr. ng t ra nhiu chnh sch

chnh tr v kinh t, cn tin hnh nhng cng vic vn ha cng c lp trng ngi gim h

ca vua L. Vic bin son s sch cng l mt trong cng vic . Trong bi cnh b LSTL (bn

trng san) v TT Tc bin c bin son27)

.

Theo ta trng san th bn ny c H S Dng v mt s vn quan bin son vo nm

Vnh Tr nm th nht (1676). Ta k tip mt nm trc vua Hy Tng va ln ngi

(12 tui). Hy Tng c s c dn gian (c l ch bn Anh Tng - TG) cng vi cc i thn

hiu bit s tch ca nhng vng v cm thy c sai st nhiu. Do vy vua ra lnh cha li

nhng sai st in li hu truyn s nghip to ln ca t tin mnh.

S thc l khng phi cha li. B cn li trong bn trng san th ch l t ta v chnh vn,

thm ta trng san v Bnh ng khi bin son. Tt c nhng vn bn b xa b. ng Nin

ch rng vua Hy Tng, chu bn i vua Anh Tng, mun giu kn vic to dng ca Anh Tng

[Nin 2006 (1976): 125-126]. TG khng tn thnh kin . Nin khng ch n c ngh,

phng chm, v cng tch bin son u thuc v cha Trnh.

B LSTT (bn trng san) lu gi Vin Nghin cu Hn Nm (k hiu: VHv.1695) km theo

b i Vit Trung hng Cng nghip Thc lc28). B ny c ta cng son

gi ca LSTT (bn trng san) v c bin son vo cng nm (1676) . Ni dung l lch s trung

hng nh L do cha Trnh lnh o. Bi ta ny y nhng li khen cho cng tch ca cha. Vua

L ch tng tn sch Trung hng Thc lc. TT Tc bin q.1, Vnh Tr nm th nht ma thu thng 7

vit l lnh cho cng b thng th H S Dng lm gim tu

Quc s. Trong trng hp ny, Quc s ch c hai b LSTL v Trung hng Thc lc. TG ni r l

chnh Trung hng Thc lc cp mt phn gi tr ca b LSTL.

Th th v sao ngay c nhng vn bn nh bng cng thn c sn b xa b? Vic ny cng d

hiu l v tuy cha Trnh l ngi ng u cng thn Trung hng, nhng h khng phi l dng di

cng thn Khai quc. Vic trng san LSTL th c ch nng cao tinh thn a phng Thanh Ha,

nhng bng cng thn Khai quc th c kh nng xm hi uy quyn ca cha Trnh.

13

Mc ch vic bin son th k th 17 l i i tng c tnh dnh kt Thanh Ha t

vua L sang cha Trnh v cho Vn thn chu vai tr ln trong cng vic .

(iv) Vic bin son th k th 18.

n gia th k th 18, cuc ni dy lin min. Trong bi cnh c mt nh tr thc a ra

kin phn i vi vic bin son th k trc. l nh bc hc L Qu n. ng khoa c

vo nm Cnh Hng nm th 13 (1752), sau lm quan cao cp trong vng ph v vit

nhiu tc phm. Trong nhng tc phm ny c b i Vit Thng s. ng va ph phn rng nhiu

b LSTL bn Anh Tng trong dn gian vit ch sai nhiu va t co rng bn trng san xuyn tc

kh nng nh sau.

(B sch ny do) Thi T bn triu t lm, vit t vic khi binh n nh ui nh Ng. Bn

c vn cn nhng thng dn sao chp sai ch rt nhiu. Nay c bn in l do Nho thn thi

Vnh Tr phng mnh nh chnh. Nhng nhn r th bn ny c xuyn tc, thm sai mt

thc. Khng ni c hon thnh sch ! (trong phn Ngh vn ch)

ng khng ph bnh bn thn cha Trnh, cho nn khng b ti hoc cch chc. TG kh l

gii hnh vi ca ng, ch biu hin l vic bin son ca mt Vn thn c chp trong mt hi

tho29)

. Trong hi tho ny Momoki a ra sng kin l phi cp n nh hng kho chng hc

hi trn th gii ng.

L Qu n tng i s nh Thanh v vit nht k Bc s Thng lc. Gy y

Shimizu Taro gii thiu rng on s gi ca cc nc triu cng giao lu vn ha kinh

Trung Quc [Shimizu Taro 2002; 2003]. Hi Nht Bn cng c phong tro kho chng hc

k hn Trung Quc mc d Nht Bn ang bn ngoi th ch sch phong [Takahashi Satoshi

2003]. C kh nng L Qu n chu nh hng l v ng l nh tr thc.

Vic bin son th k th 18 l vic bin son theo tiu chun kho chng hc trn th gii

ng. Nhng Vit Nam th khng c ph bin. kin ca L Qu n khng c

ch . Cn b LSTL bn trng san in, bn Anh Tng b mt dn. Nh va ni, nhng bn sao

chp li u l bn trng san. ca cha Trnh thnh cng mt na.

(v) Vic bin son th k th 19.

Nh L bt u t cuc khi ngha Lam Sn v tiu vong vi s lu vong ca vua Chiu

Thng trong thng li ca nh Ty Sn. Nc Qung Nam cng b qun Ty Sn nh, nhng c

14

mt tng tht Nguyn Phc nh chng li vi s gip ca Siam v Php, lp ra triu i Nguyn

nm 1802 Hu. Nh Thanh cng tha nhn, v ng c phong lm quc vng Vit Nam vo

nm 1804.

Nh Nguyn nhn nh thy t l Nguyn Hong. Nh trn nu, i ngc dng th ti thi

k khi ngha Lam Sn30)

. Nhng chnh s nh Nguyn tc i Nam Thc lc (NTL) Tin bin

li khng ghi iu . Nguyn nhn rt d hiu l v trong nhng ngy u nh

Nguyn vn cn c ngi ln ting v s phc hi ca nh L. B LSTL chng minh rng h

Nguyn gc l triu thn ca h L, cho nn h Nguyn khng cn ch trng qu gc ca mnh l

Thanh Ha mt cch tch cc31)

.

C mt c trng l ch c nh Nguyn khng b cc triu i Trung Quc xm lc. Vic

cng l mt l do m b LSTL khng c ch n. Trong phm vi iu tra ca TG, b LSTL

khng c in li trong thi Nguyn mc d rt nhiu s sch khc c in li32)

. Phan Huy Ch

cng ch sao chp li bi ta bn trng san gii thch b LSTL trong b Lch triu Hin

chng Loi ch (LC)q.45, Vn tch ch . Vic bin son th k th 19 l

b qun Thanh Ha v Nh L, tc bt bin son.

(vi) Vic bin son trong dn gian.

B LSTL c lch s nh th, vy th trong dn gian nhng vn bn c bo qun nh th

no? Trong nhng vn bn ny TG thy hay nht l gia ph hoc tc ph k li lch s dng h ca

mnh. bn Trung Quc th tc ph hay c in, cn Vit Nam v phm vi dng h tng i hp,

cho nn t khi c in, hu ht l bn ghi chp tay v c gi li nhiu trong cc gia nh.

Gn dy GS. Suenari Michio nghin cu k gia ph Vit Nam v so snh vi Trung

Quc. GS. a ra kin v c trng ng ch . Th nht l ra th gia ph khng li nhng s

thc xu h ca t tin mnh. Nhng trong gia ph Vit Nam nhiu khi khng king ni s thc

[Suenari 1998: 274-81]. Vi t cch l chuyn gia dn tc hc, ng nu ln thc k lc trn giy

ngi Vit khc vi ngi Trung Quc v Triu Tin. Gia ph Vit Nam k rt nhiu chuyn

v cch bin son cng a dng33)

.

Th hai l s tn ti cu to rng khng trong gia ph [Suenari 1998: 307-08]. Cu to

rng khng c ngha l khi c gia ph th d thy l vit mt cch t m v nhng i gn hin

ang sng, v thy t (nhiu khi nhng ngi lp lng mi, di c sang lng no , hoc c quan

chc cao ca nh nc c nhn nh nh th) cng c cp nhiu. Ngc li v thy t v

2-3 i gn th nhiu khi thng tin qu n gin, ch ghi s i, tn hiu, nm sinh v nm mt theo

can chi. Cu to rng khng trong gia ph ch hin tng ny.

15

Ngay ch ny c kh nng mt loi gi to. Gia ph Vit Nam hin cn li th tng i

mi34)

. D nhin c gia ph gc i trc. Khi bin son li gia ph mi, th h c l su tm nhiu

bn ca cc chi, nhnh v thnh gia ph tng hp vi s ng ca c h. Nhng ch mu thun

gia cc bn th c chnh l li (tc b xa b)35)

.

Song, TG chuyn nghin cu v cng thn nh L th k 15, nhng gia ph th hi khc.

TG cha bit rng gia ph c t bao gi Vit Nam, nhng cm thy l khng lu so vi Trung

Quc. Nhng gia ph ca cc cng thn cng hu ht l sn phm i Nguyn, nhng bn gc c l

bt u bin son t th k th 15. Khi bin son gia ph, tht may v trong nh cc cng thn khai

quc c lu gi nhiu vn bn do nh nc cp (v d; vn bn cp rung, th b nhim, giy khen,..

v.v.). Nhiu khi ni dung nhng vn bn ny c sao chp li t trong nhng gia ph . Nh L

s ly chnh sch u i con chu cng thn, cho nn thng tin v 2-3 i tip sau cng thn cng

kh phong ph. Ngai ra cn c nhiu hu du ca cng thn khai quc theo khi ngha Trung hng,

nn vn bn do cha Trnh cp cho cng c sao chp li trong gia ph.

Chnh bng cng thn khai quc v bng lit k LSTL hu tnh danh v v tnh danh l

mt trong nhng vn bn km theo . V du, gia ph h inh Lit (Nng Cng), Phm Vn

Liu, Nguyn Cng Dun, v b LSTL Tc bin(VHv.1384) ca Vin

Nghin cu Hn Nm (VNCHN) th rt th v l tuy mt chnh vn LSTL nhng vn cn lu gi

bng cng thn v bng cng thn hu v tnh danh. Trong phn (iv), TG nu rng ca cha

Trnh thnh cng mt na. Tc cha Trnh tht bi cng mt na. Mc ch bin son

ca dn gian khng phi v nh nc hoc thin h m bo v danh d v c quyn vi t cch

l con chu cng thn, h lu li nhng bng m cha Trnh mun xa b.

Vic bin son trong dn gian l bo v h mnh. i vi h, chnh vn LSTL khng

quan trng, m bng cng thn th cc k qu36)

.

(vii) Vic bin son trong thi k thc dn Php (na u th k th 20)

Nc Php bt u xm lc Vit Nam t gia th k th 19, ly nh Nguyn lm nc Bo

h ca mnh. V mt nghin cu khoa hc, Php thit lp Vin Vin ng Bc c lm trung tm

nghin cu chu hc. Nghin cu vin b mn s ca Vin va su tm vn bn lch s a

phng va iu tra nhng b sch ca cung nh Hu. Nu thy qu th h sao chp li v np cho

Vin. B LSTL cng c su tm nhiu bn ghi chp v tr thnh i tng nghin cu th tch

hc37)

.

Ring v nghin cu lch s nh L th c nghin cu v b Quc triu Hnh lut (QTHL)

ca Raymond Deloustal [1908-13; 1919; 1922] v cuc khai qut kho c Lam Kinh38),

16

nhng cng trnh nghin cu v lch s nh L th khng nhiu.

Cn cuc khng chin chng Php vn tip tc theo nhiu hnh thc, nhng nh lnh o ca

n khng li dng b LSTL nng cao ch ngha yu nc. Sakurai Yumio [1991]

phn tch hch vn Cn Vng ca vua Hm Nghi, ch ra rng hay s dng in tch s c

i Trung Quc. Nhng hch vn ny khng cp n cuc khi ngha Lam Sn.

Vic bin son trong thi k thc dn Php l vic bin son trung lp, khng chu nh hng

chnh tr. B LSTL mi l i tng nghin cu lch s hin i. Mt phn l do ca n l v a s

hc gi l ngi Php.

(viii) Vic bin son t thi k c lp n thi k chin tranh chng M cu nc.

Nhn s u hng ca quc Nht, Vit Minh tuyn b c lp vo nm 1945. Cng nm

ng Mc Bo Thn cho xut bn bn dch b LSTL [Thn 1945] ti H Ni39)

. Rt tic l TG

khng bit r l do vic xut bn ny, nhng d hiu l c dn th dn dn chu nh hng ca

ch ngha dn tc - nationalism.

Nc Php khng tha nhn s c lp, tip tc cuc chin tranh Inochine ln th I t nm

1946. Mi n nm 1954, chin tranh kt thc v theo hip nh Genve pha Bc thnh lp nc

Cng ha Dan ch Vit Nam, cn pha Nam thnh lp nc Cng ha Vit Nam di s bo h

ca M.

V th tch lch s th khi sch ca Vin Vin ng Bc c (FEO) c th vin Vin

Thng tin Khoa hc tha k sau chuyn li sang VNCHN. Cn min bc, vua Bo i thoi

v v chnh quyn nh Nguyn b tuyt vo nm 1945. Khi sch ca cung nh c nhng cho

chnh quyn Si Gn sau nm 195440)

.

Nh va nu, trong tnh tnh chin tranh chng M c lit, quan im lch s u tranh dn

tc chim dn v tr u th. Nhiu anh hng lch s, c bit chin u oanh lit min bc nh, Hai

B Trng, L Thng Kit, Trn Hng o, vua Quang Trung c nh gi li v nhiu sch lin

quan n c cho ra i41)

. L Li v Nguyn Tri cng l mt trong nhng anh hng . Nm

1969, UBKHXHVN cho xut bn Nguyn Tri Ton tp, trong c bn dch b

LSTL42)

. n nm 1971 b LSTL bn Anh Tng c tm thy, 5 nm sau mi c ra i cng vi

phn kho chng ca Nin. TG cm thy xu h l cha bit nhng cng vic ca gii s hc ngi

Vit m mnh c vit lun n Thc s vo nm 1986. Trong thi im ny bn Vit Nam cc hc

gi tip tc hot ng nghin cu u n m ngi nc ngoi khng bit n. Vic bin son thi

k ny c hnh dung nh sau: B LSTL phc hng, vt ln ch ngha a phng Thanh Ha,

phc v ch ngha yu nc, v tham gia cuc chin tranh cu nc.

17

Sau nm 1976, Vit Nam vn gp kh khn v mt kinh t, gy nh hng xu cho hc thut.

Mi n 1992, sau khi chnh sch i mi c hiu lc dn, bn in b LSTL (bn trng san) do

Hong Xun Hn Paris tng mi c in li km theo bn dch v ch thch ca Trn Ngha [Trn

Ngha 1992].

Tiu kt

Bi ging ny gii thch tnh lin tc v a dng trong vic bin son s sch Vit Nam. Vit

Nam khng cn c gng sng to anh hng qu kh l v cc v anh hng tn ti rt gn vi ngi

Vit hin ang sng.

n thi k cn hin i, ch Hn b bi b v ch ABC ang c dng trong ting Vit hin

nay. Mi ngi tng rng cch vit ch thay i s th hin s thay i vn ha. Nhng s thc l

ngc li. Khi vit tn anh hng bng ch Quc ng, ngi ta cm thy thn mt hn. Nhan danh

L Li th rt ph bin, c l hin c hn 1 triu ng L Li!

Trong th gii dn gian ngy xa cng vy. Bnh dn, nng dn, tr con, n gii u khng

bit ch Hn, ch nghe chuyn k ca trng lo, thy Nho. Cho nn khng qun tm n s khc

bit gia th gii khu ng v Hn vn. Rt d ly vic bin son dn gian kt ni vi vic bin

son phc v nh nc v ch ngha dn tc. l c trng ln ca vic bien son Vit Nam v

l ngun gc ca quan im lch s cp nh nc.

Hin VNCHN trung tm ph hc c thit lp v cn c ban lin lc cc dng h Vit

Nam - Unesco. Nhng c quan ny ang su tm gia ph bin son li gia ph mi. Nhng nh va

nn trn, ngi lo tnh trng nh mt dn gia ph Hn vn gc. TG tha thit v hy vng l VNCHN,

Vin S hc, Khoa S trng H KHXH & NV c gng bo tn di sn qu bu ny43)

.

Ting Vit (Theo th t tn tc gi)

o Duy Anh, 1957, Vn Hnh thnh ca Dn tc Vit-nam, H Ni: Xy dng xut bn.

Phan i Don, 1976, Nguyn Chch trong cuc khng chin chng Minh qua di tch v vn bia,

Kho c hc s 20.

Phan i Don, 1985, Vn bia thn o Khuyn, Nghin cu Lch s Thanh Ha s 1.

Phan i Don, 2005, Vn bia thn o Khuyn: Khai quc cng thn thi L s, Tp ch

18

Hn Nm s 71.

Trn Vn Gip, 1970, Tm hiu Kho sch Hn Nm: Ngun T liu Vn hc S hc Vit Nam, 2 tp

(Tp I, In ln th 1, 1970, H Ni: Th vin Quc gia, In ln th 2, 1984, H Ni: Nxb. Vn

ha. Tp II, 1990, H Ni: Nxb.KHXH).

V Thanh Hng, 1985, V bn Lam Sn Thc lc do c Hong Xun Hn gi tng, Nghin cu

Hn Nm s 2.

Phan Huy L, 1960, Lch s Ch Phong kin Vit-Nam, tp II, H Ni: Nxb. KHXH.

Phan Huy L, 1981, Nhn li cuc tho lun vn hnh thnh dn tc Vit Nam, Dn tc hc

(DTH) s 1.

Phan Huy L & Phan i Don, 1965, Khi ngha Lam Sn, H Ni: Nxb. KHXH (In ln th 2,

1969, H Ni: Nxb. KHXH. In ln th 3, 1977, H Ni: Nxb. KHXH, In ln th 4, 2005, H

Ni: Nxb. Qun i Nhn dn).

Trn Ngha (dch v ch thch), 1992, Trng san Lam Sn Thc lc, H Ni: Nxb. KHXH.

Nguyn Din Nin (kho chng), L Vn Ung (ch dch), 1976, Lam Sn Thc lc: Bn Mi Pht

hin, Thanh Ha: Ty Vn ha Thanh Ha (In ln th 2, 2006, H Ni: Nxb. KHXH).

Mc Bo Thn (dch), 1945, Lam Sn Thc lc, H Ni: Nxb. Tn Vit (In ln th 2, 1949, Si Gn:

Nxb. Tn Vit, In ln th 3, 1956, Si Gn: Nxb. Tn Vit).

UBKHXHVN (y ban Khoa hc X hi Vit Nam) (son), 1971, Lch s Vit Nam, tp I, H Ni:

Nxb. KHXH.

Ting Anh v Php

Aurousseau, L., 1920, Bibliographie, Bulletin de lcole franaise dExtrme-Orient (BEFEO)

20.

Cadire, L. et Pelliot, P., 1904, Premire tude sur les sources annamites de lhistoire dannam,

BEFEO 4.

Deloustal, Raymond, 1908-1913, 1919, 1922, La justice dans lancien annam, BEFEO, 8-13, 19,

22.

Gaspardone, Emile (ed.), 1935a, Les stles royals de Lam-Sn, Hanoi: cole francaise

dextrme-orient.

Gaspardone, Emile, 1935b, Bibliographie annamite, BEFEO 34.

OHarrow, Stephen, 1979, Nguyen Trais Binh Ngo Dai Cao of 1428: The Development of a

Vietnamese National Identity, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies (JSEAS) 10(1).

Ileto, Reynaldo Clemea, 1998, Filipinos and their Revolution: Event, Discourse, and

19

Historiography, Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press.

May, Glenn A., 1997, Inventing a Hero: The Posthumous Re-Creation of Andres Bonifacio, Quezon

City: New Days Publishers.

Shimizu Masaaki, L Th Lin & Momoki Shiro, 2006, A Trace of Disyllabisity of Vietnamese in

the 14th

Century: Ch Nm Characters Contained in the Inscription of H Thnh Mountain

(II) , 6 (Lun tp

Ngn ng chu s 6 Nghin cu Ngoi quc hc, Trung tm Nghin cu Ngoi quc hc

thuc trng H Ngoi ng TP. Kobe) 64.

Stuart-Fox, Martin, 1998, The Lao Kingdom of Ln Xng: Rise and Decline, Bangkok: White Rotus

Press.

Taylor, Keith. W., 1987, The Literati Revival in Seventeenth-Century Vietnam, JSEAS 18(1).

Taylor, Keith W., 1998a, Regional Conflicts among the Vit Peoples between the 13th

and 19th

Centuries, In: Nguyn Th Anh, & Forest, Alain (eds.), Guerre et paix en asie du sud-est,

Paris: LHarmattan.

Taylor, Keith W., 1998b, Surface Orientations in Vietnam: Beyond History of Nation and Region,

The Journal of Asian Studies 57(4).

Trn Vn Gip, 1938, Les chapitres bibliographiques de Le-qui-Don et de Phan-huy-Chu, Bulletin

de la Socit des tudes Indochinoises 13(1) (nouvelle srie).

Whitmore, J. K., 1968, The Development of Le Government in Fifteenth Century Vietnam,

Cornell University. Ph. D. Dissertation.

Whitmore, J. K., 1995, Chung-hsing and Cheng-Tung in Texts of and on Sixteenth-Century Viet

Nam, In: Taylor, Keith. W. & Whitmore, J. K. (eds.), Essays into Vietnamese Pasts, Ithaca,

New York: Cornell University.

Whitmore, J. K., 1999, Literati Culture and Integation in i Vit, c. 1430-1840, In: Lieberman,

Victor (ed.), Beyond Binary Histories: Re-Imaging Eurasia to c.1830, Ann Arbor: The

University of Michigan Press.

Unger, Esta Serne, 1983, Vietnamese Leadership and Order: Dai Viet under the Le Dynasty

(1428-1459), Cornell University Ph. D. Dissertation.

Ting Nht

, , (), 2007,

. (Anderson, Benedict (vit), Shiraishi

Saya v Shiraishi Takashi (dch) , 2007, khi Cng ng tng tng: Ngun gc v lu hnh

20

ca ch ngha dn tc (bn b sung), Tokyo: Nxb. Syoseki-Kobo Sayama)

, 1994,. (Danjo Hiroshi, 1994, Minh Thi T Chu Nguyn

Chng, Tokyo: Nxb. Hakutei)

, 1995, . (Danjo Hiroshi, 1995, Cu to lch s

cai tr chuyn ch Nh Minh, Tokyo: Nxb. Kyuko)

, 1988,16.

(Furuta Motoo, 1988, Gii S hc bn Vit Nam v nh lch s Vit Nam, Lch s v Vn

ha s 16 (Khoa Gio dng, HQG Tokyo)

, 1991,

. (Furuta Motoo, 1991, Lch s chnh sch dn tc ca ngi Vit theo ch ngha cng

sn: Tnh dn tc trong cch mng, Tokyo: Nxb. Otsuki)

, 1995,.

(Furuta Motoo, 1995, Lch s th gii Vit Nam: T Th gii Trung Hoa n th gii ng

Nam , Tokyo: Nxb. HQG Tokyo)

, 2000,

. (Kato Kumiko, 2000, L lun nh nc ca th gii vng trng: Lch s dn tc

Thi Vn Nam v Sipsong Pannna, Kyoto: Nxb. Hc thut HQG Kyoto)

, 1982,41(1).

(Momoki Shiro, 1982, Nghin cu s b v th ch chnh tr Vit Nam thi nh Trn,

Nghin cu Lch s Chu s 41(1))

, 2001, 2, . (Momoki

Shiro, 2001, S xc lp lch s Vit Nam, Kha hc Iwanami: Lch s ng Nam , tp 2,

Tokyo: Nxb. Iwanami)

, 2010,. (Momoki Shiro, 2010, S

thnh lp v thay i ca nh nc i Vit thi trung i, Osaka: Nxb. HQG Osaka)

, 2000,

(Nagano Yoshiko, 2000, Lch s v Anh hng: Mt trm nm cch mng Phlippine v hu

thuc a, Tokyo: Nxb. Ochanomizu)

, 1991,1885

9, . (Sakurai Yumio, 1991, S sp ca Vng quc: S ni dy Vit Nam nm

1885, Kha hc ng Nam hc, tp 9, Tokyo: Nxb. Kobundo)

, 1996,

5. (Shimizu Masaaki, 1996, Ch Nm

trong cun Pht thuyt i bo Ph mu n trng knh, bn i dch Hn vn Nm vn,

21

Con ngi v Mi trng hc (Cao hc ngnh Con ngi v Mi trng hc thuc HQG

Kyoto) s 5)

L Th Lin , 1998,

36(2). (Shimizu Masaaki, L Th Lin v Momoki Shiro, 1998, Ch Nm trn bia

H Thnh Sn, Nghin cu ng Nam s 36(2))

, 2002-03,(1) - (4)

12, 14, 16, 18. (Shimizu Taro, 2002-03, C hi cuc gp gia phi on Vit Nam

v Triu Tin Trung Quc, 1, 2, 3, 4, Nghin cu Vn ha ng Bc s 12, 14, 16, 18)

, 1995,127. (Suenari Michio,

Gia ph Vit Nam, K yu Trung tm nghin cu Vn ha chu thuc HQG Tokyo s

127)

, 1998,.

(Suenari Michio, 1998, Th phng t tin Vit Nam: Sinh hot x hi lng Triu Khc, Tokyo:

Trung tm nghin cu Vn ha chu thuc HQG Tokyo)

, 2003, 3

2003 11. (Takahashi Satoshi, 2003, Vn ha xut

bn Trung Quc: Vn hin hc v th tch hc, Bi bo co trong Hi tho Quc t Vn ha

v Vn ha xut bn ng ln th 3, thng 11, nm 2003, ti TP. Sendai)

, 1950,. (Yamamoto Tatsuro,

1950, Nghin cu lch s An Nam I: Chinh lc An Nam ca hai triu i Nguyn v Minh,

Tokyo: Nxb. Yamakawa)

, 1988,46(4). (Yao Takao,

1988, Tp on Thanh Ha thi L s, Nghin cu Lch s Chu s 46(4))

, 2001,

3, . (Yao Takao, 2001, Lch s hnh thnh dn min ni v dn ng

bng: Vit Nam th k th 15, Kha hc Iwanami: Lch s ng Nan , tp 3, Tokyo: Nxb.

Iwanami)

, 2004,

789. (Yao Takao, 2004, Cuc khi ngha Lam Sn v lch s bin son b

Lam Sn Thc lc: Ch ngha dn tc sm n Vit Nam, Nghin cu Lch s hc s 789)

, 2009, . (Yao Takao, 2009, Chnh

tr v x hi Vit Nam thi L s, Hiroshima: Nxb. HQG Hiroshima)

1) Gn y, chnh quyn a phng hoc dng h no hay t chc hi tho nh gi li nhng nhn vt

lch s c lin quan n ngi t chc. K yu s cng c cho in. Hi tho khoa hc th tt nhin phi

22

c tnh khoa hc, nhng ti cm thy nhng bi bo co i khi khng nh nhn vt . Trong tng lai,

Vit Nam s khng c mt ai l Vit gian chng? 2) Xem tng mc lc Tp ch Nghin cu Lch s . 3) Cc hc gi ngi Philippine hin nay ch trng ly Andres Bonifacio lm anh hng c lp chng thc

dn Ty Ban Nha. Cn Glenn A. May, hc gi Phng ty phn i l kin ca cc hc gi ngi

Philippine khng theo ti liu v chnh xc v ch c kh nng anh hng gi di [May 1997]. Bn

Philippine cng phn i li l ng c mu ti hin quan im lch s thc dn. V tranh lun ny, xin

xem [Ileto 1998] . 4) Nu theo Stalin ni mt cch chnh xc, th trc cch mng thng Tm 1945 cha c khai nim dn tc.

Cho nn cac hc gi nh o Duy Anh [1957: 8-15] b ph phn v ng ch trng rng cc yu t cu

thnh dn tc nh tnh cng ng kh n nh, ngn ng chung, khu sinh sng chung, sinh hot kinh t

chung, tnh kt hp kinh t, v thc tnh cng ng v.v. u tn ti th k 14-15. V ni dung cuc

tranh lun ny th Phan Huy L tng qut trong bi ca mnh [Phan Huy L 1981a]. Cn Nht Bn, Furuta

Motoo biu hin ch ngha dn tc sm n ny bng thut ng thc Nam Quc [Furuta 1991: chng 1; 1995: 13-20] . ca ng l thc thi k cha l thc dn tc - TG.

5) Furuta [Furuta 1988] tng qut s bin chuyn tranh lun trong gii s hc Vit Nam. 6) Ring v L Li, chnh quyn dn ch cng ha sm nh gi v mt chnh sch kinh t ca nh L s. 7) In ln th t c phn b xung c Nxb. Qun i Nhn dn ra i vo nm 2005. 8) Th t mc ca cun sch ny theo ABC ca tn sch, nhng thc ra th bt u t

Tuyn tp lun vn Qun s ca F. Engels, Mao Trch ng Tuyn tp, v H Ch Minh Tuyn tp. Cn bn

in ln th t th hon ton theo th t ABC ca tn sch. Vic c l do nh hng tha tht ca cch nhn

u tranh gii phng dn tc. Sau ny khi trch dn cun ny, ging bi ny dng bn in ln th t. 9) Xin xem [Phan i Don 1976; 1985; 2005]. 10) Yamamoto ghi chp li b a ch v v li bn nh km ca EFEO, mang v Nht Bn v xut bn bn

phc ch. Xin xem [Yamamoto 1943]. 11) Sau khi Yamamoto qua i, nhng ti liu v s sch u c tng cho ng Dng Vn kh.

By gi chng ta xem c di sn ca ng, nhng t ti liu c gi tr. TG ht sc cm ght chin tranh. 12) Gn y, Keith Taylor ly 6 s kin ln gia th k 13-18, nu ln s quan khng chin gia 5 khu vc. 1

trong 6 s kin l s thnh lp nh L [Taylor 1998a: 110-14]. Cn trong bi khc [Taylor 1998b], ng phn

i coi trng tnh khu vc v phm vi khu vc lun lun thay i. 13) Theo Danjo, vua Vnh Lc knh trng vua Khubilai. ng mun tha k tham vng chinh phc Vit Nam m

ngay vua Khubirai khng thc hin c. 14) Ngoi bi ny ra, Shimizu [1996] phn tch mt kinh Pht gi th k 15 v a ra kt lun tng t. 15) Cc triu i Vit Nam t tn nc ny l Ai Lao v khinh mit coi nh l man quc. Tuy vy, v

phm vi ln ca cc dn tc h Thi th xin xem [Kato Kumiko 2000: chng 1] . 16) Theo s sch, Lng Nhai l ni L Li t chc hi t vi nhng ngi ng minh. 17) TT q. 10, Nm Thun Thin th, thng 12, ngy 06 vit:

Vua ra lnh lm b LSTL. Vua t lm ta v k l Lam Sn ng ch.

ng ch vit ta v tc gi chnh l Nguyn Tri. Theo Trn Vn Gip [1970: 42] th thng 11 chnh xc l

v trong t ta ca Lam Sn Thc lc vit l trung ng nguyt . 18) Ngoi ra, vn kh Matsumoto v Gaspardone ca H Keio c mt s bn. Th vin Khoa hc x hi (TP.

HCM) cng gi 3 bn ghi chp. 19) Trn Vn Gip vit rng mnh tng xem bn in [Gip 1970: 42]. Trong b i Vit Thng s, Ngh vn

ch cng ghi s tn ti bn in. 20) Sau c xut bn km theo bn dch v ghi ch ca Trn Ngha vo nm 1992. 21) Trong Bn trng san th phn (f) - (i) c chnh l li m thnh mt phn chnh vn. 22) Ch nh vua Uy Mc v gip Tng Dc ln ngi vua. 23) Xin ch l cng thn v tnh danh khng b cp danh d vi t cch l cng thn. L Li c xa nhiu

nhn vt c cng nh Nguyn Chch , Trn Nguyn Hn ,...v.v. 24) Bng (b) vit l n nm Cnh Thng

th hai thng 10 ngy 11, L b Thng th m Thn Huy phng sc m son tho miu hy v ng danh.

Nin ch l sai. Quang Thiu nm th hai (1517) th ng [Nin 2006 (1976): 37-38]. 25) Con c ca Nguyn Cng Dun l Nguyn c Trung. ng c cng gip Thnh Tng ln ngi vua

v cho g con gi ca mnh lm Trng Lc hong hu. Tuy chi c b vua Uy Mc tiu dit, nhng t chi

khc xut hin ra cha con Nguyn Vn Lng v Nguyn Honh D, chin chng h Mc v

http://home.hiroshima-u.ac.jp/orient/yao.html

23

b tht bi. Cn t mt chi khc na c Nguyn Kim.

26) Nin gii thiu sch c lin quan n bn Anh Tng nh i Vit Lch i vng S tch

[Nin 2006 (1976): 64-68]. L Qu n cng mt phn bn gc khi vit i Vit Thng S

. 27) Taylor [1987: 13-14] cho l c phong tro bin son xy ra cui th k 17. Cn theo Hasua Takashi

[2003], c mt phong tro bin son trong thi k Bo Thi (1720-29), v phng chm bin son th khc nhau. Cho nn c th ni l vn cn nhiu b n trong vic bin son Ton th.

28) Bn ny l bn ghi chp li vo i Nguyn, cho nn dng ch thc. Trong bi ta khng ghi tn son gi, nhng bn do th vin quc hi Nht Bn gi li (k hiu: W951-15) ghi nhng tn son gi, 100/100

ng nht vi son gi b LSTT bn trng san. 29) Hi tho nghin cu ma xun nm 2001 ca Hi Lch S ng Nam ti Nht Bn. 30) Nhng gia ph u ghi t tin mnh l Nguyn Bc, mt v i thn nh inh th k th 10. 31) Trong B NTC, tnh Thanh Ha, nhn vt ch c tn Nguyn L v Nguyn c Trung thuc chi c h

Nguyn, nhng khng ghi nhng nhn vt ny l cng h hong tc Nguyn. 32) S nho bng l tiu thuyt chng hi lch s Hong Vit Xun thu(c tn khc l Vit Lam

Xun thu) nhan cuc khi ngha Lam Sn c xut bn. 33) TG ng vi Suenari. Ngay c chnh s ghi li nhng iu mt lch s ca vua, hong t, v cng cha.

Thi L c nh hng ca Nho gio kh mnh. Nhng TT c ghi rng vua Uy Mc l vua Qu, vua Tng

Dc l vua Ln. 34 ng tnh nin i bnh qun nhng bn gi ph trong Vin Hn Nm. Kt qu l nm 1835.1 [Suenari 1995:

7]. 35) V lm gi ph nh th no th Shimao Minoru [2000: 229-33, 239-43] phn tch mt cch c th ly

trng hp x bch Cc c thuc huyn V Bn Nam nh lm in hnh. 36) TG khng dm on nh nhng hnh vi ca h l xuyn tc. Nhng vn bn ny trc y khng c

bin son vi t cch l ti liu lch s. Chnh nh s hc t s dng vi t cch l ti liu lch s. Cho nn

nu hc gi no nh gi cho nhng vn bn ny tht hay khng tht th TG cho rng ng y l ngi

kiu cng. Hc gi nn c gng tm s thc mt sau hnh vi . TG s khng bao gi tr thnh ng Glenn

May trong nghin cu lch s Vit Nam. 37) Xin xem bi v sch ca Leopold Cadire v Paul Pelliot [Cadire & Pelliot 1904: 661], Emile Gaspardone,

[Gaspardone 1935b: 79-80], Trn Vn Gip [Gip 1938: 86-87],...v.v. 38) Thc bn bia lng Lam Sn c xut bn [Gaspardone 1935a]. 39) Bn dch ny in li hai ln di chnh quyn Si Gn. Phi chng ch ngha yu nc c nng cao khng

khc nhau gia hai chnh quyn Bc Nam? 40) Sau khi t nc thng nht, khi sch c trung tm lu tr II ( TP. HCM) qun l, n nhng nm

1990 chuyn li sang trung tm lu tr I ( H Ni). Th nhng rt nhiu sch mt trong thi k ni chin.

B LSTL ca cung nh Hu cng khng cn. 41) Nhng v anh hng cn mt yu t chung. Tc va l anh hng cu nc va l ngi c l lch chin

chng ngoi xm min Bc l v hi Cng ha dn ch chim gi min Bc. Vua Quang Trung l ngi

min Trung nhng nh qun Thanh g ng a, H Ni. 42) Trong thi k chin tranh, sch ny c tnh hc thut vc in 4,200 cun! Sch ca ti ch c in 600

cun. 43) B LSTL bn Anh Tng th ng Nin qun l cht ch. Ngoi ra hin cn 3 bn sao chp. 1. Phan i Don,

2. VNCHN (VHv.3245), 3. Vin Vn hc (HN.32) do L Vn Ung (Dch gi ca bn Anh Tng) chp li.

24

Bi th 2

Khai hoang rung t o H Nam, Yn Hng

Thi L s

-Hnh thc khai hoang do dn lng t nguyn-

YAO Takao )

GS. HQG Hiroshima, Nht Bn

M u

Sau khi thnh lp, chnh quyn nh L gp nhiu kh khn. Mt trong nhng kh khn cn

sm gii quyt l vic n nh nn kinh t. Tt nhin nu tho lun v kinh t th ngoi nng

nghip cn phi cp n thng nghip trong nc v i ngoi, th cng nghip v h thng

giao thng,...v.v. T trc n nay TG ch tp trung quan tm n lch s chnh tr, cho nn nhng

ti liu su tm c ch yu l d s, gia ph ca cc cng thn hoc s phu khoa c thi L s.

Nhng ti liu c t thng tin v nhng vn va nu trn. Cn v nng nghip th tng i c

nhiu ti liu trong tay nh chc th, danh sch ti sn, bn sao ca cng vn khai hoang lp lng

trong gia ph ca cng thn hoc bia .

bi th 2 v th 3, TG phn tch x hi nng thn min Bc Vit Nam nhn t gc s hu

v khai hoang rung t. i tng ca bi th 2 l nng thn ng bng tc chnh quyn nh L

trc tip cai tr, cn bi th 3 l nng thn bn a vng ni do nhiu th lnh cai tr di s iu

khin gin tip ca nh L.

I. Vic khai hoang rung t ng bng

I.1. Vic nghin cu v khai thc ng bng sng Hng Nht Bn

Nht Bn Sakuirai Yumio lin tc cng b nhiu bi v lch s khai thc ng bng sng

Hng [Sakuirai 1979; 1980a; 1980b; 1987a; 1989; 1992]. ng da theo l lun kiu thch ng nng

hc v kiu thch ng Cng hc (xy dng) khai thc rung ng t ai. Kiu

thch ng nng hc l kiu khai thc theo cch ci tin chng gieo trng, ci tin phng php

canh tc,...v.v. Cn kiu thch ng Cng hc (xy dng) ci tin mi trng t ai bng xy

dng dn dng nh iu, h nhn to, knh, cng nc theo k hoch thy vn thng nht1)

.

Theo ng trong thi k nh L (nm 1009-1225) cha thy cng vic xy dng dn dng theo

k hoch thy vn thng nht ca nh nc m vn cn l giai on kiu thch ng nng hc

25

[Sakuirai 1980b; 1987a]. Sang n thi nh Trn (nm 1225-1400) th mi bt u xy dng iu

c hnh mng nga bn hu ngn sng Hng vi quy m c ng bng [Sakuirai 1989]. Nh vy

l ng ph nh rng nh L khng phi l mt nc trung ng tp quyn thng nht tri vi

kin ca cc hc gi Vit Nam.

Nghin cu v khai thc ng bng sng Hng ca ng ngng li giai on nh Trn (th k

th 14), nn TG cha bit r vic nghin cu lch s khai thc ng bng v vic nghin cu ch

qun in thi L s ca ng. [Sakurai 1987b] ph hp nh th no. ng ch on l vic khai thc

theo kiu thch ng Cng hc (xy dng) c kt thc cui thi Trn v trong bin nin s

nh b TT khng ghi li nhng cng vic xy dng dn dng c quy m ln trong thi L, ch c

nhiu ghi chp vic duy tr v tu sa iu [Sakurai 1989: 279-86]. Thi nh Trn song song vi

vic tin hnh xy dng cng trnh thy li v tr thy, vic khai thc t ai quy m nh (di cp

huyn) cng c vng hu cng cha nh Trn tin hnh [Trn Th Vinh 1981: 128]. Tm li

kin ca ng@ l trc khi nh L thnh lp, mng li iu ng bng sng Hng lc ny

hon chnh, chnh quyn L s c gng ti thit ch lng x v sng lp ch qun in2)

.

Thi k u nh L s l thi k khi phc ca dn s v din tch rung t. Vua Thi T

lun lo rng nhng cng thn khng c rung trong khi nhng ngi khc li chim c rung t

(TT, q.10, Thun Thin nm th 2 (1429) ma xun thng ging ngy 22). Chnh quyn L thu c

nhiu rung t gc ca vng hu cng cha nh Trn v H, ngy quan ca nh Minh v nhng

ngi cht hay lu vong lm rung cng. Nhng s thc c hay khng nhng ngi chim c

rung tri php khi vua Thi T thi hnh ch qun in, nhng vua tr v ch 6 nm, cho nn

nhiu hc gi nghi ng tnh hiu lc .

i vua Nhn Tng, cho son thm Chng in sn3)

trong hnh lut gii quyt nhng vn

lin quan n rung t (TT, q.11, i Ha nm th 8 thng 11- cui nm). n i L

Thnh Tng mi c iu kin thi hnh ch Qun in vi quy m ton quc. Nhng

ch c ch qun in th khng gii quyt c tnh hnh thiu rung t v phi tin hnh chnh

sch khai hoang rung t mi.

I.2. Ba hnh thc khai hoang

TG chia hnh thc khai hoang thi L s thnh 3 theo ch th khai hoang. (a) quan lm ch

th, (b) dn lng t nguyn lm ch th, (c) ngi c uy tn hay th lc nh cng thn v gia tc

cng thn lm ch th. TG phn tch 3 hnh thc da theo nhng ti liu a phng4)

. Bi ny

phn tch mt tin l theo hnh thc (b) v vic phn tch tin l ny l cng trnh nghin cu u

26

tin vo nm 1993-94 m TG s dng ti liu a phng v ly phng php iu tra in d. i

Thnh Tng vn cn kh ph bin vic khai hoang t ai nh theo hnh thc (b), nhng cng vic

thuc vic c th, cho nn kh nng ti liu a phng lu li cn qu t. May mn cho cc hc

gi tng lai l c mt s ngoi l v dn lng phi c ngha v lm th tc k khai rung t mi

cho nn c khi nhng bn sao cng vn v vic khai hoang cn lu li. V d ca o H Nam cng

l mt trong ngoi l .

I.3. Th tc khai hoang do dn lng t nguyn

Chnh quyn nh L hoan nghnh vic khn hoang m rng rung t, nhng nu tha nhn

m khng c trt t th nguy c cho ch qun in v c l nhng ngi c th lc (Th gia

) s chim ot a s rung mi. V th chnh quyn nh L t ra ch th tc rung Chim

x v rung Thng co khi dn lng bt u khai hoang. Trong gii s hc Vit Nam,

rung t thi L s c chia thnh hai loi, tc rung cng v rung t. Rung cng l rung do

nh nc s hu v chia cho dn dn np t thu, rung t th c min np t thu. Cn rung

Chim x v Thng co c coi nh l rung c bit, khng thuc vo hai loi rung cng v t.

Ch rung Chim x hay thy trong nhng ti liu lin quan n vic khai thc rung thi

L Trung hng v c coi bt u thi Hng c. Tuy vy, trong nhng b lut php v chnh s

thi Hng c khng cn ghi li ch ny [Trng Hu Qunh 1982: 247-56]. Do vy Qunh

nh trch vn nh sau:

5)

Chiu cho cc quan ph huyn l nu c rung t cn b hoang, th trc cp cho ngi

thng co. Ngi y cy cy np thu nh l. Nu c ngi ngho, trc em gia nh

chim x khai khn rung t b hoang ph huyn khc, theo l c truyn li cho con

chu cy cy, th phi bo cho quan khm st bo cho bn huyn x. (TT, q.14, Cnh Thng

nm th 4 (1501) ma thu thng 7 ngy 29 - thng 9)

Chiu ny quy nh l: nu c rung b hoang th ngi thng co c quyn cy cy. Nu c

ngi ngho em sang ni khc, chim x khai hoang rung b hoang ph huyn khc cng c

quyn cy cy v tha k. Trong th tc th quan phi can thip,...v.v.

Qunh vn trch nhng iu trong on Quc triu Tn tng iu l Lc thp t iu

trong b lut C L Lut lthi L Trung Hng6).

27

(nhm hai

ch - TG)

Mt iu: rung Chim x.

Nh nc trng coi t hi, ch cng v t. Thnh nhn xoa du vn bang, hin chng u c.

Php lut cng cng nn cng ph huyn v cng tha tuyn l thng co. Cn khc l chu

v khc hng p th l ngi Chim x. Php nc chiu ch v quy lut ny c sng

lp. T thi Hng c tr v sau, cho php nhng ngi thiu rung cy cy ch , nam hoc

n cng vy. Lut php mi quy nh rung chim x nu np thu th, i i k nghip cy

cy. Ai tri php th phi pht ti trng 80. Rung phi c tr li ngi chim x cy

tip. Nu c tn no c triu trc cp (nhiu rung) hoc quyn th cng thn da uy

quyn m t cy trm rung ca ngi t tuyt, nu khng phi l con chu tht th cn tr

cho ngi chim x.

Mt iu: rung Thng co.

Php nc chiu r, c ai c cp bng c ti hng p, hin chng r rng, cho php

ngi thng co cy cy. Nu c tn no khng phi l bn thn thng co cy trm rung ca

ngi t tuyt, hoc cng thn da uy quyn dn th gia, t t mc bi v chim ly, khng

tun theo php nc. T thi Hng c tr v sau, nhng ngi thuc qy th khng c

tranh ot rung . Cho php ngi thng co cy cy np thu, nui dng sut i, khng

c ly lm rung t. Ai tri php th phi pht ti trng 80.

Theo quy nh ny, t thi Hng c tr v sau n thi Trung Hng, vic khai hoang rung

t vn tip tc theo hnh thc chim x v thng co. Nhng nhng quy nh gc thi Hng c

cha c gii hc gi Vit Nam pht hin v gii thiu.

Trong qua trnh iu tra ti liu ti Th vin Vin khoa hc X hi ti TP. HCM vo thng 12

28

nm 2003, TG tm thy c iu C L Chim x quan in s lc bin sao

trong b L triu Danh thn chng s tu khi7). TG xin gii thiu

ton vn:

(nhm ch - TG)

Quang Thun nm th 9 thng 7 ngy 04 sc.

Thin h, ngi khc ph huyn, nu mun i tm cuc sng qu khc, t tm t 8) bng,

chn rng, ng c, khai hoang lm rung, th cho php ngi y bo co. Quan bn ph

huyn iu tra tm tht s, truyn ln b H, ly ci c th tu ln. Nu ai y ch t lm

xung, co g, nh r c, 3 nm sau thnh rung th quan huyn v x trng t mnh n

iu tra. Mt na cho php c chnh ngi lm sn nghip lu di, c mua bn hoc

truyn cho con chu. Mt na giao cho chnh ngi canh c v np thu nh l.

()

(xung dng)

(nguyn vn khuyt ch ny - TG)

(ch ny tha)

9)

29

()

Hng c nm th 10 nh l.

Mt, cc o nh Thun Ha, Ngh An, Sn Nam, Hi Dng, Knh Bc, Lng Sn, Thi

Nguyn, Tuyn Quang, An Bang, Quang Nam, sau thi thuc Ng (=Minh) lu vong, dn ch

cn mt phn mi. C ni ngi nhiu rung t, nn khng c t lp nghip. C ni ngi

t v rung nhiu, th khng cy c ht. Nu ai t mnh tm c chn rng ng c, ph sa

bi bin, ch nc mn try chy i, ch thp ao h, t c cui tm mt, chnh ngi phng

sc iu, khai hoang thnh rung, th sai quan iu tra ng Ty bn gip, giao cho x

trng ca bn x, ng k vo Chim x quan in b, cp cho chnh ngi canh c.

Nu vng rng th cp t 5 so v rung 10 mu, nu vng hp th cp mt na, mt na

th cho php cp cho chnh ngi lm sn nghip lu di v mt na cn li th cho

php canh c, np thu nh l. Thng ny ngy --, vn triu10)

. Van Th mn Ty gim Thi

gim thn Ng Thc thng phng

sc ch.

Sc d cho thin h cc Tan tr tha tuyn s ty v cc ph huyn.

Chnh s tt th trc ht khng th khng gio dng nhn dn. Khi gio dng nhn dn th

trc ht khng th khng thu xp sn nghip. T mnh nhn thy c l cc ph nh Lng

sn, Lng Giang, L Nhn, Thin Quan, Din Chu, Tn Bnh, Thun Ha, t xa lng x an

c, dn s tr mt. Tuy nhin, sau khi khng chin chng qun Ng, dn ch cn mt phn

mi. Nay ngi t v rung nhiu, khng c cy ht. M li rung v hoa mu b nhng

con hu khe mnh gy hi. C ngi khai hoang t c cui tm mt hoc t c tr ca

nhng con cp, hoc bao chim chn rng thnh rung chn, hoc cng vi ngi khng c

hay thiu rung khai hoang cng hng li. Sau ny ph huyn chu no c ngi khng c

hay thiu rung lng hp, ch c rung ca c v chng m khng n 2 mu tr xung th

cho php c th. Nu c rung t b hoang ph huyn chu trang no, c tht v

tu vn xin php em gia nh n ni c tr khai hoang lm sn nghip v m nhim

quan dch. Trng hp ny, sai quan em ngi xin n ch x, cng ph huyn hp tc o

c ri chia cho. ni rng th cp rung 10 mu v t 5 so. Khai hoang sau 2 (hoc 3-

30

TG) nm thnh rung chn th cp lm sn nghip, truyn cho con chu hoc t mua bn.

Mt na giao cho lm rung khu phn np thu nh l. Nu lng hp cng cp nh lng

rng nhng gim mt na. Nu ngi chim x nhiu th cho php chia thnh x mi c

ngi c knh phc lm x trng. Nu ngi chim x t th cho php ng k vo x tch

ca bn x. Nm lm h tch, quan huyn v x trng ca bn x n quan huyn v x

trng qu gc k khai. Lm xong, th dn phi tn trng n hu ca triu nh, t ng

k c th khng c bao chim lm ca ring hay b hoang. Ai tri php phi b pht ti lu.

Nhng ngi chim x mi phi ly vic cy cy lm vic chnh, nhn ln trn v nhn xung

di cho vic nui. Khi h i li th gip nhau, khi m th gip nhau, lu di cng gi tnh bn,

mi ngi u an sinh lc nghip v cng hng phc li thi bnh. Nn ban

sc.

Theo iu Qung Thun nm th 9 (1468), ngi ta bit rng trc khi ch qun in chnh

thc thi hnh th c ch Chim x m C L Lut l ghi li. Ni dung c th l: nu c

ngi khc ph huyn mun khai hoang kim cuc sng th phi bo cho quan ph huyn v

c h iu tra. Quan ph huyn truyn kt qu iu tra cho b H th mi c php khai hoang,

3 nm sau thnh rung th quan huyn v x trng li iu tra. Mt na ca rung mi c php

lm sn nghip lu di, c mua bn hoc truyn cho con chu. Mt na cng c giao cho

canh c v np thu.

iu Hng c nm th 10 (1479) t m hn, ni dung phn na u th tng t vi iu

Qung Thun nm th 9. n i Thnh Tng vn cn c s mu thun ca x hi, ni th thiu

nhn lc, ni th thiu rung v hu qu ca cuc chin chng qun Minh. Cho nn khi c ngi

khng c hay thiu rung em gia nh n ni t hoang v khai thc rung th c quan iu tra

ti ch. Mt na ca rung mi c php lm sn nghip lu di, c mua bn hoc truyn cho

con chu. Mt na th c giao cho chnh ngi canh c v np thu.

Cn ni dung phn na sau tc sc d th ghi khc mt cch tinh t. Nu c ngi no khng

c hay thiu rung (c v chng ch c 2 mu tr xung) chim x vng hp th quan li n ni

d nh khai hoang, xc nhn v tr v ng k vo Chim x quan in b ca x . Nu vng

rng th c php khai hoang t (cnh ng, vn v th c) 5 so v rung 10 mu vi t cch

l rung chim x, 2 (hoc 3 - TG) nm sau, nu thnh rung th mt na c php lm sn nghip

lu di, c mua bn hoc truyn cho con chu11)

. Mt na chnh ngi cng c giao cho v

np thu vi t cch l rung khu phn. Nu lng hp th giao cho mt phn hai. Nu s ngi

chim x nhiu th c lp x v t c x trng. S ngi t th h tch ca h c ng k cho

31

[Bn 1] o H Nam, Yn Hng

x c rung chim x v quan huyn cng x trng mi bo co cho quan huyn v x trng qu

gc. Nhng ngi chim x mt quyn c cp rung cng x c. Nh nc quy nh mt cch

c th trnh vic khai hoang khng c trt t v nu r quan can thip vic khai hoang rung do

dn lng t nguyn12)

.

II. Vic khai thc o H Nam, huyn Yn Hng

II.1. Lch s v v tr ca o H Nam

Trong bi th 2

ny, TG gii thiu mt

v d khai hoang lp

lng v phng thc

hot ng gia trung

ng v a phng,

quan v dn. a im

kho st l o H Nam

thuc huyn Yn

Hng13)

tha tuyn An

Bang (nay l tnh

Qung Ninh) Trn o

ny c hai tm bia

lin quan n vic khai

thc thi L s ngi

nh ca x Trung Bn

(xem Bn 1).

Hc gi ngi Vit

kh sm quan tm n

o ny. Ngi u tin

cng b bo co l Huy

Vu v Trn Lm [Huy

Vu & Trn Lm 1977],

bi ny c th coi nh l bo co ca vic iu tra in d. Trong bi c nhiu t liu truyn ming

m TG khng th su tm c m rt tic l khng thy ghi chng c v nhng thng tin . Cn

32

Nguyn c Nghinh [Nghinh 1987] cng gii thch hai chic bi k ny dng lm chng c

cho sc mnh nh nc trong vic khai hoang, nhng li khng cp n mi quan h gia chnh

sch ca nh nc v s kin a phng trong nhng bi k ny, khng ch n v tr chnh tr ca

o An Bang. Ni dung bi nghin cu ca Trung tm Nghin cu Dn s v Pht trin

[TTNCDSPT 1994: 61-65] cng vy.

Trong cun sch ni ting ca Pierre Gourou c phn cp n t ngn sng Bch ng

[Gourou 1936: 207]. ng ch rng y c nhiu chu th nh c trng thy khi thy triu

xung v gii thiu c k hoch xy iu v khai thc vo thi Nguyn.

Theo b NTL, chnh bin , nh k, q. 84, Minh Mng nm th 13 (1832)

ma thu thng 9 nhun, Nguyn Cng Tr (Hi ng gi chc Th c Hi Yn

) tu ln rng nu xy 2,700 trng phng nc mn th khai thc c rung

3,500 mu14)

. Nguyn Cng tr l chuyn gia thy li ni ting. Cng vic ln nht l vic khai thc

vng Thi Bnh v Ninh Bnh. Gourou khng bit th k th 15 bt u vic khai thc o

ny, ng nu ra l do s ngng tr khai thc vng ven sng Thi Bnh v so snh vi vng ven sng

Hng l do sc p v dn s y vn thp hn [Gourou 1936: 39-42]. Ngc li, Sakurai [Sakurai

1992: 42] t ra nghi vn v sao n thi cui nh Trn dn s th tng, nhng vic khai thc

vng h lu li kh chm. Theo TG, c hai ng u nhm. V vic khai thc vng h lu bt u

t trc!

By gi vng ny vn cn nhiu m ly. Nhng o H Nam, vn l mt trong nhng chu

th c kh nng c nh nc trung ng bit n t kh sm15)

. Bn ngn Ty o ny c sng

Bch ng l ng thy n Thng Long-H Ni. Thi thuc Minh, lp Ty Dim khoa hai

huyn Yn Hng v An Lo. Cho nn vng ny cha l vng t thch hp cho nng nghip cui

i nh Trn, nhng c mt s ngi bit s tn ti ca o ny16)

.

n thi L s, vic khai thc o ny mi bt u. Cun V th Hoa phk li

nh sau: Trong nhng nm Thiu Bnh (1432-40) ca L Thi Tng, Vua cho m rng kinh

thnh17)

nn phng Kim Lin thuc huyn Th Xng b bao quai vo thnh. Vua cho

php dn lng i xem xt cc ni v nu thy vng no c kh nng khai hoang lp lng th cho

php tu ln. H V lng ny c 3 anh em l V Nht Cng, V (Nh) Chch()18) v

V Tam Tnh. H cng xung trn An Bang v tm thy c mt vng ph sa thch hp

canh c. H c gng khai hoang. Sau 3 nm, V Nht Cng v qu, V (Nh) Chch sng thn

ng Cc , V Tam Tnh sng thn Yn ng . n thi Hng c, hai v t v 15 tin

cng cng qu hp tc vi hai tin cng Hong Lng v Hong Linh -ngi Tr l

, Thi Bnh-hon thnh cng vic19), chu np thu v lp 1 x 4 thn,...v.v.

33

Cun sch ny tuy l bn sao chp trong thi Nguyn v c nhiu a danh thi Nguyn, nhng

miu t kh r tnh trng thi L s. Nhng cun gia ph ny li khng ghi nhng vic sau khi lp

lng, v vy, TG s phn tch cm bia thi Hng c lin quan n vic khai hoang o ny.

II.2. Phn tch hai chic bia thi Hng c

Trc tin, TG phi th nhn ci sai ca mnh. Trn bi trc y [Yao 1995], TG coi hai bia

ny20)

l bia gc, nhng thc ra l bia khc li i sau. TG khng ch trn bia c ch cu

(=cu) l ch king hy ca m L Huyn Tng (tr v: 1662-71). Trn bia khc nhm

din cho nn nhiu hc gi cng phm sai lm nh TG21).

Th th vn l cm bia ny l bia gi hay l bia khc li? Theo [Huy Vu & Trn Lm

361-62], thi L Trung Hng, o ny vn c nhiu rung cng, cho nn cuc tranh ci gia dn

lng (k khai s rung t) v li vin thu thu (mun tng s thu) lin tc xy ra ko di lu i. TG

on l mc ch khc li hai tm bia do dn lng l lm chng c c rung cng bao nhiu i

vi nhng li vin thu thu. Cho nn TG coi ni dung cm bia ny a s lm tht v c gng tip

tc tm vn bn gc.

(N.10524)

22)

(a)(b)

(c)(d)

Hng c nm th 2 thng 3 ngy 10.

Ra sc ch quan Nguyn Huy Diu-Gim st ng s o Tam Giang, Nguyn Tng Qu-Cm y v

34

Hiu y xung o An Bang, ph Hi ng, huyn Yn Hng, x Phong Lu, x Bn ng, cng

vi quan tha ty kim tra bo co ca Hong Kim Bng, sau cng quan ph huyn v x thn

trng bo co Kim tra o c trc th x Phong Lu, x Bn ng c rung 4,025 mu 5 so 5

thc 3 thn. Ngay sau n khm xt th bit c s thc. Bn bn23)

r rng, nu c ch

mt s thc th php nc nghim khc.

Mt, khm xt ni Bn ng c rung 4,025 mu 5 so 5 thc 3 thn, kim tra s thc. Nhng

ngi nh Hong Kim Bng v ng c Hn x V Dng, Hong Lng v Hong Linh

Phong Lu, o B L v x Lng Quy v.v..., dn ngi cho thot nc v thnh rung

t cp rung 5 mu, t v vn 5 so cho mi ngi.

Mt, cp rung 1,343 mu 2 so 4 thc 5 thn nm pha Ty Nam ca bn x. ng di 893

trng 4 thc 3 thn cho Hong Kim Bng v ng c Hn v.v..., x V Dng. S ngi

c cp l 247.

Mt, cp rung 1,599 mu 8 so 13 thc 8 thn nm pha ng Ty Bc ca bn x. ng

di 997 trng 5 thc 3 thn cho Hong Lng v Hong Linh v.v..., x Phong Lu. S ngi

c cp l 647.

Mt, cp rung 1,087 mu 3 so 3 thn nm pha ng Nam ca bn x. ng di 623

trng 4 thc 7 thn cho o B L v v.v..., x Lng Quy. S ngi c cp l 142.

(N.10525)

(nhm ch , v sau cng vy)

35

Hng c nm 20 thng 11 ngy 07.

Sai phi quan cng cp rung cho x Hi Trin. Tha chnh s ty o An Bang khm c din

tch rung x phong lu, x Bn ng ngi qun cp rung v nhng ngi khng c hay thiu

rung xung quanh bn x cng cy cy np thu nh l s.

Mt, khm c ni x Bn ng c rung 4,370 mu 5 so 10 thc 2 thn.

Mt, cp rung mi khai hoang 1,343 mu 2 so 4 thc 5 thn nm pha Ty Nam ca bn x.

ng di 893 trng 4 thc 3 thn cho Hong Kim Bng v ng c Hn v.v..., x V

Dng. S ngi c cp l 247.

Mt, cp rung mi khai hoang 1,599 mu 8 so 13 thc 8 thn nm pha ong Ty Bc ca bn

x. ng di 997 trng 5 thc 3 thn cho Hong Lng v Hong Linh v.v..., x Phong Lu.

S ngi c cp l 647.

Mt, cp rung mi khai hoang 1,087 mu 3 so 3 thn nm pha ng Nam ca bn x. ng

di 623 trng 4 thc 7 thn cho o B L v v.v..., x Lng Quy. S ngi c

cp l 142.

Mt, cp rung mi khai hoang 330 mu 5 so 10 thc 5 thn nm pha Ty Bc ca bn x.

ng di 481 trng 3 thc 4 thn cho Phm Nh Lm v.v..., x Hi Trin. S ngi c

cp l 179.

(N.10527)

(e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)(a)(k)

(k)

Hng c nm th 20 thng 2 ngy 14 dng ln mt bn. Cng nm nay thng 3 ngy 18 cc quan

36

nha mn nh Tham ngh Triu nh, Thng th b H kim ng cc, Lc b, Lc khoa, hnh

Thp tam o, Chng Ty l l Lu Quang Tin, Bi Vn Honh, Phm Cnh, Nguyn Chiu,

Nguyn Qu Lm, Trn To, ng Khc Tun lm vic cp rung.

Khm phng

Sc ch, truyn v cho php cc nha mn khm sai quan. Nguyn n-Ty l Thi gim, Phm Cng

Chn, Duy Tn, Trn Khc Dc v.v..., xung o An Bang, ph Hi ng, huyn Yn Hng, x

V Dng, Phong Lu, Lng Quy v.v..., cng vi quan ph huyn, trch nhim lnh cho cc x

thn trng khm rung x Bn ng c bao nhiu mu. Trc ht cp cho Hong Kim Bng

v ng c Hn v.v..., x V Dng, mi ngi rung 5 mu, t v vn 5 so. Rung bn x

c 1,343 mu 2 so 4 thc 5 thn. Tip cp cho Hong Lng v Hong Linh v.v..., x Phong

Lu, mi ngi rung 5 mu, t v vn 5 so. Rung bn x c. Rung x Bn ng c 3 on

v 1,599 mu 8 so 13 thc 8 thn. Tip cp cho o B L v v.v..., x Lng Quy,

mi ngi rung 5 mu, t v vn 5 so. Rung bn x c 1,087 mu 3 so 3 thn. Nn nhng x

c cp phi canh c v hng nm np thu nh l. Nay giao cp rung.

Mt, lp a phn x V Dng. Trn t cha Tnh C v Ln M24)

, xung n Ty lm gii

hn.

(N.10526)

(c l sai ch, ng - TG)

Mt, lp a phn x Phong Lu. Bn pha ng, trn t n B Lng, trc xung n pha Ty

cha Tnh C, Bn pha Ty Bc gip Tun ty Bch ng, Bn pha Ty Nam n Cao X Ln M

lm gii hn. X Hi Trin nm x Ty Bc, ni cnh c ch c mt du vt khu, khng c a

phn.

Mt, lp a phn x Lng Quy. Trn t n B Lng v knh Hng, xung n knh Thp v

knh lm gii hn.

(N.10528)

37

(l)25(m)

(n)

(o)

(hai ch ny b o ngc)

Hng c nm th 25 thng 9 ngy 11, Nguyn ch Qung- Quan Ng s i k. Nguyn Cng

Ngh-Quan Tri ph k. Tin-Quan ng tri ph k. Phm Don Cung-Quan Tri huyn k. V

Dng-Quan Huyn tha k. Nguyn Cng-Quan Bn x Tn tr Tha tuyn s o An Bang k.

Phm Khc Chiu-Quan Hu tham chnh k. Nguyn Tt Trung-Quan Hin st s ty k. Nguyn

Tin-Quan in b k.

Trn Cu-Quan Khm sai tin Tng An v Du N ty ch huy Hiu y, Nguyn Huy Diu-Quan

Khm sai Gim st ng s o Tam Giang, Phm Tin Cng Lang, Phm Tng Qu-Quan Khm sai

Cm y v Thanh hnh ty Ph hiu, Trn K, Nguyn Vin-Quan Bn x Tn tr Tha tuyn s ty

o An Bang, Ngun Duy Minh-Quan Tham ngh u cn s.

B H lm cng vic sao li vn bn v gi xung.

Hng c Nm th 25, thng 10, ngy 10, B H gi xung. Nm ny, thng 11, ngy 20, ng

Cng Ta-Quan Tn tr Tha tuyn s ty o An Bang, Trung Trinh i phu, Nguyn Dng- Quan

Thanh hnh Hin st s ty o An Bang, Mu Lm lang knh sao chp, li phng cng n khm xt

rung t v cp cho cc x cho cnh c v np thu nh l s.

(N.10523)

Hng c nm th 26 thng 3 ngy 15, khc bia. Hong Lng v Hong Linh x Phong Lu sao

khc hai chic bia ti x Bn ng lu truyn i sau cho qun dn bit v lm bng c vinh

vin.

38

Tm li nhng chic bia ny, Hng c nm th 2 (1471), triu nh sai phi nhng quan Ng

s i v Quan v Cm Qun. H cng vi quan Tha ty xung ni khai thc, cho quan ph huyn

triu tp cc x thn trng bo co din tch ca rung v chiu di ca iu. Sau h t

mnh iu tra, xc nhn con s v cp li rung cho mi mt ngi rung 5 mu, t v vn 5

so theo kiu t cp ca dn trc. Cui cng h xc nh s rung, iu v s ngi c cp

rung ca cc x (N.10524).

Gn 20 nm sau, nm Hng c nm th 20 (1489), triu nh li sai quan xung. H thy vn

cn rung cha k khai 300 mu (khng r rung ny l rung mi khai hoang hoc rung lu)

x Bn ng x Phong Lu, cho nn h cp cho nhng ngi khng c hay t rung v cho lp x

mi (x Hi Trin). Cui cng h xc nhn li vic cp rung ln trc (N.10525).

Hng c nm 24 thng 3 ngy 18 sau cn nhc v vic cp rung ny kinh , theo sc

chiu, nhng quan cao cp trung ng c sai phi khm v xc nh a phn ca 4 x

(N.10527, N.10526). n nm 25 thng 9 ngy 11, vic xc nhn cui cng c tin hnh v

nhng ngi lin quan cng vic k tn hoc cn s trn cng vn. Cng vn c dng ln

B H v B H lm th tc v gi cng vn cho bit kt qu xung An Bang vo cng nm

thng 10 ngy 10. Quan Tha ty v Hin st ty mi m nhim sao chp cng vn v lm th tc

khm v thu thu. Tuy nhin ch lm cng vn thuc v b phn Quan li, nn khng thy vic

k tn ca nhng ngi t chc vic khai hoang (N.10528) Sau hai ngi ng u ca x

Phong Lu sao khc nhng vn bn lu truyn mi mi vo nm 26 (1495) thng 3 ngy 15

(N.10523).

TG mun ch n mi quan h gia vic khai hoang v chnh quyn hnh chnh trung ng -

a phng v kho st v cch th tc xc nhn ca vic khai hoang v chc trch ca nhng quan

li lin quan n cng vic .

Trc ht, thi gian lm th tc th qu di (t Hng c nm th 2 n nm 26). TG on

rng gia hai ch nh nin cn thiu mt ch thp , tc nm bt u lm th tc l nm

20 (1489). S d on nh vy l v cc ng c cp rung nh Hong Kim Bng, ng c Hn,

Hong Lng, Hong Linh, o B L, vo nm 02 u vn cn sng, khng ai thiu vo

nm 20 th TG khng tin c theo thng thng. Vic khai hoang bt u t thi L Thi Tng

chng?

Tip l v vic khm. Trc khi c quan khm, dn lng t mnh khm26)

v c bn

quan xc nhn con s . V sau con s khng thay i trong nhng ln khm li ca quan. V

li, vic cp rung ca chnh quyn vn theo kiu chia cp do dn lng t quy nh (mi ngi

rung 5 mu, t v vn 5 so)27)

. Cch chia rung khng theo L Qun in thi Hng c. Tuy

39

trong bia ny khng thy thut ng Chim x, nhng chnh quyn nh nc nhng b vi dn v

tha nhn cch chia rung ca dn.

Thay cho s nhng b, chnh quyn nh nc chia thnh x th 4 thu li rung mi tm

thy c (N.10525). V vic cp rung vi nhng ngi khng c hay thiu rung sng xung

quanh bn x th vua Thi T ra lnh nh sau:

Ch huy cho cc quan ph huyn chu x rng nu x no c rung t nhiu v nhn dn t

m b hoang, th cho php cc quan coi qun cho ngi x khc khng c rung cy cy.

Ngi in ch ca bn x khng c chim m b hoang. Ai vi phm th b pht ti cng

chim. (TT, q. 10, Thun Thin nm th 2 thng 12 ngy 19)

Nhng nm Thun Thin tng ng thi k quc s, rt cn tng sn xut nng nghip, cho

nn mi c lnh nh trn. n thi Hng c chnh sch vn c gi li v c bn. Nh nc

hoan nghnh nhng ngi thiu rung sng ven bin xin bi p, khai hoang v np thu28)

.

Trong trng hp ca o H Nam, sau khi dn lng xin khm th nh nc iu chnh s rung v

dn, ti thit x thn. Hnh vi vt ln cp x ny thng c nh S hc coi nh l chng c

ch quyn lc mnh ca nh nc i Vit29)

.

II.3. Nhng quan vin can d s kin ny

Tip TG c quan tm l: 1. Rt nhiu nha mn trung ng tham gia vic ny v sai phi

quan li. 2. Quan ph huyn chu vai tr chnh ca vic iu tra. 3. S tn ti ca quan cp Tha

tuyn (Tha ty v Hin ty)-quan cao cp nht trong vic hnh chnh a phng m nht. TG

phi kho st tnh trng . Sau y xin gii thiu chc nng ca nhng quan vin can d cng vic

ca o H Nam. Trc tin cp n vin quan trung ng. hnh(i)

v Thp tam o Gim st

ng s(a)

, ng s i(h)

.

Theo b LC, q.14, Quan chc ch mc Quan danh Duyn cch chi bit ,

th chc Ng s c t thi Trn v cu thnh ca Ng s i c nhiu thay i. Trong trng hp

ca o H Nam, ng s i khng ch sai phi quan nha mn m li tham d nhng cng vic

nh: cng nhn lp x mi trung ng, lp ra cc th tc cp rung. Cn chc Gim st ng s c

t thi L s nhng cha hot ng hn. Chc Gim st ng s gm c hai vin hnh Gim st

ng s v 26 vin Thp tam o Gim st ng s. n i L Thnh Tng, ch Gim st ng s

40

mi c t chc mt cch nghim mt. V d: theo b TT, q.13 Hng c nm th 4 thng 6 -

thng 7, triu nh quy nh phm vi cai tr ca Ng s i v cc o Gim st ng s. Theo quy

nh ny, hai v Gim st ng s ca o Hi Dng v An Bang khng ch ph trch gim st 3 ty

qun dn ca hai o m cn gim st c Thn T ty Trang s, Kim Ng v Ph

qun, Thn Sch t v (u thuc Cm qun) v ng qun c ph

. Tuy nhin ngi xung o H Nam l Quan Gim st ng s ca o Tam Giang30).

Theo l khc31)

, nu o An Bang c nhiu vic th sai phi thm Quan Gim st ng s ca o

Hi Dng-o ln cn. Nu vn khng th sai Quan Gim st ng s ca o khc. Cho nn c

th on rng thi k xy ra nhiu s kin o An Bang.

(2) Cm Y v Hiu y(b)

, Tng An v Du N ty ch huy Hiu y(b)

Nha mn Cm y v l mt trong nhng n v ca Cm qun v chc Hiu y l v quan.

nh Minh nha mn ny c vai tr l cnh st b mt cng vi nha mn ng Xng. Vit

Nam cng nh th. Khi xy ra s kin hnh s hoc qun s a phng th c khi dng sc ch

sai quan ca v ny. Tuy Tng An v th khng thy trong h thng Cm qun, nhng Du N ty

thuc v Cm y v.

(3) Triu nh Tham ngh(e)

Nu ch ghi Tham ngh th c kh nng l thuc vin ca Tha chnh s, nhng trong bng

Quan phm ca b Thin Nam D h tpQuan ch in l khng thy

chc Triu nh Tham ngh. Thi Quang Thun vn cn Chnh s vin-c quan c vn ca

T tng v trong nha mn c chc Tham ngh, nhng b ph b thi Hng c. Vy c phi

l nhng ngi cp nguyn lo ca triu nh d triu chnh?

(4) B H(f)

, Lc b(i)

Lc b l nha mn hnh chnh trung ng ti cao v b H m nhim ti chnh, cho nn vic

Qun in cng thuc v b ny. Cn trong trng hp lp x mi th nh L quy nh vic iu tra

c s rung v dn s lm a b v h b. H b khng ch lin quan n vic thu thu m cn

thm vic tuyn binh theo ch Duyt tuyn [Fujiwara 1986: 392-97], nn b Binh cng can

d cng vic a phng mt cch su xa.

(5) ng cc(g), Hn lm vin(o)

Vit Nam, ch khoa c cng c hon thnh nn cn nhiu Qun chc cho nhng

41

quan li cao cp tng lai. Tuy Qun chc gi vai tr l tham mu cho vua nhng c khi c sai

phi xung a phng can d nhng vic lt vt tng thm kinh nghim.

(6) Lc khoa(j)

Nha mn Lc khoa cng c t chc thi L Thnh Tng hoc L Nghi Dn. Cng nh ch

nh Minh, cc khoa ngoi gim st cc b trn ra, gim st hnh chnh a phng vi t cch l

Ngn quan . Chc cp s trung tuy cp quan khng cao32) nhng c coi nh l

chc trng yu. Trong trng hp ca o H Nam, khoa H can d vic chuyn ch v kim sot

cng vn gia trung ng v a phng.

(7) Ty l Thi gim(k)

Theo ch nh Minh, chc ny l chc hon quan v thng hu gn hong cho nn

thi k na cui nh Minh c quyn th mnh hn t tng [Tani Mitsutaka 1954: 6-9].

Vit Nam trc khi vua Hin Tng bng h, cha xy ra tnh trng ny33)

. Trong trng hp ca o

H Nam, vin chc ny ph trch giao cc loi cng vn cho cc nha mn ng theo chc v chnh.

Khng ch nhng vin quan gim st v chuyn ch vn bn m cn nhng quan chc vn v

cao cp trung ng khc cng d thm ngh trung ng v xung tn a phng. V li, trong

nhng quan chc c nhiu chc do c hai v vua L Nghi Dn v Thnh Tng to ra.

Ngi ta u bit rng vua Thnh Tng du nhp nhiu ch nh Minh, nhng v quy m quc gia

gia Nh Minh v nh L khc hn, nn Vit Nam t l tng s vin quan trung ng tng i

nhiu v tng s vin quan a phng tng i t so vi nh Minh34)

. Tnh trng ny l mt trong

nguyn nhn sai phi nhiu vin quan trung ng xung a phng.

Cn v quan chc a phng, n v tha tuyn (hay gi l x, trn v o) c 3 ty.

ty ph trch qun s, Tha ty(c)

ph trch hnh chnh, Hin ty(l)

ph trch kim sot v x n v

khng c nha mn ti cao no cai qun 3 ty ny nn 3 ty c nhn mnh lnh ca trung ng

ging nh nh Minh. di n v tha tuyn c ph v huyn(d)

, chu, ph trch dn s. An

Bang th ch c mt ph Hi ng nn phm vi quyn hn ca tha ty v tri ph chng cht nhau.

Quan ty khng c mt trong vic ny tr quan in b(m)

-thuc quan ca An Bang v l v

s kin ny khng lin quan n qun s. Cn Quan Tha ty th thng c mt l tt nhin. Hin ty

c quan phn thp nht trong 3 ty, nhng n i nh L l mt chc v kh khn c chc nng

kim sot v kho kha a phng. Cho nn triu nh thng hay c nhng ngi tng

gi chc i quan, T Quan v Khoa quan trung ng lm Hin st s i ph vi nhng ho

kit a phng35)

. Tuy nhin Hin ty sc hot ng c hay khng? a v Hin ty cng b

42

chm xung v chu s cai tr ca quan Khoa v i trung ng trong ch gim st36)

. Trng

hp ca o H Nam cng vy.

Trng hp ca o H Nam, nhng vin quan trung ng n Tha ty trc, sau cng

quan Tha ty xung hin trng. Tt nhin nhng cng vn ca triu nh th c giao cho tha ty,

nhng nhng ngi trc tip m nhim cng vic hin trng l cc quan ph huyn di s

lnh o ca vin quan trung ng. y TG thy hin tng trng rng chc nng ca Tha ty v

Hin ty. Quan Tha ty v Hin ty tr thnh quan ch chuyn ch nhng sc d t trn v nhng

bo co t di. Tnh quan trng ca quan ph huyn c th hin qua vic k tn trong bia

N.10528. Ngi u tin k l quan Ng s i sau l cc quan cp ph huyn trc tip lm

cng vic nh Tri ph, ng tri ph, Tri huyn, Huyn tha, cn cc quan Tha ty v Hin ty k tn

cui. Vy s gim st uy quyn ca cc quan a phng cao cp, vic sai phi nhiu vin quan

trung ng, s nm thc quyn ca quan ph huyn trong vic thc hnh37)

c ngha g v c

nguyn nhn no?

III. Tnh c bit v tnh ph bin

III.1. Tnh c bit ca vng An Bang

TG gii thiu vic khai hoang o H Nam, cho rng y vn l ni khng thch hp cho

nng nghip. Cn tnh hnh c vng An Bang thi k ny nh th no? Theo ch hnh chnh, T

trn-Sn Ty, Sn Nam, Knh Bc v Hi Dng c coi l Ni trn, cn nhng trn cn li

l Ngoi trn. o An Bang l mt trong nhng Ngoi trn. i vi o An Bang, triu nh hy

vng g?

Nh Minh ph phn vua Thnh Tng l qu t ho l nc mnh, binh cng v kiu k (Minh

s, q.321, truyn Ngoi quc 2). Thc ra sau khi nh L thnh lp, mi quan h gia

Trung quc v Vit Nam cha c n nh. xy ra nhiu s kin v lc vng bin gii nn

vin quan trn gi vng bin gii thng lo lng cng thng qun s. o An Bang cng thuc

vng bin gii.

Ni u tin m hot ng qun s ca qun Ng ph mi c t chc vo cui nhng nm

Quang Thun l vng An Bang. Nm Quang Thun nm th 8 (1467), Khut -quan c

Thim s em qun Ng ph nh bn tho khu. S binh s c ng vin ch l 500, cho nn

c l triu nh coi s kin ny l vic nh. Kt qu l Khut thua v b h ngc cng vi L Hi

-quan Tng binh s o An Bang. Nh vua chiu tp nguyn lo bn bc v ra lnh Nguyn

c Trung (cha ca Trng Lc Hong hu Nguyn Th)-Quan c Nam Qun xung An Bang

43

nh bn y. Nguyn c Trung thnh cng khi phc li an ninh, sau tuyn Nguyn Hun

-Quan Tng tri ca Cm qun lm quan Ph tng binh ca trn An Bang, tuyn o Tun

-quan Hn lm vin Th c kim chc Ph ng s lm quan Tha ty Tham chnh cai qun v

An Bang. Cn bn thn Nguyn c Trung vn li cai qun c vng ny38)

.

y, c th ni c l qun chnh c thnh lp trong thi k phn vinh ca vua Thnh

Tng v ci cch cc chc vn v-l tng ca trung ng- b thc t ca a phng ph sn t

s k. Khng lu sau khi s kin ny kt thc, L Vn dng ln tu vn nh sau:

C sc rng cc Trn th Ph tng binh v kim Tha tuyn s do xut thn v ngh khng

bit vn m kim gi hai chc, s gy hi cho qun s. Nay Ph tng binh nn cm kim chc

Tha tuyn s, cn chc Ph Tha tuyn th tuyn quan vn. Cc chc Tham chnh v Tham

ngh phi bt mt ngi. Khi c vic bin gii th quan Tng v Tha tuyn cng bn bc

vi nhau. Theo li tu ca L Vn-quan Trn in Tng qun. (B TT, q.13, Quang Thun

nm th 8 thng 9 ngy 20)

L Vn ch trch l nu quan v bin gii kim lun nhim v ca quan vn th s gy hi cho

qun s. i vi trung ng, nhim v quan trng nht ca cc Ngoi trn l bo v bin gii.

Nhng sc ch ny khng gii quyt nhng vn ca a phng. V d: s Tham chnh ca Tha

ty Ni trn l 3 ngi, cn Ngoi trn th ch c hai ngi, mc d quan Tha ty cng phi i

ph bin phng m L Vn nu. Hn th na, Cuc thn chinh nc Chin Thnh v Bn Man

ca vua Thnh Tng nh ng n nh Minh v nc Chim Thnh l mt trong nhng nc

triu cng, cn v tr ca nc Bn Man th rt gn vng Vn Nam.

i vi chnh quyn nh L s, vic phi lo l khai thc nng nghip v c tin hnh n

tn vng bin gii-ni vic quan trng nht l qun s-nh An Bang. Vic nhiu m quan th li t,

nn triu nh sai nhiu quan vin trung ng xung. Tuy nhin TG cha bit hin tng An Bang

l hin tng ph bin hay khng nn cn phi phn tch nhiu thm na. III.2, TG xem qua

nhng ti liu lin quan n vn ny trc khi nhiu cng trnh nghin cu ca s kin c tnh c

bit s c cng b.

III.2. Tnh Ph bin

Trc ht v vic sai phi ca quan vin trung ng xung a phng b CM c ghi:

44

39)