Tập IV - vietnamvanhien.net · hai mƯƠi nĂm vĂn hỌc miỀn bẮc 1954 - 1975 3 * hai mƯƠi nĂm vĂn hỌc miỀn bẮc 1954 – 1975 tập iv mục lục

HUNH I TNG

2

HAI MI NM VN HC MIN BC 1954 - 1975

3

*

HAI MI NM VN HC MIN BC 1954 1975

Tp IV

Mc Lc ..... 3

Li Ta ...... 5

Chng th hai: Vn hc Min Bc t nm 1954 .... 7

Tit Ba: Nhng ngi trch nhim p tan NVGP ... 7

1) H Ch Minh (1890-1969) .......... 11

2) Trng Chinh (1907-1980) ......... 61

3) T Hu (1920-2002) ....... 73

4) Nguyn nh Thi (1924-2003) ..... 103

5) Hoi Thanh (1909-1982) ...... 142

6) V Hng Cng ( ? - ? ) . 178

Tit Bn: Nhng ngi tip tay p tan NVGP .... 193

1) Hng Phng (1908-1983) ....... 194

2) Bi Huy Phn (1913-1990) .. 205

3) Mnh Ph T (1913-1959) ... 221

4) on Vn C (1913-1976) ... 234

5) Nguyn Khc Vin (1913-1977) .. 243

6) Hong Xun Nh (1914-1990) ...... 265

HUNH I TNG

4

7) Lng Xun Nh (1914-2006) ...... 280

8) Huyn Kiu (1915-1995) .. 286

9) Xun Diu (1916-1985) .... 307

10) Nh Phong (1917-1985) ..... 331

11) Huy Cn (1917-2005) ..... 339

12) Ch Lan Vin (1920-1989) . 348

13) T Hoi (1920-2014) .. 356

14) Hng Chng (1921- 1989) ....... 370

15) V c Phc (1921- ) . 399

16) Nhun (1922-1991) ... 412

17) V Cao (1922-2007) ....... 428

18) T Bch Hong (1922-2010) ...... 433

19) Hong Trung Thng (1925-1999) .. 459

20) Bng S Nguyn (1925- ) . 481

21) V Huy Tm (1926-1996) ...... 486

22) o V (1926-2006) ....... 497

23) Hu Mai (1926-2007) ......... 524

24) Xun Thim (1926- ) ... 540

25) Lng Ngc Trc (1928-2013) .. 552

26) Nguyn Khi (1930-2008) ...... 565

Tit Nm. Bin php thanh trng ........... 590

Tit Su. Hu qu i vi nhm Nhn Vn Giai Phm . 616

1) Vi Phan Khi ...... 616

2) Vi Phng Qun ....... 619

3) Vi L t ........ 631

4) Vi Trn Dn .... 632

5) Vi Nguyn Mnh Tng ..... 632

6) Vi Nguyn Hu ang . 637

7) Vi Hong Cm ........ 651

Tit By. Phc hi cho cc vn ngh s NV - GP .. 663

Tit Tm. Tng kt v phong tro Nhn Vn Giai Phm . 669


5

*

Ta

Trong tp ny, chng ti son v nhng ngi ch trng, thi

hnh v nhng ngi khc hoc do mun tin thn hoc do

mun bo v thanh danh, i sng ca mnh c nhng bi

vit kch nhng ngi trong nhm Nhn Vn - Giai Phm.

Tp I, son v Bi cnh min Bc v nhn thong qua chng

ng vn hc Min Bc, vi nhng tp ch v nhng nh vn

ch trng, cng tc vi cc tp ch y vn li t Bc sau

khi Hip nh Geneve 1954 c hiu lc, phn chia nc Vit

Nam thnh 2 min c 2 ch khc nhau: T do v Cng sn.

Phe T do ng u l nc M mt nc c nn dn ch

ng hng u th gii, M mun h tr Vit Nam lm tin

n ngn chn ln sng t Trung Hoa trn xung cc nc

ng Nam . Phe Cng sn do Lin X ng u, mun bnh

trng Cng sn thc hin mt th gii cng sn i ng.

Nc Vit Nam, dn tc Vit Nam chng may b th gii t do

v cng sn chn la trong cnh i u. Chnh v th m

ngi dn hai min Bc, Nam Vit Nam mc nhin b bnh xe

lch s ca thi k chin tranh thc h cn qut.

Km may mn hn, nhng vn ngh s tr thc hng u ca

Vit Nam min Bc, ngay t nhng ngy u, vi u c

nhy bn, cm nhn c thi th, h l nhng ng vin,

nhng ngi khng c ng, c thnh tch khng chin, can

m ng ra i hi t do sng tc

HUNH I TNG

6

Mc ch ca h, ca nhng ngi quy t di danh ngha

Nhn Vn Giai Phm, nhng ngi chu nh hng, nhng

ngi ng h phong tro, thm ch c nhng ngi nh T

Phc, ng nh Hng b gn ghp vo, b ng tr dp

mt thi gian c ngn, c di hoc c i h.

C nhng ngi c su tm, c ni n trong sch ny,

nhng cng cn mt s ngi chng ti cha su tm c

nh Hng Qung vi bi Tnh cht Phan Khi hay nga quen

ng c. Khc Thnh Qut sch nhng nc c ca Trn

c Tho trong vic ging dy trit hc.

Cho nn sau khi hon tt tp ny, nhng thiu st chng ti

mong c c hi b tc, mong c c gi hiu m thng cm

cho.

Vi nhng nh bin kho nh Thy Khu (1944- ), Li

Nguyn n (1945- ), Phm Th Hoi (1960- ) xin nhn ni

y lng bit n ca chng ti i vi nhng bin kho, su

tm, lu tr. Nu khng c ti liu ca qu v, cng nh trang

Bch khoa ton th m Wikipedia, chng ti s kh hon thnh

tp sch ny.

Cn ghi

Louisville, ngy 6 thng 6 nm 2013

Son gi


7

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Chng th hai: Vn hc Min Bc

t nm 1954

Tit Ba: Nhng ngi trch nhim p tan NVGP

Trong vic lnh o, ch trng ca ng cng sn, ca nh

cm quyn min Bc, ngi ta mun tm hiu xem, ai l ngi

ch trng, c trch nhim i vi vic dp tt phong tro

Nhn Vn Giai Phm.

y l vic lm c ch trng, ng li ch khng phi nht

thi, ko di hng my thp k, trn din rng khp min

Bc ch khng phi ch c H Ni m thi v nh cm quyn

thng tay tr dp, lm cho ngi dn bit s, khng dm

lin h vi nhng ngi trong nhm, cng khng lu truyn v

vic Nhn Vn Giai Phm, v vy trn 30 nm sau nh ph

bnh Thy Khu tr v H Ni tm kim thng tin, rt t ngi

bit Nhn Vn Giai Phm l g.

Tr li, tm hiu ai ch o, ch trng dp tt phong tro Nhn

Vn Giai Phm, tt nht l nghe nhng nn nhn trong cuc,

h c nhn nh chnh xc hn nhng thng tin khc.

Theo Vn Cao pht biu vi V Th Hin tc gi m gia

ban ngy : Khng phi H Ch Minh u, ng C khng

HUNH I TNG

8

ngh ra ci , ng C khng t n th. Cng khng phi

Nguyn Ch Thanh. ng v v Trn Dn b giam vo ci hi

tht m cho ly. Thng cha lc y cn bn cng c a v

va chim c ca gnral Gip. Tc gi chnh l Longue

Marche, cu nghe r cha, l Trng-Chinh

Cn phi cng bng. T Hu c khng a mnh, c lm kh

mnh tht, do lng k m ra. Mnh cng ght ci thng bng

nhng y lm. Nhng c th no ni th y. T Hu ch l k

tha hnh thi. Ni g th ni, trong lng T Hu vn cn mt

cht g ca nh th ch. B ngoi th th y - T Hu lnh

o cuc nh t u ch cui. Ngi ta tng v Nhn vn -

Giai phm n ra l bi bo Nhn vn ng my bi ph bnh

th T Hu, T Hu tc, T Hu nh. Nhm ht.

Longue Marche mi l k sng tc ra Nhn vn - Giai phm.

chy ti Ci cch rung t. to ra ci h rc m trt

mi ti li ca ly vo y. Chnh Longue Marche ch khng

ai khc. ng tc bn quyn ca ly, ti nghip!

Longue Marche cn cho mi mnh v Nguyn Tun n gp.

Ly ni c ting ng h v ng tnh, v trch nhim ng

vin. Chiu hi m. Nguyn Tun nghe, mt ht ln, ngp

khng cn che ming. Nguyn Tun vn th - bt cn i. i

lc cng c hn mt t, hn c mc thi, trong i a s

trng hp l k bt chp.

Mnh ni vi Longue Marche: "Nu trong vn hng c su th

ta phi chu kh m bt bng tay, tng con mt. p c ng

thuc tr su vo y th cht c vn hng. Ri anh s thy:

qua t nh ph ny khng bit bao gi nn vn ngh Vit

Nam mi ngc u dy c!"

Ly nghe, mt cng cng. Ci cch ca Trng Chinh l th.

Ly gi mnh n cn c ny na: ly mun mnh phi hiu -

ti chu kh nghe cc anh ri y nh, ti dn ch lm ri


9

y nh ! Ch cn ci nn vn ngh ca cc anh, n ng gi

my xu?".

Nhng Nguyn Hu ang, l nhn vt tng gi chc v Th

trng B tuyn truyn ri B thanh nin, trong thi k tin

phong ca ch Cng sn trn min Bc, ng l ngi t

chc ngy 2 thng 9 nm 1945 ti Qung trng Ba nh

Ch tch H Ch Minh c Tuyn ngn c lp, khai sinh ra

nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng Ha, ng cng tng lm vic

chung vi Trng Chinh t chin khu Vit Bc.

ng b ku n v vo t t nm 1960 cho n 1973, sau cn

b qun ch nhiu nm ti qu nh Thi Bnh, sng trong

ngho kh khn cng, ng nhin l ng phi c nhng suy

t, tr li cho vn nn: Ai y i ng xung tn y su

ca x hi ng thi?

ng tr li cho b Thy Khu phng vn v vn nn ny,

trn i RFI ngy 3-9-1995 nh sau: "Ci vic m ngi ta c

ni l vic n vic kia l ngi di lm ch c H khng bit,

c H khng thc tin lm, l mt cch ni khng ng s

tht. Ngi ta thy vic g m c d lun ku ca, thc mc th

khng mun ci ku ca thc mc hng vo v lnh t

m ngi ta suy tn tuyt i. C th ni l ngi ta thn

thnh ha c H. V ci l do n l nh th. Thc cht th c

H khng phi l ngi b v hiu ha trong b my lnh o

ca ng v ca dn tc. C H lc no cng l ngi c y

quyn hnh, lc no c cng sng sut, linh li, lc no c

cng c uy tn vi dn v cng c quyn i vi cc ng ch

trong ng, i vi nhng ngi lnh o khc. Chc b cng

bit rng nhng v lnh o khc ca ng, i vi c H l

hc tr ch khng phi nh cc ng Cng sn khc u.

Cho nn uy tn ca c H, quyn hnh ca c H bao gi cng

rt vng, c H bit ht c, v vic c H cng ng tnh

lm.

HUNH I TNG

10

C th ni tm mt cu l cho n my nm sau cng, v c

yu c t chm nom cng vic, c khon cho B chnh tr, c t

can thip trc tip, ch cn trc th bt c vic g cng l

trong phm vi ch o ca c c. Hay cng c, d cng c.

C phi gnh trch nhim , iu r rng.

C khi no mt lnh t ti cao i vi dn tc, lnh t ti cao

ca ng m li khng c trch nhim v vic n, vic kia.

iu khng ng. Ch gi l "bo co thnh th" rt cht

ch trong ni b ng Cng sn v trong b my chuyn chnh

ca nh nc cng th, nghim ngt lm".

Do , trong vic ny n l chnh sch ca ng cng sn, c

s ch o ca Ch tch H Ch Minh, Trng Chinh pht

ng, T Hu thi hnh vi nhng Cai t vn ngh nh Hoi

Thanh, Nguyn nh Thi, Nguyn Chng, Hng Chng,

Xun Trng, Nh Phong, Quang m, Hong Xun Nh,

Hng Cng, Chnh Hu, ngoi ra cn c nhng ngi c hi

bo v chc quyn hoc bt buc phi vit bi kch nhm

Nhn Vn Giai Phm bo v i sng ca c nhn v gia

nh h.

Ti liu tham kho:

- Nhn Vn Giai Phm Web: diendantheky.net

- Nhn Vn Giai Phm v vn Nguyn i Quc Web:

rfa.org


11

1) H Ch Minh

H Ch Minh - Nguyn Sinh Cung (1890-1969)

ng tn tht l Nguyn Sinh Cung (ging a phng pht m

l Cng), t l Tt Thnh, Vn Ba. T nm 1919 ly tn

Nguyn i Quc, ri L Thy, Thu Chn, Tng Vn S, Lin,

Linov, H Quang, Gi Thu ri t nm 1942 ly tn l H Ch

Minh. Qu ni l lng Kim Lin (tn Nm l lng Sen). ng

sinh ra ngy 19 thng 5 nm 1890 qu ngoi l lng Hong

Tr (tn Nm l lng Cha, nm cch lng Sen khong 2 km)

v sng y cho n nm 1895. Hai lng ny vn cng nm

trong x Chung C, thuc tng Lm Thnh, huyn Nam n.

Qu ni ca ng, lng Kim Lin l mt lng qu ngho kh.

Phn ln dn chng khng c rung, phi lm thu cy r, mc

qun t, ng kh nhiu, bi th nn lng ny cn c tn l lng

ai Kh. Vo i ng, phn ln dng h ca ng u c hn,

kim sng bng ngh lm thu, v cng c ngi tham gia cc

hot ng chng Php.

Thn ph ng l mt nh nho tn l Nguyn Sinh Sc, tng

ph bng. Thn mu l b Hong Th Loan. ng c mt ngi

ch l Nguyn Th Thanh, mt ngi anh l Nguyn Sinh

Khim (t Tt t, cn gi l C Khim) v mt ngi em trai

http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Ho_Chi_Minh_1946_cropped.jpg/220px-Ho_Chi_Minh_1946_cropped.jpg&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh&h=236&w=176&sz=1&tbnid=Mvj0A5f1n4bPiM:&tbnh=186&tbnw=138&zoom=1&usg=__MBUXmVR1fkPtvvjXSprRu4E6Ips=&docid=YFASd6bjSimf7M&itg=1&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-fE9UbTVKsKW0QHUi4AY&sqi=2&ved=0CIoBEPwdMAkhttp://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://tinhdoannghean.vn/images/news/cthochiminh.jpg&imgrefurl=http://tinhdoannghean.vn/?anh%3D2/chu-tich-ho-chi-minh&h=400&w=300&sz=107&tbnid=WnKClz4YmSl-1M:&tbnh=96&tbnw=72&zoom=1&usg=__am-TeFXC46gT9rO3QfX_2get1XU=&docid=oLs-jGCk6_gUaM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=-fE9UbTVKsKW0QHUi4AY&sqi=2&ved=0CJABEP4dMAshttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_N%C3%B4mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_N%C3%B4mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nam_%C4%90%C3%A0nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nho_gi%C3%A1ohttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Sinh_S%E1%BA%AFchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B3_b%E1%BA%A3nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A0ng_Th%E1%BB%8B_Loanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Th%E1%BB%8B_Thanhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Sinh_Khi%C3%AAmhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nguy%E1%BB%85n_Sinh_Khi%C3%AAm

HUNH I TNG

12

mt sm l Nguyn Sinh Nhun (1900-1901, tn khi mi lt

lng l Xin).

Nm 1895, Nguyn Sinh Cung cng cha m v anh trai vo

Hu ln u tin. Sau khi m mt (1901), ng v Ngh An

vi b ngoi mt thi gian ngn ri theo cha v qu ni, t y

ng bt u dng tn Nguyn Tt Thnh. Tt Thnh theo hc

ch Hn vi c nhn Hong Phm Qunh v mt s thy khc.

Nm 1906, Nguyn Tt Thnh theo cha vo Hu ln th hai v

hc trng tiu hc Php-Vit ng Ba. Ti y, ng tri

qua cc nin kho 1906 - 1907 lp nh v 1907 - 1908 lp nht.

Tt nghip bng Primaire (tng ng tt nghip tiu hc)

nm 1908. C cng anh l Nguyn Tt t ghi danh vo

Trng Quc Hc, nhng Nguyn Tt Thnh v sc hc yu

km nn b hc. Nm 1909, vo Phan Thit dy ch Hn v

ch Quc ng cho hc sinh lp ba v t ti trng Dc Thanh

ca Hi Lin Thnh.

Khong trc thng 2 nm 1911, ng ngh dy v vo Si Gn

cng vi s gip ca Hi Lin Thnh. Ti y, ng theo hc

trng B Ngh (nay l trng Cao ng k thut Cao Thng),

l trng o to cng nhn hng hi v cng nhn chuyn

nghip cho xng Ba Son. Theo hc c 3 thng, ng quyt

nh b hc xin vic lm trn mt con tu vin dng c

ra nc ngoi hc hi tinh hoa ca phng Ty.

Ngy 5 thng 6 nm 1911, t Bn Nh Rng, ng ly tn Vn

Ba, ln ng sang Php vi ngh ph bp trn chic tu bun

c Latouche-Trville. Ngy 6 thng 7 nm 1911, sau hn

1 thng i bin, tu cp cng Marseilles, Php. Ti Marseilles,

ng vit th n Tng thng Php, xin c nhp hc vo

Trng Thuc a (cole Coloniale), trng chuyn o to

cc nhn vin hnh chnh cho chnh quyn thc dn, vi hy

vng "gip ch cho Php". Th yu cu ca ng b t chi v

c chuyn n Khm s Trung K Hu. T nm 1912 n

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1900http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BFhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%AD_nh%C3%A2n_%28h%E1%BB%8Dc_v%E1%BB%8B%29http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1906http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_ti%E1%BB%83u_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Ph%C3%A1p-Vi%E1%BB%87t_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Bahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_Thi%E1%BA%BFthttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_Qu%E1%BB%91c_ng%E1%BB%AFhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_D%E1%BB%A5c_Thanhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_ty_Li%C3%AAn_Th%C3%A0nhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0i_G%C3%B2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/5_th%C3%A1ng_6http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1911http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%BFn_Nh%C3%A0_R%E1%BB%93nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0u_Amiral_Latouche_Trevillehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A0u_Amiral_Latouche_Trevillehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseilleshttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%A2m_s%E1%BB%A9_Trung_K%E1%BB%B3


13

1914 ng vn lm vic trn tu hoc ph bp, lm bi hay

khun vc cho nhng chuyn tu xuyn i ty dng. T nm

1914 ng ri b cng vic lm trn tu, ln b sng Lun

n lm ngh co tuyt, ra chn bt, ph bp khch sn

Carlton, bui ti i hc thm ting Anh, trong thi gian ny,

ng giao du vi nh cch mng Phan Chu Trinh ang Php.

Bng nh du Lun n

Khong u thng 6 nm 1919, Nguyn Tt Thnh ri b Lun

n sang Paris, sinh hot chung vi cc ng Phan Chu Trinh,

Phan Vn Trng, Nguyn Th Truyn v Nguyn An Ninh, l

nhng ngi trong Nhm nhng ngi An Nam yu nc, h

vit bo v ly tn chung l Nguyn i Quc.

Trong thi gian ny ti th Paris, c Hi ngh ca cc nc

thng trn gm Php, Hoa K, Anh vi nc bi trn l c,

trong th chin th nht 1914-1918. Hi ngh khai mc ti

cung in Verseilles ngy 18-1-1919

Ngy 18 thng 6 nm 1919, Nguyn Tt Thnh thay mt cho

Hi nhng ngi An Nam yu nc (Association des Patriotes

Annamites), mang ti Hi ngh Ha bnh Versailles bn Yu

sch ca nhn dn An Nam (Revendications du peuple

annamite) gm 8 im ku gi lnh o cc nc ng

Minh p dng cc l tng ca Tng thng M Wilson cho cc

lnh th thuc a ca Php ng Nam .

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Blue_plaque_Ho_Chi_Minh,_Haymarket,_London.jpghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_th%C3%A1ng_6http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1919http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_ngh%E1%BB%8B_H%C3%B2a_b%C3%ACnh_Versailleshttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AAu_s%C3%A1ch_c%E1%BB%A7a_nh%C3%A2n_d%C3%A2n_An_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AAu_s%C3%A1ch_c%E1%BB%A7a_nh%C3%A2n_d%C3%A2n_An_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilsonhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Nam_%C3%81

HUNH I TNG

14

T y, Nguyn Tt Thnh cng khai nhn mnh l Nguyn i

Quc v s dng tn ny trong sut 30 nm sau .

Bn yu sch gm 8 im:

1) Tng n x tt c nhng ngi bn x b n t chnh tr.

2) Ci cch nn php l ng Dng bng cch ngi bn

x cng c quyn hng nhng bo m php l nh ngi

chu u. Xa b hon ton nhng ta n c bit dng lm

cng c khng b v p bc b phn trung thc nht trong

nhn dn An Nam.

3) T do bo ch v t do ngn lun.

4) T do lp hi v hi hp.

5) T do c tr nc ngoi v t do xut dng.

6) T do hp tp, thnh lp cc trng k thut ti tt c cc

tnh cho ngi bn x.

7) Thay ch ra cc sc lnh bng ch ra cc o lut.

8) C i biu thng trc ca ngi bn x do ngi bn x

bu ra ti Ngh vin Php gip cho Ngh vin bit c

nguyn vng ca ngi bn x.

Hi ngh k kt mt hip c chm dt chin tranh, em li

ha bnh cho Chu u ngy 28-6-1919 ti cung in

Verseilles, c gi l Ha c Verseilles 1919.

Nm 1920, ng tham d i hi ln th 18 ca ng X hi

Php ti Tours (t 25 n 30 thng 12 nm 1920) vi t cch l

i biu nhm x hi ng Dng ca ng X hi Php,

http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%82n_x%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A3i_c%C3%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_D%C6%B0%C6%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2u_%C3%82uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_do_b%C3%A1o_ch%C3%ADhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%B1_do_ng%C3%B4n_lu%E1%BA%ADnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngh%E1%BB%8B_vi%E1%BB%87nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_b%E1%BA%A3n_x%E1%BB%A9&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_Ph%C3%A1phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_Ph%C3%A1phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourshttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_th%C3%A1ng_12http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/30_th%C3%A1ng_12http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_D%C6%B0%C6%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_Ph%C3%A1p


15

pht biu ng h vic ng X h Php gia nhp Quc t Cng

sn. Sau , ng tr thnh ng vin ca ng Cng sn Php

v tch khi ng X hi.

Thng 7 nm 1921, mt s nh yu nc ca cc thuc a

Php lp ra Hi Lin hip Thuc a (Union intercoloniale -

Association des indignes de toutes les colonies) nhm tp hp

cc dn tc b p bc ng ln chng ch ngha quc.

Thnh phn khi mi thnh lp hi, c lut s Marie Bloncourt,

i din Dahoney, Phi Chu lm Tng Th K; Nguyn i

Quc i din ng Dng c 200 hi vin, trong c c

Phan Vn Trng, Nguyn Th Truyn, Nguyn An Ninh. Hi

c t bo Le Paria ra hng thng, s 1 pht hnh ngy 1-4-

1922, bo ny do nh vn Henri Barbusse bo tr. Nguyn i

Quc ch nhim kim ch bt. T ngy 4 thng 11 nm 1923,

Nguyn Th Truyn l Ph tng Th k ca hi v l ch bt

ca t Le Paria, s kp 36-37 pht hnh thng 10 nm 1925,

ton b bi vit bnh vc nh cch mng Phan Bi Chu, sau

s ny Nguyn Th Truyn ri khi Le Paria ra t Vit Nam

Hn, s 38 pht hnh thng 4 nm 1926 ri nh bn.

Tc phm "Bn n ch thc dn Php" bng ting Php

(Procs de la colonisation franaise) ng tn tc gi Nguyn

i Quc, c Librairie du Travail xut bn nm 1925, t

co chnh sch thc dn tn bo ca Php v cp n phong

tro u tranh ca cc dn tc thuc a, cng nh mt s bi

vit trn Le Paria k tn Nguyn i Quc u l do nhm Ng

Long hay Nhng ngi An Nam yu nc vit. Ch yu l

nhng ngi tr thc, c cn bn hc vn ti Php nh ng

Phan Vn Trng (1878-1933), c nhn lut nm 1912 lut s

Ta Thng Thm Paris, ng Nguyn Th Truyn (1998-

1969), k s ha Toulouse nm 1920, c nhn Trit Paris

nm 1922, ng Nguyn An Ninh (1900-1943), c nhn Lut

Php nm 1920.

Thng 6 nm 1923, Nguyn i Quc ri Paris n Moskva hc

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_C%E1%BB%99ng_s%E1%BA%A3n_Ph%C3%A1phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1921http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%99i_Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_Thu%E1%BB%99c_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Ba&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%81p_b%E1%BB%A9c&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C3%A1n_ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_th%E1%BB%B1c_d%C3%A2n_Ph%C3%A1phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskva

HUNH I TNG

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tp ti trng i hc Lao ng Cng sn Phng ng. Ti

y ng d Hi ngh ln th nht Quc t Nng dn (hp t

ngy 12 n ngy 15 thng 10 nm 1923), ng c bu vo

Ban chp hnh v on Ch tch Quc t Nng dn. Ti i

hi ln th 5 Tam Quc t (hp t ngy 17 thng 6 n

ngy 8 thng 7 nm 1924), ng c c lm y vin Ban

Phng ng, ph trch Cc Phng Nam.

Nguyn i Quc, chp ti Lin X nm 1923.

Nm 1924, ti thnh ph Moskva, ng vit v np cho t chc

Tam Quc t mt bn Bo co v tnh hnh Bc K, Trung

K v Nam K.

Cui nm 1924, Nguyn i Quc ri Lin X ti Qung Chu,

ly tn l L Thy, lm phin dch trong phi on c vn ca

chnh ph Lin X bn cnh chnh ph Trung Hoa Dn quc,

do Mikhail Markovich Borodin lm trng on.

Nm 1925, ng thnh lp t chc Vit Nam Thanh nin Cch

mng ng ch Hi Qung Chu (Trung Quc) truyn b

ch ngha Marx-Lenin (thng c phin m l McL-nin)

vo Vit Nam. Cun ng Kch mnh, m ng l tc gi, tp

hp cc bi ging ti cc lp hun luyn chnh tr ca Vit

Nam Thanh nin Cch mng ng ch Hi, c xut bn nm

1927.

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_Lao_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_C%E1%BB%99ng_s%E1%BA%A3n_Ph%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%C4%90%C3%B4nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_th%C3%A1ng_10http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/15_th%C3%A1ng_10http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%87_Tam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BFhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/17_th%C3%A1ng_6http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/8_th%C3%A1ng_7http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:Nguy%E1%BB%85n_%C3%81i_Qu%E1%BB%91c.jpghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1924http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskvahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%87_Tam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BFhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_X%C3%B4http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ch%C3%A2uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_Hoa_D%C3%A2n_qu%E1%BB%91chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikhail_Markovich_Borodinhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1925http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Thanh_ni%C3%AAn_C%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BA%A1ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_ch%C3%AD_H%E1%BB%99ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Thanh_ni%C3%AAn_C%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BA%A1ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_ch%C3%AD_H%E1%BB%99ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_Ch%C3%A2uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_Marx-Leninhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1927


17

Cng nm 1925, ng tham gia thnh lp Hi Lin hip cc dn

tc b p bc ng, do Liu Trng Khi, mt cng s thn

tn ca Tn Dt Tin, lm hi trng v ng lm b th. Do

Tng Gii Thch khng b cc nh cch mng cng sn

Trung Quc v Vit Nam, ng ri Qung Chu i Hng

Cng, ri sang Lin X. Thng 11 nm 1927, ng c c i

Php, ri t i d cuc hp i hi ng ca Lin on

chng quc t ngy 9 n ngy 12 thng 12 nm 1927 ti

Brussel, B.

Theo nghin cu ca mt s s gia c tn tui ti Hoa K,

Php, v Trung Quc, trong thi gian Qung Chu, ng

kt hn vi mt thiu n Trung Quc tn l Tng Tuyt Minh

(ngy 18 thng 10 nm 1926) v sng vi nhau cho n khi

ng ri Qung Chu, vo khong thng 4 hoc 5 nm 1927, t

khng bao gi cn gp li nhau, mc d ng v Tng Tuyt

Minh c gng d tm lin lc nhau trc v sau khi tr thnh

Ch tch nc, trc v chin tranh, ng cng nh Tng Tuyt

Minh thay i a ch nhiu ln, sau c th v chc v cao nht

nc ca ng.

Tng Tuyt Minh - Zng Xumng (19051991)

http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%99i_Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_c%C3%A1c_d%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%99c_b%E1%BB%8B_%C3%A1p_b%E1%BB%A9c_%E1%BB%9F_%C3%81_%C4%90%C3%B4ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%99i_Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_c%C3%A1c_d%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%99c_b%E1%BB%8B_%C3%A1p_b%E1%BB%A9c_%E1%BB%9F_%C3%81_%C4%90%C3%B4ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li%C3%AAu_Tr%E1%BB%8Dng_Kh%E1%BA%A3i&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4n_D%E1%BA%ADt_Ti%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_Th%E1%BA%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_K%C3%B4nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_K%C3%B4nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li%C3%AAn_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_ch%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Li%C3%AAn_%C4%91o%C3%A0n_ch%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%BF_qu%E1%BB%91c&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_th%C3%A1ng_12http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_th%C3%A1ng_12http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brusselhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%89http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%83ng_Tuy%E1%BA%BFt_Minhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/18_th%C3%A1ng_10http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1926http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BEhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BEhttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E

HUNH I TNG

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Th gi Tng Tuyt Minh b Mt thm ng Dng chn

c ngy 14.8.1928, hin tng tr ti C.A.O.M. (Aix en

Provence). Xut x : Daniel Hmery, HO CHI MINH De

LIndochine au Vietnam, Gallimard, Paris 1990, tr.145

Ma thu 1928, ng t chu u n Thi Lan, vi b danh Thu

Chn tuyn truyn v hun luyn cho Vit kiu ti Thi Lan.

Cui nm 1929, ng ri khi Vng quc Thi v sang Trung

Quc.

Ngy 3 thng 2 nm 1930, ti Cu Long (, Kowloon) thuc Hng Cng, ng thng nht ba t chc ng cng sn

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thnh ng Cng sn Vit Nam (sau i tn l "ng Cng

sn ng Dng", ri i thnh "ng Lao ng Vit Nam"

v nay l "ng Cng sn Vit Nam").

Nm 1931, di tn gi l Tng Vn S (Sung Man Ch'o),

Nguyn i Quc b nh cm quyn Hng Cng bt giam.

Nhng sau nh s bin h v gip tn tnh ca lut s

Frank Loseby, Tng Vn S c th ngy 28 thng 12 nm

1932. ng i Thng Hi ri b mt quay tr li Lin X.

Tng Vn S (1932)

ng n Moskva vo ma xun nm 1934. Vi b danh Lin,

Nguyn i Quc hc Trng Quc t Lenin (1934-1935).

ng d i hi ln th 7 Tam Quc t (t ngy 25 thng 7

n ngy 20 thng 8 nm 1935) vi vai tr quan st vin ca

ban th k Dalburo vi tn Linov. Theo ti liu ca mt s nh

s hc, ng b buc Lin X cho n nm 1938 v b giam

lng do b nghi ng v l do ng c nh cm quyn

Hng Cng tr t do. Trong nhng nm 1931-1935, ng b

Trn Ph v sau l H Huy Tp ph phn v ng li ci

lng "lin minh vi t sn v a ch va v nh", khng

ng ng li u tranh giai cp ca Tam Quc t.

Nm 1938, ng tr li Trung Quc. Trong vai thiu t Bt L

qun H Quang, Nguyn i Quc n cng tc ti vn phng

Bt L qun Qu Lm, sau i Qu Dng, Cn Minh ri

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_C%E1%BB%99ng_s%E1%BA%A3n_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1931http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frank_Loseby&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3ng_H%E1%BA%A3ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9a_xu%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Qu%E1%BB%91c_t%E1%BA%BF_Lenin&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1935http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/25_th%C3%A1ng_7http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_th%C3%A1ng_8http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_C%E1%BA%A3nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_Ph%C3%BAhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_Huy_T%E1%BA%ADphttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1938http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1t_L%E1%BB%99_qu%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1t_L%E1%BB%99_qu%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%BF_L%C3%A2mhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%BD_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_%28th%C3%A0nh_ph%E1%BB%91%29http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4n_Minh

HUNH I TNG

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n Din An, cn c u no ca ng Cng sn Trung Quc

v Hng qun Trung Quc ma ng 1938.

ng tr v Vit Nam vo ngy 28 thng 1 nm 1941, ti

hang Cc B, bn Pc B, tnh Cao Bng vi b danh Gi Thu.

Ti y, ng m cc lp hun luyn cn b, cho in bo, tham

gia cc hot ng thng ngy... Ti liu hun luyn v tuyn

truyn ch yu l sch do ng dch v vit v nhiu ch .

ng cho lp nhiu hi on nhn dn nh hi ph n cu

quc, hi ph lo cu quc, hi nng dn cu quc,...

Thng 5 nm 1941, hi ngh m rng ln th 8 ca Trung ng

ng hp Cao Bng v quyt nh thnh lp Vit Nam c

lp ng minh Hi (Vit Minh). ng l ch ta.

Ngy 13 thng 8 nm 1942, ng ly tn H Ch Minh, sang

Trung Quc vi danh ngha i din ca c Vit Minh v Hi

quc t phn xm lc Vit Nam (mt hi on c ng t

chc ra trc ) tranh th s ng h ca Trung Hoa Dn

quc. y l ln u tin trong cc giy t c nhn ng s

dng tn H Ch Minh. ng khai nhn thn l "Vit Nam-Hoa

kiu".

ng b chnh quyn a phng ca Trung Hoa Dn quc bt

ngy 29 thng 8 khi ang i cng mt ngi Trung Quc dn

ng v giam hn mt nm, tri qua khong 30 nh t. ng

vit Nht k trong t trong thi gian ny (t thng 8 nm 1942

n thng 9 nm 1943).

Sau khi c tr t do ngy 10 thng 9 nm 1943, H Ch

Minh tham gia Ban Chp hnh Trung ng Vit Nam Cch

mnh ng minh Hi. T trc , Vit Minh cng ra

tuyn b ng h Vit Nam Cch mnh ng minh Hi.

Cui thng 9 nm 1944, ng tr v Vit Nam. Khi ny cc

ng ch ca ng Lin tnh y Cao-Bc-Lng nh V

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%AAn_Anhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_C%E1%BB%99ng_s%E1%BA%A3n_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%93ng_qu%C3%A2n_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1c_B%C3%B3http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cao_B%E1%BA%B1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Minhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/13_th%C3%A1ng_8http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_Hoa_D%C3%A2n_qu%E1%BB%91chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/29_th%C3%A1ng_8http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Trung_Qu%E1%BB%91chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%ADt_k%C3%BD_trong_t%C3%B9http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1ng_8http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1942http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1ng_9http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1943http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_th%C3%A1ng_9http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_C%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BB%87nh_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_minh_H%E1%BB%99ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_C%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BB%87nh_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_minh_H%E1%BB%99ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944


21

Nguyn Gip, Phm Vn ng... quyt nh tin hnh pht

ng chin tranh du kch trong phm vi lin tnh. ng ngn

chn thnh cng quyt nh ny. Thay vo , ng ra lnh t

chc lp lc lng v trang v cn c a cho cht ch v hiu

qu hn. ng trc tip ra ch th thnh lp mt i qun mang

tnh chnh thng v chnh quy l i Vit Nam Tuyn truyn

Gii phng qun, vi 34 i vin l cc tiu i trng, trung

i trng hoc thnh vin ca cc i qun nh b v ri rc

trc ca Vit Minh. Cui nm 1944, ng tr li Cn Minh

hot ng cho ti u nm 1945.

Ngy 16 thng 8 nm 1945, Tng b Vit Minh triu tp i

hi quc dn ti Tn Tro (tnh Tuyn Quang), c ra y ban

dn tc gii phng tc Chnh ph lm thi, do H Ch Minh

lm ch tch.

H Ch Minh c tuyn ngn c lp ngy 2 thng 9 nm 1945

trn khn i ti qung trng Ba nh.

H Ch Minh c bn Tuyn ngn c lp vo ngy 2 thng 9

nm 1945 trn qung trng Ba nh ti H Ni, tuyn b

thnh lp nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha. ng trch dn

bn Tuyn ngn c lp ca Hoa K v bn Tuyn ngn Dn

quyn v Nhn quyn ca Php m u bn Tuyn ngn

c lp ca Vit Nam.

http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%E1%BB%89_th%E1%BB%8B_th%C3%A0nh_l%E1%BA%ADp_%C4%90%E1%BB%99i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Tuy%C3%AAn_truy%E1%BB%81n_gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%B3ng_qu%C3%A2n&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Tuy%C3%AAn_truy%E1%BB%81n_Gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%B3ng_qu%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Tuy%C3%AAn_truy%E1%BB%81n_Gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%B3ng_qu%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4n_Minhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/16_th%C3%A1ng_8http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%C3%AAn_Quanghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:B%C3%A1c_H%E1%BB%93_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Dc_Tuy%C3%AAn_ng%C3%B4n_%C4%91%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BA%ADp.jpghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%C3%AAn_ng%C3%B4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BA%ADp_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_th%C3%A1ng_9http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_Ba_%C4%90%C3%ACnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2ahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%C3%AAn_ng%C3%B4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BA%ADp_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%C3%AAn_ng%C3%B4n_D%C3%A2n_quy%E1%BB%81n_v%C3%A0_Nh%C3%A2n_quy%E1%BB%81nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%C3%AAn_ng%C3%B4n_D%C3%A2n_quy%E1%BB%81n_v%C3%A0_Nh%C3%A2n_quy%E1%BB%81nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p

HUNH I TNG

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Ngoi ra, ng cn gi th cho nhiu nguyn th quc gia trn

th gii ku gi cng nhn nh nc Vit Nam mi c thnh

lp cng nh tranh th s ng h nhng khng nhn c hi

m (Tng thng Hoa K Harry Truman, lnh t Lin X Stalin,

Tng thng Php Lon Blum, b trng Thuc a Php

Marius Moutet v Ngh vin Php,).

Ngy 23 thng 9 nm 1945, qun Php tn cng Si Gn. Qun

dn Si Gn chng c quyt lit. y ban khng chin Nam B

c thnh lp vi Trn Vn Giu l ch tch. X y v y

ban nhn dn Nam B in ra Trung ng xin cho c nh.

Chnh ph ra hun lnh, bn thn ng gi th khen ngi "lng

kin cng i quc ca ng bo Nam B".

Ngy 6 thng 1 nm 1946, tng tuyn c t do trong c nc

c t chc, bu ra Quc hi v Quc hi thng qua Hin

php dn ch u tin ca Vit Nam. Quc hi kha I ca Vit

Nam c ra Chnh ph Lin hip khng chin do H Ch

Minh lm ch tch. i biu quc hi ch yu l nhn s tr

thc, ngi ngoi ng. H Ch Minh tr thnh Ch tch nc

Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha, v vi chc danh Ch tch Chnh

ph Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha, ng cng m nhim lun

cng vic ca th tng. Chnh ph ny, cho ti cui nm

1946, tri qua 3 ln thay i c cu v nhn s vo cc thi

im: ngy 1 thng 1; thng 3; v ngy 3 thng 11.

Nh nc v chnh ph ca ng i mt vi hng lot kh khn

c v i ni v i ngoi. V i ngoi, khi ny Vit Nam

cha c bt c quc qia no cng nhn, khng phi thnh

vin Lin hip quc, cng nh khng nhn c s ng h no

v vt cht ca cc nc khc. Ngoi 20 vn qun ca Tng

Gii Thch min Bc, cn c qun Anh v qun Php (vo

thi im ton quc khng chin, thng 12 nm 1946, Php c

khong 6 vn qun), v khong 6 vn qun Nht. V i ni,

"gic i, gic dt" - nh chnh cch ng gi - v ngn qu

trng rng l nhng vn h trng nht.

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_th%E1%BB%91ng_Hoa_K%E1%BB%B3http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Trumanhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif_Vissarionovich_Stalinhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%95ng_th%E1%BB%91ng_Ph%C3%A1phttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9on_Blum&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0i_G%C3%B2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_V%C4%83n_Gi%C3%A0uhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trung_%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_C%E1%BB%A5c_mi%E1%BB%81n_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_th%C3%A1ng_1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BB%91c_h%E1%BB%99i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_kh%C3%B3a_Ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BA%BFn_ph%C3%A1p_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_1946http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BA%BFn_ph%C3%A1p_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a_1946http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7_li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_kh%C3%A1ng_chi%E1%BA%BFn_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2ahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_t%E1%BB%8Bch_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7_t%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bnghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_qu%E1%BB%91chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_Th%E1%BA%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_Th%E1%BA%A1ch


23

Bi th, ng ch trng n vic pht trin gio dc, m trc

ht l xa nn m ch bng cch m cc lp hc Bnh dn hc

v.

Vi tp on Tng Gii Thch, ng chp nhn s hin din

ca Vit Cch, Vit Quc trong cc chnh ph lin tc c

thay i, chp nhn 70 gh cho Vit Quc, Vit Cch trong

quc hi khng cn qua bu c. ng cng cung cp go (ban

u kin quyt t chi) cho qun Tng. Qun Tng cng

c tiu giy bc "kim quan" v "quc t" ti min Bc.

Thng 11 nm 1945, ng quyt nh cho ng t gii tn. V

mt cng khai, ng ca ng khng cn hin din m ch c

mt b phn hot ng di danh ngha Hi nghin cu ch

ngha Mc ng Dng. ng ku gi cc ng vin nu t

xt thy mnh khng ph hp th nn t rt lui khi hng

ng lnh o chnh quyn.

Vi t tng t li ch quc gia ln hng u, ng ku gi v

thc hin trit chnh sch i on kt dn tc bng cch

mi nhiu nhn s, tr thc tham gia cc Chnh ph v Quc

hi, tiu biu nh: Bo i, Hunh Thc Khng, Phan K

Toi, Phan Anh ...

Theo Hip c Php-Hoa, k ngy 28 thng 2 nm 1946, qun

Php s thay th qun ca Tng Gii Thch. Mt tun sau,

ngy 6 thng 3 nm 1946, ng cng V Hng Khanh k vi

Jean Sainteny - y vin Php min bc ng Dng - bn

Hip nh s b vi Php, vi 3 ni dung ch cht:

1. Php cng nhn Vit Nam "l mt nc t do, l mt phn

t trong Lin bang ng Dng thuc Lin hip Php". Trc

, m phn cng thng khi ng mun Vit Nam c cng

nhn l quc gia c lp v phn i kch lit khi Php mun

dng ch "Quc gia T tr" m t t quc ca ng.

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_d%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%8Dc_v%E1%BB%A5http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%ACnh_d%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%8Dc_v%E1%BB%A5http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Fng_Gi%E1%BB%9Bi_Th%E1%BA%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_C%C3%A1chhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Qu%E1%BB%91chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_B%E1%BB%99_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1ng_11http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%99i_nghi%C3%AAn_c%E1%BB%A9u_ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_M%C3%A1c_%E1%BB%9F_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H%E1%BB%99i_nghi%C3%AAn_c%E1%BB%A9u_ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_M%C3%A1c_%E1%BB%9F_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_D%C6%B0%C6%A1ng&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3o_%C4%90%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Th%C3%BAc_Kh%C3%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_K%E1%BA%BF_To%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_K%E1%BA%BF_To%E1%BA%A1ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_Anhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hi%E1%BB%87p_%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_Ph%C3%A1p-Hoa&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C5%A9_H%E1%BB%93ng_Khanhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Saintenyhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_s%C6%A1_b%E1%BB%99_1946http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_bang_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_D%C6%B0%C6%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_hi%E1%BB%87p_Ph%C3%A1p

HUNH I TNG

24

2. Php c a 1,5 vn qun ra Bc th cho qun Tng,

nhng phi rt trong 5 nm, mi nm rt 1/5 qun s.

3. Ngng xung t, gi nguyn qun i ti v tr c.

H Ch Minh v Phm Vn ng ti Paris, 1946

Ngy 31 thng 5 nm 1946, ng ln ng sang Php theo li

mi ca chnh ph nc ny; cng ngy, phi on chnh ph

do Phm Vn ng dn u cng khi hnh. Trc khi i, ng

bn giao quyn lnh o t nc cho Hunh Thc Khng ng

Php 4 thng (Hi ngh Fontainebleau din ra t 6 thng 7 ti

10 thng 9 nm 1946) m khng trnh khi tht bi chung

cuc.

Ngy 14 thng 9 nm 1946, ng k vi i din chnh ph

Php, b trng Thuc a Marius Moutet, bn Tm c

(Modus vivendi), quy nh nh ch chin s ti min Nam, v

thi gian tip tc m phn vo u nm 1947.

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%ADp_tin:H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minh_v%C3%A0_Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_t%E1%BA%A1i_Paris.jpghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_Th%C3%BAc_Kh%C3%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontainebleauhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/14_th%C3%A1ng_9http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946


25

Th nhng nhng nhn nhng cng khng trnh ni chin

tranh. Sau khi nhn c lin tip 3 ti hu th ca Php trong

vng cha y mt ngy, ng k lnh khng chin. Ti ngy 19

thng 12 nm 1946, Li ku gi ton quc khng chin c

pht trn i pht thanh. 20h ti cng ngy, khng chin bng

n.

Thng 3 nm 1947, ng v Trung ng ng chuyn ln Vit

Bc. ng ku gi nhn dn tiu th khng chin, tn c cng l

khng chin, ph hoi (cho qun Php khng li dng c)

cng l khng chin.

ng dp Tt Nguyn n Canh Dn nm 1950, ng thc hin

mt chuyn i b mt sang Trung Quc, Lin X. Ngy 2-1-

1950, ng cng Trn ng Ninh, t Tuyn Quang i n Bc

Kinh. ng lm vic Bc Kinh mt tun, sau cng Trn

ng Ninh i xe la lin vn n Lin X. Chuyn i b mt

ny, ng thnh cng c hai phng din chnh tr v ngoi

giao, l chuyn i lch s lm tin cho vic thit lp quan

h ngoi giao gia Vit Nam - Lin X, gia Vit Nam - Trung

Quc v cc nc X hi Ch ngha khc. Ngy 11-3-1950,

H Ch Minh v ng Trn ng Ninh v n Bc Kinh, gia

thng 4 -1950, ng mi v n Tuyn Quang.

Ti i hi ng ton quc ln th 2 c t chc vo trung

tun thng 2 nm 1951 ti Tuyn Quang, ng quyt nh a

ng ra hot ng cng khai tr li. Tuy nhin, khi ny tn gi

khng cn l ng Cng sn na m c tn mi l ng Lao

ng Vit Nam.

Cuc Chin tranh ng Dng kt thc vo nm 1954, khi

thc dn Php b nh bi ti in Bin Ph - s kin bo hiu

s co chung ca ch ngha thc dn trn phm vi ton th gii

- v dn n Hip nh Genve. Kt qu m on Vit Nam thu

nhn c km hn nhiu so vi mc tiu ra ban u. Tuy

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_th%C3%A1ng_12http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/19_th%C3%A1ng_12http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Di_k%C3%AAu_g%E1%BB%8Di_to%C3%A0n_qu%E1%BB%91c_kh%C3%A1ng_chi%E1%BA%BFnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_B%E1%BA%AFchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_B%E1%BA%AFchttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%AAu_th%E1%BB%95_kh%C3%A1ng_chi%E1%BA%BFnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_%C4%90%C4%83ng_Ninhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_bi%E1%BB%83u_to%C3%A0n_qu%E1%BB%91c_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_C%E1%BB%99ng_s%E1%BA%A3n_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%C3%AAn_Quanghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_Lao_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_Lao_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_%C4%90%C3%B4ng_D%C6%B0%C6%A1nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_%C4%90i%E1%BB%87n_Bi%C3%AAn_Ph%E1%BB%A7http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_Gen%C3%A8ve,_1954

HUNH I TNG

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vy, trn cc phng tin truyn thng chnh thc, H Ch

Minh tuyn b "Ngoi giao thng to!

Cuc ci cch rung t ti Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha c

pht ng vo cui nm 1953 v ko di cho ti cui nm

1957. D theo tuyn b ca ng Cng sn Vit Nam v nh

nc Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ha l "nh c giai

cp a ch cng bn Vit gian phn ng", cuc ci cch ny

phm nhiu sai lm nghim trng, nht l trong vic lm

dng u t v x t nhng ngi b lit vo thnh phn a

ch, ph nng thm ch vu oan v git nhm c nhng ng

vin trung kin. Cu th tng V Vn Kit cho rng, nhng

v st hi ny "gy nhng tn tht ln v chnh tr v kinh

t". Trc tnh cnh , t thng 2 nm 1956, cng cuc sa

sai c khi s, phc hi c khong 70-80% s ngi b

kt n, tr li ti sn rung t. Nhng nhn vt ct cn ca ci

cch b cch chc. Ch tch H Ch Minh gi th cho ng bo

v cn b nhn nhn sai lm.

Mt kha cnh cuc i ca H Ch Minh xy ra t nm 1955-

1957, theo sch m Gia Ban Ngy ca V Th Hin l con

ca ng V nh Hunh, th k ca ng H Ch Minh:

Ti sng s. Li thm mt b mt ti c bit trong nhng b

mt cung nh c gi rt kn.

- Nh vy, c th coi nh b Xun l b hong hu cui cng

trong lch s Vit Nam ?

ng ci chua cht :

- C th coi l nh vy. V l b hong hu bt hnh nht

trong lch s Vit Nam. Bt hnh v khng mt ngy c tha

nhn l hong hu, v ra a con khng c gi cha rut

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A3i_c%C3%A1ch_ru%E1%BB%99ng_%C4%91%E1%BA%A5t_%28Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a%29http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1953http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_gianhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A3n_%C4%91%E1%BB%99nghttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B5_V%C4%83n_Ki%E1%BB%87t


27

ca n bng cha... Tt c din ra trong s ln lt nhc nh,

nh th l ti li.

- Ai git b Xun ?

- ng vi. Ta hy ghi nhn s vic ny : vo mt bui sng

ma xun nm 1957, ngi ta thy c xc mt ngi n b b

xe t ng cht dc C Ng ln Chm(14). Xc cht c

a vo bnh vin Vit c, c nhn dng. chnh l c

Xun. Nhng xc khng c m theo thng l, m b chn

ct vi v, theo lnh ca Trn Quc Hon.

- Ti sao li Trn Quc Hon ?

- Bi v c Xun l ngi ca c quan trc thuc Trung ng,

vic xy ra phi bo co ngay cho Trn Quc Hon bit.

- Ri sau th sao ?

- Cha ht. Sau, em rut ca c Xun b iu i hc mt lp y

t Thi Nguyn, ri b a v Cao Bng iu tr bnh... thn

kinh. t lu sau xc c ni ln mt cy cu trn sng Bng

Giang... C em gi h cng bin mt. Nh vy l cng mt thi

gian, cng mt s vic, c ti ba ngi thit mng.

- Nhng u mi u b bt ?

- Tt nhin. Nhng nhng l do dn ti nhng ci cht b

lt ra ngoi.

- V nhng ci cht ny khng c ai iu tra ht ?

ng To ci mt xung.

- Khng.

HUNH I TNG

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- Ti sao, tha bc ?

- Ti v th phm l mt nhn vt qu to c th ng ti.

- Trn Quc Hon ?

- Phi. - ng th di - Tt c nhng ngi bit vic ny u c

li vi hng hn c Xun v hai c em, tt c khng dm

lm g ra mi hn cho h. Tt c ci u trc gung

my, trc uy tn ca ng c th b mt i v v b bi ny.

Mi ngi u lm khi ngh nh vy...

- V sao Trn Quc Hon git b Xun ?

- l mt cu chuyn di. Khi B Ni V, v cng tc bo v,

b tr cho my ch em c Xun ngi nh ca B ph Hng

Bng Th Nhum, th ch c vi ngi bit h l ai. Trong ngi

nh ny cn hai gia nh cp v khc cng. Thi gian trc

khi c Xun b git t lu, Trn Quc Hon thng ti . Vic

Trn Quc Hon ti thm ri cng hip c Xun, c em ca

c Xun bit, c ni li cho ngi yu ca mnh qu. Anh

ny v sau c lm n t co gi Trung ng.

- V Trung ng im lng ?

- Khng phi anh ta gi ngay lp tc. Ngay lp tc th anh ta

cng b git ngay, m mi v sau ny...

- C H khng c kin g v my ci cht oan khut ?

ng Nguyn To m chiu suy ngh.

- C nhiu iu chng ta khng bit c. - ng ni, ging bi

ngi - Ti ngh thn phn Bc lc y cng ti nghip lm. Bit


29

ni vi ai ? Vi L Dun chng ? Hay L c Th ? Hay ni

thng vi Trn Quc Hon ? Ti ngh Bc l con ngi, Bc

cng bit au kh. Nhng ci th ca Bc buc Bc phi im

lng...

- Ngha l, theo bc, ng H khng c li ?

- Trong my ci cht ni trn ? Khng.

- Nhng s im lng trc ci cht ca h ? ng H cng

khng c li ? - ti gng - B ra ngoi mi quan h tnh cm,

ch ni ti ci cht oan khut ca mt con ngi, vi t cch

ng bo ?

- Th h cc anh khc nghit trong s phn xt. - ng th di -

Ti hiu cc anh. Cc anh v can. Chng ti th khng. Chng

ti t t mnh trong s rng buc vi ng, vi nhng quyt

nh ca n, d sai d ng. Chng ti lo lng cho uy tn ca

ng. Chng ti cm thy nhc nh nu ng b ph bng.

ng l cuc sng tinh thn ca chng ti, l danh d ca

chng ti. Bc cng vy. ng C cng au n lm ch. ng

cng l con ngi. Nh mi ngi. Cc anh khc. Cc anh ch

nhn thy mt l cng bng, i phi c n, i mi s phi

sng phng. Ci l phi thi. ng, ch khng sai. Nhng

c nn nh vy khng nh ? Hay l cn phi lng hn,

thng cm hn vi s yu ui ca con ngi ? D h c l ai

i chng na...

Thng 8 nm 1957, mt nm sau cuc ni dy nm 1956 ti

Hungary, H Ch Minh dn u on i biu cp cao Vit

Nam b ra nm ngy thc hin cuc ving thm hu ngh Cng

ho Nhn dn Hungary.

Nm 1959, ng ti thm th Bc Kinh nhn dp k nim 10

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A1ng_8http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_ki%E1%BB%87n_n%C4%83m_1956_%E1%BB%9F_Hungaryhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%A7_%C4%91%C3%B4http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%AFc_Kinh

HUNH I TNG

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nm cch mng Trung Quc. Trong nhng cuc m phn

ring, ng nhn c s ha hn ca c Bc Kinh ln Moskva

vin tr thm v kh v dn s, nhng khn kho t chi

nhng ngh gi qun tnh nguyn hay c vn qun s n

Vit Nam.

T khong na cui thp nin 1960, H Ch Minh gim dn

cc hot ng chnh tr (nht l trong 3 nm cui i khi ng

lin tc m nng). Trong mt s ln tip xc ngoi giao t nm

1963, ng ni rng mnh s dn bn giao cng vic cho B th

th nht L Dun. ng dn lui v nm gi vai tr biu tng

ca cch mng, dnh nhiu thi gian i thm hi, ng vin

cn b v ng bo. Quyn lc dn dn tp trung v tay b th

th nht L Dun v mt s nhn vt gn gi trong ng Lao

ng Vit Nam, nhng ngi ch trng tch cc thc y qu

trnh thng nht t nc bng cch y mnh cuc chin tranh

min Nam. Tuy nhin vi vai tr v uy tn to ln, cc quyt

sch ln (nh tng tin cng Tt Mu Thn hay vic m phn

Paris) vn cn c s ph duyt ca ng.

t lu sau khi Hoa K bt u cuc chin tranh khng kch,

nm bom vo min Bc Vit Nam, H Ch Minh nhn c

in t nh trit hc ni ting ngi Anh Bertrand Russell -

mt ngi yu ha bnh. Trong in ny, Russell nu ra quan

im chng i ca mnh i vi s can thip ca qun i

Hoa K trong chin tranh Vit Nam

Ngy 8/2/1967 tng thng M Johnson gi th cho Ch tch

H Ch Minh ca Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho. Ni dung th

c i l ngi M nhiu ln chuyn n chnh ph H Ch

Minh mong mun ho bnh bng nhng knh khc nhau nhng

khng t kt qu no v ngh chm dt cuc xung t ti

Vit Nam khng tip tc gy au kh cho nhn dn hai

min Vit Nam cng nh nhn dn M. Tng thng M cam

kt s ngng nm bom min Bc Vit Nam v ngng tng

thm qun ti min Nam Vit Nam ngay khi min Bc chm

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskvahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%ADp_ni%C3%AAn_1960http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA_Du%E1%BA%A9nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AA_Du%E1%BA%A9nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_Lao_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng_Lao_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_ki%E1%BB%87n_T%E1%BA%BFt_M%E1%BA%ADu_Th%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_Paris_1973http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%E1%BB%87p_%C4%91%E1%BB%8Bnh_Paris_1973http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_d%E1%BB%8Bch_S%E1%BA%A5m_R%E1%BB%81nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrand_Russellhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%E1%BA%BFn_tranh_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam


31

dt a qun vo min Nam. Hai bn cng kim ch leo thang

chin tranh i thoi song phng mt cch nghim tc

hng n ho bnh. Vic tip xc c th din ra Moskva,

Min in hay bt c ni no Bc Vit Nam mun.

Ngy 15/2/1967 Ch tch H Ch Minh vit th tr li tng

thng Johnson t co M xm lc Vit Nam, vi phm

nhng cam kt ca i din M ti Hi ngh Geneva, phm

nhiu ti c chin tranh ti c hai min Nam Bc Vit Nam.

Trong th, Ch tch H Ch Minh khng nh nhn dn Vit

Nam quyt tm nh thng M bng mi gi. Nu M mun

trc tip i thoi vi Vit Nam Dn ch Cng ho th trc

tin phi ngng nm bom v iu kin min Bc Vit Nam.

Ch c th t c ho bnh nu M chm dt nhng hot

ng qun s, rt qun M v ng minh khi min Nam

ngi Vit Nam t gii quyt vn ca mnh, ng thi cng

nhn Mt trn Dn tc Gii phng Min Nam Vit Nam.

H Ch Minh lin tc m nng trong khong hn 3 nm cui

i. Trong thi gian chun b din ra s kin Tt Mu Thn

1968, ng ang trong t dng bnh di ngy ti Cng ho

Nhn dn Trung Hoa. Tuy vy ng vn quay v Vit Nam t

ngy vo thng 12 nm 1967 ph duyt quyt nh tng tn

cng..

H Ch Minh bt u vit di chc vo dp sinh nht ln th 75

ca ng vo ngy 10 thng 5 nm 1965,

H Ch Minh b tiu ng, au tim v sau cng b nhi mu

c tim qua i vo hi 9 gi 47 pht sng ngy 2 thng 9 nm

1969 (tc ngy 21 thng 7 m lch) ti th H Ni, hng

th 79 tui. Do hon cnh thi chin, trnh trng vi ngy

Quc khnh, ngy mt ca ng ban u c Ban Lnh o

ng cng b l ngy 3 thng 9, n nm 1989 mi cng b li

l ngy 2 thng 9.

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moskvahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%E1%BA%BFn_%C4%90i%E1%BB%87nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A2m_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3chttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_ngh%E1%BB%8B_Genevahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%B7t_tr%E1%BA%ADn_D%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%99c_Gi%E1%BA%A3i_ph%C3%B3ng_Mi%E1%BB%81n_Nam_Vi%E1%BB%87t_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_ki%E1%BB%87n_T%E1%BA%BFt_M%E1%BA%ADu_Th%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%B1_ki%E1%BB%87n_T%E1%BA%BFt_M%E1%BA%ADu_Th%C3%A2nhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_ho%C3%A0_Nh%C3%A2n_d%C3%A2n_Trung_Hoahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_ho%C3%A0_Nh%C3%A2n_d%C3%A2n_Trung_Hoahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_th%C3%A1ng_5http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qua_%C4%91%E1%BB%9Dihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/2_th%C3%A1ng_9http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/1969http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82m_l%E1%BB%8Bchhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/3_th%C3%A1ng_9

HUNH I TNG

32

Tang l c t chc vo ngy 9 thng 9 ti qung trng Ba

nh vi hn 100.000 ngi n d, trong c cc on i

biu t cc nc x hi ch ngha. Hng triu ngi trn t

Bc Vit Nam khc. Sau thi hi ng c p, bo qun

t trong lng H Ch Minh ti H Ni, tng t nh i vi

thi hi Lenin Moskva, cho nhng ngi ngng m ng

chim ngng.

ng dng 173 bt danh khi vit sch, bo: Nguyn i Quc,

Nguyn, Nguyn A.Q, Ng A.Q, Ng. i Quc, N.A.Q, N.,

Wang, N.K., A.N; P.C. Lin, P.C. Line (1938, Trung Quc),

Line (1938, Trung Quc), Q.T, Q.TH, L Quyt Thng (1948-

50), A.G, X.Y.Z (1947-50), G., L Nhn, L, L Ba, L Nng,

L Thanh Long, L.T., T.L. (1955-69), Trn Dn Tin, T.Lan

(1955-69), Tuyt Lan, Thanh Lan, in (1950-53), Tn Tro,

.X (trong chuyn mc "Thng thc chnh tr" trn bo Cu

quc nm 1953), C.B (trn bo Nhn Dn 1951-57), V.K.,

K.C., C.K., Trn Lc (1948-61), C.S, Chin S, Chin u, La

Lp, Ni Tht, Thu Giang, K.V., Trm Lam, Lut s TH. Lam,

Nguyn Kim, K.O, Vit Hng...

Tc phm:

- ng kch mnh (1927)

- Chnh cng vn tt v Sch lc vn tt (1930)

- Nht k chm tu (1930)

- Cch nh du kch

- Nht k trong t (1942, th)

- Lch s nc ta (1942)

- Tuyn ngn c lp (1945)

- Li ku gi ton quc khng chin (1946)

- Sa i l li lm vic (1947)

- Nhng mu chuyn v i hot ng ca H Ch tch

(bt danh Trn Dn Tin - 1948)

- Va i ng va k chuyn (bt danh T. Lan - S Tht,

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/9_th%C3%A1ng_9http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/X%C3%A3_h%E1%BB%99i_ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9ahttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%83ng_Ch%E1%BB%A7_t%E1%BB%8Bch_H%E1%BB%93_Ch%C3%AD_Minhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0_N%E1%BB%99ihttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_D%C3%A2n_Ti%C3%AAnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_k%C3%A1ch_m%E1%BB%87nhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ch%C3%ADnh_c%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_v%E1%BA%AFn_t%E1%BA%AFt_v%C3%A0_S%C3%A1ch_l%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3c_v%E1%BA%AFn_t%E1%BA%AFt&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nh%E1%BA%ADt_k%C3%AD_ch%C3%ACm_t%C3%A0u&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=C%C3%A1ch_%C4%91%C3%A1nh_du_k%C3%ADch&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%E1%BA%ADt_k%C3%BD_trong_t%C3%B9http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD_n%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_ta&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuy%C3%AAn_ng%C3%B4n_%C4%91%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BA%ADp_%28Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_C%E1%BB%99ng_h%C3%B2a%29http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%9Di_k%C3%AAu_g%E1%BB%8Di_to%C3%A0n_qu%E1%BB%91c_kh%C3%A1ng_chi%E1%BA%BFnhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S%E1%BB%ADa_%C4%91%E1%BB%95i_l%E1%BB%81_l%E1%BB%91i_l%C3%A0m_vi%E1%BB%87c&action=edit&redlink=1http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n_D%C3%A2n_Ti%C3%AAn


33

1963)

- Di chc (1965)

Nhng bi sau y c th Phan Vn Trng vit, k tn tc gi

l Nguyn i Quc:

- Yu sch ca nhn dn An Nam (Revendications du

peuple annamite - 1919)

- Con rng tre (1922, kch, nhm kch vua Khi nh)

- Bn n ch thc dn Php (1925)

Nhng bi sau y ng trn t Le Paria c th do Nguyn

Th truyn vit, k tn Nguyn i Quc:

- on kt giai cp (1924)

- Con ra (1925)

- Nhng tr l hay l Va-ren v Phan Bi Chu (1925)

Trch vn:

ng Cch Mnh

Khng c l lun cch mnh, th khng c cch mnh vn

ng... Ch c theo l lun cch mnh tin phong, ng cch

mnh mi lm ni trch nhim cch mnh tin phong

L nin

B p bc dn tc lin hp hi

Tuyn truyn b n hnh

***

T cch mt ngi cch mnh

T mnh phi:

http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AAu_s%C3%A1ch_c%E1%BB%A7a_nh%C3%A2n_d%C3%A2n_An_Namhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_r%E1%BB%93ng_trehttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BA%A3i_%C4%90%E1%BB%8Bnhhttp://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BA%A3n_%C3%A1n_ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_th%E1%BB%B1c_d%C3%A2n_Ph%C3%A1p

HUNH I TNG

34

Cn kim.

Ho m khng t.

C quyt sa li mnh.

Cn thn m khng nht nht.

Hay hi.

Nhn ni (chu kh).

Hay nghin cu, xem xt.

V cng vong t.

Khng hiu danh, khng kiu ngo.

Ni th phi lm.

Gi ch ngha cho vng.

Hy sinh.

t lng tham mun v vt cht.

B mt.

i ngi phi:

Vi tng ngi th khoan th.

Vi on th th nghim.

C lng by v cho ngi.

Trc m khng to bo.

Hay xem xt ngi.

Lm vic phi:

Xem xt hon cnh k cng.

Quyt on.

Dng cm.

Phc tng on th.

***

V sao phi vit sch ny?

1. Phm lm vic g cng vy, bt k ln b, bt k kh d, nu

khng ra sc th chc khng thnh cng. Tc ng Tu c cu:


35

"S t bt th tt dng ht sc". S t mnh bit chng no,

nu bt th th c kh g, th m cn phi dng ht sc, hung

g lm vic to tt nh vic gii phng gng cm n l cho ng

bo, cho nhn loi, nu khng ht sc th lm sao c.

2. Li nhiu ngi thy kh th ng lng, khng hiu rng

"nc chy mn" v "c cng mi st c ngy nn kim".

Vic g kh cho my, quyt tm lm th lm chc c, t

ngi lm khng ni, nhiu ngi ng tm hip lc m lm

th phi ni. i ny lm cha xong th i sau ni theo lm th

phi xong.

3. Mun ng tm hip lc, mun bn gan th trc ai ai cng

phi hiu r v sao m phi lm, v sao m khng lm khng

c, v sao m ai ai cng phi gnh mt vai, v sao phi lm

ngay khng nn ngi ny ngi ch ngi khc. C nh th

mc ch mi ng; mc ch c ng, ch mi ng; ch c

ng, tm mi ng; tm ng, li phi bit cch lm th

lm mi chng.

4. L lun v lch s cch mnh c nhiu sch lm. Php n s,

nn cm chng ta hc, cm chng ta xem, cho nn ng bo ta

i vi hai ch cch mnh cn l m lm. C ngi bin chp

xng ra mt cht li lm mt cch rt h ; hoc xi dn

bo ng m khng by cch t chc; hoc lm cho dn quen

tnh li; m qun tnh t cng.

5. Mc ch sch ny l ni cho ng bo ta bit r: (1) V

sao chng ta mun sng th phi cch mnh. (2) V sao cch

mnh l vic chung c dn chng ch khng phi vic mt hai

ngi. (3) em lch s cch mnh cc nc lm gng cho

chng ta soi. (4) em phong tro th gii ni cho ng bo ta

r. (5) Ai l bn ta? Ai l th ta? (6) Cch mnh th phi lm

th no ?

HUNH I TNG

36

6. Sch ny mun ni cho vn tt, d hiu, d nh. Chc c

ngi s ch rng vn chng ct qun. Vng! y ni vic g

th ni rt gin tin, mau mn, chc chn nh hai ln hai l bn,

khng t v trang hong g c.

Hn su mi nm nay, quc ch ngha Php p trn u;

hn hai mi triu ng bo hp hi trong vng t a. Phi

ku to, lm

chng cu ly ging ni, th gi u rnh m v vi trau

chut ?

Sch ny ch c ao sao ng bo xem ri th ngh li, ngh ri

th tnh dy, tnh ri th ng ln on kt nhau m lm cch

mnh.

Vn chng v hy vng sch ny ch trong hai ch: Cch

mnh ! Cch mnh !! Cch mnh !!!

***

Cch mnh

1. Cch mnh l g ?

Cch mnh l ph ci c i ra ci mi, ph ci xu i ra ci

tt. Th d: ng Galil (1633) l khoa hc cch mnh. Ngy

xa ai cng tng rng gii trn t vung, nhn kinh nghim

v trc c, ng y mi quyt rng tri t trn v chy chung

quanh mt gii.

ng Stphenxng (1800) l c kh cch mnh. Ngy xa ch i

b v i xe nga ko; ng y mi lm ra xe la.


37

ng cuyn (1859) l cch vt cch mnh. Ngy xa khng ai

hiu r s sinh ho ca vn vt, ng y mi nghin cu ra v

sao m c s sinh ho y.

ng Cc Mc l kinh t hc cch mnh. ng y nghin cu r

rng t bn ch ngha, quc ch ngha, giai cp tranh u,

vn vn u m sinh ra; lch s n th no, hin tng n th

no, v kt qu n s ra th no.

2. Cch mnh c my th ?

y l t tng cch mnh, dn chng cch mnh th c ba th:

A- T bn cch mnh.

B- Dn tc cch mnh.

C- Giai cp cch mnh.

T bn cch mnh nh Php cch mnh nm 1789. M cch

mnh c lp nm 1776 (ui Anh), Nht cch mnh nm

1864.

Dn tc cch mnh nh Ytali ui cng quyn o nm 1859.

Tu ui Mn Thanh nm 1911.

Giai cp cch mnh nh cng nng Nga ui t bn v ginh

ly quyn nm 1917.

3. V sao m sinh ra t bn cch mnh?

A. T bn thnh ph l t bn mi, n c l my v lm ra

hng ho. C l my th mun c nhiu th lm cng cho n.

Lm ra hng ho th mun nhiu ngi mua ca n. Mun

nhiu ngi mua bn th mun giao thng tin li.

HUNH I TNG

38

B. T bn hng thn l a ch, n mun gi nhng ch

phong kin, th a nhn dn; ch no ch quyn u l v

tay bn quyn qu y c; n i vi nhn dn, n coi nh

tru, nh ln, n bt yn mt ch cy rung cho n, n

i vi ngi i bun, th hng ho n mun ly thu bao

nhiu th ly, khng c chng , tin bc mi x mt th, i

li phi xin chng n cho php, n lm nhiu cch tr ngi cho

vic bun bn mi.

a ch ht sc ngn tr t bn mi, t bn mi ht sc ph

a ch, hai bn xung t nhau lm thnh ra t bn cch mnh.

Khng bao gi hai ti ny chng nhau kch lit v r rng, d

thy bng bn M. Nm 1861 n 1865, my tnh pha bc (t

bn mi) c binh nh li my tnh pha nam (in ch) nh

hai nc th ch vy.

4. V sao m sinh ra dn tc cch mnh?

Mt nc cy c sc mnh n cp mt nc yu, ly v lc

cai tr dn nc y, v ginh ht c quyn kinh t v chnh tr.

Dn nc y mt c t do c lp, li lm ra c bao nhiu

th b cng quyn v vt by nhiu.

N cp ht sn vt, quyn li ca dn ri, khi c gic d,

n li bt dn i lnh cht thay cho n. Nh trong trn u chin

1914-1918, Ty bt ta i lnh, sau li gia thu gia su. nh

c th n hng li quyn, thua th mnh cht ngi li

hi ca.

Ni tm li l bn cng quyn ny bt dn tc kia lm n l,

nh Php vi An Nam. n khi dn n l y chu khng ni

na, tnh ng ln, on kt li, bit rng th cht c t do

hn sng lm n l, ng tm hip lc nh ui ti p bc

mnh i; y l dn tc cch mnh.


39

5. V sao m sinh ra giai cp cch mnh ?

Trong th gii c hai giai cp:

A. T bn ( khng lm cng m hng li).

B. Cng v nng (lm kh nhc m chng c hng).

Nh ngi th An Nam, lm m than Hn Gay, mt ngy

lm 11 gi, u nm lm n cui, mt ngy ch c ba ho,

n chng n, mc khng c mc, au khng c thuc, cht

khng c hm.

Cn anh ch m y khng bao gi nhng tay n vic g, m

n n sung mc sng, ln nga xung xe, mi nm li c

my mi triu ng li (nm 1925 n c 17.000.000 ng).

Th hi 17 triu y thng ch Ty lm ra hay l cng nhn An

Nam lm ra?

Dn cy ta rung khng c m cy, m ti n in Ty n

chim ht 122.000 mu rung tt Trung K, 150.000 mu

Nam K.

Dn ta ni th khng n, ni th cht i, m in ch mi

nm n bn go gn 1.000 triu quan tin Ty (nm 1925 n

bn 911.477.000 quan).

Nc ta nh vy, cc nc cng nh vy. Cng nng khng

chu ni, on kt nhau nh ui t bn i, nh bn Nga, y l

giai cp cch mnh; ni tm li l giai cp b p bc cch mnh

p giai cp i p bc mnh.

6. Cch mnh chia lm my th ?

Cch mnh chia ra hai th:

HUNH I TNG

40

A. Nh An Nam ui Php, n ui Anh, Cao ly2 ui

Nht Philppin ui M, Tu ui cc quc ch ngha

ginh ly quyn t do bnh ng ca dn nc mnh, y l dn

tc cch mnh.

B. Tt c dn cy, ngi th trong th gii bt k nc no,

ni no u lin hp nhau li nh anh em mt nh, p

tt c t bn trong th gii, lm cho nc no, dn no cng

c hnh phc, lm cho thin h i ng - y l th gii cch

mnh.

Hai th cch mnh tuy c khc nhau, v dn tc cch mnh

th cha phn giai cp, ngha l s, nng, cng, thng u nht

tr chng li cng quyn. Cn th gii cch mnh th v sn

giai cp (dn cy v ngi th) ng u i trc. Nhng hai

cch mnh y vn c quan h vi nhau. Th d: An Nam dn

tc cch mnh thnh cng th t bn Php yu, t bn Php yu

th cng nng Php lm giai cp cch mnh cng d. V nu

cng nng Php cch mnh thnh cng, th dn tc An Nam s

c t do.

Vy nn cch mnh An Nam vi cch mnh Php phi lin lc

vi nhau.

7. Ai l nhng ngi cch mnh ?

V b p bc m sinh ra cch mnh, cho nn ai m b p bc

cng nng th lng cch mnh cng bn, ch cch mnh cng

quyt. Khi trc t bn b phong kin p bc cho nn n cch

mnh. By gi t bn li i p bc cng nng, cho nn cng

nng l ngi ch cch mnh.

1. L v cng nng b p bc nng hn,

2. L v cng nng l ng nht cho nn sc mnh hn ht, B.

L v cng nng l tay khng chn ri, nu thua th ch mt mt


41

ci kip kh, nu c th c c th gii, cho nn h gan

gc. V nhng c y, nn cng nng l gc cch mnh; cn hc

tr, nh bun nh, in ch nh cng b t bn p bc, song

khng cc kh bng cng nng; ba hng y ch l bu bn cch

mnh ca cng nng thi.

8. Cch mnh kh hay l d ?

Sa ci x hi c my ngn nm lm x hi mi, y l rt

kh. Nhng bit cch lm, bit ng tm hip lc m lm th

chc lm c, th th khng kh. Kh d cng ti mnh, mnh

quyt ch lm th lm dc. Nhng mun lm cch mnh th

phi bit:

A- Ti t bn v quc ch ngha n ly tn gio v vn ho

lm cho dn ngu, ly php lut buc dn li, ly sc mnh lm

cho dn s, ly ph qu lm cho dn tham. N lm cho dn

nghe n hai ch cch mnh th s rng mnh.

Vy cch mnh trc phi lm cho dn gic ng.

B- Dn kh qu hay lm bo ng, nh dn An Nam Trung

K khng thu, H Thnh u c, Nam K ph khm; khng

c ch ngha, khng c k hoch, n ni tht bi mi.

Vy cch mnh phi ging gii l lun v ch ngha cho dn

hiu.

C- Dn v khng hiu tnh th trong th gii, khng bit, so

snh, khng c mu chc, cha nn lm lm, khi nn lm

li khng lm.

Cch mnh phi hiu phong triu th gii, phi by sch lc

cho dn.

HUNH I TNG

42

D- Dn thng chia r phi ny bn kia, nh dn ta ngi Nam

th nghi ngi Trung, ngi Trung th khinh ngi Bc, nn

ni yu sc i, nh a mi chic mi ni.

Vy nn sc cch mnh phi tp trung, mun tp trung phi c

ng cch mnh.

9. Cch mnh trc ht phi c ci g ?

Trc ht phi c ng cch mnh, trong th vn ng v t

chc dn chng, ngoi th lin lc vi dn tc b p bc v v

sn giai cp mi ni. ng c vng cch mnh mi thnh

cng, cng nh ngi cm li c vng thuyn mi chy ng

mun vng th phi c ch ngha lm ct, trong ng ai cng

phi hiu, ai cng phi theo ch ngha y. ng m khng c

ch ngha cng nh ngi khng c tr khn, tu khng c bn

ch nam.

By gi hc thuyt nhiu, ch ngha nhiu, nhng ch ngha

chn chnh nht, chc chn nht, cch mnh nht l ch ngha

Lnin.

.

***

Lch s cch mnh M

1. Lch s M th no ?

Th k th XlV v trc, cha ai bit M u. n nm

1492, ngi bun tn l Christophe Colomb i tu bun mun

qua n , nhng i lc ng, may li gp chu M. Dn x

y l loi da , ch i sn bn khng bit bun bn v lm

ngh.


43

T lc Colomb tm ra chu M, th ngi cc nc bn u trn

qua y lm n. Ngi da trng mun bt ngi da lm n

l, nhng n khng chu lm, th chng git mn git mi

ngi da i, ri bt ngi da en bn Phi qua lm cho

chng n.

Ngi u qua M th nc no cng c, nhng ng nht l

ngi Anh (3.000.000 ngi). V vy, Anh ginh M lm

thuc a.

2. V sao m M lm cch mnh ?

Th sn M rt giu, ng, st, than, bng, la, tru b, vn

vn, vt g cng nhiu. Anh th tham, mun ht v cho mnh

c, cho nn t ra ba php nh sau ny:

1. C bao nhiu th sn, M phi cung cp cho Anh ht, khng

c bn cho cc nc khc. 2. Dn M khng c lp ra l

my v hi bun bn. 3. Cc nc khng c vo bun bn

vi M ch Anh c bun bn m thi.

V ba iu y, li thm thu m nng n, lm cho kinh t M

rt khn n, nn t nm 1770, dn M tc mnh "ty chay"

Anh .

3. Phong triu y kt qu ra th no ?

Phong triu "ty chay" gic dai n 5 nm. Anh em lnh qua

dp, v bt nhng ngi cm u lm ti. Mi ln bt mt

ngi cm u, th dn cng tc gin thm. n nm 1775, khi

lnh Anh bt my ngi cm u na, dn ko nhau ra cu, li

b lnh Anh git cht chn ngi. Vic ny nh la ri vo

thuc sng, dn tc qu th n, sng cht cng quyt ui c

Chnh ph Anh mi thi.

HUNH I TNG

44

Cch mt nm sau, n ngy 4 thng 7 nm 1776 th cch

mnh c v M tuyn b c lp, v nc M thnh ra nc

cng ho.

By gi M c 48 tnh v 110.000.000 dn3.

4. ngha cch mnh M vi cch mnh An Nam th no ?

1. Chnh sch Php i vi An Nam by gi xu hn Anh i

vi M trc, v Php v vt ht ca ci dn ta, ngn

cm dn ta lm vic ny vic khc; n li bt dn ta ht thuc

phin v ung ru. Anh ch ham tin M, Php ham tin

li mun lm mt ni, mt ging An Nam i. Th m dn An

Nam cn cha hc M m lm cch mnh!

2. Trong li Tuyn ngn ca M c cu rng: "Gii sinh ra ai

cng c quyn t do, quyn gi tnh mnh ca mnh, quyn

lm n cho sung sng... H chnh ph no m c hi cho dn

chng, th dn chng phi p Chnh ph y i, v gy ln

chnh ph khc...".

Nhng by gi chnh ph M li khng mun cho ai ni n

cch mnh, ai ng n chnh ph!

3. M tuy rng cch mnh thnh cng hn 150 nm nay,

nhng cng nng vn c cc kh, vn c lo tnh cch mnh ln

th hai.

y l v cch mnh M l cch mnh t bn, m cch mnh t

bn l cha phi cch mnh n ni.

Chng ta hy sinh lm cch mnh, th nn lm cho n ni,

ngha l lm sao cch mnh ri th quyn giao cho dn chng

s nhiu, ch trong tay mt bn t ngi. Th mi khi hy

sinh nhiu ln, th dn chng mi c hnh phc.


45

***

Cch mnh Php

1. V sao Php c phong triu cch mnh ?

Hi th k th XVlIl, vua th kiu xa dm dt; qu tc v bn

c o th honh hnh; thu nng dch phin, dn tnh khn

kh.

Phn th Canaa v n , nguyn l thuc a Php, nay b

Anh v mt.

Phn th nhng ngi hc thc nh ng Mngtexki (1755),

Vnte v Rtx (1778) tuyn truyn ch ngha t do bnh

ng.

Phn th phong triu cch mnh Anh (ng Krmven chm vua

Anh v lp cng ho chnh ph nm 1653) cn mi, v phong

triu dn ch M (1776) va qua.

Nht l v t bn mi b ti phong kin ngn tr, dn th b vua,

qu tc v c o p bc. Vy nn t bn mi lin hip vi hc

tr, dn cy v ngi th ph phong kin.

2. Cch mnh Php khi t bao gi ?

Vua thy dn chn rn, th bt b nhng ngi tuyn truyn v

t chc. Dn thy vy th tc qu, n ngy 14 thng 7 nm

1789 ko nhau n ph khm ln (Baxti). Vua em lnh v gi

kinh ; dn li t chc cch mnh i phng chng li, vua

lui ra ti tnh Vcxy.

Ngy 5 thng 10 nm y, th thuyn n b con gi Pari ko

nhau n Vcxy bt vua v khai hi, v k t tuyn ngn:

HUNH I TNG

46

1. L b ch phong kin, gii phng nng n.

2. L em ca cc nh th o lm ca Nh nc.

3. L cho dn t do lm bo, t chc, vn vn.

4. L lp hin php, ngha l vua khng c chuyn quyn.

1792, v vua cu cu vi ngoi quc v thng vi bn phn

cch mnh, dn mi b vua m lp ra cng ho.

1793, ngy 21 thng 1 lm n vua v v con vua l phn quc

tc, ri em ra chm.

3. Cc nc u chu i vi cch mnh Php th no ?

Dn cc nc th u mng thm v tn thnh. Nhng vua v

qu tc cc nc th s dn mnh bt chc dn Php, cho nn

bn ngoi chng n lin binh nh cch mnh m bn trong th

gip cho ti phn cch mnh.

Dn Php tuy lng thc t, sng ng thiu, nhng ch nh gan

cch mnh m trong dp ni lon, ngoi ph cng quyn. Hi

y lnh cch mnh gi l "lnh khng qun", ngi khng c

nn, k khng c giy, o rch qun tua, mt gy bng i. Th

m lnh y n u, th lnh ngoi quc thua y, v h gan liu

hy sinh qu, khng ai chng ni.

Th th bit: mt ngi cch mnh c gan, hn mt ngn ngi

v ch.

4. Php cch mnh n my ln ?

Nm 1792 n 1804 Cng ho ln th nht. Nm 1804

Naplng phn cch mnh ln lm hong .


47

Nm 1814 cc nc nh Naplng thua ri em dng vua c

ln ngi n 1848.

Nm 1848 li cch mnh ln th hai.

Nm 1852 chu Naplng li phn cch mnh ln lm vua.

Nm 1870 nhn thua c, Naplng th ba b chy, Php li

lp ln Cng ho ln th ba.

5. Pari Cng x (Commune de Paris) l g ?

Nm 1871 vua Php thua chy ri, lnhc ti vy kinh

Php l Pari. T bn Php ct hai tnh cng cho c cu

ho. V gic gi m cht nhiu ngi, hi nhiu ca. Dn

khng bnh n, th khng cng lm. Ngy 18 thng 3, th

thuyn Pari ni ln lm cch mnh cng sn (Cng x).

V th thuyn cn non nt, t chc khng kho, v li c

gip cho t bn Php nh li th thuyn, nn cui thng 5 th

cch mnh tht bi.

6. Mc ch Cng x y th no ?

Khi va ly c Pari ri, th Cng x lp ln chnh ph dn v

tuyn b rng Cng x s thc hnh nhng vic ny:

1- Bao nhiu c quan sinh sn ring u em lm ca cng.

2- Tt c tr con trong nc, bt k con trai con gi, u phi

i hc. Hc ph Nh nc phi cho.

3- Dn c quyn t do t chc, lm bo, khai hi, xut dng,

v.v..

HUNH I TNG

48

4- Bt k n ng n b, ai cng c quyn chnh tr, tuyn

c v ng c.

5- Chnh ph t dn c ln, v dn c quyn thay i Chnh

ph.

7. Kt qu Cng x ra th no ?

T bn Php khi y nh nh chy hai bn, bn th c bt chu

u, bn th cch mnh ni trc mt. T bn Php th chu

nhc vi c, ch khng chu ho vi cch mnh. c thy

cch mnh cng s, cho nn ht lng gip t bn Php nh li

cch mnh. Lc Php va hng, th c bt b ht lnh, ch cho

40.000 cult 4 m thi. Khi cch mnh ni ln, c li cho

php t bn Php thm ln 100.000 lnh dp cch mnh.

Xem vy th hiu rng: "T bn khng c T quc".

Dp c cch mnh ri th t bn ra sc bo th. N git ht

30.000 ngi c n ng, n b, ngi gi, tr con. N y

28,000 ngi. N bt giam 650 a tr con, 850 ngi n b,

37.000 ngi n ng.

8. Cch mnh Php i vi cch mnh An Nam th no ?

a) Trong ba ln cch mnh, 1789, 1848, 1870, u v dn can

m nhiu, nhng tr thc t, cho nn t bn n li dng.

b) Pari Cng x v t chc khng kho v v khng lin lc vi

dn cy, n ni tht bi.

c) T bn n dng ch T do, Bnh ng, ng bo la dn,

xi dn nh phong kin. Khi dn nh phong kin ri,

th n li thay phong kin m p bc dn.

http://123.30.49.74:8080/tiengviet/tulieuvankien/vankiendang/details.asp?topic=191&subtopic=7&leader_topic=81&id=BT2060366831#4) Cult:#4) Cult:


49

d) Cch mnh Php cng nh cch mnh M, ngha l cch

mnh t bn, cch mnh khng n ni, ting l cng ho v

dn ch, k thc trong th n tc lc cng nng, ngoi th n

p bc thuc a. Cch mnh bn ln ri, m nay cng nng

Php hng cn phi mu cch mnh ln na mi hng thot

khi vng p bc. Cch mnh An Nam nn nh nhng iu y.

9. Cch mnh Php lm gng cho chng ta v nhng vic g ?

Cch mnh Php dy cho chng ta:

1. Dn chng cng nng l gc cch mnh, t bn l hot u 5

, khi n khng li dng c dn chng na, th n phn cch

mnh.

2. Cch mnh th phi c t chc rt vng bn mi thnh cng.

3. n b tr con cng gip lm vic cch mnh c nhiu.

4. Dn kh mnh th qun lnh no, sng ng no cng khng

chng li.

5. Cch mnh Php hy sinh rt nhiu ngi m khng s; ta

mun lm cch mnh th cng khng nn s phi hy sinh.

***

Lch s Cch mnh Nga

1. Nguyn do cch mnh Nga t u ra ?

Nga l mt nc rt rng, na nm v chu , na nm v chu

u. Dn Nga hn 90 phn l dn cy, khng y 10 phn l

th thuyn. Khi trc theo ch nng n, ngha l bao nhiu

t rung v dn cy u di quyn a ch. a ch xem

http://123.30.49.74:8080/tiengviet/tulieuvankien/vankiendang/details.asp?topic=191&subtopic=7&leader_topic=81&id=BT2060366831#5) hot u:#5) hot u:

HUNH I TNG

50

nng n nh sc vt, n cho sng c sng, n bt cht phi

cht, khi n cn tin, th n em nng n i bn nh bn tru

bn b. Nng dn khng c b x ny qua x khc.

Chng na th k th XIX , t bn mi hi pht t, n va

m l my, n cn ngi lm cng, n mi vn ng b ch

nng n cho dn cy ti lm vi n, n nm 1861, ch

nng n mi b.

T bn mi v a ch t y mi sinh him khch to, m

phong triu cch mnh cng nng cng t y mc ra.

2. Nng n c gii phng ri th lm g ?

c gii phng ri, ngi th ra thnh ph lm cng, ngi

th li lm rung.

i lm cng th tin cng t, gi lm nhiu, phi lm n l cho

t bn, li cy th t rung t, tru b thiu, phi chu ln ti

ph gia. Dn ting t do tuy c, k thc c kip n l: ngi

th th cc kh, dn cy cng chng sng hn.

Nhng ngi c lng cch mnh th lp ra ng lin hip

dn cy li, nhng m khng ch n th thuyn.

Nm 1875 mi c ng cch mnh gi l "Cng nhn gii

phng". Nm 1878 li c mt ng mi gi l "Cng ng"

Nhng hai ng y ngi t sc hn, li b chnh ph bt b

nhiu, sau ho ra ng kch lit, ch lo i m st vua v cc

quan.

3. Kt qu hai ng y ra th no ?


51

m st l lm liu, v kt qu t, v git thng ny cn thng

khc, git sao cho ht? Cch mnh th phi on kt dn chng

b p bc nh c ci giai cp p bc mnh, ch khng

phi ch nh nm, by ngi git hai, ba anh vua, chn, mi

anh quan m c. Hai ng y tuy hy sinh ht nhiu ngi,

lm c nhiu s m st oanh lit, nhng v i sai ng cch

mnh, khng c sc dn chng lm nn, cho nn b chnh ph

tr mi n ni tan.

Nm 1883, ng Plkhanp lp nn ng "Lao ng t do".

ng ny t chc theo cch ng M Khc T6 dy, ngha l

lin hip c dn cy v th thuyn lm c kinh t v chnh tr

cch mnh.

4. ng ny lm vic cch mnh th no ?

ng ny ly th thuyn lm ct cch mnh, v dn cy ph

vo.

Lm vic rt b mt.

Nga, ma t, mt thm nhiu qu, nn c quan ng phi lp

ngoi quc (Lun n).

Nm 1894, ng Lnin vo ng.

Nm 1898, ng khai hi mt ln trong nc, chng may chnh

ph d ra, bt ht nhiu ng vin. Tuy ng vin, b bt,

nhng li tuyn ngn ca ng truyn khp c nc, cho

nn phong triu cch mnh cng ngy cng cao. Nhng ngi

cha b bt th ht sc b mt tuyn truyn v t chc.

t lu i tn l "X hi dn ch ng", sau li i tn ra

"Cng sn ng".

HUNH I TNG

52

Nm 1904 - 1905, Nga vi Nht nh nhau, nhn lc dn tnh

xc rc, ng ra sc vn ng cch mnh,

5. Sao m bit dn tnh xc rc m vn ng ?

a) Trc khi nh Nht, vua phnh t bn xut tin, la h rng

nh c th kinh t s pht t, v t bn s c li to Sau

nh thua th t bn mt tin nhiu m chng c g cho nn

on vua.

b) Th thuyn ght vua sn nay v nh thua li b p bc

thm, li thm ght vua.

c) Dn cy ght vua xa nay, by gi i lnh cht chc nhiu,

v li thu m nng thm, lng ght vua cng cng ngy cng

to,

Ba hng y mc ch tuy khc nhau, nhng lng ght vua th

nh nhau. ng bit vy th vn ng cch mnh ui vua.

6. Lc by gi vua x tr th no ?

Vua bit th thuyn l hng hi cch mnh nht, th dt cch

lm cho t bn, dn cy v th thuyn ri nhau. N xi mt

ngi c o ra t chc cng hi, mt l lung lc th

thuyn, hai l d ai hng hi th bt.

Ngy 9 thng 1 nm 1905, anh c o y (tn l Gapng) em

th thuyn n ch vua thnh nguyn. V anh ta qun bo

trc, v v vua thy ng ngi th s bo ng, nn sai lnh

ra dp, bn cht mt nhiu ngi. Gapng b chy ra ngoi

quc. Th thuyn cc tnh nghe tin y th bi cng v bo

ng, lp ra cng nhn hi ngh.

Cch mnh chng nhau vi vua v chnh ph t thng 1 n

thng 10. Vua mt ng th dng lnh dp cch mnh, mt


53

ng th gi tuyn b lp ra ngh vin cho i biu dn bn

vic nc.

7. V sao cch mnh 1905 thua ?

1. V khi u t bn mun li dng th thuyn p vua; sau

n thy th thuyn hng hi qu, n s p vua ri li p c

n,cho nn n phn th thuyn m gip cho vua.

2. V th thuyn vi dn cy khng nht tr. Khi th thuyn ni

ln th dn cy khng theo ngay. Th thuyn thua ri, dn cy

mi ni ln, cho vua n tr th thuyn ri n tr qua tr dn

cy.

3. Th thuyn cha c kinh nghim nhiu, v t chc cha

hon ton.

4. Cha vn ng lnh v sng ng kh gii ca dn t qu

8. Cch mnh 1905 tht bi, th thuyn v ng c ng lng

khng ?

Khng. Tri qua ln tht bi y, ng nghin cu li, ph bnh

li, sai lm u, v sao m tht bi? Bit r rng nhng ch

khuyt im m sa sang li. Cng nh rn mt con dao, th

ct mi bit ch no sc, ch no cn; sau c theo ch cn m

mi, con dao mi tt.

Nh chuyn tht bi 1905, th thuyn mi hiu rng: mt l

phi t chc vng vng, hai l phi lin lc vi dn cy ba l

phi vn ng lnh, bn l khng tin c ti hu, nm l

bit t bn v vua cng l mt ti, mun ui vua th phi ui

c t bn.

Cch mnh 1905 tht bi lm gng cho cch mnh 1917

thnh cng.

HUNH I TNG

54

9. Lch s cch mnh 1917 th no ?

Cch mnh 1917 c my c sau ny:

1. Khi u chin, quc ch ngha Anh v Php li dng vua

Nga nh li c. Nhng vua Nga li thi, tiu ht nhiu tin,

cht ht nhiu lnh, tt b c nh thua mi. Cc quc ch

ngha y gin v gip cho t bn y vua i.

2. T bn gin vua ch tn dng bn qu tc cm binh quyn,

bn qu tc li v ti, nh u thua . V t bn bn Nga

phn nhiu l chung vi t bn Anh v Php; nu Nga thua

c, th chng nhng t bn Nga, m t bn Anh v Php cng

nguy; v nu c vua th chc thua. Vy nn t bn cng

mun y vua.

3. Th thuyn v dn cy i vi vua nh i vi th ch

nh.

4. Bn hot u nhn c hi y, th li dng hai bn ny ui

vua cho t bn Nga v quc ch ngha Anh v Php. T bn

v quc ch ngha li li dng bn hot u.

10. Bn hot u lm th no ?

Nhn dp lnh cht nhiu, dn gian i kh, th thuyn tht

nghip, chnh ph li thi; bn hot u xi dn rng by gi

cch mnh ui vua i, th rung t s v dn cy, cng

xng s v ngi th, nhn dn s c quyn chnh ph,

chin tranh s ho ra ho bnh.

Chng ng lc thng 2 ui vua i ri, ti hot u v ti t

bn ln cm chnh quyn, bao nhiu li nguyn c chng n

qun ht. Chng n c bt lnh i nh, rung t c tay a

ch, l my c tay nh giu; cng nng cng khng c d

vo chnh ph.


55

11. Sao ng Cng sn khng ra tay lm ?

Khi cch mnh ui vua, ng Cng sn vn ng u dn

chng. Nhng lc y ng vin hng cn t, v hon cnh cha

n, nncha git ly chnh quyn.

Cch mnh xong lc thng 2. T thng 2 n thng 4, dn

nhiu ngi cn tng rng chnh ph mi cha kp thi hnh

nhng vic li dn, v cha c th gi.

n thng 4 th ng Lnin v nhiu ng ch ngoi quc v.

T thng 4 n thng 11, chnh ph mi th mi ngy mi l

mt phn cch mnh ra. Cn ng vin cng sn phn th i

tuyn truyn cho dn rng: "y, cc anh xem y, ti hot u

l thy t ca t bn v quc ch ngha, chng n chng

hn g vua...", lm cho ai cng on chnh ph mi, phn th ln

vo nng, cng, binh, t chc b mt thc hnh cng sn

cch mnh.

12. Cng sn cch mnh thnh cng bao gi ?

Cui thng 10, u cng c t chc c ri, ai cng mun c s

Nhng ng Lnin bo: "Khoan ! Ch t ba na cho ai ai

cng phn i chnh ph, lc y s c s". n ngy 5 thng

11, chnh ph khai hi ban b php lut mi, m php lut

y th li cho t bn m hi cho cng, nng. ng Lnin ni vi

ng vin rng: mng 6 c s th sm qu, v dn cha bit ht

lut l xu y, m cha bit lut l y th cha ght chnh ph

lm. Mng 8 c s th mun qu v khi y th chnh ph bit

rng dn on v phng b nghim nht ri.

Qu nhin ngy mng 7 ng Cng sn h lnh cch mnh, th

th thuyn o n vy chnh ph, dn cy o n ui a ch.

Chnh ph phi lnh ra dp, th lnh a theo th thuyn m tr

li nh chnh ph.

HUNH I TNG

56

T ba y, chnh ph hot u b chy, ng Cng sn cm

quyn, t chc ra chnh ph cng, nng, binh, pht t rung

cho dn cy, giao cng xng cho th thuyn, khng bt dn i

cht cho t bn v quc ch ngha na, ra sc t chc kinh

t mi, thc hnh ch ngha th gii i ng.

13. Cch mnh Nga i vi cch mnh An Nam th no ?

Trong th gii by gi ch c cch mnh Nga l thnh cng,

v thnh cng n ni, ngha l dn chng c hng ci

hnh phc t do, bnh ng tht, khng phi t do v bnh ng

gi di nh quc ch ngha Php khoe khoang bn An Nam.

Cch mnh Nga ui dc vua, t bn, a ch ri, li ra

sc cho cng, nng cc nc v dn b p bc cc thuc a

lm cch mnh p tt c quc ch ngha v t bn

trong th gii.

Cch mnh Nga dy cho chng ta rng mun cch mnh thnh

cng th phi dn chng (cng nng) lm gc, phi c ng

vng bn, phi bn gan, phi hy sinh, phi thng nht. Ni tm

li l phi theo ch ngha M Khc T v Lnin.

Trch th:

Ngm trng

Trong t khng ru cng khng hoa

Cnh p m nay kh hng h

Ngi ngm trng soi ngoi ca s

Trng nhm khe ca ngm nh th.

Tc cnh Pc B


57

Sng ra b sui ti vo hang

Cho b rau mng vn sn sng

Bn chng chnh dch s ng

Cuc i cch mng tht l sang .

Cnh khuya

Ting sui trong nh ting ht xa

Trng lng c th bng lng hoa

Cnh khuya nh v ngi cha ng

Cha ng v lo ni nc nh.

Trch tp th Ngc trung nht k:

Nhp Tnh Ty huyn ngc

Ngc trung cu phm nghnh tn phm

Thin thng tnh vn trc v vn

Tnh v ph vn phi kh liu

Ngc trung lu tr t do nhn

Vo nh ngc huyn Tnh Ty (Ngi dch: Khng r)

Trong lao t c n t mi,

Trn tri my tnh ui my ma;

Tnh, ma, my ni bay i ht,

Cn li trong t khch t do.

HUNH I TNG

58

Nam Ninh ngc

Giam phng kin trc nh "ma-ng"

Trit d huy hong chiu in ng

Nhn v mi xan duy hu chc

S nhn t chin cng cng.

Nh ngc Nam Ninh (Nam Trn dch)

Nh lao xy dng kiu tn thi,

n in thu m sng rc tri;

Nhng mi ba n lng bt cho,

Cho nn ci bng c rn hoi.

Hong hn

Phong nh li kim ma sn thch,

Hn t tim phong thch th chi;

Vin t chung thanh thi khch b,

Mc ng xuy ch dn ngu quy.

http://www.thivien.net/searchpoem.php?ReplyType=2&ReplyTitle=Nam+Tr%C3%A2n


59

Hong hn (Nam Trn dch)

Gi sc ta gm mi ni,

Rt nh di nhn chch cnh cy;

Cha xa chung gic ngi nhanh bc,

Tr dn tru

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Tập IV - vietnamvanhien.net · hai mƯƠi nĂm vĂn hỌc miỀn bẮc 1954 - 1975 3 * hai mƯƠi nĂm vĂn hỌc miỀn bẮc 1954 – 1975 tập iv mục lục