Textbook Reading – OrtTextbook Reading – Orthropaedic Reviewhropaedic Review

870.~884.870.~884.

Textbook Reading – OrtTextbook Reading – Orthropaedic Reviewhropaedic Review

870.~884.870.~884.

報告者 報告者 R2 R2 黃柏樺黃柏樺

Physical examination and radiographic evaluations of the Wrist

870. 關於” Watson test”• （ A ） Also call the scaphoid shift test• （ B ） It is the test to evaluate scaphoid st

ability and periscaphoid synovitis• （ C ） With the patient’s wrist initially in

radial deviation and slightly flexion• （ D ） The scaphoid thus is pushed dorsall

y out of the radial fossa

871. With ulnar deviation of the wrist, the following motion occurs in the carpal bones

• （ A ） dorsiflexion of the triquetrum• （ B ） dorsal flexion of the scaphoid• （ C ） dorsalrotation of the scaphoid• （ D ） Dorsal change in lunate positi

oning

872. About the scapholunate angle• （ A ） The true lateral view can measure the

scapholunate angle• （ B ） The angle formed by the intersection

of the two lines, long axis of the lunate and scaphoid, is the scapholunate angle

• （ C ） Normal values range from 30-60 degree

• （ D ） An angle greater than 60 degree should be considered scapholunate dissociation or rotary subluxation of scaphoid

873. List the radiographic signs of scapholunate dissociation

• （ A ） Foreshortened scaphoid- when the scaphoid is volar flexed, as in scapholunate dissociation, it appears shorter on the AP view

• （ B ） Signet ring sign- on the AP view, represents an axial view of volar flexed scaphoid

• （ C ） Lack of parallelism between the articular surfaces of the scaphoid and lunate

• （ D ） Increased capitolunate angle

Scapholunate Instability

• most common and most significant ligament injury of wrist

• Risk factors: 1. ulna minus configuration2. slope of radial articular surface3. lunotriquetral coalition

1. Dynamic scapholunate instability - no radiographic evidence of malalignment is present (ie dynamic deformit

y); - diagnosis is established by dorsal S-L tenderness and positive shift test; 2. Rotatory subluxation of scaphoid: 3. Scapholunate dissociation (SLD): - scapholunate ligament tear may lead to rotational dislocation of scaphoid

allowing proximal pole to displace posteriorly & distal pole to displace anteriorly;

- scaphoid inherently tends to palmar flex because of its oblique position and the loading applied thru (STT) joint;

- because scaphoid lacks proximal of ligament, it will rotate around radiocaptitate ligament leading to dorsal rotary subluxation of the proximal pole;

4. Dorsal intercalated segment instability: (DISI) 5. Scapholunate advanced collapse:

spectrum of injury: (increasing severity)

mechanism of injury • mechanism is similar to that of scaphoid fr

acture and stress loading of extended carpus, except it is usually in ulnar rather than radial deviation;

• a severe hyperextension injury of the wrist, there is tear of scapholunate interosseous ligament

• further loading causes tear of - radiocapitate ligaments;

- radiotriquetral ligaments; - dorsal radiocarpal ligaments; - lunate follows triquetrium into extension ＆ DISI deformity results

Radiopraphic findings• Clenched fist AP – ulnar deviation view 1. scapholunate interval > 2-3 mm as compare

d to the opposite side (Terry Thomas sign); 2. Cortical ring sign: produced by cortex of dist

al pole of palmar flexed scaphoid and cortical outline of the distal pole of scaphoid;

3. scaphoid is foreshortened:distance between scaphoid ring & proximal pole is < 7 mm

4. negative ulnar variance(4.2-2.3mm) 5. axial scaphoid shift sign: - normally a smooth arc can be outlined arou

nd the scaphoid, lunate, and the triquetrum;

- scapholunate injury, the arc will be broken as the scaphoid migrates proximally; - this finding may be useful in the presence of scapholunate injury which occurs in the presence of a distal radius fracture

• Lateral view:1. Scapholunate angle formed by interse

ction of longitudinal axes of scaphoid & lunate avg 46-47 deg & ranges from 30-60 deg; - in SLD, scaphoid is palmar-flexed with prox migration of capitate; - angle > 60-70 deg suggests SLD

2. capitolunate angle of > 15-20 deg is strongly suggestive of SLD

3. normally it should be possible to draw straight line thru longitudinal axis of radius, lunate, & capitate

- in SLD lunate and triquetrum are displaced ulnarly; - when lunate lies plamar to capitate but faces dorsally, collapse pattern is referred to as DISI

De Quervain’s Disease

874. De Quervain’s Disease • （ A ）病灶位於第一個 dorsal wrist

compartment; 內含 abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis

• （ B ）好發於女性• （ C ） Finklestein’s test 可用來診斷• （ D ）類固醇注射為治療首選• （ E ）症狀包含手腕疼痛而且會影響拇指活動

De Quervain’s Disease

• Stenosing tenosynovitis of APL & EPB tendons (first compartment) at the styloid process of the radius;

• Inflammation causes thickening & stenosis of synovial sheath of first compartment & pain when tendon movement;

• most common in women between 30 and 50 years;

• pain over radial styloid process (sometimes forearm & thumb);

PE• Swelling & palpable thickening of fibr

ous sheath;• Sharp tenderness over styloid proces

s of radius • Finkelstein's test: pt makes fist over

thumb, and ulnarly deviating wrist

Treatment• Non Operative Treatment:1. Thumb spica splint2. Steroid injection: A recent study concluded

that injecting this compartment can provide complete relief of symptoms. If the symptoms persist after injection, then the injection can be repeated (30% of cases require reinjection after one year). If 2-3 injections over a 3-5 week period fail to give relief, then surgical management becomes appropriate.

• Surgical Treatment

Carpal Instability875. About the dorsal intercalated segment instabilit

y （ DISI ） and volar intercalated segment instability （ VISI ） deformity

• （ A ） DISI occurs when scapholunate ligament disruption results in volar flexion of the scaphoid and dorsal angulation of the lunate

• （ B ） VISI signifies a lunotriquental ligament disruption

• （ C ） VISI stands for volar intercalated segmental instability

• （ D ） VISI results in volar angulation of the lunate compared with a normally aligned scaphoid

876. 關於 Carpal injuries 的敘述• （ A ） DISI （ dorsal intercalated segment instab

ility ） 為 Abnormal flexion of the lunate and scaphoid with +30 degrees volar tilt

• （ B ） VISI （ volar intercalated segment instability ）為 abnormal dorsiflexion of the lunate with a vertical scaphoid （ scapholuate angle ＞ 80 degrees ）

• （ C ） Scapholunate interosseous ligament tear時 , X-rays 可能呈現” scaphoid ring sign”, 或 scapholuante gap ＞ 3 mm

• （ D ） A PA view a clenched fist 可 scapholuate gap 更加 open, 可用來診斷 incomplete ligament tear 或 dynamic instability

Dorsal Intercalated Segment Instability: (DISI)

• Lunate will tend to flex when loss of ulnar ligamentous support from the triquetrum;

• Lunate extends when there is loss of radial ligamentous stability;

• DISI may arise as a result of: scaphoid frx; scapho-lunate dissociation; perilunate dislocation (esp trans-scaphoid perilunate dislocation);

• end result may be Scapholunate Advanced Collapse wrist

Radiographic Analysis • On lateral x-rays, when lunate slips into sta

tically dorsiflexed position > 10 deg, condition is defned as DISI;

• similarly, when lunate lies palmar to capitate but faces dorsally, collapse pattern is also consistent when dorsiflexion instability;

• DISI deformity is also present when the scapholunate angle is greater than 70 deg

Volar Intercalated Segment Instability: (VISI)

• Consists of volar flexion of the lunate relative to the longitudinal axis of the radius and capitate, when the wrist rests in a neutral position;

• Lunate will tend to flex when there is loss of ulnar support from the triquetrum;

• Result from disruption of radial carpal ligaments on ulnar side of wrist & is characterized by scapholunate angle < 30 deg;

• Volar flexion instability pattern is usually associated with triquetrolunate or triquetral-hamate instability;

Distal Radioulnar Joint877. 關於遠端橈尺骨關節不穩定或關節炎（ Instability

or arthritis of the DRUJ ）• （ A ） 不穩定最常見的原因是遠端橈骨骨折 , 而大多

數的 ulnar styloid 骨折則不會造成不穩定• （ B ） 不穩定時考慮韌帶重建手術（ ligament reco

nstruction ） , 但若是有明顯的關節炎就不適合韌帶重建

• （ C ） 年輕人外傷性 DRUJ arthritis 建議可以進行 Sauve-Kapandji procedure, 保持握力

• （ D ） 穩定的關節炎（ stable arthritic joint ）的病患可進行 modified Darrach procedure （切除尺骨頭並修補關節囊）

• （ E ） 若是關節炎合併不穩定 , 可以考慮進行 ulnar hemiresection with tendon interposition

878. Distal radioulnar joint （ DRUJ ）• （ A ） Ulnar styloid fracture 是由於附著於 styloid ti

p 的 ulnar collateral ligament 所造成的 avulsion fracture; 若無明顯的 instability, 通常不需 surgical repair

• （ B ）正常 wrist pronation 時 , distal radioulnar capsuloligament 變緊 , 防止 ulnar head dorsal migration. 可利用 " piano key sign" 來診斷 DRUJ instability

• （ C ） Distal radius fracture with ＞ 25 度 dorsal angulation and ＞ 5 mm shortening 可能有 high incidence of TFCC injuires

• （ D ） Dorsal DRUJ dislocation 是指 volar translation of radiocarpal unit and dorsal subluxation of ulna

• （ E ） 治療 Acute instability 可使用六週的 long arm cast in supination for dorsal dislocation 或 in pronation for volar dislocation 固定

Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex

（ TFCC ）879. About the injuries of Triangular Fibrocartilage Co

mplex （ TFCC ）（ A ） The lunotriquetral ligament is commonly injure

d along with the TFCC. These two structures are the most likely soft tissue elements of the ulnar wrist to cause pain

（ B ） The TFCC is prone to degenerative tears that are directly proportional to age of the patient.

（ C ） An ulnar-plus variance patients, the ulna pushes into the underside of the TFCC, causing degenerative changes and ulnar-sided wrist pain

（ D ） TFCC has a rich vascular supply. Tears located in the peripheral portion have a high propensity to heal if treated by debridement and /or repair

880. 關於三角纖維軟骨綜合體 （ Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex ）的敘述

（ A ）其組成大部分是第二型膠原（ Type I collagen ） , 及小部分的第一型所組成

（ B ）尺骨側的周圍是血液供應最好的部位 , 受傷癒合的潛力也最好

（ C ）它的掌側（ volar wall ）是由 ulnar triquetral and ulnar lunate ligaments 所組成 , 兩者合稱 ulnar carpal ligament complex

（ D ）可以幫助力量由腕骨傳遞到尺骨 , 在 neutral ulnar variance 的人有 20 ％的力量經由 TFCC 傳遞到尺骨

（ E ）力量經由 TFCC 傳遞的比例和 ulnar variance 有關 . 在 supination 時 , 相對比較 negative ulnar variance, 力量較少經由 TFCC 傳遞

881. 關於外傷性三角纖維軟骨綜合體受傷（ traumatic triangular fibrocartilage complex injury ）的敘述

（ A ）分為第一型主要是外傷引起 ; 第二型主要是和 positive ulnar variance 相關的退化造成

（ B ） Type IA 是中央的破裂（ central tears without instability ） , 中央無血管區可用關節鏡清創 , 但若周圍 2 mm被破壞可能會影響遠端尺骨關節的穩定性

（ C ） Type ID 是在 sigmoid notch 有破裂 ,和遠端橈骨骨折有關或其內固定有關

（ D ）疾病的治療與預後和破裂的位置有關 , 除了修補 TFCC 外 ,還要開放復位內固定或切除骨碎片

882. 關於退化型三角纖維軟骨綜合體受傷（ degenerative triangular fibrocartilage complex injury ）的敘述

（ A ）有軟骨軟化症（ chondromalacia ）但還沒有穿孔（ perforation ）是 Type IIB

（ B ） Type IIE 是有廣泛性的關節炎變化 , 合併近排腕骨掌伸不穩定 （ volar intercalated segmental instability ）

（ C ） Type IIA 由於還沒有穿孔 , 所以只需要尺骨縮短術 （ ulnar shortening ）即可

（ D ） Type IIC 若不是 positive ulnar variance 的話 ,只需要進行關節鏡清創手術即可

（ E ） Type IIE 若有月三角骨間關節不穩定（ lunotriquetral instability ）時 , 可先做尺骨縮短術 （ ulnar shortening ） , 若還不穩定 , 則考慮將該關節經皮固定 （ percutaneous pinning ）

883. 關於退化型三角纖維軟骨綜合體受傷（ degenerative triangular fibrocartilage complex injury ）的治療

（ A ） Type IIA 由於雖還未達穿孔（ perforation ）的程度 , 手術治療不需關節鏡清創 ,直接做 Ulnar shortening

（ B ） Type IC在作關節鏡時很容易直接看到 pisotriquetral joint, 可以直接關節鏡修補 TFCC 或 open repair

（ C ） Type IIC 手術時可進行尺骨縮短術或 Wafer procedure,前者可能造成未癒合 ;後者會加速遠端橈尺骨關節關節炎

（ D ） Type I injury 的預後和受傷時間有關 , 若在受傷三個月內直接修補的話 , 其握力及活動度可恢復 80％

（ E ）尺骨縮短術只要超過 2.5mm 就可以減少 ulnocarpal load, 並可增加 ulnocarpal ligament 的張力 , 進而穩定 lunotriquetral joint

884. 關於 Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex injury（ A ） Type IA 的治療 ,經常以 arthroscopic debrideme

nt I 為主（ B ） Chronic type IB 一般診斷困難 , 關節鏡檢查 TFCC

會喪失正常的 tension（ C ） Type IC 關節鏡檢查可呈現 loss of tension in the

ulnar extrinsic ligament,和容易看見 pisotriquetral joint

（ D ） Distal radius fracture經常合併 type ID lesion（ E ） Subacute injuries （ 3 months to 1 year ）仍然

可以 direct repair, 但是 regain less strength and ROM

（ F ） Ulnar shortening 因減少 load distributed to the distal ulna, 對 chronic TFCC injury 有幫助

Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex

（ TFCC ）

Palmer classification

• Class 1: TraumaticA - Central perforationB - Ulnar avulsion with or without distal ulnar fracture C - Distal avulsion D - Radial avulsion with or without sigmoid notch fracture • Class 2: Degenerative A - TFCC wear B - TFCC wear with lunate and/or ulnar chondromalacia C - TFCC perforation with lunate and/or ulnar chondromalacia D - TFCC perforation with lunate and/or ulnar chondromalacia and LT

ligament perforation E - TFCC perforation with lunate and/or ulnar chondromalacia, LT liga

ment perforation, and ulnocarpal arthritis

Treatment• Treatment of traumatic central tears (Palmer class 1

A)→Debridement • Treatment of traumatic ulnar-side tears (Palmer clas

s 1B) with outside-in technique→ Debride the synovitis and the edges of the tear. • Treatment of ulnar extrinsic ligament tears (Palmer

class 1C)→ Perform a mini open or arthroscopic repair using zo

ne-specific cannulas. • Treatment of traumatic radial side tears (Palmer cla

ss 1D)→ Debride as with a Palmer class 1A tear, or mini open

repair

• Treatment of degenerative tears (Palmer classes 2A and 2B)

→ Gently debride. If the patient is ulnar positive and symptomatic, use open ulnar shortening.

• Treatment of degenerative tears (Palmer class 2C/2D)→ Gently debride in patients who are ulnar neutral or ulnar negat

ive. For patients who are ulnar positive, consider the arthroscopic wafer procedure.

• Treatment of degenerative tears (Palmer class 2E)→ Degenerative tears have an unpredictable response to arthros

copic debridement. • These tears usually require a salvage operation. • Address the DRUJ and LT joint. • A limited ulnar head excision can be performed. • The Sauve-Kapandji procedure involves radioulnar joint arthr

odesis and proximal ulnar pseudoarthrosis. • The Darrach procedure is a resection of the distal end of the ul

na.

(885) 關於 Triangular fibrocartilage complex 的 anatomy和

biomechanism(A)TFCC 的解剖構造包含 triangular fibro

cartilage和 supporting ligaments

TFCC is composed of the triangular fibrocartilage and its supporting lagments

(885) 關於 Triangular fibrocartilage complex 的 anatomy

和 biomechanism(B)Triangular fibrocartilage 的構造 men

iscus, 但有高比例的 typeII collagen

TFCC is a meniscu-like structure with a high proportion of type II collagen

(885) 關於 Triangular fibrocartilage complex 的 anatomy

和 biomechanism• (C)Theulnar periphery of the TFCC has the r

ichest blood supply and the best potential for healing

1. a fibrocartilaginous rim, meniscal homolog

2. The structure has a distinct blood supply(figure 10 p359)

(885) 關於 Triangular fibrocartilage complex 的 anatomy

和 biomechanism• (D)in neutral ulna variance 大約有 20% loa

ding經過 TFCC 傳到 distal ulna.1. Fig 66-2 4000 in campbell’s 2. With positive ulnar variance, the load acr

oss the TFCC is increased, with a resultant thinning of its central disk

3. A relative positive variance in pronation and a relative negative variance in supination

(885) 關於 Triangular fibrocartilage complex 的 anatomy

和 biomechanism• (E) In positive ulna variance, loading 經過 TFCC 會增加 , 而 central disc厚度會漸少

(885) 關於 Triangular fibrocartilage complex 的 anatomy

和 biomechanism• In pronation, radius 會 proximal migr

ation 而致 relative positive variance,而增加 loading transfer to distal ulna

(886) 關於遠單橈骨骨折瘉合不良的敘述

• Criteria for treating distal radius nonunions with a corrective osteotomy with tricortical bone graft include:

(1) A loss of radial height of greater than 4 to 5mm

(2) A loss of >=10 degrees in radial inclination(3) A reversal of the palmar tilt to 25degrees

or dorsal angulation to 15degrees

(886) 關於遠單橈骨骨折瘉合不良的敘述

• Contraindication to corrective osteotom includes the development of significant traumatic arthritis

(886) 關於遠單橈骨骨折瘉合不良的敘述

• (A) 若 radial height loss 大於 4-5mm 或 radial inclination loss 大於 10 度 , 則要進行切骨矯正手術 (corrective osteotomy)

• (B) 若 dorsal angulation 大於 15 度或 palmar tilting 大於 25 度時 , 建議 corrective osteotomy

• (C) 若有明顯的外傷性關節炎 , 則不建議 corrective osteotomy

Figure 1 p353 OKU

(886) 關於遠單橈骨骨折瘉合不良的敘述

• (D) 若發生 complex regional pain syndrome 時 ,可以考慮藥物治療 ,如Gabapentin,amitriptyline

1. after trauma or surgery without nerve injury 2. reflex sympathetic dystrophy 3.triad of pain, vasomotor changes and trophic

changes 4. treatment: pharmacology: TCA, sympathetic

blockade; nerve blocks.. Rockwood 8th 599-604

(887)Distal radius fracture

(A) radial styloid fracture常與 scapho-lunate injuri

es 有關1. Fractures of the scaphoid are second only to fr

actures of the distal radius among fractures of the upper extremity

2. The mechanism of fracture is usually considered to be bending with compression dorsally and tension on the palmar surface, owing to forced dorsiflexion of the wrist.

3. Most patients with fractures of the lunate have a history of a hyperextension injury, such as a fall on the outstretched hand.

Scaphoid 68.2%

Triquetrum 18.3%

Trapezium 4.3%

Lunate 3.9%

Capitate 1.9%

Hamate 1.7%

Pisiform 1.3%

Trapezoid 0.4%

887

• (B)Initial management for a complex injury 須包含 stabilization of forearm rotationsufficient fracture stability to allow finger intrinsic and extrinsic tendon motion

(C)將wrist joint 固定在 >25 degree of wrist flexion or >30 degrees of wrist extension 可能造成carpal tunnel pressure 的增加

1. Palmar flexion of an uninjured wrist to 60 degrees has been shown to cause a significant elevation of pressure in the carpal tunnel.

2. the wrist at greater than 30 degrees of palmar flexion places the patient at an increased risk of an acute carpal tunnel syndrome

887• (D)Distal radioulnar stabilization 與 T

FCC,ulnar radial articulation 及 extrinsic soft tissue supports 有關 . Pronator quadrates 因 scarification導致 tightening 可能限制 supination功能

887• (E) 使用 long arm cast 做復位後之固定

時 , 需強調維持在 supination之位置 ;目的在減少 brachioradialis 對於 distal fracture fragment之拉力 .同時 , 並能使 pronator quadratus 維持在最大長度 , 及穩定 DRUJ皆有助於 supination功能恢復

(888)Arthroscopic surgery in distal radial fracture

• The strength, range of motion, and radiographic appearance were significantly better in patients in the arthroscoically assisted group

OKU 8th P351 or Campbells 4th p4007

(888)Arthroscopic surgery in distal radial fracture

• (A)約有 50% 會合並有 soft tissue injuries,包括 luntriquetral ligament, scapholunate ligament 及 TFCC

• (B)相較於 conventional open reduction and internal fixation, arthroscopically assited reduction 可能得到較 accurate reduction with minimal capsular and soft tissue scarring 及 improving the overall results

(889)Surgical management in distal

radius fracture• (A) 外固定的使用 , 以 limited open approach 為佳 ,

可避免 soft tissue injury, eccentric pin placement及 open section bone defect 的發生

• (B) 使用外固定的好處 : resist compression, apply a buttress effect 及 provide loading shearing

• (C) 一般而言 ,dorsal approach 使用於 clear visualization of intra-articular fracture, 而 volar approach 較適用 extra-articular fractutre

• (D) 由於 multiangulated titaniumplate 有較顯著的soft tissue, 包括 tendon rupture;目前觀念認為 , 使用 distal radius 的 titanium plates 應該再次手術

(890)Scaphoid fractures and Nonunion

• 1. Figure 6 OKU 8th p356• 2.vascularized via a dorsal branch of the ra

dial artery, which perforates the distal third of the dorsal cortex of the scaphoid

• 3.The more proximal a scaphoid fracture, the more likely is delayed healing or nonunion and osteonecrosis

(890)Scaphoid fractures and Nonunion

• (A)舟狀骨的血液供應大多來自 dorsal branch of radial artery穿過舟狀骨的遠端 1/3 來支配

• (B)未癒合常常是近舟狀骨 extension, 遠端則會 flexion, 呈現 humpback deformity

• (C)沒有位移的舟狀骨骨折未癒合 , 可以考慮保守性治療 , 以石膏固定 , 並考慮電刺激或超音波治療

• (D)未癒合或壞死的機率和骨折部位有關 ,越近端骨折發生機率越高

• (E) 骨壞死可以進行 free vascularized bone graft 成功率和症狀的持續時間無關

(891)Scaphoid fracture• Displaced, unstable scaphoid fracture=>1mm displacement, lunocapitate a

ngulation >=15 degrees,scapholunate amgi;atopm>=45degrees

Compbells 4th

(891)Scaphoid fracture• (A)Pain in the snuffbox 以及 swelling about the ra

dial side of the wrist, 需懷疑有 scaphoid fracture, 立即 casting or splinting 治療 ;7-10天後再行追蹤檢查 , 不可當做一般 sprain injury 看待

• (B)少於 1mm 的 displacement 或 15degrees 的 angulation,視為 nondisplaced fracture; 可使用 long arm cast with thumb spica extension 固定治療 .在無內固定的情況下 , 若單以 short arm cast做為固定 ,則會因為無法控制 torsional moments 而可能發生 secondary displacement

(891)Scaphoid fracture• (C)即便是使用了 compression screw fixatio

n, 術後仍需 splint or cast support for 6-12weeks

• (D)當治療 nonunion or malunion, 需注意 humpback deformity 的 correction; 除了要有 adequate debridement 外 ,還須採取 T or winged graft, 以便同時達到wedge open 及 inlay grafting 的目的