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_krtuccf`js@oukrsus Fuo`kms

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Jmrtb @lkrfe`j ^`trfstfes Umefkty^`trfstfe Lmjmr`pb Ukrfks

Qmculk

^bfcfp Xmussk`u_bk E`tbmcfe [jfvkrsfty ma @lkrfe`

^`ucfjk @cckj@ustr`cf`j E`tbmcfe [jfvkrsfty

Dmbj HkbrUt. Qc`oflfrs Mrtbmomx _bkmcmfe`c

Uklfj`ry

O`jfkc E`jkr[jfvkrsfty ma Emjjketfeut

Uus`jj` Kcl[jfvkrsfty ma E`cfamrjf`, Hkrgkcky

D`lks K. Imkbrfji[jfvkrsfty ma L`ry Y`sbfjtmj

Uus`j @sbhrmmg B`rvkyHrmwj [jfvkrsfty

Xmj`co K. Bkfjk^ukt Umujo Ebrfstf`j Emcckk

Lfeb`kc D. Bmcckrfeb[jfvkrsfty ma Ut. _bml`s

Hc`gk Ckykrck[jfvkrsfty ma Jmtrk O`lk

D. Xkhkee` Cyl`jEbureb Ofvfjfty Uebmmc ma tbk ^`efffe

^`trfef` Emx LfcckrUyr`eusk [jfvkrsfty

Ec`uof` X`pp[jfvkrsfty ma E`cfamrjf`,

Cms @jkcks

Ebrfstfjk Ubkp`rosmj[jfvkrsfty ma _kjjksskk

Okjjfs _rmut[jfvkrsfty ma Lfssmurf, Emculhf`

Xmhfj O`rcfji Vmuji[jfvkrsfty ma Jmtrk O`lk

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_krtuccf`js@oukrsus Fuo`kms@ Xbktmrfe`c @j`cysfs

u

Ikmrky O. Oujj

_bk E`tbmcfe [jfvkrsfty ma @lkrfe` ^rkss

Y`sbfjitmj, O.E.

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Empyrfibt _bk E`tbmcfe [jfvkrsfty ma @lkrfe` ^rkss

@cc rfibts rkskrvko

_bk p`pkr usko fj tbfs puhcfe`tfmj lkkts tbk lfjflul rkqufrklkjts ma

@lkrfe`j J`tfmj`c Ut`jo`ros amr Fjamrl`tfmj Uefkjek krl`jkjek ma

^`pkr amr ^rfjtko Cfhr`ry L`tkrf`cs, .-.

--

Oujj, Ikmrky O.,

_krtuccf`js @oukrsus Fuo`kms 4 ` rbktmrfe`c `j`cysfs / Ikmrky O. Oujj.

p. el.(Jmrtb @lkrfe`j ^`trfstfe Umefkty p`trfstfe lmjmir`pb skrfks 7 v. )

Fjecuoks hfhcfmir`pbfe`c rkakrkjeks jo fjokx.

---- (ecmtb 4 cg. p`pkr) . _krtuccf`j, e`. e`. .

@ovkrsus Duo`kms. . @pmcmiktfesBfstmryK`rcy ebureb, e`. .

. Duo`fslEmjtrmvkrsf c cftkr`turkBfstmry `jo erftfefsl.

. Xbktmrfe, @jefkjt. F. _ftck. FF. Ukrfks.

.

'.oe

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Emjtkjts

^rka`ek vff

@hhrkvf`tfmjs xf

Fjtrmouetfmj

. Emjtrmvkrsy Uurrmujofji tbk_kxt `jo tbk Ikjrk

_bmsk Ybm Omuht tbk Ymrg's Fjtkirfty`jo @utbkjtfefty

_bmsk Ybm @eekpt tbk Ymrg's Fjtkirfty`jo @utbkjtfefty

Duo`fsl `jo Ebrfstf`jfty fj Emjt`et=

@ Xbktmrfe`c Xk`ofji

. Xk`okrsbfp Okec`l`tfmj `jo Kucmiy @oukrsus Fuo`kms`s Emjtrmukrsf` Ukemjo-Ekjtury Ebrfstf`j Xbktmrfe Xk`c, Fl`ifjko, `jo Fjtkjoko Xk`okrs Fl`ifjko Xk`okrs ma @oukrsus Fuo`kms Fjtkjoko Xk`okrs ma @oukrsus Fuo`kms Emjecusfmj

. Utrueturk Ufokrs Mhskrv`tfmjs ma Ikjkr`c Utruetur`c

^`ttkrjs fj _krtuccf`j Kxmroful J`rr`tfm ^`rtftfm Xkaut`tfm Emjffrl`tfm ^krmr`tfm

Uull`ry ma Xbktmrfe`c Utrueturk Emlp`rfsmj wftb Mtbkr Utruetur`c

@rr`jiklkjts ma @oukrsus Fuo`kms Emjecusfmj

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. @riulkjt`tfmj Ec`ssfe`c Xbktmrfe mj @riulkjt`tfmj Ufokrs Mhskrv`tfmjs mj

_krtuccf`js @riulkjts @riulkjt`tfmj fj@oukrsus Fuo`kms Emjecusfmj

. Utyck Ec`ssfe`c Xbktmrfe mj Utyck Utyck fj _krtuccf`j Utyck fj@oukrsus Fuo`kms Emjecusfmj

Emjecusfmj

Hfhcfmir`pby

Ikjkr`c Fjokx

Fjokx ma Eft`tfmjs tm _krtuccf`j

Fjokx ma Eft`tfmjs tm Uerfpturk

vf Emjtkjts

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^rka`ek

Yftbfj tbk ffkco ma _krtuccf`j stuofks,@oukrsus Fuo`kmsfs ` lueb jkicketkotkxt. Fj bfs hmmg@jefkjt Xbktmrfe `jo tbk @rt ma _krtuccf`j,Xmhkrt Ufokr mlft-

tko `jy `j`cysfs ma ft hke`usk, `s bk st`tko kcskwbkrk, tbk c`ttkr p`rt ma tb`twmrg w`s `j `ooftfmj prmh`hcy hy smlkmjk mtbkr tb`j _krtuccf`j `jo t`gkjarml tbk tbfro hmmg ma @oukrsus L`refmjkl.Mtbkrs b`vk eb`cckjiko tb`t vfkwma tbk wmrg, hut jmjk b`s suppmrtko tbkfr `riulkjts wftb okt`fcko rkakrkjektm tbk ec`ssfe`c tbkmry ma rbktmrfe. _bk vkry lktbmo ma fjvkstfi`tfmj Ufokrbflskca usko emuco aruftauccy hk klpcmyko fj `j kx`lfj`tfmj ma @oukrsus Fu-o`kmsfj mrokr tm l`gk ` emjtrfhutfmj tm tbk qukstfmj ma tbk tkxts fjtkirfty`jo `utbkjtfefty. _bfs fs wb`t F b`vk omjk hy prmvfofji `j `j`cysfs ma @oukr-

sus Fuo`kms`eemrofji tm tbk rucks ma ec`ssfe`c rbktmrfe wftb rki`ro tm fts strue-turk, fts `riulkjts, `jo fts styck.

@ rk`ofji ma ly hfhcfmir`pby rkvk`cs wmrgs arml `ermss tbk ofsefpcfjksma ec`ssfe`c rbktmrfe, p`trfstfes, `jo Dkwfsb-Ebrfstf`j rkc`tfmjs. _bk lktbmo-mcmiy ma ec`ssfe`c rbktmrfe fs `ppcfko tm ` pfkek ma k`rcy Ebrfstf`j cftkr`turk fjmrokr tm oktkrlfjk fts rkckv`jek tm qukstfmjs `hmut tbk mjimfji emjt`et hk-twkkj twm lmjmtbkfstfe a`ftbs fj c`tk `jtfqufty. Uueb ` hrk`otb ma rksk`rebsbmuco wfokj tbk `ppk`c ma wb`t fs ` spkef`cfzko stuoy ma ` sfjick pfkek macftkr`turk.

_bk rksucts ma tbfs `j`cysfs fjofe`tk tb`t wbmkvkr wrmtk tbk ffrst p`rt matbk p`lpbckt (eb`ptkrs tm ) l`ok sustefkjt emllkjt `hmut fts strueturk tmoklmjstr`tk tb`t tbky pc`jjko tm wrftk mj tbk tmpfes tb`t `rk amujo fj tbk ske-mjo p`rt (eb`ptkrs tm ). _bfs suiiksts tb`t tbk wmrg w`s tbk rkspmjsfhfcftyma mjk `utbmr. _bk pmsftfmj `ov`jeko hy Uujo `jo _rjgck tb`t@oukrsus Fu-o`kmsw`s wrfttkj prfmr `jo jmt suhskqukjt tm @oukrsus L`refmjklfs suppmrt-

ko bkrk. Xkpktftfmj ma l`tkrf`c arml mjk wmrg tm `jmtbkr omks jmt flpcy tbk`etfvfty ma smlk ujfokjtfffko empyfst `jy lmrk tb`j ft omks tbk fok` tb`t _kr-tuccf`j bflskca amujo ft emjvkjfkjt tm rk-usk l`tkrf`c arml mjk tm tbk mtbkr.

vff

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Bmwkvkr, tbfs omks jmt lk`j tb`t@oukrsus Fuo`kmsfs `j mutst`jofji pfkekma wrftfji. _bkrk `rk skvkr`c sfijs, kspkef`ccy fj tbk skemjo b`ca, tb`t wb`t b`ssurvfvko fs mjcy `j k`rcy or`at ma wb`t fs prmh`hcy `j ujrkvfsko kss`y. Umlk

l`tkrf`c fs cmji-wfjoko, mut ma pc`ek, pkrfpbkr`c tm tbk l`fj `riulkjt, mrkvkj rkpk`tko. Kvkj tbmuib tbk wmrg fs fjemlpcktk, mjk e`j skk wbkrk _kr-tuccf`j w`s bk`ofji `jo bmw ec`ssfe`c rbktmrfe w`s eruef`c tm bfs tbfjgfji.

Yftb tbk emjtrmvkrsy `hmut fts `utbmrsbfp, tbfs wmrg b`s jmt pc`yko ftsprmpkr p`rt fj tbk sebmc`rcy okh`tk `hmut tbk rkc`tfmjsbfp hktwkkj Duo`fsl`jo Ebrfstf`jfty fj tbk ekjturfks amccmwfji _ftuss e`pturk ma Dkrus`ckl. @c-tbmuib tbmsk wbm b`vk t`gkj smlk fjtkrkst fj tbfs wmrg wmuco emjecuok tb`tft prmvfoks jm fjamrl`tfmj `hmut fjtkr`etfmj hktwkkj Dkws `jo Ebrfstf`js fj

E`rtb`ik `t tbk kjo ma tbk skemjo ekjtury, tbk pmsftfmj F `ov`jek fs tb`t bmw`jo wb`t mjk fjtkrprktko fj tbk Bkhrkw Uerfpturks w`s tbk mjimfji fssuk hk-twkkj tbkl, dust `s ft b`o hkkj amr tbk ffrst amccmwkrs ma Dksus. _bk `ttklpt

hy sebmc`rs tm s`y tb`t `j `jtf-Duo`fe p`lpbckt w`s kftbkr amr Dkws tm rk`o`jo ` sfij ma rk`c emjt`et, mr amr Ebrfstf`js tm rk`o `jo ` sfij ma jm emjt`etfs tmm cflftfji. @ rbktmrfe`c fjtkrprkt`tfmj suppmrts tbk jmtfmj, F hkcfkvk, tb`t`j `utbmr emuco b`vk skvkr`c mhdketfvks `jo rk`okrs fj lfjo sfluct`jkmuscy.

Ly rksk`reb mj tbfs p`lpbckt b`s hkkj emjouetko fj ` skrfks ma puhcfsbko`rtfecks, fj ly ometmr`c ofsskrt`tfmj, wbfeb w`s suhlfttko `t @ustr`cf`j E`tb-mcfe [jfvkrsfty fj , `jo fj tbk mjcy Kjicfsb tr`jsc`tfmj ma tbk p`lpbckt tm`ppk`r sfjek tbk lfoock ma tbk jfjktkkjtb ekjtury. _bk prkskjt vmculk fs `rkvfsfmj ma tbk ometmr`c ofsskrt`tfmj. Aurtbkr rkketfmj upmj _krtuccf`js tkxtmvkr tbk p`st ffvk yk`rs, p`rtfeuc`rcy fj tbk cfibt ma tbk tr`jsc`tfmj wmrg, b`skj`hcko lk tm rkvfsk smlk ma tbk pmfjts fj tbk ofsskrt`tfmj `jo tm rkffjk lyprkskjt`tfmj. _bk Ikrl`j tr`jsc`tfmj hy Xkifj` B`usks fj Amjtks Ebrfstf`jf

`ppk`rko tmm c`tk amr lk tm usk fj tbfs vmculk.F `l ir`tkauc tm ly supkrvfsmr, ^rmakssmr ^`ucfjk @cckj, A@B@, ofrketmr

ma tbk Ekjtrk amr K`rcy Ebrfstf`j Utuofks, @ustr`cf`j E`tbmcfe [jfvkrsfty, `jotm ly `ssmef`tk supkrvfsmr, Xkv. Or. O`vfo X`jgfj, arml _rfjfty _bkmcmife`cEmcckik, Hrfsh`jk. _bky mkrko lk suppmrt `jo kjemur`iklkjt, duofefmus`ovfek, ` erftfe`c kyk, `jo `j uja`fcfji emllftlkjt tm sebmc`rsbfp ma tbkbfibkst ckvkc ourfji tbk wrftfji ma tbk ofsskrt`tfmj. Ly ir`tftuok kxtkjos tmly kx`lfjkrs^rmakssmr Ir`klk Ec`rgk ma @ustr`cf`j J`tfmj`c [jfvkrsfty7

Or. D`lks E`rcktmj ^`ikt, ^ktkrbmusk, E`lhrfoik7 `jo ^rmakssmr Xmhkrt Ufo-kr`jo fjokko tm tbk koftmrs `jo `jmjylmus rk`okrs ma tbk v`rfmus dmurj`csfj wbfeb ly `rtfecks b`vk `ppk`rko, amr tbkfr v`cu`hck fjsfibts `jo suiiks-

vfff ^rka`ek

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tfmjs amr flprmvklkjt. F `l `csm ir`tkauc tm tbmsk wbm rk`o tbk v`rfmus vkr-sfmjs ma tbfs vmculk. _bkfr emllkjts wkrk `cw`ys fjsfibtauc `jo matkj eb`c-ckjifji. Kvkj wbkrk F tbmuibt tbky lfssko ly pmfjt, tbky bkcpko lk rk`cfzk

tb`t F b`o jmt kxprkssko ly pmfjt eck`rcy kjmuib fj tbk ffrst pc`ek. Ma emursk,wb`tkvkr rkl`fjs ujeck`r fs kjtfrkcy ly mwj a`uct. ^rmakssmr ^bfcfp Xmussk`u,tbk ofrketmr ma tbk Ekjtkr amr tbk Utuoy ma K`rcy Ebrfstf`jfty `t tbk E`tbmcfe[jfvkrsfty ma @lkrfe` `jo tbk skrfks koftmr, b`s hkkj `j kjemur`ifji arfkjo`jo bkcpauc `ovfsmr. Ly tb`jgs im `csm tm tbmsk `t tbk E`tbmcfe [jfvkrsfty ma

@lkrfe` ^rkss wbm b`vk `ssfstko fj turjfji tbfs typkserfpt fjtm ` puhcfsbkork`cfty. Afj`ccy, F wfsb tm tb`jg `cc ly emcck`iuks `t tbk Ekjtrk amr K`rcy Ebrfs-tf`j Utuofks, @ustr`cf`j E`tbmcfe [jfvkrsfty, wbm b`vk prmvfoko tbk stfluc`t-

fji `jo emcc`hmr`tfvk kjvfrmjlkjt fj wbfeb ly rksk`reb t`gks pc`ek.

^rka`ek fx

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@hhrkvf`tfmjs

@D^b @lkrfe`j Dmurj`c ma ^bfcmcmy

@jt@ar @jtfqufts @arfe`fjks

@rfst. @rfstmtckXb. Xbktmrfe`

@rfstfo. @rfstfoksMr. Mr`tfmjks

H@IH Huccktfj ok c@ssmef`tfmj Iufcc`ulk Huo

H`rj. Kpfstck ma H`rj`h`s

EEUC Emrpus Ebrfstf`jmrul, skrfks C`tfj`

EB Ebureb Bfstmry

Efe. EfekrmHrut. HrutusMpt. kj. Ok mptflm kjkrk mr`tmrul

Ok mr. Ok mr`tmrkFju. rbkt. Ok fjukjtfmjkMr`t. Mr`tmr

^`rt. mr. Ok p`rtftfmjk mr`tmrf`

ED Ec`ssfe`c Dmurj`c

E^b Ec`ssfe`c ^bfcmcmy

EP Ec`ssfe`c Pu`rtkrcy

EUKC Emrpus Uerfptmrul Keecksf`stfemrul C`tfjmrul

A Emokx Acmrkjtfjus L`cf`hkebf`jus,Emjv. Umpr. F, QF,, s`ke. RQ

AE Amjtks Ebrfstf`jf

Armjt. Armjtm@o L. E`ks. @o L. E`ks`rklOk kcmq. Ok kcmqukjtf`

xf

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C`uo. aul. C`uoks aulf kt pucukrfskt puc.

I&X Irkkek `jo Xmlk

Ikcc. @ucus IkccfusJ.@. Jmetks @ttfe`k

IXHU Irkkg, Xml`j, `jo Hyz`jtfjk Utuofks

BUE^b B`rv`ro Utuofks fj Ec`ssfe`c ^bfcmcmy

B_X B`rv`ro _bkmcmfe`c Xkvfkw

Fij. Fij`tfusKpb. Kpbksf`js

Frkj. Frkj`kus@ou. b`kr. @oukrsus b`krksksOkl. Oklmjstr`tfm @pmstmcfe`k ^r`kofe`tfmjfs

DHC Dmurj`c ma Hfhcfe`c Cftkr`turk

DKEU Dmurj`c ma K`rcy Ebrfstf`j Utuofks

DKB Dmurj`c ma Keecksf`stfe`c Bfstmry

Dkrl. Dkrmlk

Fj O`j. Emllkjt`rff fj O`jfkckl

DDU Dmurj`c ma Dkwfsb Utuofks

DPX Dkwfsb Pu`rtkrcy Xkvfkw

DX@ Dmurj`c ma Xml`j @reb`kmcmy

D_U Dmurj`c ma _bkmcmfe`c Utuofks

Dus. Dustfj @pmc. @pmcmf`

Of`c. Of`cmus eul _rypbmjk

Duv. Duvkj`cU`t. U`tfr`k

CEC Cmkh Ec`ssfe`c Cfhr`ry

LKAX@ Lkc`jks ok cKemck Ar`j`fsk ok Xmlk4 @jtfquftk

J Emokx Acmrkjtfjus L`cf`hkebf`jus,Emjv. Umppr. F, QF,, s`ke. RQ

J_U Jkw _kst`lkjt Utuofks

^ Emokx Uekckst`otkjsfs, s`ke. RF (^`tkrjf`ekjsfs)

xff @hhrkvf`tfmjs

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^bfcmstr. ^bfcmstr`tusQ.U. Qft`k smpbfst`rul

^b&Xb ^bfcmsmpby `jo Xbktmrfe

^bP ^bfcmcmfe`c Pu`rtkrcy

^cfj. ^cfjy tbk ymujikrKp. Kpfstuc`k

ps.-@ui. pskuom-@uiustfjkPu`kst. ukt. Pu`kstfmjul uktkrfs kt jmuf tkst`lkjtfkt jmu. tkst.

^_U ^`trfstfsebk _kxtk ujo Utuofkj

P (A) Emokx Aucokjsfs`lfssus, eufus v`rf`k cketfmjks kxemcc`tfmjk Ar`jefsef Lmoff @cokjhurikjsfs emjikst`ksujt fj `opkjofek koftfmjfs [ujf`j`k, Ar`jkgkr`k,

PDU Pu`rtkrcy Dmurj`c ma Upkkeb

Pufjt. Pufjtfcf`jFjst. Fjstftutfm mr`tmrf`

X Emjskjsus b`rul koftmrul, Hk`tf Xbkj`jf,

Xbkt. Bkr. Xbktmrfe` `o BkrkjjfulXUCX Xfvfst` of Utmrf` k Ckttkr`tur` Xkcffms`

UE Umureks Ebrtfkjjks

Ukj. Ukjke` tbk kcokrEmjtrmu. Emjtrmukrsf`k

UD_ Uemttfsb Dmurj`c ma _bkmcmy

U_b Utuof` _bkmcmfe`

Uukt. UuktmjfusXbkt. Ok rbktmrfhus

_ Emokx _rkekjsfs, s`ke. RFF

_`e. _`eftusOf`c. Of`cmuks ok mr`tmrfhus

_krt. _krtuccf`j@o l`rt. @o l`rtyr`s@o j`t. @o j`tfmjks@o Ue`p. @o Ue`puc`l@ou. Bkrl. @oukrsus Bkrlmkjkl@ou. Fuo. @oukrsus Fuo`kms

@hhrkvf`tfmjs xfff

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@ou. L`re. @oukrsus L`refmjkl@ou. ^r`x. @oukrsus ^r`xk`j@ou. Q`c. @oukrsus Q ckjtfjf`jms

@pmc. @pmcmktfeulOk `j. Ok `jfl`Ok e`rj. Ok e`rjk EbrfstfOk e`st. Ok kxbmrt`tfmjk e`stft`tfsOk emr. Ok emrmj`Ok au. Ok au` fj pkrskeutfmjkOk fomc. Ok fomcmc`trf`Ok fkf. Ok fkfujfmOk lmj. Ok lmjm`lf`

Ok p`t. Ok p`tfkjtf`Ok pr`kser. Ok pr`kserfptfmjk b`krktfemrulOk puo. Ok puofeftf`Ok rks. Ok rksurrketfmjk lmrtumrulOk spke. Ok spket`eucfsOk tkst. `jfl. Ok tkstflmjfm `jfl`kOk ufr. Ok ufrfjfhus ukc`jofs

QEbr Qffcf`k Ebrfstf`j`kVEU V`ck Ec`ssfe`c Utuofks

T@E Tkftserfat ar @jtfgks Ebrfstkjtul

xfv @hhrkvf`tfmjs

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Fjtrmouetfmj

Fj tbk fjokx ma bfs lmjmir`pb mj tbk fjukjek ma ec`ssfe`c rbktmrfemj _krtuccf`js wrftfjis, Xmhkrt Ufokr cfsts `cc ma _krtuccf`js tbfrty-mjk wmrgs,

wftb twm kxekptfmjs4@oukrsus Fuo`kms`jo@o Ue`puc`l. @ctbmuib _rjgcksemllkjt`ry mj @oukrsus Fuo`kms fs emjt`fjko wftbfj Ufokrs hfhcfmir`pby,tbkrk fs jm rkakrkjek tm tbk trk`tfsk fj bfs tkxt, jmt kvkj wbkrk mjk lfibt kx-pket ft, vfz., fj emjdujetfmj wftb tbk tbfro hmmg ma @oukrsus L`refmjkl.

Yftbmut `jy st`tklkjt arml Ufokr bflskca mjk fs ckat tm bypmtbksfzk.Emuco ft hk tb`t @oukrsus Fuo`kms(`jo@o Ue`puc`lamr tb`t l`ttkr) ofspc`ysjm ec`ssfe`c rbktmrfe`c fjukjek `jo tbus w`s jmt suft`hck amr fjecusfmj fj bfsvmculk= @ lmrk pc`usfhck rk`smj fs amujo fj tbk emjtrmvkrsy tb`t b`s sur-

rmujoko tbk wmrgs `utbkjtfefty `jo fjtkirfty. Ufokr suiiksts kcskwbkrk tb`ttbfs fs tbk e`sk, wbkj bk wrftks emjekrjfji@oukrsus Fuo`kms4

[jamrtuj`tkcy, wk om jmt gjmw bmw lueb ma tbk okh`tk fs rkprkskjtko fj tbfs trk`-tfsk sfjek tbk c`ttkr p`rt (eb`ptkrs ) fs j ooftfmj, prmh`hcy hy jmtbkr b`jo, wftbl`tkrf`c i`tbkrko arml Hmmg FFF ma _krtuccf`js trk`tfsk `ovkrsus L`refmjkl.

. Xmhkrt Ofeg Ufokr, @jefkjt Xbktmrfe `jo tbk @rt ma _krtuccf`j (Mxamro4 Mxamro [jfvkrsfty^rkss, ), . _bk emllkjt`ry ma @. Pu`equ`rkccf, ko., P. U. A. _krtuccf`jf4 @o Ue`puc`l.

^rmckmlkjf, tkstm erftfem, tr`ouzfmjk k emllkjtm, Mpuseuc` p`trul (Xmlk4 Okseck, ), fs cfst-ko fj Ufokrs hfhcfmir`pby, tbmuib F e`j ofsemvkr jm ofseussfmj ma tbk trk`tfsk fj tbk wmrg ftskca.Kvkj tbmuib F `l uj`hck tm ffjo `jy rkakrkjek tm tbksk twm wmrgs fj Ufokr, Krjkst Kv`js, ko.`jo tr`js., _krtuccf`j4 @ovkrsus L`refmjkl, vmc. 4 Hmmgs tm ,Mxamro K`rcy Ebrfstf`j _kxts (Mx-amro4 Ec`rkjomj ^rkss, ), xxfff, st`tks tb`t kvkry mjk ma _krtuccf`js wmrgs fs lktfeucmuscykx`lfjko fj Ufokr.

. Ufokr,@jefkjt Xbktmrfe,, .. Ukk Ikmrky O. Oujj, Xbktmrfe`c Utrueturk fj _krtuccf`js@o Ue`puc`l, QEbr ()4

, amr `j kx`lfj`tfmj ma tbk rbktmrfe`c fjukjek fj tbk strueturk ma _krt.,@o Ue`p._bkrk fsjm okh`tk `hmut tbk `utbmrsbfp ma @o Ue`p.,sm fts mlfssfmj arml emjsfokr`tfmj fs puzzcfji. ^kr-b`ps ft w`s lkrk mvkrsfibt.

. Xmhkrt Ofeg Ufokr, _bk Imspkc `jo fts ^rmec`l`tfmj,Lkss`ik ma tbk A`tbkrs ma tbk Ebureb (Yfclfjitmj, Okc.4 Lfeb`kc Ic`zfkr, ), .

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Fj st`tfji tbfs Ufokr lkrkcy `eekpts `jo rkpk`ts tbk mpfjfmj ma ` julhkr masebmc`rs arml tbk c`st akw ekjturfks `hmut tbfs trk`tfsk. F hkcfkvk tb`t b`o Ufo-kr emjsfokrko tbk rbktmrfe`c fjukjeks prkskjt fj @oukrsus Fuo`kms,`s bk b`o

wftb twkjty-jfjk ma tbk mtbkr trk`tfsks ma _krtuccf`j, bk emuco b`vk l`ok `v`cu`hck emjtrfhutfmj tm tbk qukstfmj `hmut tbk fjtkirfty ma tbk trk`tfsk `jofts `utbmrsbfp.

Ly fjtkjtfmj fs tm kx`lfjk @oukrsus Fuo`kmsarml tbk pkrspketfvk ma ec`s-sfe`c rbktmrfe. @ctbmuib l`jy sebmc`rs b`vk mkrko tbkfr mpfjfmjs `hmutwbktbkr mjk utbmr wrmtk tbk wbmck wmrg jo wbktbkr tb`t utbmr w`s _kr-tuccf`j, jmjk b`s l`ok kxtkjsfvk usk ma ec`ssfe`c rbktmrfe fj emjouetfji tbkrksk`reb. _bfs wfcc hk tbk ffrst tflk tb`t ` rbktmrfe`c `j`cysfs ma @oukrsus Fu-

o`kmsb`s kvkr hkkj ujokrt`gkj._bfs fs ` wmrg tb`t emjekrjs tbk rkc`tfmjsbfp hktwkkj Dkws `jo Ebrfstf`js.

_bk qukstfmj ma tbk emjt`et hktwkkj tbksk twm irmups fj tbk yk`rs `atkr _f-tus e`pturko Dkrus`ckl fs mjk tb`t b`s hkkj bmtcy emjtkstko fj sebmc`rsbfpfj rkekjt yk`rs. _bkrk `rk tbmsk wbm hkcfkvk tb`t tbk twm wkjt tbkfr skp`-r`tk w`ys `jo tb`t tbk `jtf-Duo`fe cftkr`turk prmoueko hy k`rcy Ebrfstf`js w`swrfttkj amr fjtkrj`c emjsulptfmj, tm `ssfst wftb fssuks ma skca-okffjftfmj7 `jo

tbkrk `rk tbmsk wbm hkcfkvk tb`t tbk twm irmups rkl`fjko fj emjt`et luebcmjikr tb`j w`s mjek tbmuibt `jo tb`t wk muibt tm t`gk tbksk pfkeks ma k`rcyEbrfstf`j cftkr`turk `t a`ek v`cuk, `s rkketfji mjimfji emjt`et. Fj tbfs okh`tk_krtuccf`js@oukrsus Fuo`kmsfs lmst matkj pusbko tm mjk sfok hke`usk ma tbkemjtrmvkrsy tb`t surrmujos ft.

Fj tbk mpkjfji eb`ptkr ma tbfs vmculk F wfsb tm mutcfjk tbk j`turk ma tbmsktwm emjtrmvkrsfks4 tbk fjtkirfty `jo `utbkjtfefty ma @oukrsus Fuo`kms,`jo tbkrk`cfty ma Dkwfsb-Ebrfstf`j kji`iklkjt fj c`tk `jtfqufty.

Ly `riulkjt fs tb`t wbkj wk kx`lfjk tbk rbktmrfe`c strueturk ma tbkwmrg (eb`ptkr ), wbkj wk kx`lfjk tbk `riulkjts tb`t `rk prkskjtko (eb`p-tkr ), `jo wbkj wk emjsfokr tbk styck ma wrftfji (eb`ptkr ), wb`t wk ofs-emvkr fs tb`t tbk wmrg w`s wrfttkj hy mjk `utbmr, tb`t fts qu`cfty `s ` pfkek mawrftfji oktkrfmr`tks tbk aurtbkr mjk rk`os ft hke`usk ft fs `j ujrkvfsko wmrg,tb`t tbkrk fs mjk kx`lpck ma fjtkrpmc`tfmj `t tbk vkry kjo ma tbk tkxt, tb`t ftw`s wrfttkj prfmr tm@oukrsus L`refmjkl,`jo tb`t fts vkrhmsfty `jo r`lhcfjij`turk `rk fjofe`tfvk ma _krtuccf`js k`rcy styck. @cc ma tbfs suiiksts tm lk tb`t

mjk sbmuco t`gk tbk ec`fl `t tbk hkifjjfji ma @oukrsus Fuo`kms tb`t ft w`swrfttkj fj rkspmjsk tm `j k`rcfkr okh`tk hktwkkj ` Ebrfstf`j `jo ` prmskcytk

Dkw `s kvfokjek tb`t tbkrk w`s smlk mjimfji emjt`et hktwkkj Ebrfstf`js `jo

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Dkws `t ck`st fj E`rtb`ik fj tbk Ukvkr`j `ik. @ emjsfokr`tfmj ma wb`t tbk tkxttkccs us `hmut qukstfmjs ma rk`okrsbfp (eb`ptkr ) suiiksts tb`t `ctbmuib tbkwmrg lfibt jmt b`vk hkkj `oorkssko spkefffe`ccy tm Dkws, ft w`s wrfttkj `c-

lmst `s ` tklpc`tk hy _krtuccf`j amr mtbkr Ebrfstf`js tm usk fj tbkfr mwj kj-emujtkrs wftb Dkws. Ft lust hk pmfjtko mut tb`t _krtuccf`js @oukrsus Fuo`kmsfs jmt tbk rkemro ma ` p`rtfeuc`r kjemujtkr hut `j fok`cfzko vkrsfmj ma tbkEbrfstf`j sfok tb`t emuco hk usko fj auturk okh`tks.

Fj tbk p`lpbckt, _krtuccf`j `riuko amr supkrskssfmj4 tbk Ebrfstf`js b`o rk-pc`eko tbk Dkws `s Imos pkmpck. _bk wmrg w`s lk`jt tm hk tbk okffjftfvke`sk tm rkautk tbmsk wbm hkcfkvko tb`t tbk Dkws wkrk stfcc tbk mjcy pkmpckma Imo. Ft b`s `cc tbk b`ccl`rgs ma amrkjsfe rbktmrfe. _bk pmfjt ma ofkrkjek

w`s mvkr tbk fjtkrprkt`tfmj ma tbk Bkhrkw Uerfpturks. _krtuccf`j bfibcfibtkobmw Ebrfstf`js `eekptko tb`t, tbrmuib tbk cfak `jo ok`tb ma Dksus, tbk serfp-tur`c p`ss`iks tb`t rkakrrko tm tbk mjk wbm w`s tm emlk b`o hkkj aucffccko.

@i`fjst tbmsk lmokrj sebmc`rs wbm `riuk tb`t hke`usk Ebrfstf`j `jtf-Duo`fecftkr`turk ofo jmt `oorkss eurrkjt kvkjts ft lust hk t`gkj `s prmma tb`t tbkrkw`s jm emjt`et hktwkkj tbk twm irmups, F w`jt tm `ovme`tk strmjicy tb`tEbrfstf`js `jo Dkws emjtfjuko tm kji`ik k`eb mtbkr fj okh`tk, jmt mj eur-

rkjt kvkjts hut mj tbk mjk tmpfe tb`t lk`jt smlktbfji tm tbkl hmtb, vfz.,tbk truk lk`jfji ma Uerfpturk. Ft w`s Uerfpturk tb`t wmuco ifvk ckiftfl`eytm mjk mr tbk mtbkr irmups ec`fl tm hk tbk `utbkjtfe pkmpck ma Imo, `jo ft fsly pmsftfmj tb`t Ebrfstf`js `jo Dkws jkvkr tfrko ma `riufji wftb mjk `jmtbkrmj tbfs vkry pmfjt tflk `jo `i`fj fj c`tk `jtfqufty. @t tbk s`lk tflk ` wmrgcfgk _krtuccf`js@oukrsus Fuo`kmsw`s oksfijko `csm amr purpmsks ma rkfjamre-fji ` Ebrfstf`j skca-ujokrst`jofji. Mjk jkko jmt sueeulh tm tbk tkjokjey tmebmmsk hktwkkj kji`ifji tbk mtbkr fj okh`tk mr wrftfji amr `j fjtkrj`c `u-

ofkjek. @ ec`ssfe`c rbktmrfe`c pkrspketfvk bkcps us `pprkef`tk tb`t hmtb `flsemuco hk lkt fj tbk mjk pfkek ma cftkr`turk.

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u

Emjtrmvkrsy Uurrmujofji tbk_kxt `jo tbk Ikjrk

Hy w`y ma h`egirmujo, fj tbfs mpkjfji eb`ptkr F wfsb tm survky tbk ok-h`tk tb`t b`s kji`iko sebmc`rs mvkr tbk p`st emupck ma ekjturfks `hmut tbk fj-tkirfty `jo `utbkjtfefty ma @oukrsus Fuo`kms,hkamrk kji`ifji wftb tbk tkxt ft-skca `jo l`gfji ly mwj emjtrfhutfmj tm tb`t okh`tk fj tbk rkl`fjokr ma tbfs

vmculk, wbkrk F sb`cc `ppcy Ufokrs rbktmrfe`c lktbmomcmiy. Ft fs jmt ly fj-tkjtfmj fj tbfs prkcflfj`ry eb`ptkr tm erftfquk tbk `ssksslkjts mkrko hy mtb-kr sebmc`rs `s lueb `s ft fs sflpcy tm bfibcfibt tbk emjtrmvkrsy tb`t b`s sur-rmujoko tbfs wmrg fj mrokr tm suiikst tb`t tbk ofs`irkklkjt `lmji sebmc`rs`hmut fts fjtkirfty (wbktbkr mr jmt tbk wmrg fs ` emlpcktk pfkek wrfttkj hymjk pkrsmj) `jo `utbkjtfefty (wbktbkr mr jmt tbk wmrg w`s wrfttkj hy _kr-tuccf`j) kxpc`fjs wby l`jy mtbkr sebmc`rs fjtkrkstko fj k`rcy Ebrfstf`jftysrkc`tfmjsbfp wftb Duo`fsl b`vk jkicketko ft (` a`et tb`t e`j hk oklmjstr`tko

hy ` survky ma sueb sebmc`rsbfp). Jm mjk b`s ykt `pprm`ebko@oukrsus Fuo`kmsarml tbk pkrspketfvk ma ec`ssfe`c rbktmrfe fj mrokr tm `oorkss tbk fssuks ma ftsfjtkirfty `jo `utbkjtfefty. Ybfck l`jy ma tbk pmfjts F sb`cc l`gk fj tbk c`tkreb`ptkrs b`vk hkkj l`ok hkamrk, tbk a`et tb`t F sb`cc l`gk tbkl klpcmyfji `ofkrkjt lktbmomcmiy sbmuco bkcp tfp tbk h`c`jek fj a`vmr ma tbmsk wbm `r-iuk fj suppmrt ma tbk fjtkirfty ma@oukrsus Fuo`kms`jo ma _krtuccf`j `s fts `u-tbmr. Aurtbkrlmrk, F hkcfkvk tb`t@oukrsus Fuo`kmsb`s v`cu`hck fjamrl`tfmj tmemjtrfhutk tm tbk okh`tk `hmut tbk rk`cfty ma mjimfji emjt`et hktwkkj Dkws`jo Ebrfstf`js, mjek tbk emjtrmvkrsy tb`t surrmujos tbk wmrg ftskca b`s hkkjrksmcvko.

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_bmsk Ybm Omuht tbk YmrgsFjtkirfty `jo @utbkjtfefty

Grmyl`jj, wbmsk EUKC koftfmj, wftb mjcy ` akw klkjo`tfmjs armlHmrcks, fs utfcfzko fj EEUC `s tbk st`jo`ro koftfmj ma _krtuccf`js @oukrsusFuo`kms, `eekptko mjcy tbk ffrst kfibt eb`ptkrs `s _krtuccf`js mwj wmrg. Bfspmsftfmj w`s kjomrsko hy tbk skrfks ikjkr`c koftmr. Bmwkvkr, tbk `sskrtfmjma jmj-_krtuccf`jfe `utbmrsbfp amr tbk skemjo b`ca ma tbk trk`tfsk fs qu`cfffkofllkof`tkcy4 `tt`lkj jmjjucc`s skjtkjtf`s b`urfrk ufoktur kx sebkofs pc`iu-cfsquk flpkraketfs fpsfus _krtuccf`jf.

@ucfs` pmfjts mut tb`t omuhts `hmut _krtuccf`js b`vfji wrfttkj ` trk`tfsk

`i`fjst tbk Dkws ofo jmt kxfst fj c`tk `jtfqufty. _bky ffrst `ppk`rko fj tbkkfibtkkjtb ekjtury wftb Dmb`jj Uklckr. _bfs ck`ofji Ikrl`j Kjcfibtkj-lkjt sebmc`r, wbm pfmjkkrko hfhcfe`c bfibkr erftfefsl, jmt mjcy b`o strmjisuspfefmjs `hmut tbk kjtfrk wmrg, hut hkcfkvko tb`t @oukrsus L`refmjklw`sjmt hy _krtuccf`j kftbkr, `jo tb`t tbky wkrk hmtb hy smlk amrikr. Ybfck bfsr`ofe`c jmtfmjs `hmut tbk c`ttkr wmrg ofo jmt ffjo a`vmr, tbk jfjktkkjtb-ekj-tury Kjicfsb sebmc`r Hurgftt `csm rkdketko _krtuccf`j `s tbk `utbmr ma @oukrsus

Fuo`kms,`riufji tb`t tbk serfptur`c eft`tfmjs tb`t `ppk`r fj tbk skemjo b`ca matbk wmrg wkrk t`gkj arml@oukrsus L`refmjkl,`jo tb`t tbmsk fj tbk ffrst b`cama tbk wmrg b`vk lmrk fj emllmj wftb Eyprf`js _kstflmjf tb`j wftb _kr-tuccf`js jmrl`c lktbmo ma eftfji Uerfpturk. Fj p`rtfeuc`r, bk jmtko tb`t _kr-tuccf`j jmrl`ccy eftko O`jfkc arml tbk Ukptu`ifjt, wbkrk`s fj@oukrsus Fuo`k-ms. _bkmomtfmj w`s usko.

. Klfc Grmyl`jj, ko., _krtuccf`jf Mpkr`,FF, . EUKC (Qfkjj`4 Qkrc`i okr stkrrkfebfseb-kj, @g`oklfk okr Yfsskjseb`atkj, ), .

. Klfc Grmyl`jj, ko., WP. U. A. _krtuccf`jf\4 @oukrsus Fuo`kms, fj _krtuccf`jf Mpkr`,p`rt 4Mpkr` Lmjt`jfstfe`,ko. Kcfifus Okggkrs kt `c., EEUC (_urjbmut4 Hrkpmcs, ), .

. Fhfo., .. Fhfo., .

. Fhfo. Ukk `csm Kcfifus Okggkrs, ko., Ec`vfs ^`trul C`tfjmrul, ro ko., EEUC (_urjbmut4Hrkpmcs, ), .

. Fll`emc`t` @ucfs`, ko., _krtuccf`jm. ^mcklfe` emj f Ifuokf,_kstf ^`trfstfef (Xmlk4 EfttJumv`, ), . Ubk rkakrs tm ps.-@ui., Pu`kst. ukt. kt jmu. tkst.. (EUKC .), jo Dkrl.,Fj O`j.. (EEUC @.). Mj @lhrmsf`stkr `s tbk `utbmr ma Pu`kst. ukt. kt jmu. tkst.skk

@ckx`jokr Umutkr,@ Utuoy ma @lhrmsf`stkr,_kxts `jo Utuofks (E`lhrfoik4 E`lhrfoik [jfvkr-

sfty ^rkss, ).. Dmb`jj U`cmlm Uklckr, ko., P. U. Ac. _krtuccf`jus, Mpkr` rkekjsuft, vmcs. (B`cck4 Bkjokc,), 4.

. A. E. Hurgftt, _bk Mco C`tfj `jo tbk Ft`c`(E`lhrfoik4 E`lhrfoik [jfvkrsfty ^rkss, ),, .

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Fj tbk s Pufspkc suiikstko tb`t@oukrsus Fuo`kmsw`s emjjketko wftbtbk `pmst`tk hrmtbkr wbm stmck `jo puhcfsbko wb`t `lmujtko tm tbk ske-mjo koftfmj ma @oukrsus L`refmjkl. Bk hkcfkvko tb`t tbk `pmst`tk wrmtk

eb`ptkrs ma @oukrsus Fuo`kmsarml tbk jmw cmst skemjo koftfmj ma@oukr-sus L`refmjkl._bkrk skkls tm hk kvfokjek, bk ec`flko, tb`t tbk `pmst`tk ofojmt ujokrst`jo wb`t w`s fj tbk wmrg bk stmck `jo tb`t tbfs fijmr`jek fs mhvf-mus fj@oukrsus Fuo`kms.@eemrofji tm Pufspkc, wb`t wk ffjo fj tbk ffrst kfibteb`ptkrs b`s hkkj rkwmrgko sm lueb hy tbk `pmst`tk tb`t ft e`jjmt hk e`ccko_krtuccf`js `t `cc. Dmb`jjks Pu`stkj `irkko wftb Pufspkc, hut l`ok jm eml-lkjt `hmut tbk `utbkjtfefty ma tbk ffrst kfibt eb`ptkrs.

Mtbkr sebmc`rs, wbfck sb`rfji fj tbk hkcfka tb`t tbk skemjo b`ca ma tbk

wmrg w`s jmt hy _krtuccf`j, t`gk ` lmrk pmsftfvk `pprm`eb tm tbk qukstfmjma bfs `utbmrsbfp ma tbk ffrst kfibt eb`ptkrs. @uiustus Jk`jokr ec`flko tb`t,

hke`usk tbk p`ss`iks fj @oukrsus L`refmjklwkrk jkekss`ry amr tbk fjtkirftyma tbk `riulkjt wbfck tbmsk s`lk p`ss`iks fj @oukrsus Fuo`kmswkrk jmt, tbkskemjo b`ca ma @oukrsus Fuo`kms okrfvko arml @oukrsus L`refmjkl, `jo w`sjmt hy _krtuccf`j bflskca hut hy ` amrkfij b`jo. Bk w`s ujsurk wbkj fj_krtuccf`js e`rkkr (hkamrk mr `atkr @oukrsus L`refmjkl,hkamrk mr ourfji bfs

Lmjt`jfst pb`sk) tbk ffrst kfibt eb`ptkrs b`o hkkj wrfttkj. Fj ` hrfka `p-pkjofx bk mkrko bfs prmma. Mhdketfmjs tb`t mjk emuco fl`ifjk L`refmjl`gfji tm tbk fjtkrprkt`tfmj ma smlk p`ss`iks arml tbk Bkhrkw Uerfpturksom jmt smujo jk`rcy `s `utbkjtfe wbkj pc`eko mj tbk cfps ma tbk Dkwfsb mp-pmjkjt fj@oukrsus Fuo`kms.Aurtbkr, tbkrk `rk ir`ll`tfe`c fjakcfeftfks tb`t me-eurrko wbkj tbk emlpfckr `ttklptko tm `ctkr ec`usks `jo skjtkjeks tb`t rk-akrrko tm L`refmj.

gkrl`j hkcfkvko tb`t tbk c`tkr eb`ptkrs wkrk ` lkrk amrikry `jo zfkl-

cfeb lfskr`hck Fjtkrpmc`tfmj. Ok C`hrfmcck rkpk`tko tbk s`lk ikjkr`c mpfj-fmj, tb`t, hke`usk ma `j ujeb`r`etkrfstfe eculsfjkss fj tbk c`st sfx eb`ptkrs,tbky lust b`vk hkkj hmrrmwko arml tbk @oukrsus L`refmjkl hy smlkmjk

Emjtrmvkrsy

. Ifccks Pufspkc, Ok hrmjjkj v`j _krtuccf`jus @ovkrsus L`refmjkl([trkebt4 Hurikrsofdg kjJfkl`js, ), .

. Dmb`jjks Pu`stkj, ^`trmcmy, vmc. 4 _bk @jtk-Jfekjk Cftkr`turk `atkr Frkj`kus ([trkebt4Upketrul, ), .

. @uiustus Jk`jokr, Bfstmry ma tbk ^c`jtfj `jo _r`fjfj ma tbk Ebrfstf`j Ebureb hy tbk @pms-

tcks,vmc. 4@jtfjmstfgus, mr tbk Upfrft ma _krtuccf`j,tr`js. D. K. Xyc`jo (Cmjomj4 Bkjry I. Hmbj,), .. Fhfo., . . Fhfo., .. L`ctk gkrl`j, hkr ofk Kebtbkft okr cktztkrkj Bcatk vmj _krtuccf`js @ovkrsus Fuo`kms(Cujo4

Cfjostrmkl, ), .

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mtbkr tb`j _krtuccf`j. Karmylsmj `eekpts tbfs `s tbk l`dmrfty vfkw `lmjisebmc`rs tmo`y `jo, amr tbfs rk`smj, fijmrks@oukrsus Fuo`kmswbkj emllkjt-fji mj _krtuccf`js `ttftuoks tmw`ro Duo`fsl.

Q`rf`tfmjs mj tbksk pmsftfmjs `csm b`vk hkkj put amrw`ro hy skvkr`c sebmc-`rs. Emrsskj `irkko wftb Jk`jokr tb`t tbk skemjo b`ca ma tbk trk`tfsk w`sjmtfek`hcy ofkrkjt arml tbk ffrst. Vkt, bk `riuko tb`t tbk skemjo b`ca emj-t`fjko jmt mjcy l`tkrf`c tb`t e`lk arml@oukrsus L`refmjkl`jo mtbkr l`tk-rf`c tb`t w`s wrfttkj hy tbk amrikr bflskca, hut `csm smlk l`tkrf`c tb`t w`s_krtuccf`js mwj. _bksk p`ss`iks (p`rtfeuc`rcy .) wmuco b`vk amccmwkomj mrfifj`ccy arml eb`ptkr hut tbk amrikr b`s fjskrtko bfs mwj l`tkrf`c `jotbk kxtr`ets arml hmmg ma @oukrsus L`refmjkl,tbkrkhy skp`r`tfji tbkl. Kv-

`js suiiksts, mj tbk mtbkr b`jo, fj ` r`tbkr `lhfiumus ec`usk, tb`t tbk k`rcyeb`ptkrs `rk tbk mjks ma tbk lmst omuhtauc v`cfofty hke`usk tbky c`eg _krtuc-cf`js usu`c vfimr `jo tb`t tbk skemjo b`ca w`s kftbkr empfko arml _krtuccf`jmr w`s bfs mwj or`at.

_bmsk Ybm @eekpt tbk Ymrgs Fjtkirfty`jo @utbkjtfefty

_bk pmpuc`rfty ma Pu`stkjs luctfvmculk fjtrmouetfmj tm k`rcy Ebrfstf`jcftkr`turk b`s kjsurko tb`t tbk jki`tfvk `ssksslkjt ma _krtuccf`js fjvmcvk-lkjt fj `t ck st tbk skemjo b`ca ma @oukrsus Fuo`kmsfs tbk lmst rk`ofcy `eeks-sfhck `jo lmst matkj rkpk`tko, okspftk tbk a`et tb`t ` julhkr ma sebmc`rs b`vktrfko tm rkpuof`tk ft.

Fj tbk jfjktkkjtb ekjtury Jmkcokebkj `riuko tb`t _krtuccf`j usko bfsmwj@oukrsus Fuo`kms`s ` or`at amr tbk tbfro hmmg ma @oukrsus L`refmjkl,tbk

ffrst kfibt eb`ptkrs ma tbk amrlkr hkfji tbk lmrk ffjfsbko p`rt ma tbk or`at.Bfs erftfefsl ma Uklckr w`s tb`t bk w`s uj`hck tm `pprkef`tk k`rcy Ebrfstf`jcftkr`turk fj fts mwj emjtkxt. Bk hkcfkvko tb`t tbk ofkrkjeks hktwkkj tbktwm b`cvks ma tbk trk`tfsk skoueko Jk`jokr (vkrabrtk fbj) fjtm hkcfkvfji

. ^fkrrk ok C`hrfmcck, Bfstmfrk ok c` Cfttr`turk c`tfjk ebrtfkjjk,ro ko., Emccketfmj otuoks@jefkjjks (^`rfs4 I. H`roy, ), .

. O`vfo Karmylsmj, _bk ^`trfstfe Emjjketfmj, fj @jtf-Uklftfsl `jo tbk Amujo`tfmj maEbrfstf`jfty,ko. @c`j _. O`vfks (Jkw Vmrg4 ^`ucfst, ), , j. .

. ^. Emrsskj,Ofk @ctkre`tfm Uflmjfs Duo`kf kt _bkmpbfcf Ebrfstf`jf `ua fbrk Pukcckj kprat(Hkr-cfj4 Ykfol`jj, ), .. Kv`js, _krtuccf`j4 @ovkrsus L`refmjkl,xx.. Krjst Jmkcokebkj, _krtuccf`js Ikkj ofk Duokj `ua Kfjbkft, Kebtbkft, Kjtstkbuj, _kxtk ujo

[jtkrsuebuji zur Iksebfebtk okr `ctebrfstcfebkj Cftkr`tur . (Ckfpzfi4 D. E. Bfjrfebs, ), .

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tb`t tbk skemjo b`ca w`s tbk wmrg ma smlkmjk fjemlpktkjt. _bmsk wbmamccmwko Jk`jokr wkrk `eeusko ma lkrkcy rkpk`tfji bfs mpfjfmj wftbmut fj-vkstfi`tfji ft amr tbklskcvks. Jmkcokebkjs erftfefsl ma Emrsskj w`s tb`t

tbk c`ttkr b`o jmt fjvkstfi`tko bfs ec`fl sustefkjtcy `jo tb`t hy erk`tfji amursmureks amr tbk trk`tfsk (ikjufjk _krtuccf`j fj tbk ffrst kfibt eb`ptkrs, l`tk-rf`c arml @oukrsus L`refmjkl , tbk amrikrs mwj l`tkrf`c, `jo ikjufjk _kr-tuccf`j fj tbk skemjo b`ca ), ft hke`lk tmm emjvkjfkjt tm c`hkc `jy ofsteuct p`s-s`ik `s jmj-ikjufjk, tbkrkhy jmt kji`ifji tbk tkxt `s wk b`vk ft.

Jmkcokebkj emuco pmfjt `pprmvfjicy tm tbk k`rcfkr wmrg ma tbk Ikrl`jsebmc`r Irmtklkykr, wbm b`o `riuko tb`t tbk tbklks amujo fj tbk skemjob`ca ma @oukrsus Fuo`kmswkrk `jjmujeko fj eb`ptkr , tbus fjofe`tfji ` Ik-

o`jgkjmrojuji. Irmtklkykr b`o `eekptko tbk ujtfofjkss ma tbk skemjob`ca emlp`rko wftb tbk ffrst, `jo sm ofo Jmkcokebkj. _brmuibmut bfs trk`t-lkjt ma tbk rkc`tfmjsbfp hktwkkj @oukrsus Fuo`kms `jo hmmg ma @oukrsus

L`refmjkl,Jmkcokebkj `riuko tb`t tbk c`ttkr w`s okrfvko arml tbk amrlkr,`jo tb`t tbfs emuco hk kxpc`fjko sflpcy `s tbk s`lk `utbmr bflskca rkusfjimcokr l`tkrf`c fj ` jkw emjtkxt. Kvkj tbmuib@oukrsus Fuo`kmsomks jmt b`vk` eck`r rbktmrfe`c emjecusfmj, wb`t tbkrk fs stfcc rkc`tks h`eg tm tbk rkst ma tbk

trk`tfsk `jo fs emjsfstkjt wftb bmw _krtuccf`j kjoko ` julhkr ma wmrgs.@ akw yk`rs k`rcfkr Jmkcokebkj b`o l`ok smlk ikjkr`c emllkjts `hmut@oukrsus Fuo`kms. Bk fjofe`tko tb`t bk hkcfkvko ft w`s ` ikjufjk rkspmjsktm ` ikjufjk okh`tk, hke`usk tbk mppmjkjt fj tbk okh`tk w`s prkskjtkojmt sflpcy `s ` Dkw hut `s ` prmskcytk. Fj l`jy rki`ros ft c`egs tbk a`csftymjk `ssmef`tks wftb akfijko okh`tks `jo tbk mvkr`cc tmjk fs lfco r`tbkr tb`jb`rsb. Bk o`tko tbk wmrg tm k`rcy hke`usk ma tbk st`tklkjts fj .`hmut Xml`j prmvfjef`c l`ttkrs wftb rki`ro tm tbk ofvfsfmj ma Uyrf`, `jo fj

., `hmut Xml`j fjtkr`etfmj wftb tbk ^`rtbf`js `jo I`ktucf`js. Ft fstm hk jmtko tb`t _krtuccf`js emllkjts `hmut Uyrf` l`teb tbmsk fj Dustfjs

Of`cmus., wrfttkj wkcc hkamrk tbk `etu`c ofvfsfmj fj , wbfeb suiikststb`t tbfs fs ` icmss fj Dustfj.

Emjtrmvkrsy

. Fhfo. . Fhfo., .. Fhfo., .. Fhfo., . Ukk Bkrl`jj Irmtklkykr, Kxeurs hkr ofk Kebtbkfr okr Uebr. `ov. Duo. ujo

ofk Tkft fbrkr @ha`ssuji,D`brkshkrfebt oks Iylj`sful _bml`kul zu Gklpkj()4 .

. Jmkcokebkj, _krtuccf`js Ikkj ofk Duokj,.. Fhfo., .. Krjst Jmkcokebkj, _krtuccf`j(Imtb`4 Arfkorfeb [jork`s Hkrtbks, ), .. Krjst Jmkcokebkj, Ofk @ha`ssujszkft okr Uebrfatkj _krtuccf`js,_kxtk ujo [jtkrsuebuji

zur Iksebfebtk okr ctebrfstcfebkj Cftkr`tur (Ckfpzfi4 D. E. Bfjrfebs, ), .

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@ctbmuib bk `eekptko tbk ikjufjkjkss ma tbk kjtfrk wmrg, @omca B`rj`eg`riuko tb`t tbk ffrst kfibt eb`ptkrs wkrk wrfttkj `atkr tbk ffrst koftfmj ma@ou-krsus L`refmjkl`jo tb`t tbk c`st eb`ptkrs wkrk t`gkj arml @oukrsus L`refm-

jkl.Fj Cugyj Yfccf`ls `eekptko tb`t tbk kjtfrk pfkek w`s hy _krtuccf`j,

tb`t ft okpkjoko upmj tkstflmjf`,`jo tb`t, wbkj _krtuccf`j c`tkr wrmtk@ou-krsus L`refmjkl,bk rkcfko `i`fj upmj tkstflmjf`,mr mj tbk kxtr`ets bk b`oemlhfjko `crk`oy fj @oukrsus Fuo`kms,wbfeb wkrk tbkj fjtkrprktko tm suft `jkw purpmsk mr emjtkxt. Bk rkdketko `jy jmtfmj tb`t tbk c`tkr eb`ptkrs ofojmt hkcmji4 Wt\bky om fj a`et emjtfjuk tbk `riulkjt, tbmuib `s ft skkls, fj `rmuibkr, lmrk okt`fcko, `jo ckss pmcfsbko amrl.

Ist` Uujo o`tks tbk wmrg k`rcy fj _krtuccf`js e`rkkr `jo amccmws Jm-kcokebkj fj hkcfkvfji, mj stycfstfe `jo pbfcmcmife`c irmujos, tb`t ft w`s kl-pcmyko c`tkr fj tbk emlpmsftfmj ma tbk tbfro hmmg ma @oukrsus L`refmjkl.

@atkr ` tbmrmuib kx`lfj`tfmj ma _krtuccf`js usk ma serfptur`c tkxts, Uujoemlks tm tbk emjecusfmj tb`t mur trk`tfsk fs ` sfjick wmrg. Bk kxpc`fjs tbkprmhckls emjekrjfji tbk twm b`cvks ma tbk trk`tfsk, p`rtfeuc`rcy tbk rkpktf-tfmjs, `s hkfji tbk rksuct ma tbk `utbmrs eb`jik ma lfjo ourfji emlpmsf-

tfmj, wrftfji lmrk tb`j b`o hkkj fjtkjoko fjftf`ccy. Fj p`rtfeuc`r, bk t`gkskxekptfmj tm tbk `riulkjts ma gkrl`j. Uujo skkls tm `eekpt tb`t, kvkjtbmuib _krtuccf`j b`o hkiuj wmrg mj eb`ptkrs tm , smlkmjk kcsk, jmt uptm tbk t`sg, put tbk l`tkrf`c tmiktbkr `jo `tt`ebko ft tm tbk k`rcfkr eb`ptkrs.

@ julhkr ma prmhckls fj tbk skemjo b ca ma tbk trk`tfsk, arml wbfeb gkr-l`j rk`ebko bfs emjecusfmj tb`t tbfs b`ca w`s ` amrikry, `rk amujo hy Uujotm meeur fj tbk k`rcfkr p`rts ma tbk trk`tfsk `jo fj smlk mtbkr trk`tfsks ma _kr-tuccf`j `s wkcc. Bk emjsfokrs p`ss`iks fj tbk skemjo b`ca ma tbk trk`tfsk tb`t

`rk wftbmut p`r`cckc fj@oukrsus L`refmjkl,vfz., . `jo ., `s ofspc`y-fji eb`r`etkrfstfes ma _krtuccf`js wrftfji. Xki`rofji tbmsk p`ss`iks fj tbkskemjo b`ca tb`t om b`vk ` p`r`cckc tm p`ss`iks fj@oukrsus L`refmjkl,Uujo

. @omca B`rj`eg, Iksebfebtk okr `ctebrfstcfebkj Cftkr`tur hfs Kuskhfus,p`rt FF4 Ofk Ebrmjmcm-fk,vmc. 4 Ofk Ebrmjmcmfk okr Cftkr`tur vmj Frkj`kus hfs Kuskhfus (Ckfpzfi4 D. E. Bfjrfebs, ),.

. @. Cugyj Yfccf`ls, @ovkrsus Duo`kms4 @ Hfros-Kyk Qfkw ma Ebrfstf`j @pmcmf`k ujtfc tbkXkj`fss`jek(E`lhrfoik4 E`lhrfoik [jfvkrsfty ^rkss, ), .

. Fhfo., .. Ist` Uujo, Ok p`ccfm ujo ofk stfcfstfsebk Kjtwfegcuj _krtuccf`js, Ugrfatkr utifvj` `v

Uvkjsg` Fjstftutkt F Xml, , QFFF (Cujo4 E. Y. G. Ickkrup, ), .. Fhfo., . . Fhfo., .. Fhfo., .

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emjecuoks tb`t ft l`gks lmrk skjsk tm skk p`rts ma@oukrsus Fuo`kms`s b`vfjihkkj okcktko mr l`ok lmrk emjefsk amr fjecusfmj fj tbk c`tkr@oukrsus L`refm-jkl.

_bk lmst tbmrmuib fjvkstfi`tfmj ma @oukrsus Fuo`kmsb`s hkkj emjouetkohy Bkrl`jj _rjgck. Bfs erftfe`c koftfmj `jo Ikrl`j emllkjt`ry fs`csm tbk lmst rkekjt wk b`vk. Bk rkdkets tbk pmsftfmj ma sebmc`rs cfgk Jk`j-okr, Hurgftt, Emrsskj, `jo Pufspkc quftk kxpcfeftcy, st`tfji tb`t tbk kvfokjekPufspkc mkrko w`s mjcy sprcfebk L`tkrf`c, fjsustefkjt tm prmvk bfs pmfjt.Bk `riuks tb`t Hurgftts ec`fl `hmut _krtuccf`js kxecusfvk usk ma _bkmom-tfmj fj@oukrsus Fuo`kms`jo tbk Ukptu`ifjt fj tbk rkst ma bfs wmrgs fs kx`iikr-`tko. @s ` rksuct _rjgck hkcfkvks smjokrj krgcrt `ueb gkfjk okr hkf okj

arbkrkj Qkrakebtkrj okr [jkebtbkft okr zwkftkj Bcatk mkj ikhcfkhkjkjAr`ikj. Bk `irkks wftb Jmkcokebkj `hmut tbk ikjufjkjkss ma tbk wmrg`jo `riuks tb`t tbk skemjo b`ca ma tbk trk`tfsk ofspc`ys cketurk-cfgk eb`r`e-tkrfstfes jm ckss tb`j tbk ffrst, fjofe`tfji tb`t tbk skemjo b`ca b`s tbk s`lkamrl. Fj a`et, _rjgck ofstfjiufsbks hktwkkj tbk wmrgs ujfty `jo fts `u-tbkjtfefty, ` pmfjt bk hmrrmws arml E. Hkegkr. Kvkj tbmuib bk b`s smlkqukstfmjs `hmut tbk ffrst fj ` akw pc`eks, bk b`s jmjk `hmut tbk skemjo. Amr

_rjgck, tbk styck ma tbk ffrst kfibt eb`ptkrs l`tebks tb`t ma tbk skemjo b`ca`jo tb`t ma @oukrsus L`refmjkl. @cc bk emjekoks fs tb`t fa tbk skemjo b`caw`s jmt hy _krtuccf`j ft w`s hy smlkmjk wbm emuco flft`tk bfl p`rtfeuc`rcywkcc.

_rjgck `eekpts tbk prfmrfty ma @oukrsus Fuo`kmsmvkr@oukrsus L`refmjkl,`riufji, tbrmuib ` okt`fcko emjtr`st ma ` julhkr ma kxtr`ets, o` ofk Amr-lucfkrujikj fj L`re. FFF vfkc gj`ppkr ujo str`kr, fj Fuo. o`ikikj sebc`krujo ulstjocfebkr sfjo. Jmt mjcy fs tbk wmrofji tfibtkr `jo lmrk emj-

efsk fj@oukrsus L`refmjkl,hut skjtkjek strueturk tmm rkvk`cs tb`t wb`t t`gks

Emjtrmvkrsy

. Fhfo., .. Bkrl`jj _rjgck, P. U. A. _krtuccf`j, @ovkrsus Fuo`kms. Lft Kfjckftuj ujo grftfsebkl Gml-

lkjt`r(Yfksh`okj4 Ar`jz Utkfjkr Qkrc`i, ), xffxfv.. Fhfo., xxf. . Fhfo., xvff.. Fhfo., xxff.. Fhfo., xvf. Kvkj tbmuib bk `irkks wftb Emrsskj tb`t eb. skkls tm amccmw eb. , st`t-

fji bmw wkrtvmcc ujo, wfk lfr sebkfjt, rfebtfi ofksk Hkb`uptuji fst, bk erftfefzko bfl amr jmtb`vfji tbkj `oorkssko tbk qukstfmjs tbfs wmuco r`fsk `hmut wby tbky wkrk skp`r`tko fj tbk ffrstpc`ek, `jo `hmut wby . w`s `ooko wbkrk ft w`s, r`tbkr tb`j wftb eb. . Mj p. xxff _rjgckfjofe`tks tb`t bk ofs`irkks wftb Uujo mj tbk qukstfmj ma tbk wmrgs ujfty hke`usk ma tbk rkp-ktftfmjs `jo ofsdmfjtko strueturk fj skvkr`c pc`eks.

. Fhfo., cfx.. Fhfo., cfff.

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skvkr`c skjtkjeks fj @oukrsus Fuo`kms`jo fjvmcvks lueb tb`t fs cmji-wfjoko,fs `hhrkvf`tko fj @oukrsus L`refmjkl. Fj emjtr`st wftb ft, tbk skemjo b`cama @oukrsus Fuo`kmsfs ckss mri`jfzko `jo ckss struetur`ccy embkrkjt, sueb tb`t

ft c`egko Ckhkjofigkft ujo Uebc`igr`at. Amr _rjgck qukstfmjs `hmut tbko`tk ma emlpmsftfmj ma @oukrsus Fuo`kmslust rkl`fj uj`jswkrko hke`usk,ifvkj tbk sgkteb-cfgk qu`cfty ma tbk trk`tfsk (jur `cs Kjtwura krb`ctkj fst),pmfjts cfgk tbk mlfssfmj ma tbk ^`rtbf`js emuco hk kxpc`fjko hy `jy julhkrma a`etmrs. @t tbk s`lk tflk bk omks suppmrt ` o`tk k`rcy fj _krtuccf`js cftkr-`ry e`rkkr, hkamrk@pmcmktfeul.

Aurtbkr, tbk wmrg, b`vfji sm lueb fj emllmj wftb mtbkr, k`rcfkr kx`l-pcks ma tbk `jtf-Duo`fe ikjrk ma Ebrfstf`j cftkr`turk, omks jmt rkket amr bfl

emjt`et wftb emjtklpmr`ry Duo`fsl hut sflpcy rkpk`ts mcokr `riulkjts.Aurtbkr stfcc, _rjgck hkcfkvks tb`t, cfgk DustfjsOf`cmus eul _rypbmjk,_krtuc-cf`js trk`tfsk w`s jmt ofrketko tm Dkws hut tm p`i`js, `jo bkjek k`eb ma tbkskwmrgs w`s Uebkfjpmcklfg. Bk tbfjgs tb`t _krtuccf`j `h`jomjko tbfs trk`-tfsk wbkj bk emuco kji`ik fj rk`c pmcklfe `i`fjst tbk pmpuc`rfty ma L`r-efmjfsl. @ctbmuib bk mkrs `j kxtkjoko emllkjt`ry mj tbk strueturk matbk wmrg, _rjgck fjofe`tks rbktmrfe`c kcklkjts mjcy hrfky.

Dk`j-Ec`uok Arkomufcck rkvfkwko tbk st`tk ma tbfs qukstfmj fj . _wm fs-suks wkrk ma p`r`lmujt fjtkrkst tm bfl4 wbktbkr @oukrsus Fuo`kms w`s hy_krtuccf`j `jo wbktbkr ft sbmwko tb`t fts `utbmr b`o emjt`et wftb ` emj-tklpmr`ry Dkwfsb emllujfty. Bk tmmg ` pmsftfvk st`jek mj hmtb fssuks.Arkomufcck cfsts emllkjt`tmrs ujokr skvkr`c bk`ofjis4 tbmsk, cfgk bflskca,wbm hkcfkvko tb`t tbk wmrg w`s `utbkjtfe`ccy _krtuccf`js `jo tb`t ft rkketko` rk`c emjtrmvkrsy (Lmjek`ux, Uujo, Hr`uj)7 tbmsk wbm hkcfkvko tb`t tbk

. Fhfo., cvf. . Fhfo., cfx.. Fhfo., cxcxf. . Fhfo., cxvff.. Fhfo., cxvfffcxxxvfff. . Fhfo., cxxff.. Fhfo., cxxfv.

. Fhfo., xxfffcfff. Mj p. xxfv bk spk`gs ma Wo\fk kfikjtcfebk Utkftar`ik `hmut tbk v`cfofty matbk Dkwfsb c`w `ppk`rfji `t tbk hkifjjfji ma eb. . Mj p. xxx bk fjofe`tks tb`t _krtuccf`j hki`jokr J`ebwkfs `t tbk st`rt ma eb. .

. Dk`j-Ec`uok Arkomufcck, _krtuccfkj kt c` emjvkrsfmj ok c` eucturk `jtfquk, Emccketfmj okstuoks @uiustfjfkjjks Urfk @jtfquft (^`rfs4 tuoks @uiustfjfkjjks, ), .

. Fhfo., .. ^`uc Lmjek`ux, Bfstmfrk cfttr`frk ok c@arfquk ebrtfkjjk,vmc. 4 _krtuccfkj kt cks mrffjks(^`r-

fs4 Krjkst Ckrmux, ), , hkcfkvko@ou. Fuo.tm hk prfmr tm@ou. L`re.`jo tb`t ft w`s _kr-tuccf`j wbm rkvfsko bfs mwj k`rcfkr wmrg fj tbk c`tkr. Amr Uujo skk j. 7 Xkj Hr`uj, @uxmrfifjks ok ck ebrtfkjt o@arfquk4 uj bmllk ok emlh`t, _krtuccfkj, H@IHtb skrfks ()4.

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wmrg, `t ck`st tbk c`st eb`ptkrs, w`s jmt hy _krtuccf`j, `ctbmuib ft rkketko `rk`c emjtrmvkrsy (ok C`hrfmcck, Pufspkc, Pu`stkj, @ct`jkr)7 `jo tbmsk wbm

hkcfkvko tb`t tbk wmrg w`s `utbkjtfe`ccy _krtuccf`js, `ctbmuib ft ofo jmt rk-

ket `jy rk`c emjt`et wftb emjtklpmr`ry Duo`fsl (B`rj`eg, _rjgck). Bfsamurtb e`tkimry w`s amr tbmsk wbm `eekptko tbk rk`cfty ma tbfs wmrg `s eml-fji arml emjt`et wftb emjtklpmr`ry Duo`fsl hut wbm wkrk jmt fjtkrkstko fjqukstfmjs ma tbk wmrgs fjtkirfty (Yfccf`ls, Uflmj, Duo`jt). Arkomufcck `r-iuks tb`t _krtuccf`j w`s okpkjokjt upmj Dustfj `jo Frkj`kus `jo tb`t bfs ur-ikjt emjekrj w`s tm oklmjstr`tk tbk jmvkcty ma Ebrfsts jkw c`w, wbfeb w`slmrk flpmrt`jt tb`j ` embkrkjt trk`tfsk `hmut s`cv`tfmj bfstmry.

@jmtbkr Arkjeb sebmc`r, Ec`uok @zfz`, r`fsks ` julhkr ma qukstfmjs, `c-

tbmuib ` julhkr ma bfs emjecusfmjs b`vk hkkj c`hkcko `s ujhrfocko spke-uc`tfmj, `jo bk fs erftfefzko hke`usk bk skkls tm b`vk ujokrpc`yko _kr-tuccf`js `jt`imjfsl tmw`ro Duo`fsl `jo skrfmuscy mvkrst`tko bfs gjmwckoikma Duo`fsl. @zfz` rkdkets tbk vfkw tb`t @oukrsus Fuo`kmsw`s wrfttkj `atkr,`jo p`rtcy arml, @oukrsus L`refmjkl. Bk rk`ebks tbfs pmsftfmj hke`usk bk

hkcfkvks tb`t tbk kjtfrk wmrg ofspc`ys ` embkrkjek `jo fjtkirfty fj tbk okvkc-mplkjt ma tbklks tb`t jkekssft`tk eb`ptkrs hkfji p`rt ma tbk fjtkjoko

strueturk ma tbk wmrg, sueb tb`t tbk trk`tfsk b`o tm hk wrfttkj prfmr tm , tbk o`tk `eekptko amr @oukrsus L`refmjkl. Kvkj tbmuib tbk c`st eb`p-tkrs l`y c`eg vfimr, @zfz` omks jmt hkcfkvk tb`t tbky wkrk t`gkj arml @ou-krsus L`refmjkl. _bk skklfjicy fcc-ffttfji j`turk ma tbk wmrg w`s p`rt matbk okcfhkr`tk fjtkjtfmj ma tbk `utbmr. _bk twm tbklks ma tbk emlfji ma tbkEbrfst `jo tbk rkdketfmj ma tbk Dkws `rk fjtkrlfjicko tbrmuibmut tbk wmrg,

Emjtrmvkrsy

. Amr ok C`hrfmcck skk j. 7 amr Pufspkc skk j. 7 amr Pu`stkj skk j. 7 H. @ct`jkr,^`trmcmfk.Ckhkj Uebrfatkj ujo Ckbrk okr Gfrebkjvtkr,tb ko., rkv. @carko Utufhkr (Arkfhuri4 Bkrokr, ), ,

fj tbk lmst rkekjt koftfmj ma bfs wmrg, lmofffks bfs pmsftfmj smlkwb`t4 @ueb okr . _kfc (/)fst kebt ujo wurok sptkr fl . Hueb@ovkrsus L`refmjklvkrwkrtkt.

. Amr B`rj`eg skk j. 7 amr _rjgck skk j. .. Amr Yfccf`ls skk j. 7 L`rekc Uflmj, Qkrus Fsr`kc4 @ Utuoy ma tbk Xkc`tfmjs hktwkkj Ebrfs-

tf`js `jo Dkws fj tbk Xml`j Klpfrk (@O ),jo Kji. ko., tr`js. B. LeGk`tfji, _bk Cfttl`jCfhr`ry ma Dkwfsb Efvfcfz`tfmj (Cmjomj4 Q`cckjtfjk Lftebkcc, ), 7 O. Duo`jt, Duo`slk ktebrfstf`jfslk. Omssfkr p`trfstfquk(^`rfs4 Cks Koftfmjs ou Eork, ), , .

. Arkomufcck, _krtuccfkj kt c` emjvkrsfmj,.. Dmbj I. I`ikr, _bk Mrffjs ma @jtf-Uklftfsl4 @ttftuoks _mw`ro Duo`fsl fj ^` j `jo Ebrfs-

tf`j @jtfqufty(Mxamro4 Mxamro [jfvkrsfty ^rkss, ), , j. .. O vfo Karmylsmj, _krtuccf`js @jtf-Dkwfsb Xbktmrfe4 Iufct hy @ssmef`tfmj, [jfmj Uklf-

j`ry Pu`rtkrcy Xkvfkw ()4 , j. .. Ec`uok @zfz`, _krtuccfkj kt ck duo`slk,^uhcfe`tfmjs ok ck A`euct oks Ckttrks kt oks Uef-

kjeks Bul`fjks ok Jfek (Jfek4 Cks Hkccks Ckttrks, ), .. Fhfo., . . Fhfo., .

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smlktflks mjk lmrk tm tbk amrk tb`j tbk mtbkr. Bk `riuks aurtbkr amr rk`cemjt`et hktwkkj _krtuccf`j `jo Dkws fj E`rtb`ik, suiikstfji tb`t _krtuccf`jwmuco b`vk hkkj ujcfgkcy tm fjvkjt tbk prmskcytk, wbml bk lkjtfmjko fj tbk

mpkjfji cfjks ma tbk trk`tfsk, fa tbkrk b`o jmt hkkj mjk, `s bfs rk`okrs wmucob`vk gjmwj tbfs.

Fj tbk fjtrmouetfmj tm bfs Ft`cf`j tr`jsc`tfmj ma ` julhkr ma _krtuccf`jswmrgs, Lmrksebfjf `ompts _rjgcks ffjofjis tb`t tbk wmrg prko`tks@oukrsus

L`refmjkl,tb`t ft w`s `cc hy _krtuccf`j, tb`t tbk ffrst kfibt eb`ptkrs `jo eb`p-tkrs wkrk uj `hhmzzm fjemlpfutm, wbkrk sketfmjs rkpk`t tbklskcvks,`jo tb`t tbk wmrg w`s prmh`hcy puhcfsbko `atkr _krtuccf`js ok`tb wftb smlk`ooftfmjs fj tbk c`ttkr b`ca. Amr tbksk rk`smjs bk okserfhks @oukrsus Fuo`kms

`s uj` okcck pf sfjimc`rf mpkrk of _krtuccf`jm._bfs fs `csm tbk vfkw ma Uebrkegkjhkri4 tb`t tbk wmrg fs k`rcy (prfmr tm

@oukrsus L`refmjkl), mjcy wrfttkj fj or`at amrl, `jo jkvkr fjtkjoko hy _kr-tuccf`j tm hk puhcfsbko fj tbk st`tk wk b`vk ft jmw. _b`t l`tkrf`c fs emllmjtm hmtb sbmuco jmt ck`o mjk tm tbk emjecusfmj tb`t tbk skemjo b`ca ma@oukr-sus Fuo`kmsfs spurfmus mr tb`t ft w`s wrfttkj `atkr, `jo arml,@oukrsus L`refm-jkl. Bk okserfhks @oukrsus Fuo`kms`s pmsskssfji ofk sgfzzkjb`atk [jakr-

tfigkft oks Arbwkrgks wbkj emlp`rko wftb@oukrsus L`refmjkl,`jo hkfjitbkmcmifseb `hkr jfebt sm ourebo`ebt ujo amcikrfebtfi `jikckit ..... wfk `j-okrk skfjkr Ykrgk. Aurtbkr, fj emjtr`st wftb tbk pmsftfmj t`gkj hy @zfz`mj tbk rk`cfty ma _krtuccf`js emjt`et wftb tbk Dkws, bk hkcfkvks tbk wmrg tm hkkfjk cftkr`rfsebk Afgtfmj `jo okrkj X`blkjb`jocuji gkfjkswkis kfj rk-`cks Iksebkbkj wfokrspfkikcj lu.

_flmtby H`rjks fs mjk ma tbk akw Kjicfsb-spk`gfji sebmc`rs tm b`vk eml-lkjtko mj @oukrsus Fuo`kms fj tbk twkjtfktb ekjtury. Xkcyfji mj hmtb U-

ujo `jo _rjgck, bk `csm `eekpts tbfs tm hk `j k`rcy, ikjufjk, tbmuib uj-rkvfsko `jo c`tkr skca-pcujokrko wmrg ma _krtuccf`j. Fj tbk skemjo koftfmj

. Fhfo., . . Fhfo., .. Ec`uofm Lmrksebfjf, tr`js., Mpkrk sekctk of Pufjtm Ukttflfm Acmrkjtk _krtuccf`jm,Ec`ssfef okc-

ck Xkcfifmjf, skzfmjk Pu`rt`4 C` rkcfifmjk e`ttmcfe` (_urfj4 [jfmjk _fpmir`ffem-Koftrfek _mrf-jksk, ), .

. Fhfo., .. Bkfjz Uebrkegkjhkri,Ofk ebrfstcfebkj @ovkrsus-Duo`kms-_kxtk ujo fbr cftkr`rfsebks ujo bfstm-

rfsebks [lakco (..Db.)(Ar`jgaurt `l L`fj4 ^ktkr C`ji, ), .. Fhfo. . Fhfo.. Fhfo.. _flmtby O. H`rjks, _krtuccf`j4 @ Bfstmrfe`c `jo Cftkr`ry Utuoy,jo ko. (Mxamro4 Ec`rkjomj

^rkss, ), .

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ma bfs hfmir`pby ma _krtuccf`j, bk wftborkw bfs k`rcfkr h`co st`tklkjt tb`t_krtuccf`js gjmwckoik ma Duo`fsl w`s okrfvko jmt arml emjtklpmr`ry kxpk-rfkjek hut mjcy arml rk`ofji tbk p`iks ma tbk Bkhrkw Uerfpturks, sueb tb`t

Wa\mr _krtuccf`j ..... Duo`fsl w`s `j ujeb`jifji, amssfcfzko a`ftb, jmt tm hkt`gkj skrfmuscy. Yb`t bk b`s rkpc`eko ft wftb fs ` skjsk tb`t _krtuccf`j b`o` okt`ebko `w`rkjkss ma emjtklpmr`ry Dkws fj E`rtb`ik.

_m tbfs cfst ma j`lks wk emuco `oo tbk rksk`reb ma Mtr`jtm. Bk o`tks @ou-krsus Fuo`kms tm hkamrk tbk tbfro koftfmj ma @oukrsus L`refmjkl, `rmujo tbks`lk tflk `s tbk ffrst or`ats ma tbk c`ttkr. Mtr`jtm w`jts tm o`tk tbk wmrg tm hke`usk tbk kofet ma Ukptflfus Ukvkrus `i`fjst prmskcytfzfji fj tb`t yk`rwmuco b`vk rkjokrko uskckss tbk jkko amr _krtuccf`j tm emlpcktk bfs wmrg

`i`fjst tbk Dkws.

Duo`fsl `jo Ebrfstf`jfty fj Emjt`et=

_bfs tbkj fs tbk st`tk ma tbk qukstfmj wftb rki`ro tm tbk fjtkirfty `jo `u-tbkjtfefty ma @oukrsus Fuo`kms. @ctbmuib ly emllkjts b`vk hkkj c`rikcysull`ry fj j`turk, ft fs flpmrt`jt, F hkcfkvk, tm b`vk ` tbmrmuib `jo `eeu-

r`tk pfeturk ma tbk j`turk ma tbk emjtrmvkrsy tb`t b`s surrmujoko tbfs tkxt fjmrokr tb`t tbk rksucts ma ly rbktmrfe`c `j`cysfs ma fts `utbkjtfefty `jo fjtki-rfty fj tbk amccmwfji eb`ptkrs hk `pprkef`tko auccy. _bkrk rkl`fjs lueb ofvf-sfmj fj tbk sebmc`rcy emllujfty `hmut tbfs wmrg, `jo hy bfibcfibtfji tbk j`-turk ma tbk ofs`irkklkjt F hkcfkvk tb`t F b`vk pmfjtko tm prkefskcy tbmsk gfjosma emjekrjs tb`t e`j hk `oorkssko hy mkrfji tbk ffrst-kvkr rbktmrfe`c `j`cysfsma tbfs pfkek ma cftkr`turk. _b`t ly rbktmrfe`ccy okrfvko emjecusfmjs wfcc kj-omrsk l`jy ma tbk pmfjts l`ok `crk`oy hy tbmsk wbm suppmrt tbk wmrgs `u-

tbkjtfefty `jo fjtkirfty sbmuco bkcp rksmcvk tbfs emjtrmvkrsy. Fj `ooftfmj, `swk b`vk skkj, smlk ma tbmsk wbm b`vk emjsfokrko tbfs wmrg b`vk `csm l`okemllkjt `hmut tbk rk`cfty ma tbk mee`sfmj tb`t prmlptko fts wrftfji `jo tbkrk`cfty ma _krtuccf`js emjt`et wftb Dkws fj k`rcy tbfro-ekjtury E`rtb`ik. _bk

hrm`okr fssuk ma tbk emjt`et hktwkkj Ebrfstf`js `jo Dkws fj c`tk jtfqufty b`shkkj ma irmwfji flpmrt`jek tm sebmc`rsbfp mj hmtb k`rcy Ebrfstf`jfty `jok`rcy r`hhfjfe Duo`fsl fj rkekjt oke`oks. Fj tbfs okh`tk tbfs wmrg `serfhko

Emjtrmvkrsy

. Fhfo., .. Fhfo., .. I. Mtr`jtm, Ifuokf k erfstf`jf ` E`rt`fjk tr` FF k FFF skemcm. C@ovkrsus Fuo`kms(H`rf4 @orf`t-

fe`, ), .

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tm _krtuccf`j fs matkj jkicketko hke`usk ma tbk emjtrmvkrsy tb`t surrmujos ft.Ft fs `pprmprf`tk fj tbfs eb`ptkr tm mutcfjk tbk okh`tk emjekrjfji Ebrfstf`jsemjt`et wftb Dkws `s wkcc, fj p`rtfeuc`r hke`usk F fjtkjo tm oklmjstr`tk tb`t

l`jy mtbkr hrfka sull`rfks ma tb`t qukstfmj emjt`fj fj`eeur`tk prkskjt`-tfmjs ma wb`t mtbkr sebmc`rs b`vk s`fo `hmut tbk tmpfe. Fj tbk emjecusfmj tmtbfs vmculk F sb`cc rkturj tm tbfs lmrk spkefffe qukstfmj ma _krtuccf`js emj-t`et wftb E`rtb`ifjf`j Dkws tm mkr ly mwj emjtrfhutfmj.

Yk l`y hkifj wftb Yfccf`ls, wbm emllkjtko mj tbk purpmsk ma _krtuc-cf`js trk`tfsk. Bk wrmtk, _bkrk w`s tbkrkamrk sustefkjt rk`smj amr tbk @o-vkrsus Duo`kms tm hk emlpmsko, hmtb `s ` prmtketfmj tm Ebrfstf`js `jo `s `lk`js ma wfjjfji Dkws. L`jy ma tbmsk wbm `riuk tb`t tbk wmrg (`jo mtb-

krs cfgk ft) w`s fjtkjoko amr Dkws om sm hke`usk tbky `eekpt tb`t Duo`fsl `joEbrfstf`jfty wkrk kji`iko fj ` cfvkcy fjtkr`etfmj ourfji tbksk ekjturfks, wbfcktbmsk wbm `riuk tb`t sueb wmrgs wkrk fjtkjoko amr Ebrfstf`js, jmt Dkws, omsm hke`usk tbky hkcfkvk tb`t tbk twm b`o imjk tbkfr skp`r`tk w`ys hy tbfstflk. _bfs pmfjt b`s hkkj wkcc l`ok hy skvkr`c sebmc`rs fj rkekjt yk`rs. IuyUtrmuls` st`tks tb`t tbmsk wbm suppmrt tbk ffrst pmsftfmj `riuk amr smef`c fj-tkr`etfmj `jo tbmsk wbm `riuk amr tbk skemjo ameus mj Ebrfstf`j skca-okffjf-

tfmj. D`lks E`rcktmj ^`ikt kxprkssks tbk qukstfmj fj sflfc`r a`sbfmj4Ofo tbk Ebrfstf`j@ovkrsus Duo`kmstr`oftfmj, jo fjokko Ebrfstf`j jtf-Duo`fsl fj ikj-kr`c, rkket ikjufjk ofsputks hktwkkj Ebrfstf`js `jo Dkws, sm tb`t ft emuco hk ujokr-stmmo kftbkr `s ` rkspmjsk tm ` tbrk`t pmsko hy tbk Dkwfsb emllujfty tm tbk j`sekjtebureb, mr `s `j `ttklpt tm emjvkrt Dkws tm Ebrfstf`jfty= Mr, emjtr`ry tm tbfs tbksfs,w`s ft cftkr`turk wbfeb sbmuco hk ujokrstmmo wftbmut `jy rkakrkjek tm `j mutsfokDkwfsb rk`cfty, `jo skkj r`tbkr `s tbk rksuct ma fjtkrj`c tkjokjefks wftbfj Ebrfstf`jtbkmcmiy `jo p`rkjksfs=

_bk jmtfmj tb`t Dkws jo Ebrfstf`js b`o imjk tbkfr skp`r`tk w`ys b`s hkkjtbk suhdket ma fjerk`sfji fjtkrkst fj `e`oklfe efrecks. @s tbk p`pkrs `t tbkMxamro-^rfjektmj Xksk`reb ^`rtjkrsbfp Eucturk `jo Xkcfifmj ma tbk K`stkrj

. Yfccf`ls, @ovkrsus Duo`kms,. Mj p. , bmwkvkr, bk st`tko tb`t _krtuccf`js pkrsmj`cgjmwckoik ma emjtklpmr`ry Dkws w`s fjakrfmr tm Dustfjs.

. Iuy I. Utrmuls`, Arml @jtf-Duo`fsl tm @jtfsklftfsl fj K`rcy Ebrfstf`jfty= fj Emj-tr` Fuo`kms4 @jefkjt `jo Lkofkv`c ^mcklfes Hktwkkj Ebrfstf`js `jo Dkws,ko. Mr` Cflmr `jo Iuy I.Utrmuls`, _kxts `jo Utuofks fj Lkofkv`c `jo K`rcy Lmokrj Duo`fsl (_hfjikj4 D. E. H. LmbrW^`uc Ufkhkeg\, ), .

. D`lks E`rcktmj ^`ikt, @jtf-Duo`fsl `jo K`rcy Ebrfstf`j Fokjtfty, T@E ()4 .. D`lks O. I. Oujj, _bk ^`rtfj ma tbk Y`ys hktwkkj Ebrfstf`jfty `jo Duo`fsl `jo tbkfr

Ufjfffe`jek amr tbk Eb`r`etkr ma Ebrfstf`jfty (^bfc`okcpbf`4 _rfjfty ^rkss Fjtkrj`tfmj`c, )7 X.H`uegb`l, _bk ^`rtfji ma tbk Y`ys4 Yb`t B`ppkjko `jo Yby, U_b ()4 7 D`lks

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Lkoftkrr`jk`j ^rmdket k`rcy fj `t ^rfjektmj [jfvkrsfty oklmjstr`tk,lmrk sebmc`rs `rk ffjofji kvfokjek ma emjt`et hktwkkj Dkws `jo Ebrfstf`jskxtkjofji lueb c`tkr tb`j prkvfmuscy fl`ifjko. Bmwkvkr, _krtuccf`js@oukr-

sus Fuo`kmsfs jmt lkjtfmjko kxpcfeftcy fj `jy ma tbk p`pkrs prkskjtko `t tb`temjakrkjek.

Utrmuls` `jo E`rcktmj ^`ikt b`vk ofvfoko ` julhkr ma tbkfr emcck`iuksfjtm twm e`lps, k`eb rkprkskjtfji mjk ma tbk twm `pprm`ebks. Dustkr, Uflmj,Gr`uss, Yfccf`ls, ^`rgks, Hculkjgr`jz, Yfcgkj, Hc`jebktfrk, Bmrhury, okC`jik, Yfcsmj, `jo L`eCkjj`j `rk `ccme`tko tm tbk ffrst irmup, wbm suppmrttbk jmtfmj ma mjimfji emjt`et hktwkkj Ebrfstf`js `jo Dkws.

U`lukc Gr`uss, amr kx`lpck, emjsfokrko tbk Dkws tm b`vk emjtfjuko tm hk

` sfijfffe`jt irmup fj ekrt`fj p`rts ma tbk Lkoftkrr`jk`j wmrco ujtfc wkccfjtm tbk amurtb ekjtury `jo tm b`vk rkl`fjko fj emlpktftfmj wftb tbk Ebrfs-tf`js. Fj `ooftfmj, Gr`uss jmtko tb`t tbk ofs`irkklkjt hktwkkj Dkws `joEbrfstf`js ekjtkrko mj tbk kxkiksfs ma Uerfpturk. Fjtkrkstfjicy kjmuib, bkl`ok jm lkjtfmj ma _krtuccf`js trk`tfsk.

Yk l`y t`gk L`rekc Uflmj, wbmsk wmrg ffrst `ppk`rko fj Arkjeb fj ,`s tbk prfl`ry kxpmjkjt ma tbfs vfkw, `jo bkjek F sbmuco cfgk tm okvmtk ` cft-

tck lmrk `ttkjtfmj tm bfs `riulkjts. Yrftfji fj tbk `atkrl`tb ma tbk Uke-mjo Ymrco Y`r, Uflmj w`s emjekrjko wftb ofstfjiufsbfji bfstmrfe Ebrfstf`j`jtf-Duo`fsl arml emjtklpmr`ry J`zf `jtf-Uklftfsl. Amr bfl, tbk `jtf-

Duo`fe cftkr`turk mjcy l`ok skjsk `s p`rt ma ` sfijfffe`jt `jo mjimfji fj-

Emjtrmvkrsy

O. I. Oujj, Dkws `jo Ebrfstf`js4 _bk ^`rtfj ma tbk Y`ys, @.O. , rkv. Kji. ko., _bk Uke-mjo Ourb`l-_hfjikj Xksk`reb Uylpmsful mj K`rcfkst Ebrfstf`jfty `jo Duo`fsl, Ourb`l (Ir`jo X`pfos, Lfeb.4 Kkrol`js, )7 @o`l Hkegkr `jo @jjkttk Vmsbfgm Xkko, kos., _bkY`ys _b`t Jkvkr ^`rtko4 Dkws `jo Ebrfstf`js fj C`tk @jtfqufty `jo tbk K`rcy Lfoock @ks, _kxts `joUtuofks fj @jefkjt Duo`fsl (_hfjikj4 ^`uc Ufkhkeg, )7 `jo O`jfkc Hmy`rfj, Hmrokr Cfjks4_bk ^`rtftfmj ma Duo`km-Ebrfstf`jfty,Ofvfj`tfmjs4 Xkrk`ofji C`tk @jefkjt Xkcfifmj (^bfc`okcpbf`4[jfvkrsfty ma ^kjjsycv`jf` ^rkss, ).

. Utrmuls`, Arml @jtf-Duo`fsl tm @jtfsklftfsl, 7 E`rcktmj ^`ikt, @jtf-Duo`fsl`jo K`rcy Ebrfstf`j Fokjtfty, .

. U`lukc Gr`uss, _bk Dkws fj tbk Ymrgs ma tbk Ebureb A`tbkrs, p`rt ,DPX ()4 .. Fhfo., .. Ea. Karmylsmj, _krtuccf`js @jtf-Dkwfsb Xbktmrfe, , wbm puts Uflmj `jo Xuktbkr tm-

iktbkr `s rkprkskjt`tfvk ma tbk vfkw tb`t tbk `jtf-Duo`fe cftkr`turk w`s `hmut Ebrfstf`j skca-okff-jftfmj. Ukk I. J. Ut`jtmj, @spkets ma K`rcy Ebrfstf`j-Dkwfsb ^mcklfe `jo @pmcmiktfe, J_U()4 .

. Uflmj, Qkrus Fsr`kc,7 @chkrt F. H`uli`rtkj, L`rekc Uflmjs Qkrus Fsr`kc `s `Emjtrfhutfmj tm Dkwfsb Bfstmry, B_X ()4 7 `jo Lfebkck Lurr`y, ^c`yfj ` DkwfsbI`lk4 Ikjtfck Ebrfstf`j Duo`fzfj fj tbk Afrst `jo Ukemjo Ekjturfks EK,tuoks sur ck ebrfstf`jfslkkt ck duo`slk (Y`tkrcmm, Mjt`rfm4 Yfcarfo C`urfkr [jfvkrsfty ^rkss, ), .

. Cfgk l`jy sebmc`rs F skk ` ofkrkjek hktwkkj tbk tkrls `jtf-Duo`fsl `jo `jtf-

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tkr`etfmj hktwkkj Ebrfstf`js `jo Dkws. Bk w`jtko tm `jswkr tbk qukstfmj`hmut tbk purpmsk ma `jtf-Duo`fe cftkr`turk `jo tm om sm jkftbkr `sskrtfji uj-qukstfmjfjicy, `s bk hkcfkvko Yfccf`ls b`o omjk, tb`t sueb cftkr`turk rkket-

ko rk`c emjtrmvkrsfks, jmr `sskrtfji tbk mppmsftk, `s bk hkcfkvko B`rj`eg b`oomjk, tb`t tbk wrftfjis om jmt emjt`fj `jy rk`c `jswkr tm mhdketfmjs `etu-`ccy r`fsko hy Dkws. Bk r`fsko ` julhkr ma pkrtfjkjt qukstfmjs `hmut wbymjk wmuco wrftk trk`tfsks `i`fjst Dkws ujckss tbkrk w`s emjt`et `jo wby mjkwmuco wrftk fjofrketcy fa tbky wkrk fjtkjoko amr p`i`js.

Uflmj orkw `ttkjtfmj tm tbk a`et tb`t tbk `riulkjts fj tbfs cftkr`ry ikjrkokrfvko arml Uerfpturk, tb`t ft sbmuco jmt hk surprfsfji tb`t tbk s`lk p`ss`i-ks `jo fjtkrprkt`tfmjs emuco hk usko `i`fjst Dkws, p`i`js, `jo bkrktfes `cfgk,

`jo emuco hk usko rkpk`tkocy, `jo tb`t, wftb rki`ro tm mur wmrg, dust hk-e`usk p`rts ma ft wkrk rkusko wftbmut lueb lmofffe`tfmj fj@oukrsus L`refm-jklmjk sbmuco jmt rk`eb tbk emjecusfmj tb`t tbk mppmjkjt fj@oukrsus Fuo`k-msw`s rk`ccy p`i`j. Ifvkj tbk irk`tkr usk ma Uerfpturk fj trk`tfsks oksfijkomstkjsfhcy amr Dkws tb`j fj tbmsk kxpcfeftcy ofrketko tm p`i`js, pkrb`ps mjksbmuco `eekpt tb`t tbk Dkws wkrk tbk fjtkjoko rkefpfkjts.

Uflmj rkspmjoko `csm tm mjk ma B`rj`egs pmfjts, tb`t fj tbk of`cmiuks

tbk Dkwfsb p`rtfefp`jt skkls tm hk ` emjvkjtfmj`c `jo cftkr`ry eb`r`etkr r`tb-kr tb`j ` rk`c pkrsmj, hy jmtfji tb`t of`cmiuks mjcy rkprkskjt ` sl`cc p`rt matbfs `jtf-Duo`fe ikjrk, `jo tb`t, kvkj fa tbk eb`r`etkr w`s tbk emjstruet ma tbk`utbmr tm smlk okirkk, rk`c kjemujtkrs lfibt stfcc ujokrcfk tbk cftkr`ry tr`p-

Uklftfsl, rkskrvfji tbk amrlkr amr tbkmcmife`c `jo rkcfifmus ofsputks `jo tbk c`ttkr amr r`ef`c `joktbjfe mjks. Ukk Er`fi @. Kv`js, A`ftb `jo ^mcklfe4 _bk Jkw _kst`lkjt `jo Afrst-ekjtury Du-o`fsl, fj@jtf-Uklftfsl `jo K`rcy Ebrfstf`jfty4 Fssuks ma ^mcklfe `jo A`ftb,ko. Er`fi @. Kv`js `joOmj`co @. B`ijkr (Lfjjk`pmcfs4 Amrtrkss ^rkss, ), 7 `jo Utrmuls`, Arml @jtf-Duo`fsl tm

@jtfsklftfsl, . I`ikr, _bk Mrffjs ma @jtf-Uklftfsl,, `eekpts tbk ofstfjetfmj hktwkkj tbksktkrls hut `riuks tb`t tbkrk `rk fjst`jeks wbkrk jkftbkr mjk `ppcfks. Ea. Xmskl`ry X`oamro Xu-ktbkr,A`ftb `jo Ar`trfefok4 _bk _bkmcmfe c Xmmts ma @jtf-Uklftfsl(Jkw Vmrg4 Uk`hury ^rkss, ),

, `jo I`vfj C`jilufr, @jtf-Duo`fsl `s tbk Jkekss`ry ^rkp`r`tfmj amr @jtf-Uklftfsl, Qf`tmr()4 , wbm `riuk tb`t `jtf-Duo`fsl `cw`ys ffjos smef`c kxprkssfmj fj `jtf-Uklftfsl. Amr`j kvkj lmrk kxtrklk vfkw, tb`t tbkmcmife`c ofkrkjeks `rk tbk ffrst stkp fj r`ef`c `jtf-Uklftfsl,skk Arko Ic`ostmjk Hr`ttmj, _bk Erflk ma Ebrfstkjoml4 _bk _bkmcmfe`c Umureks ma Ebrfstf`j @jtf-Uklftfsl(U`jt` H`rh`r`, E`cfa.4 Aftbf`j ^rkss, ), xxf. Amr ` rkspmjsk tm C`jilufr skk ^ktkrUebakr,Duokmpbmhf`4 @ttftuoks tmw`ro tbk Dkws fj tbk @jefkjt Ymrco(E`lhrfoik, L`ss., `jo Cmj-omj4 B`rv`ro [jfvkrsfty ^rkss, ), . Ma emursk, jm l`ttkr wb`t tbk okffjftfmjs, tbk

qukstfmj tm `sg fs wbktbkr wk e`j ofstfjiufsb fj pr`etfek (`jo amr ly purpmsks F `l fjtkrkstkomjcy wftb rki`ro tm _krtuccf`j) hktwkkj ` jki`tfvk `ttftuok tmw`ro Dkwfsb rkcfifmus tbfjgfji`jo tmw`ro Dkws `s pkmpck.

. Uflmj, Qkrus Fsr`kc,. . Fhfo., .. Fhfo., . . Fhfo., .

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pfjis. Ft l`ok jm skjsk tm Uflmj amr Ebrfstf`js tm emjtfjuk klpcmyfji tbfsikjrk cmji `atkr fts mrfifj`c usk suppmskocy ofs`ppk`rko.

Fa tb`t s`ys smlktbfji `hmut Uflmjs pmsftfmj wftb rki`ro tm tbk rk`cfty

ma tbk fjtkr`etfmj tb`t c`y hkbfjo tbk tkxts, mjk b`s tm `sg `hmut tbk purpmskma tbfs cftkr`turk. Bk jmtko tb`t Buckjs `ssksslkjt tb`t tbfs ikjrk emuco hkec`ssfffko `eemrofji tm tbk purpmsk ` wmrg aucffccko (kxpmsftmry, `riulkjt`-tfvk, mr okjujef`tmry) skklko tmm rfifo `jo `rtfffef`c. Uflmj mkrko ` lmo-fffe`tfmj ma Buckjs pmsftfmj, p`rtfeuc`rcy wftb rki`ro tm wmrgs wbkrk tbk kl-pb`sfs `ppk`rko prfl`rfcy tm hk mjk ma rkautfji, sueb tb`t ` wmrg tb`t rkautko

Dkwfsb hkcfkas r`tbkr tb`j dust rkspmjoko tm Dkwfsb erftfefsls ma Ebrfstf`jftyemuco hk t`gkj `s ikjufjkcy ofrketko `i`fjst Dkws. Ybkj tbk klpb`sfs `p-

pk`rko `pmcmiktfe, Uflmj `irkko wftb B`rj`eg tb`t sueb wmrgs lfibt jmtb`vk hkkj pmcklfe`c `t `cc hut `oorkssko tm `j fjtkrj`c Ebrfstf`j `uofkjek. Uf-lmjs pmsftfmj, tbmuib, fs lmrk ju`jeko tb`j B`rj`egs, riufji tb`t wmrgemuco b`vk hkkj wrfttkj wftb skvkr`c mhdketfvks sfluct`jkmuscy fj lfjo. Bklkjtfmjko _krtuccf`js trk`tfsk `s oklmjstr`tfji tbfs omuhck purpmsk wftb `ffrst p`rt (eb`ptkrs ) `jo ` skemjo p`rt (eb`ptkrs ).

_bk l`fj pmfjt fj Uflmjs irmujohrk`gfji wmrg w`s okcfvkrko wbkj bk

rklfjoko bfs mwj rk`okrs tb`t tbk ofseussfmj `hmut wbktbkr rk`c kjemujtkrsc`y hkbfjo k`eb pfkek ma wrftfji mr wbktbkr tbksk wmrgs `etu`ccy wkrk `o-orkssko tm Dkws w`s skemjo`ry tm tbk fssuk ma wbktbkr Duo`fsl pmsko ` rk`ctbrk`t tm Ebrfstf`jfty. Ebrfstf`j Duo`fzfji tkjokjefks `rmsk hke`usk ma `j mut-sfok stflucus. Uflmj hkcfkvko tb`t Duo`fsl rkl`fjko ` vft`c amrek fj `jtfq-ufty amr cmjikr tb`j b`o hkkj `eekptko prkvfmuscy.

F b`vk spkjt emjsfokr`hck tflk prkskjtfji Uflmjs pmsftfmj fj smlk okt`fchke`usk F hkcfkvk tb`t smlk ma tbk kmrts ma lmrk rkekjt sebmc`rs wbm survky

tbfs ffkco `rk tmm sflpcfstfe fj tbkfr sull`tfmj ma Uflmjs pmsftfmj. Utrmul-s` rfibtcy bfibcfibts tbk a`et tb`t Uflmj pmfjtko tm smef`c a`etmrs `s hkfji fl-pmrt`jt hke`usk bk hkcfkvko tb`t Duo`fsl rkl`fjko ` oyj`lfe amrek a`r cmj-

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. Fhfo., .. H. Buckj, _bk Of`cmiuks wftb tbk Dkws `s Umureks amr tbk K`rcy Dkwfsb @riulkjt

@i`fjst Ebrfstf jfty,DHC ()4 . Mj pp. , Uflmj jmtko tb`t, fj hrm`o mutcfjk, bk`irkko wftb Buckj tb`t tbksk tbrkk e`tkimrfks b`vk smlk ebrmjmcmife`c p`ttkrj.

. Uflmj, Qkrus Fsr`kc,.. Fhfo. Mj p. Uflmj rkst`tko bfs pmsftfmj wftb rki`ro tm tbk purpmsk ma tbfs ikjrk4 _bk

`jtf-Dkwfsb wrftkrs pursuk ` omuhck `fl, tm oklmjstr`tk arml serfpturk tbk trutb ma Ebrfstf`j-fty, `jo hy tbk s`lk lk`js tm rkautk tbk ec`fls ma Duo`fsl.

. Fhfo., . . Fhfo., .. Fhfo., xf.

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ikr tb`j erkoftko prkvfmuscy, hut Utrmuls` omks jmt l`gk `jy emllkjt`hmut tbk purpmsk ma `jtf-Duo`fe wrftfjis, kspkef`ccy `hmut Uflmjs e`rkauccyst`tko pmsftfmj tb`t smlk ma tbfs cftkr`turk w`s wrfttkj amr `j fjtkrj`c rk`-

smj `s wkcc `s amr kxtkrj`c mjks. Ft fs flpmrt`jt tm cmmg e`rkauccy `t Uflmj,hke`usk bfs `riulkjt w`s lmrk ju`jeko tb`j l`jy `egjmwckoik. Utrmul-s` b`s hkkj fjukjeko irk`tcy hy Lfrf`l _`ycmr, fj ` wmrg fj wbfeb sbk `e-gjmwckoiks tb`t sbk fs erk`tfji typmcmifks `jo e`tkimrfks. _bk trmuhck wftbsueb tbfjis fs tb`t tbky `rk ikjkr`cfz`tfmjs tb`t tkjo tm mhcftkr`tk flpmrt`jtkvfokjek tb`t omks jmt fft wftbfj tbk e`tkimry.

Yftb rkakrkjek tm _krtuccf`j fj p`rtfeuc`r, ft b`s hkkj jmtko `crk`oy tb`tArkomufcck, Lmjek`ux, Uujo, `jo Hr`uj hkcfkvk bk b`o emjt`et wftb Dkws

`jo, mj tbfs h`sfs, emjecuok tb`t bk fjtkjoko bfs wmrg amr Dkws. Yfccf`lArkjo, survkyfji _krtuccf`js emrpus ma wrftfji `jo E`rtb`ifjf`j `reb`kmc-miy, `eekpts tb`t _krtuccf`j w`s fj tmueb wftb emjtklpmr`ry Dkws. @zfz`imks mjk stkp aurtbkr `jo suiiksts tb`t _krtuccf`js cki`cfsl `jo `ift`tko pkr-smj`cfty lfibt b`vk stkllko arml tbk a`et tb`t hkamrk bk hke`lk ` Ebrfs-tf`j bk emuco mjek b`vk b`o ck`jfjis tmw`ro Duo`fsl. Uebmckr `eekpts tbkmpfjfmj ma sebmc`rs cfgk @zfz`, Arkjo, `jo Bmrhury tb`t _krtuccf`j ofo b`vk

gjmwckoik ma emjtklpmr`ry Duo`fsl fj E`rtb`ik, hut bk rkdkets tbk vfkw maArkjo tb`t _krtuccf`j prmvfoks us wftb kvfokjek ma ` Dkwfsb pkrskeutfmj maEbrfstf`js.

Hktwkkj tbkl Utrmuls` `jo E`rcktmj ^`ikt b`vk `ccme`tko sebmc`rs cfgkB`rj`eg, H`rjks, Xmgk`b, Uebrkegkjhkri, Xuktbkr, _`ycmr, Dmbjsmj, I`stmj,

. Utrmuls`, Arml @jtf-Duo`fsl tm @jtfsklftfsl, .. Lfrf`l _`ycmr,@jtf-Duo`fsl `jo K rcy Ebrfstf`j Fokjtfty4 @ Erftfquk ma tbk Uebmc`rcy Emjskj-

sus,Utuof` ^mst-Hfhcfe` (Ckfokj4 K. D. Hrfcc, ), .

. Arkomufcck, _krtuccfkj kt c` emjvkrsfmj,.. Y. B. E. Arkjo, _bk ^krskeutfmjs4 Umlk Cfjgs hktwkkj Duo`fsl `jo tbk K`rcy Ebureb,

DKB ()4 7 Arkjo, _bk Ukjfmrks c`fef`jo tbk Mrfifjs ma tbk Ebureb fj Jmrtb @arfe`,D_Uj.s. ()4 7 Arkjo, _krtuccf`jm k icf Khrkf, XUCX ()4 7 Arkjo, @ Jmtkmj _krtuccf`j `jo tbk Dkws, fj Utuof` ^`trfstfe`, p`rt , ko. A. C. Ermss, p`pkrs prkskjtko tmtbk ffatb Fjtkrj`tfmj`c Emjakrkjek mj ^`trfstfe Utuofks, Mxamro (Hkrcfj4 @g`oklfk-Qkrc`i,), 7 Arkjo, @ Jmtk mj Dkws `jo Ebrfstf`js fj _bfro-Ekjtury Jmrtb @arfe`,D_Uj.s. ()4 7 `jo Arkjo, Dkws `jo Ebrfstf`js fj _bfro-Ekjtury E`rtb`ik, fj^``jfslk, Duo`-slk, Ebrfstf`jfslk. Fjukjeks kt `rmjtklkjts o`js ck lmjok `jtfquk,ko. @. Hkjmft (^`rfs4 ok Hme-e`ro, ), .

. @zfz`, _krtuccfkj kt ck duo`slk,.. O. L. Uebmckr, _krtuccf`j mj Dkwfsb ^krskeutfmj ma Ebrfstf`js, fj Utuof` ^`trfstfe`,

p`rt , ko. Kcfz`hktb @. Cfvfjistmjk, p`pkrs prkskjtko tm tbk kfibtb Fjtkrj`tfmj`c Emjakrkjekmj ^`trfstfe Utuofks, Mxamro (Mxamro4 ^kri`lmj, ), . Ukk Yfccf`l Bmrhury, _kr-tuccf`j mj tbk Dkws fj tbk Cfibt ma Ok Upket`eucfsRRR.,D_Uj.s. ()4 .

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`jo Karmylsmj fjtm tbk skemjo e`lp ma tbmsk wbm `sskrt tb`t tbk `jtf-Duo`fe cftkr`turk w`s wrfttkj amr ` Ebrfstf`j rk`okrsbfp tm bkcp wftb qukstfmjsma skca-fokjtfty. B`rj`eg `riuko tb`t Ebrfstf`jfty smuibt tm skk ftskca `s tbk

aucffcclkjt ma Mco _kst`lkjt prmpbkey `jo `s sueb w`s jmt kji`iko fj mjim-fji mppmsftfmj tm Dkws hut tm smlk stkrkmtypfe`c str`w ffiurk fj mrokr tm `o-orkss p`i`j eb`cckjiks. @s tbk Ebrfstf`j `jtf-Duo`fe cftkr`turk w`s oksfijkoamr `j fjtkrj`c rk`okrsbfp B`rj`eg okserfhko ft `s `pmcmiktfe r`tbkr tb`j pm-cklfe`c. Lmrk rkekjtcy, _`ycmr okserfhks tbk pmsftfmj ma Uflmj `jo mtbkrs`s tbk emjfet tbkmry ma Dkwfsb-Ebrfstf`j rkc`tfmjs. Ubk mkrs ` erftfqukma tbfs jmw omlfj`jt `pprm`eb, wbfeb sbk ofvfoks fjtm twm4 emlpktftfvk`jtf-Duo`fsl `jo emjfetu`c `jtf-Duo`fsl. _bk ffrst `ssulks tb`t Ebrfstf-

`jfty `jo Duo`fsl wkrk kqu`c rkcfifmjs cmegko fj ` struiick amr emjvkrts. Ft fsofvfoko fjtm tbrkk gfjos4 pmcklfe`c `jo `pmcmiktfe `jtf-Duo`fsl, wbfebirkw mut ma tbk cftkr`ry emjtrmvkrsfks hktwkkj Ebrfstf`js `jo Dkws `hmut tbklkssf`b jo wbm w`s jmw Imos pkmpck7 okakjsfvk jtf-Duo`fsl, rk`etfmjtm tbk Duo`fzfji tkjokjefks `lmji smlk Ebrfstf`js7 `jo klhfttkrko mr ofsfc-cusfmjko `jtf-Duo`fsl, wbfeb fs irmujoko fj tbk Ebrfstf`j a`fcurk tm emjvkrtl`jy arml Duo`fsl.

Ukvkr`c erftfefsls ma tbk pmcklfe`c `jo `pmcmiktfe lmokc `rk mkrko hy_`ycmr. Afrst, ft prksulks tb`t Dkws wmuco b`vk hkkj fjtkrkstko fj okh`tfjitbksk p`rtfeuc`r fssuks wftb Ebrfstf`js. Ukemjo, tbk tbklks rkl`fjko rkpktf-tfvk mvkr ekjturfks, wbfeb _`ycmr t`gks `s fjofe`tfji tb`t tbk okh`tks wkrk jmtikjufjk, amr rk`c mjks wmuco hk `ttkjtfvk tm eb`jifji efreulst`jeks. _bfro,tbk Dkwfsb mppmjkjt c`egs suhst`jek `jo fjokpkjokjek, suiikstfji tb`t sueb` ffiurk fs lmrk cfgkcy tm b`vk hkkj ` cftkr`ry emjstruet. Amurtb, tbfs lmokcfs h`sko upmj prksulptfmjs ma rfv`cry `jo kvfokjek fs l`ok tm fft ft. C`st,

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. Utrmuls`, Arml @jtf-Duo`fsl tm @jtfsklftfsl, 7 E`rcktmj ^`ikt, @jtf-Duo`fsl`jo K`rcy Ebrfstf`j Fokjtfty, .

. @omca B`rj`eg, Ofk @ctkre`tfm Uflmjfs Fuo`kf kt _bkmpbfcf Ebrfstf`jf jkhst [jtkrsuebuj-kj hkr ofk `jtfdofsebk ^mcklfg fj okr `ctkj Gfrebk,_kxtk ujo [jtkrsuebuji zur Iksebfebtk okr`ctebrfstcfebkj Cftkr`tur / (Ckfpzfi4 D. E. Bfjrfebs, ), , .

. Fhfo., . Ukk Lurr`y,^c`yfj ` Dkwfsb I`lk,.. _`ycmr, @jtf-Duo`fsl `jo K`rcy Ebrfstf`j Fokjtfty,. Ukk Lurr`y, ^c`yfj ` Dkwfsb I`lk,

.. _`ycmr,@jtf-Duo`fsl `jo K`rcy Ebrfstf`j Fokjtfty,. Mj p. , bmwkvkr, wbkrk sbk skts

mut bkr pc`j amr tbk sketfmj mj emlpktftfvk `jtf-Duo`fsl, _`ycmr l`gks jm lkjtfmj ma tbk tbfrotypk, wbfeb `ppk`rs wftbmut w`rjfji mj p. .. Ukk H`uli`rtkj, L`rekc Uflmjs Qkrus Fsr`kc, , amr `j `ssksslkjt ma _`ycmrs rk-

spmjsk tm Uflmj mj Dkwfsb prmskcytfzfji.

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`jy wk`gjkssks fj tbk lmokc `rk kxpc`fjko `s hkfji ouk tm tbk `pmcmiktfe`jo pmcklfe`c jkkos ma tbk Ebrfstf`j `utbmrs.

_bk erftfefsls tb`t _`ycmr mkrs ma okakjsfvk `jtf-Duo`fsl `rk tb`t ft prk-

sulks tb`t Ebrfstf`j `ttr`etfmj tm Dkwfsb pr`etfeks lust hk tbk rksuct ma `bk`ctby Duo`fsl `jo tb`t sebmc`rs skkl tm ffjo tbkfr kvfokjek amr tbfs Duo`-fzfji arml tbk amurtb ekjtury `jo rk`o ft h`eg fjtm k`rcfkr mjks. Fj rkspmjsktm tbmsk wbm put amrw`ro klhfttkrko `jtf-Duo`fsl _`ycmr emujtkrs tb`t ft fso`jikrmus tm fjtrmouek psyebmcmiy fjtm bfstmry `jo tb`t ` rk`ofji ma tbksktkxts rkvk`cs `j `hstr`et ofscfgk amr wb`t tbk Dkws rkprkskjt r`tbkr tb`j ` ofs-cfgk amr emjtklpmr`ry Dkws tbklskcvks.

_bk skemjo typmcmiy, emjfetu`c `jtf-Duo`fsl, rkemijfzks jmt twm kqu`c

irmups hut tbk fjkqu`cfty fj tbk struiick hktwkkj Ebrfstf`js `jo Dkws `jo ftspmcftfe`c `jo smef`c, `s wkcc `s rkcfifmus, oflkjsfmjs. _`ycmr ofvfoks tbfs ty-pmcmiy fjtm tbrkk gfjos4 rk`etfvk `jtf-Duo`fsl, wbfeb okrfvko arml ` Ebrfs-tf`j fjakrfmrfty emlpckx `t Duo`fsls smef`c `eekpt`hfcfty7 str`tkife `jtf-

Duo`fsl, fj wbfeb Ebrfstf`js pmsftfmjko tbklskcvks tm usurp tbk prfvfckiksma tbk Dkws arml tbkfr Xml`j mvkrcmros7 `jo rkerflfj`tmry `jtf-Duo`fsl,wbfeb emjt`fjko tbk Ebrfstf`j rkspmjsk tm `etfvk Dkwfsb `jt`imjfsl `i`fjst

tbkl. _bfs typmcmiy tmm emlks fj amr erftfe`c kv`cu`tfmj, `clmst kxecusfvkcytbrmuib ` rkkx`lfj`tfmj ma Lkcftm ma U`rofs. _bkrk fs jm kvfokjek, _`ycmr `s-skrts, tm emjecuok okffjftfvkcy tb`t Dkws fj tbk skemjo ekjtury wkrk wk`ctby`jo skeurk, tb`t Ebrfstf`js fj tbk s`lk pkrfmo wkrk pmmr `jo mpprkssko, `jotb`t tbfs rksuctko jkekss`rfcy fj p`rtfeuc`r ttftuok ma Ebrfstf`js tmw`ro Dkws.Utr`tkife `jtf-Duo`fsl fs ofslfssko `s hkfji wftbmut `jy amujo`tfmj wftb rk-i`ro tm Lkcftms eurryfji Xmlks a`vmr `t tbk kxpkjsk ma tbk syj`imiuk. _bkfok` ma ` Dkwfsb pkrskeutfmj ma Ebrfstf`js fs cfgkwfsk ofslfssko `s spkeuc`tfvk,

hke`usk ft fs jmt amujo kvkj fj tbk Ebrfstf`j wrftkrs wbkrk l`jy mtbkr lmo-krj sebmc`rs `sskrt ft fs tm hk amujo.

Vkt lmrk e`tkimrfks `rk mkrko4 tbkrk fs fjbkrftko `jtf-Duo`fsl. _b`twbfeb w`s fjbkrftko arml tbk p`i`j prkduofeks `i`fjst Dkws fs c`hkcko kj-

. _`ycmr,@jtf-Duo`fsl `jo K`rcy Ebrfstf`j Fokjtfty,.. Fhfo., .. Utkvkj _. G`tz, Fssuks fj tbk Ukp`r`tfmj ma Duo`fsl `jo Ebrfstf`jfty `atkr EK4 @ Xk-

emjsfokr`tfmj,DHC ()4 , `riuks tb`t lueb ma wb`t b`s hkkj ujokrstmmo tr`oftfmj-`ccy `s hkfji kvfokjek ma Dkwfsb `jt`imjfsl tmw`ro Ebrfstf`jfty fs rk`ccy Dkwfsb `jt`imjfsl`i`fjst `cc bkrktfes jmt dust Dkwfsb Ebrfstf`js fj p`rtfeuc`r `jo tb`t, `s ` rksuct, tbkrk fs jm kvf-okjek ujtfc `t ck`st tbk H`r Gmebh` rkvmct ma ` sb`rp skp`r`tfmj hktwkkj Dkws `jo Ebrfstf`js.Yk wfcc rkturj c`tkr tm ofseuss tbk tkrl Dkwfsb Ebrfstf`js.

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vfrmjlkjt`c `jtf-Duo`fsl, `jo tb`t fjbkrftko arml wb`t fs amujo fj tbk Bk-hrkw Uerfpturks tbklskcvks fs e`ccko tr`oftfmj`c `jtf-Duo`fsl. Lmrk erftf-efsls ma tbksk `rk mkrko.

@s `j `ctkrj`tfvk, fj tbk skemjo b`ca ma bkr hmmg, _`ycmr mkrs ` sylhmc-fe `jtf-Duo`fsl. Fj tbfs typmcmiy sbk suiiksts tb`t tbk wrftfjis ma tbk a`tbkrsl`gk lueb lmrk skjsk `s kxprkssfmjs ma `j `jtf-Duo`fsl rmmtko fj tbkmcmif-e`c fok`s tb`j `s rkspmjsks tm emjtklpmr`ry Dkws fj tbk emjtkxt ma `j mj-imfji emjfet. Amr _`ycmr, tbfs tbkmcmife`c jkko fs ekjtkrko mj Ebrfstf`jskca-okffjftfmj, f.k., bmw hmtb tm prkskrvk ` emjtfjufty wftb tbkfr Dkwfsb bkrf-t`ik `jo tm l`fjt`fj ` ofstfjetfmj, kvkj supkrskssfmj. Ft fs bkrk tb`t _`ycmrskks tbk usk ma Uerfpturk `s tbk h`sfs ma tbk ffrst ma bkr `pprmvko typmcmifks4

tbkmcmife`c `jtf-Duo`fsl. Ft fs irmujoko fj ` bkrlkjkutfe ma tbk BmcyUerfpturks wbfeb emjokljs jmt tbk emjtklpmr`ry `etfmjs ma Dkws, hut duoikstbkl r`tbkr fj tkrls ma bfstmrfe c erflks wftb ` tbkmcmife`c sfijfffe`jek.

@eemrofji tm _`ycmr, tbfs jkko amr tbkmcmife`c skca-okffjftfmj e`jjmt em-kxfst wftb Ebrfstf`j fjtkr`etfmj wftb emjtklpmr`ry Dkws, amr tbk tkxts ma`jtf-Duo`fsl om jmt rkvk`c, _`ycmr pmstuc`tks `s ` bkrlkjkutfe`c prfjefpck,Ebrfstf`j fokjtfty fj `cc fts smef`c oflkjsfmjs, hut mjcy fts tbkmcmife`c mjks.

Ubk t`gks `j `cc mr jmtbfji st`jek `jo tbkrkamrk pc`eks Uflmj tmt`ccy fjtbk mppmsftk e`lp, kvkj tbmuib, `s wk b`vk skkj, bk wmuco jmt pc`ek bfl-skca tbkrk. _`ycmr ffjos fj tbk emllkjts `jo wrftfjis ma I`stmj, Karmyl-smj, `jo Xuktbkr ` rkaus`c mr `j fj`hfcfty tm ruck mut tbk emjfet tbkmry,kvkj tbmuib, cfgk bkr, tbky `cc suppmrt tbk fok` tb`t tbk prfl`ry purpmsk maEbrfstf`j `jtf-Duo`fe cftkr`turk w`s amr fjtkrj`c, tbkmcmife`c jkkos ma skca-okffjftfmj. _bksk wrftfjis prmvfoko tbk h`sfs amr tbk rk`strl`tfmj ma tbkEbrfstf`j `riulkjt `i`fjst L`refmj (rk`strl`tfvk `jtf-Duo`fsl) `jo

prmvfoko ` smurek ma sylhmcfsl tb`t Ebrfstf`js emuco usk amr ` v`rfkty ma

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. _`ycmr,@jtf-Duo`fsl `jo K`rcy Ebrfstf`j Fokjtfty,.. Fhfo., . . Fhfo., .. Fhfo., .. Ea. fhfo., , wbkrk _`ycmr, qumtfji I`ikr, s`ys tb`t Uflmj okec`rko tb`t Ebrfstf`j `jtf-

Duo`fsl w`s tfko up wftb qukstfmjs ma skca-fokjtfty. Bmwkvkr, bk fs fj jm w`y rkb`hfcft`tko hytbfs.

. Fhfo., .. Fhfo., . @s `j kx`lpck ma tbk pmsftfmj _`ycmr erftfefzks mjk emuco rkakr tm tbk mpfj-

fmjs ma D. L`ssfjihkro Amro, Y`s Lmjt`jfsl ` Dkwfsb-Ebrfstf`j Bkrksy=DKB ()4 ,wbkrk ft fs suiikstko tb`t _krtuccf`js fjtkrkst fj Duo`fsl lfibt b`vk emlk arml emjt`et wftb

Dkwfsb ffiurks wbmsk `ovfek bk smuibt fj prkp r`tfmj ma l`tkrf`c tm usk `i`fjst L`refmj. @ ok-serfptfmj ma tbk fjst`jeks fj _krtuccf`js wrftfjis tb`t oklmjstr`tk bfs `equ`fjt`jek wftb Dkwfsbtbmuibt fs prmvfoko `s wkcc.

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mtbkr purpmsks, p`rtfeuc`rcy `s `j kxbmrt`tfmj tm vfrtuk `jo `s ` tmmc `i`fjstmtbkr Ebrfstf`j mppmjkjts (amrtfayfji `jtf-Duo`fsl `jo `ssmef`tfvk `jtf-

Duo`fsl). _krtuccf`js@oukrsus Fuo`kmsrkekfvks skvkr`c hrfka lkjtfmjs, `jo

_`ycmr skks ft `s `j kx`lpck ma tbkmcmife`c `jtf-Duo`fsl tb`t ameusks mj `p-prmprf`tfji Uerfpturk amr smckcy Ebrfstf`j usk `jo pmsfts tbk `hrmi`tfmj ma tbkmco c`w hy tbk jkw.

F b`vk prmvfoko `j kxtkjsfvk sull`ry ma _`ycmrs wmrg hke`usk bkrs fstbk lmst rkekjt `jo bkr e`sk fs wkcc l`ok `jo amrekauccy `riuko. Ft e`jjmt hkofslfssko cfibtcy. Utrmuls` b`s rkspmjoko tm bkr pmsftfmj hy st`tfji tb`t fatbk emjfet tbkmry sukrs arml tbk wk`gjkss ma mjcy emjsfokrfji tbk smef`c`t tbk kxpkjsk ma tbk tbkmcmife`c, _`ycmrs pmsftfmj sukrs arml tbk mppmsftk

wk`gjkss. Bk `riuks amr ` lmrk oyj`lfe erftfquk, mjk tb`t rkemijfzks eb`jikmvkr tflk `jo mjk tb`t `egjmwckoiks ` v`rfkty ma ofsemursks. E`rcktmj ^`i-kt mkrs dust sueb ` sust`fjko erftfquk ma _`ycmr. Bk ec`fls tb`t sbk b`s jmtrkemijfzko mr ok`ct wftb sfijfffe`jt prfl`ry `jo skemjo`ry cftkr`turk `jo tb`tsbk prksulks tb`t `cc sebmc`rs wbm suppmrt tbk emjfet tbkmry `irkk tb`t ftfs amujoko mj tbk h`sfs ma prmskcytfzfji. Bk qukstfmjs wbktbkr Duo`fsl w`s `sujfjtkrkstko fj prmskcytfzfji `s _`ycmr ec`fls `jo wbktbkr Duo`fzfji `lmji

Ebrfstf`js ofo jmt b`vk `jy emjjketfmj wftb Duo`fsl. Bk mhdkets tm _`ycmrsa`fcurk tm `egjmwckoik emjt`et hktwkkj Dkws `jo Ebrfstf`js fj tkrls ma hfhcf-e`c kxkiksfs. E`rcktmj ^`ikt `csm r`fsks tbk qukstfmj ma Dkwfsb `jtf-Ebrfstf`j-fty `s hkfji fjsustefkjtcy kxpcmrko fj _ ycmrs lmjmir`pb. Bk `csm rkspmjos tm_`ycmrs `sskrtfmj tb`t tbk `riulkjts ma tbfs ikjrk rkl`fjko st`tfe. Bk jmtkstb`t lueb ma tbfs cftkr`turk fs pmcklfe`c, ` styck fj wbfeb ft w`s jmt flpmrt`jttm rkprkskjt `j mppmjkjts pmfjt ma vfkw `eeur`tkcy. Aurtbkr, tbk amrl ma tbkcftkr`turk emuco v`ry, `s emuco fts tmjk. Bk `irkks wftb _`ycmr tb`t fj `sskss-

fji tbk purpmsk ma tbfs wrftfji wk rk matkj ckat mjcy wftb tbk tkxts tbklskcvks`jo tb`t matkjtflks tbk fjtkrprkt`tfmj ma tkxts fs h`sko mj ekrt`fj `ssulp-tfmjs. [jcfgk _`ycmr, E`rcktmj ^`ikt omks jmt skkl ofsturhko hy tbfs. Bkemjecuoks tb`t wk sbmuco jmt hk cflftko tm kftbkr-mr ebmfeks.

. _`ycmr,@jtf-Duo`fsl jo K`rcy Ebrfstf`j Fokjtfty,. Fj tbk sketfmj mj `ssmef`tfvk `jtf-Duo`fsl _ ycmr rkcfks upmj Karmylsmjs `j`cysfs ma tbk w`ys fj wbfeb _krtuccf`j cfjgko bfs mp-pmjkjts tm Dkwfsb eb`r`etkrfstfes.

. Fhfo., .. Utrmuls`, Arml @jtf-Duo`fsl tm @jtf-Uklftfsl, .. E`rcktmj ^`ikt, @jtf-Duo`fsl `jo K`rcy Ebrfstf`j Fokjtfty, .. Fhfo., . . Fhfo., .. Fhfo., .

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Utrmuls` `jo E`rcktmj ^`ikt `rk jmt `cmjk fj rkdketfji tbfs kftbkr-mr`pprm`eb tm sebmc`rsbfp mj tbk qukstfmj ma tbk rkc`tfmjsbfp hktwkkj Dkws`jo Ebrfstf`js fj c`tk `jtfqufty. Duoftb Cfku mkrs ` oyj`lfe `pprm`eb fj tb`t

sbk fs `w`rk tb`t mjk e`jjmt l`gk tmm b`sty ` ikjkr`cfz`tfmj `hmut ft. Umlktkxts ifvk kvfokjek ma emjt`et `jo mtbkrs om jmt. _bkrk fs rkemijftfmj ma tbkrbktmrfe`c j`turk ma tbk `jtf-Duo`fe cftkr`turk fj tb`t Ebrfstf`j gjmwckoik ma

Dkws bkcpko sb`pk tbk fl`ik ma tbkl tb`t tbk Ebrfstf`js prkskjtko, wbfeb, fjturj, hke`lk ` p`rt ma tbk rk`cfty amr ` jkw ikjkr`tfmj. Amr bkr, _krtuccf`j,`ctbmuib `w`rk ma tbk Dkws fj E`rtb`ik, b`o cfttck tm om wftb tbkl. @s wksb`cc ofsemvkr jkxt, tbksk pmfjts `rk okrfvko arml Karmylsmjs wmrg, `jo tbkprmhckl wftb Karmylsmj fs tb`t bk b`s `eekptko tbk vfkw tb`t _krtuccf`j ofo

jmt wrftk@oukrsus Fuo`kms,`t ck`st jmt fj fts kjtfrkty. Ft skkls tm lk tb`t Cfkub`s mvkrcmmgko tbk flpcfe`tfmj ma wb`t sbk st`rts tm s`y fj tb`t c`st skjtkjek.Fa _krtuccf`js emllkjts `rk ckss strfokjt fj ` wmrg `oorkssko tm tbk Dkws,omks tbfs jmt suiikst tb`t bk fjtkjoko amr tbkl `etu`ccy tm rk`o ft `jo tb`t bktbkrkamrk b`o lmrk emjt`et wftb tbkl tb`j sbk w`s prkp`rko tm `eekpt= Yksb`cc skk bmw Karmylsmj b`jocks tb`t prmhckl, hut Cfku sflpcy p`ssks mvkrft, skklfjicy uj`w`rk ma fts eb`cckjik.

^`rt ma tbk emjausfmj tb`t F hkcfkvk kxfsts fj tbfs ffkco ma stuoy emlks armltbk ofstrfhutfmj ma sebmc`rs fjtm twm jk`tcy okffjko `jo lutu`ccy kxecusfvke`lps. Kvkj tbmuib Utrmuls` `jo E`rcktmj ^`ikt `riuk amr `j `pprm`ebtb`t `ccmws amr ` luctfpcfefty ma purpmsks fj `jtf-Duo`fe cftkr`turk, tbky b`vkjmt rkemijfzko tb`t smlk k`rcfkr sebmc`rs b`vk `eekptko tbfs `jo tbkrkamrktbky e`jjmt hk ofvfoko tmm jk`tcy fjtm twm skp`r`tk e`lps. Bkrk F b`vk l`oksmlk lkjtfmj ma bmw ` ecmsk rk`ofji ma Uflmj rkvk`cs tb`t, `ctbmuib bk a`-vmrko mjk pmsftfmj lmrk tb`j tbk mtbkr, bk w`s jmt cflftko tm hkcfkvfji tb`t

`etu`c fjtkr`etfmj hktwkkj Dkws `jo Ebrfstf`js w`s tbk tmt`c pfeturk. _`ycmr,amr kx`lpck, skkls tm tbfjg tb`t kvkry mtbkr sebmc`r hksfoks bkrskca fs t`fjtkotm smlk okirkk hy bmcofji ` emjfet tbkmry pmsftfmj. _flmtby Bmrjkrssull`ry ma sebmc`rsbfp mj tbk rk`cfty ma _rypbm fj DustfjsOf`cmusrkkets` lmrk e`rkauccy okcfjk`tko r`jik ma mpfjfmj, arml tb`t wmrgs hkfji ` vkr-

Emjtrmvkrsy

. Duoftb Cfku, Fl`k `jo Xk`cfty4 _bk Dkws fj tbk Ymrco ma tbk Ebrfstf`js fj tbk Ukemjo Ekjtury(Kofjhurib4 _. & _. Ec`rg, ), . Mj p. sbk o`tks _krt., @ou. Fuo.tm k`rcy fj tbk tbfro ekj-tury, wbfeb, hksfoks tbk a`et tb`t ft w`s jmt arml @sf` Lfjmr, l`y kxpc`fj wby sbk ofo jmt ok`cwftb ft.

. Duoftb Cfku, Bfstmry `jo _bkmcmiy fj Ebrfstf`j Qfkws ma Duo`fsl, fj _bk Dkws @lmj^``js `jo Ebrfstf`js fj tbk Xml`j Klpfrk,rkv. ko., ko. Duoftb Cfku, Dmbj Jmrtb, `jo _kss` X`d`g(Cmjomj4 Xmutckoik, ), .

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h`tfl `eemujt ma `j `etu`c kjemujtkr, tm ` wmrg wbkrk Dustfj b`s rke`st `j`etu`c kjemujtkr tm suft bfs purpmsks hkttkr, tm ` wmrg jmt h`sko mj ` rk`c kj-emujtkr `jo jmt b`vfji `jytbfji tm om wftb Duo`fsl.

Fj `cc ma tbfs ofseussfmj `hmut Ebrfstf`j `jtf-Duo`fsl _krtuccf`j matkj rk-ekfvks cfttck lkjtfmj `jo bfs @oukrsus Fuo`kms kvkj ckss. Umlk ma tbmskwbm b`vk emjsfokrko _krtuccf`j fj tbkfr mvkrvfkws rkcy mj Karmylsmj. Bkl`gks ` rbktmrfe`c `ssksslkjt ma _krtuccf`js `jtf-Dkwfsb rkakrkjeks `jo emj-ecuoks tb`t tbky bkcpko _krtuccf`j okffjk wbm w`s `jo w`s jmt ` Ebrfstf`j.Amr _krtuccf`j, `jytbfji tb`t bk hkcfkvko w`s mppmsko tm Ebrfstf`jfty bk emucoc`hkc `s Dkwfsb7 wbktbkr ft `etu`ccy w`s mr jmt w`s frrkckv`jt. Karmylsmjfccustr`tks tbfs emjvfjefjicy wftb rkakrkjek tm ` julhkr ma _krtuccf`js trk`-

tfsks. _bus, kvkj tbmuib tbrmuibmut@oukrsus L`refmjklbk smuibt tm rkseuktbk Bkhrkw Uerfpturks arml L`refmjs kxefsfmj ma tbkl arml Ebrfstf`j usk,_krtuccf`j emuco stfcc fokjtfay bfl `s `omptfji Dkwfsb tbfjgfji fj bfs `ttftuoks`hmut tbk emlfji ma tbk lkssf`b amr kx`lpck. Karmylsmj l`gks tbk pmfjttb`t ft fs fj @oukrsus L`refmjkltb`t wk ffjo tbk c`rikst hcmeg ma _krtuccf`js`jtf-Dkwfsb l`tkrf`c.

_bfs fs truk mjcy hke`usk Karmylsmj omks jmt fjvkstfi`tk _krtuccf`js@ou-

krsus Fuo`kms,sfjek bk amccmws tbk l`dmrfty ma sebmc`rs fj `eekptfji mjcy tbkffrst kfibt eb`ptkrs `s `utbkjtfe`ccy _krtuccf`js. Yb`t sebmc`rs tkjo tmmvkrcmmg fs tb`t Karmylsmj omks jmt s`y tb`t @oukrsus L`refmjklb`s lmrk`jtf-Duo`fe l`tkrf`c tb`j@oukrsus Fuo`kms.Yb`t bk omks fs ruck mut@oukrsusFuo`kmsarml emjsfokr`tfmj `s hkfji hy _krtuccf`j.

F sb`cc `riuk fj tbk p`iks ma tbfs fjvkstfi`tfmj `s wk hkifj tm kji`ik wftbtbk tkxt ftskca tb`t ` rbktmrfe`c rk`ofji ma _krtuccf`js @oukrsus Fuo`kms`ccmwsus tm skk bmw tbfs wmrg lfibt wkcc b`vk hkkj wrfttkj tm aucffcc ` v`rfkty ma

. _flmtby D. Bmrjkr, Cfstkjfj tm _rypbm4 Dustfj L`rtyrs Of`cmuk Xkemjsfokrko,Emjtrfhu-tfmjs tm Hfhcfe`c Kxkiksfs `jo _bkmcmiy (Ckuvkj4 ^kktkrs, ), .

. Utkpbkj I. Yfcsmj,Xkc`tko Utr`jkrs4 Dkws `jo Ebrfstf`js E.K.(Lfjjk`pmcfs4 Amr-trkss ^rkss, ), xfv, jmtks tb`t l`jy fjvkstfi`tfmjs fjtm tbk rkc`tfmjsbfp hktwkkj Dkws `joEbrfstf`js dulps arml tbk Jkw _kst`lkjt tm tbk tbfro mr amurtb ekjturfks, wftb Dmbj Ebrysm-stml fj p`rtfeuc`r. Bfs hmmg smuibt tm rkorkss tb`t flh`c`jek. Bmwkvkr, kvkj bfs wmrg imksmjcy tm . _krtuccf`j rkl`fjs fj ` hc`eg bmck.

. K.i., Ccmyo I`stmj, Xktrmspket, fj@jtf-Duo`fsl fj K`rcy Ebrfstf`jfty,vmc. 4 Ukp`r`tfmj`jo ^mcklfe,ko. Utkpbkj I. Yfcsmj, tuoks sur ck ebrfstf`jfslk kt ck duo`slk (Y`tkrcmm, Mj-t`rfm4 Yfcarfo C`urfkr ^rkss, ), .

. Karmylsmj, _krtuccf`js @jtf-Dkwfsb Xbktmrfe, .. Fhfo., .. Karmylsmj, _bk ^`trfstfe Emjjketfmj, .. Fhfo., , j. .

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purpmsks, jmt dust mjk. F hkcfkvk tbk luctfoflkjsfmj`c `jswkr tm hk tbk lmstaruftauc. Ec`uof` Uktzkrs st`tklkjt tb`t tbkrk fs jm kftbkr-mr vfkw ma hfh-cfe`c Dkws mr ma emjtklpmr`ry Dkws, hut r`tbkr ` tkjokjey tm prmdket mjk mj

tmp ma tbk mtbkr, mr tm ujokrst`jo mjk fj tbk cfibt ma tbk mtbkr l`gks pkr-aket skjsk. _bk bfstmrfe`c `jo smef`c rk`cftfks ma fjtkr`etfmj hktwkkj Ebrfs-tf`js `jo Dkws wkrk fjtkrtwfjko wftb Ebrfstf`j tbkmcmife`c jkkos amr skca-okffjftfmj. _bus, _krtuccf`j emuco okec`rk ` p`rtfji ma tbk w`ys hktwkkjEbrfstf`jfty `jo Duo`fsl mj tbk tbkmcmife`c ckvkc, ykt stfcc hk kji`iko wftb

Dkws mj ` smef`c h`sfs.

@ Xbktmrfe`c Xk`ofji_bk emjtrmvkrsy `hmut tbk fjtkirfty `jo `utbkjtfefty ma @oukrsus Fuo`kms

b`s `ketko tbk okirkk tm wbfeb ft fs usko `s kvfokjek amr sebmc`rcy `sskss-lkjt fj qukstfmjs ma tbk rkc`tfmjsbfp hktwkkj Dkws `jo Ebrfstf`js fj c`tk`jtfqufty. Kvkj tbmuib tbkrk fs ` irmwfji ebmrus ma sebmc`rs `sskrtfji _kr-tuccf`j `s `utbmr ma tbk kjtfrk wmrg, stfcc lmrk rksk`reb fs jkkoko tm tfp tbkse`cks. Ybfck Yfccf`lss ec`fl fj tbk s, tb`t qukstfmjs ma tbk ujfty `jo

`utbmrsbfp ma @oukrsus Fuo`kms`rk ma cfttck lmrk tb`j `e`oklfe fjtkrkst,l`y hk `eekpt`hck amr ` swkkpfji rkvfkw ma tbk kjtfrk ikjrk ma `jtf-Duo`fepmcklfe, ft wfcc jmt sustek amr tbk purpmsks ma `j `j`cysfs ma tbk wmrg ftskca.Jmr wfcc tbk lkrk rkpktftfmj ma vfkws arml mjk sebmc`r tm tbk jkxt wftbmutrkkx`lfj`tfmj. @ctbmuib Ufokr l`y b`vk mlfttko tbfs hmmg hke`usk bk `e-ekptko ujerftfe`ccy tbk mpfjfmj tb`t tbk wmrg c`egko emlpcktk ujfty `jo fj-

Emjtrmvkrsy

. Ikmrky O. Oujj, _krtuccf`j,_bk K`rcy Ebureb A`tbkrs (Cmjomj `jo Jkw Vmrg4 Xmut-ckoik, ), .

. Ec`uof` Uktzkr, Dkws, Dkwfsb Ebrfstf`js `jo Duo`fzkrs fj Jmrtb @arfe`, fj^uttfj Hmoy`jo Umuc _mktbkr4 Kss`ys fj Bmjmr ma Xmhfj Uermis, ko. Qfrifjf` Yfcks, @ckx`jor` Hrmwj, `joIr`yomj A. Ujyokr (Q`ccky Amrik, ^`.4 _rfjfty ^rkss Fjtkrj`tfmj`c, ), .

. @ ofstfjetfmj F t`gk arml Xmhkrt @. Gr`at, _bk Ykfibfji ma tbk ^`rts4 ^fvmts `jo ^ft-a`ccs fj tbk Utuoy ma K`rcy Duo`fsls `jo tbkfr K`rcy Ebrfstf`j Msprfji, fj _bk Y`ys _b`t Jkvkr

^`rtko4 Dkws `jo Ebrfstf`js fj C`tk @jtfqufty `jo tbk K`rcy Lfoock @ks,ko. @o`l Hkegkr `jo @j-jkttk Vmsbfgm Xkko, _kxts `jo Utuofks fj @jefkjt Duo`fsl (_hfjikj4 ^`uc Ufkhkeg, ), .Ybktbkr mr jmt lmokrj sebmc`rs jm cmjikr skk tbk rkc`tfmjsbfp hktwkkj Ebrfstf`js jo Dkws fjc`tk `jtfqufty fj tkrls ma supkrskssfmjfsl (skk @jorkw U. D`emhs, _bk Cfmj `jo tbk C`lh4 Xk-emjsfokrfji Dkwfsb-Ebrfstf`j Xkc`tfmjs fj @jtfqufty, fj Hkegkr `jo Xkko, kos., _bk Y`ys _b`tJkvkr ^`rtko,), _krtuccf`j bflskca ekrt`fjcy ofo.

. Ukk j. .. _rjgck, _krtuccf`j, @ovkrsus Fuo`kms,xfv, okserfhks Jk`jokrs mpfjfmj `hmut tbk ske-

mjo b`ca ma @ou. Fuo.,`j mpfjfmj tb`t rkl`fjko c`rikcy ujemjtkstko amr sm cmji, `s ofk ikabrcf-ebk [jhkstflltbkft.

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tkirfty, F hkcfkvk tb`t ` rbktmrfe`c `j`cysfs, `cmji tbk cfjks Ufokr bflskca amc-cmwko wftb _krtuccf`js mtbkr wmrgs, fs `j `pprmprf`tk kxkrefsk. Ly survkyb`s jkkoko tm hk `s kxtkjsfvk `s ft fs fj mrokr tm oklmjstr`tk tbk v`rfkty `jo

emlpckxfty ma mpfjfmjs, wbfeb smlktflks rkst upmj `j fj`eeur`tk ikjkr`c-fz`tfmj ma mtbkr skemjo`ry cftkr`turk. Ec`ssfe`c rbktmrfe mkrs us, F hkcfkvk, `w`y ma `j`cyzfji styck `jo strueturk tb`t wfcc ifvk us arksb fjsfibt fj tkrls mafjtkirfty, `utbmrsbfp, strueturk, `riulkjt`tfmj, `jo purpmsk.

F `l emjvfjeko, bmwkvkr, tb`t sueb `j `j`cysfs wfcc yfkco mtbkr hkjkffts.@j `pprkef`tfmj ma tbk kxtkjt tm wbfeb tbfs fs ` rbktmrfe`c wmrg wfcc prmvfok `bkrlkjkutfe`c emjtkxt amr fjtkrprkt`tfmj. _b`t fts `utbmr w`s kji`iko fj ok-

h`tk, skkgfji tm prmvk pmfjt, tm wfj j `riulkjt, jo tm hk pkrsu`sfvk, wfcc,

tm tbk kxtkjt tbky `rk `w`rk ma ft, sb`pk tbk w`y lmokrj rk`okrs `pprm`ebft. F wmuco emjtkjo tb`t ft fs prmh`hcy fj`pprmprf`tk amr us tm okserfhk luebma k`rcy Ebrfstf`j cftkr`turk, `s wk b`vk omjk, `s trk`tfsks. _b`t tkrl flpcfkstb`t ` wmrg fs mhdketfvk, emlprkbkjsfvk, `jo systkl`tfe. _krtuccf`j (`jo bkw`s jmt `cmjk fj tbfs) ofo jmt kji`ik fj kxpmsftfmj hut fj `ovme`ey7 bk ofojmt rkpmrt `jo fjvkstfi`tk, bk uriko. ^krb`ps wk wmuco om hkttkr tm okserfhkbfs wrftfjis `s p`lpbckts, fj tbk skjsk tb`t tbky `rk mee`sfmj`c kss`ys ok`c-

fji wftb mjk `spket ma ` tmpfe `jo fjvmcvfji smlk amrl ma rkemllkjo`tfmj.Bfs wmrgs `rk cfgk prmpms`cs mr hrfkas7 tbky b`o ` pmsftfmj tm `ompt mr ` e`sktm `riuk. Ec`ssfe`c rbktmrfe w`s `cc `hmut tbk `rt ma `riulkjt. @j `pprkef`-tfmj ma tbk rbktmrfe`c j`turk ma lueb ma k`rcy Ebrfstf`j cftkr`turk wfcc bkcp usrk`o ft `pprmprf`tkcy. Fj mtbkr wmros, mjk sbmuco jmt hk surprfsko, `s _`ycmr`ppk`rs tm hk, tb`t Ebrfstf`j wrftkrs e`st tbkfr Dkwfsb mppmjkjts `s fjkketu-`c okh`tkrs wftb wk`g `riulkjts. _bfs fs jmt ` sfij tb`t kji`iklkjt ofo jmtt`gk pc`ek. _bk `utbmrs ma `jtf-Duo`fe cftkr`turk wkrk jmt tryfji tm hk a`fr `jo

`eeur`tk7 tbky wkrk cmhhyfsts tryfji tm hk pkrsu`sfvk `jo vfetmrfmus hkamrk `p`rtfeuc`r `uofkjek. Xke`stfji `j mppmjkjt arml ` rk`c okh`tk `s ` str`w ffi-urk w`s mjk w`y ma wfjjfji, `t ck`st mj p`pkr. Ft fs ` qukstfmj ma oktkrlfj-fji tbk `uofkjek. Bmwkvkr, `s wk sb`cc smmj skk, _krtuccf`js@oukrsus Fuo`kmsfs jmt kvkj e`st fj tbk amrl ma ` of`cmiuk fjvmcvfji ` Dkwfsb mppmjkjt. @j mp-pmjkjt arml `j k`rcfkr kjemujtkr fs lkjtfmjko fj tbk hkifjjfji ma tbk wmrgmjcy fj mrokr tm prmvfok tbk mee`sfmj amr _krtuccf`j tm wrftk bfs tbkmcmife`clmjmcmiuk, fa mjk l`y e`cc ft tb`t, `hmut tbk cflft`tfmjs ma Duo`fsl.

_krtuccf`j `jo rbktmrfe fs ` tmpfe tb`t jkkos cfttck dustfffe`tfmj. Fjokko,

. Oujj, _krtuccf`j,.

Emjtrmvkrsy

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tb`t w`s tbk wbmck pmfjt ma Ufokrs prkskjt`tfmj. H`rjks tmm b`s emllkjt-ko mj tbk flpmrt`jek ma rbktmrfe amr _krtuccf`j. @vkrfc E`lkrmj b`s jmomuhts tb`t _krtuccf`j w`s ` wrftkr okkpcy flhuko wftb tr`oftfmj`c rbktmrfe

wbm `ppcfko tm Ebrfstf`j tbklks tbk sgfcc ma tr`oftfmj`c rbktmrfe. Yftbrki`ro tm @oukrsus Fuo`kms fj p`rtfeuc`r, Xmhkrt L`eCkjj`j okserfhks ft `sEbrfstf`j rbktmrfe hut tbkj prmvfoks mjcy tbk lmst ruoflkjt`ry emllkjts`hmut tbk strueturk ma tbk wmrg mr tbk flp`et ma ec`ssfe`c rbktmrfe. Ft fsmjk ma ly prfl`ry fjtkjtfmjs tm usk ec`ssfe