¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

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II

102

6

C¥y˛am\hnI qan-imkvXw

C¥y-bpsS `q]-IrXn, ]IrXnhn`-h-ß-fpsShnX-c-Ww F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n \mw ap≥ A[ym-b-ßfn¬ \n∂v a\- n-em-°n. Ch P\-hm-k-Ønepw Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-co-Xn-bnepw sNep-Øp∂ kzm[o\w Adn-tbt≠? C¥y-bnseP\-߃, IpSn-tb‰w, Ah-cpsS hmk-ÿ-e-߃F∂n-h-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Fs¥m-s°-sb∂v \ap°v ]cn-tim-[n-°mw.

C¥y-bpsS P\-kwJyHcp cmPyØv \n›nX ImeØv Xma-kn-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS BsI FÆ-sØ-bmWv B cmPy-Øns‚P\-kwJy F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. GsXmcp cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn¬ \n¿Æm-bI kzm[o-\-amWvAhn-SsØ a\p-jy-hn- -hØn\p-≈Xv. ]Ir-Xnhn`-h-ßsf Is≠Øn kmaqly ]ptcm-K-Xn°pXIpwhn[w hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-°p-∂Xv P\-ß-fm-Wv.

\ΩpsS cmPy-Øns‚ P\-kw-Jy-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne hkvXp-X-I-ƒ i≤n-°p.

$ 2001-˛se sk≥kkv ]Imcw C¥y-bpsSBsI P\-kwJy 102.7 tImSn -bmWv(1027015169). 2011˛se sk≥kkv dnt∏m¿´p-Iƒ ]pdØp hcp-tºm-tg°pw CXn¬ KWy-amb h¿≤\-hmWv ]Xo-£n-°p-∂-Xv.

$ hen-∏-Øn¬ Ggmw ÿm\-Øm-sW-¶nepwP\-kw-Jy-bn¬ temIØv c≠mw ÿm\-amWv C¥ybv°p≈-Xv.

$ temI-Øns‚ 2.4% amXw ÿe-hn-kvXr-Xn-bp≈ C¥y-bn¬ temIP\-kw-Jy-bpsS16.87% Xma-kn-°p-∂p.

$ temIP\-kw-Jybn¬ Bdn-sem-cmƒ C¥ym-°m-c\mWv.

$ ssN\-sbm-gnsI hen-∏-Øn¬ C¥y-tb-°mƒ ap∂n¬ \n¬°p∂ A©v cmPy-ß-fmb djy, Im\-U, Ata-cn-°≥ sFIy-\mSp-Iƒ, BkvtX-en-b, _ko¬ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse P\-kw-Jy-bpsS BsI-Øp-I-tb-°mƒ IqSp-X¬ P\-߃ C¥y-bn-ep-≠v.

P\-kwJymhni-I-e\w F¥n\v?Devv]m-Z-\-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb am\-h-ti-jn-bpsSe`yX Adn-bm-\pw ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-߃,Dev]-∂-߃, tkh-\-߃ F∂n-h-bpsSBhiyw Xn´ -s∏-Sp -Øm\pw P\-kw-Jym

Imt\-jp-amcn (Census)

Hcp \n›nX Ime-b-f-hn¬ cmPyØv Xma-kn-°p∂ P\-ßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ hnhn[hnh-c-ß-fpsS tiJ-c-Whpw Iq´n-t®¿°-epwhni-I-e-\-hpw ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-hp-amWv Imt\-jp-amcn F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv. ]Øp h¿j-Øn-sem-cn-°¬ \S-Øp∂ Imt\-jp-am-cn-bmWvF√m P\-kwJym hni-I-e-\-߃°pwASnÿm-\w. 1872˛emWv C¥y-bn¬ BZy-ambn sk≥kkv \S-Øn-b-Xv. ]s£ AXn¬cmPysØ apgp -h≥ ]tZ -i -ß-sfbpwDƒs∏SpØm≥ Ign -™n-√. 1881˛emWvBZysØ kºq¿Æ sk≥kkv \S-∂-Xv.AXn-\p-tijw Hmtcm ]Øp-h¿j CS-th-f-bnepw sk≥kkv IW-s°-Sp∏v \S-∂p-hcp∂p.

6

C¥

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103

6-hn-iIe\w klm-bn-°p-∂p. cmPy-Øns‚P\kwJym ]iv\-ß-ƒ Xncn-®-dnbphm\pw]cn-lmc am¿§-߃ Bkq-XWw sNøp-hm\pwP\-kw-Jym-hn-i-I-e\w A\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.

P\-kwJymhnX-cWw(Population Distribution)X∂n-cn-°p∂ `q]Sw (6.1) i≤n-°p. cmPy-Øns‚ F√m-`m-KØpw Hcp-t]m-se-bmtWmP\kwJymhnX-cWw sNø-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv?

P\-kwJy IqSp-X-embn tIµo-I-cn-®p-Im-Wp∂kwÿm-\-߃ Ipdn®phbv°p. GsXms° mK-ß-fn-emWv P\-߃ Xosc Ipdhv?

C¥ybnse hnhn[ kwÿm-\ß-ƒ XΩn¬P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ henb A¥cw ImWm-\m-hpw.

]´nI 6.1 i≤n-°p. C¥y-bnse hnhn[kwÿm-\-ß-fn-tebpw tIµ- -cW ]tZ-i-ß-fn-tebpw P\-kw-Jy-mk-hn-ti-j-X-I-fmWvCXn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

1 B‘m-]-tZiv 8.37 7.37 275 978 61.11

2 Acp-Wm-N¬ ]tZiv 2.55 0.11 13 893 54.74

3 B mw 2.39 2.59 340 935 64.28

4 OØo-kvKVv 4.11 2.25 154 989 65.18

5 _olm¿ 9.86 8.07 880 919 47.53

6 tKmh 0.11 0.13 363 961 82.32

7 KpP-dmØv 5.96 4.93 258 920 69.97

8 lcn-bm\ 1.34 2.05 477 861 68.59

9 lnam-N¬ ]tZiv 1.69 0.59 109 968 77.13

10 PΩp-Im-ivao¿ 6.76 0.98 99 892 54.46

11 Pm¿Jfiv 2.42 2.62 338 941 54.13

12 I¿Æm-SI 5.83 5.13 275 965 67.04

13 tIcfw 1.31 3.1 819 1058 90.92

14 a[y-]-tZiv 9.38 5.88 196 919 64.11

15 alm-cmjvS 9.36 9.42 314 922 77.27

16 aWn-∏q¿ 0.68 0.23 103 978 68.87

Ia-

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tZi

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bps

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km£

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17 antkmdmw 0.64 0.09 42 935 88.49

18 taLm-eb 0.68 0.22 103 972 63.31

19 \mKm-em‚ v 0.5 0.19 120 900 67.11

20 Hdo 4.74 3.57 236 972 63.61

21 ]©m_v 1.53 2.37 484 876 69.95

22 cmP-ÿm≥ 10.43 5.5 165 921 61.03

23 kn°nw 0.21 0.05 76 875 69.68

24 Xan-gv\mSv 3.96 6.07 480 987 73.47

25 Xn]pc 0.32 0.31 305 948 73.66

26 DØ¿]-tZiv 7.33 16.17 690 898 57.36

27 DØ-cmJfiv 1.6 0.83 159 962 72.28

28 ]›n-a-_w-Kmƒ 5.7 7.81 903 934 69.22

29 sU¬ln (NCT) 0.05 1.34 9340 821 81.82

30 B‚-am≥\nt°m-_m¿ (UT) 0.24 0.03 43 846 81.18

31 Nfio-KVv (UT) 0.003 0.09 7900 777 85.65

32 ZmZm \K¿ (UT) 0.01 0.02 449 812 60.03

33 Zma≥Zyq (UT) 0.003 0.02 1413 710 81.09

34 e£-Zzo]v (UT) 0.0009 0.01 1895 948 87.52

35 t]m≠n-t®cn (UT) 0.14 0.09 2030 1001 81.49

C¥y 100 100 325 933 65.38

Ah-ew_w: sk≥kkv Hm^v C¥y˛2001

A©-c-e-£-tØmfw amXw P\-߃ A[n-hkn-°p∂ kn°nw BWv P\-kw-Jy-bn¬G‰hpw ]n∂n¬. AtX-k-abw 16.6 tImSn (2001)P\߃ Xma-kn-°p∂ DØ¿]tZ-imWvcmPyØv H∂m-a-Xv. temI-P-\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 6˛mwÿm\Øp \n¬°p∂ ]m°n-ÿms‚ BsIP\-kw-Jy-tb-°mƒ IqSp-X-em-Wv Cu kwÿm-\Ønse P\-kwJy!

DØ¿]-tZ-iv, alm-cm-jvS, _olm¿, ]›n-a-_wKmƒ, B‘-m]-tZ-iv, Xan-gv\m-Sv, a[y-]tZiv, cmP-ÿm≥, I¿Æm-S-I, KpP-dmØvF∂o ]Øp kwÿm-\-ß-fn-emWv cmPysØBsI P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 76% hpw Xma-kn-°p-∂-Xv. AtX-k-abw kn°nw (0.05%), PΩp-Im-ivao¿(0.98%), Acp-Wm-N¬ ]tZiv (0.11%), DØ-cm-Jfiv (0.83%) F∂o \mev kw-ÿm-\-ß-fn¬P\-kwJy hfsc Ipd-hmWv.

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

104

6

`q]-S(6.1)hpw ]´n-I(6.1) Dw Xmc-Xayw sNbvXvP\-kw-Jym-hn-X-c-W-Ønse khn-ti-j-X-IƒIs≠Øp.

P\-kwJymhnX-c-W-Ønse Ak-¥p-en-Xm-hÿ

cmPy-Øns‚ `q]IrXnbpw kmaq -lnI˛kmwkvIm-cnI˛kmº-ØnI LS-I-ßfpw P\-kw-Jym-hn-X-c-WsØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂pt≠m?Nn¥n®p t\m°p.

]Xn-Iqe Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fn¬ \n∂v P\-߃ amdnXma-kn-°p-∂Xv i≤n-®n´pt≠m? AXp-t]mseXs∂ A\p-Iqe LS-I-߃ ]c-am-h[n apXse-SpØv Nne ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ Ah¿ Xnßn-∏m¿°p-Ibpw sNøm-dnt√?

$ C¥y-bpsS hS°v `mK-Øpw hS°v Ing°v`mKØpw P\-kwJy hfsc Ipd-bm≥ImcW-sa-¥mhpw?

$ DØ-tc-¥y≥ ka-X-e-hpw \Zo sU¬‰-IfpwXoc-k-a-X-ehpw P\\n_n-U-am-b-sX-¥p-sIm≠v?

$ I\m-ep-Iƒ Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ Pe-tk-N\kuI-cy-ß-fpsS hnImkw cmP-ÿm-\nseacp - ] -tZ -i -ß-fnse P\-kw -Jy -bpsSh¿≤\hn\vv Imc-W-am-bn- p-≠v.

$ Qm¿Jfiv kwÿm-\-Øns‚ `q]-IrXnkpK-a-amb P\-Po-hn-X-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ Cu ]tZiw Du¿÷-

C¥yP\-kw-Jym-hn-X-c-Ww 2001

]m°n-ÿm≥

Ad-_n-°-S¬ _wKmƒDƒ°-S¬

Hcp _nµp (.) = 200,000 Bfp-Iƒ

ioe

¶

e£-Zzo]v

ssN\

t\∏mƒ

_w•mtZiv

C¥y≥ alm-k-apZw

B≥U-am≥ \nt°m-_¿Zzo]p-Iƒ

P\-kw-Jym-hn-X-c-Ww, 2001

NnXw (6.1)

C¥

y˛am

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105

6hn`h-ß-fp-sSbpw [mXp-°-fp-sSbpw Ie-h-d-bmbXn\m¬ Nne tIµ -ß-fn¬P\-kmµX h¿≤n-®n- p-≠v.

$ D]-Zzo-]ob ]oT- q-an-bpsS mKamb kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ tdmUv, sdbn¬th, a‰v KXm-KXhm¿Øm-hn-\n-ab D]m-[n-I-ƒ F∂n-h-bpsShf¿® P\-kwJymhnX-c-WsØ kzm[o-\n-®n- p-≠v.

$ ]¿∆X taJ-e-I-fn¬ P\-kwJy Xmc-X-tay\ hfsc Ipd-hmWv F¶nepw Ahn-S-ß-fnse ]´-W-ßfn¬ P\-km-µX IqSp-X-emWv.

P\-km-µXP\-kw-Jy-bpw ÿe-hn-kvXr-Xnbpw XΩn-ep≈A\p-]m-X-amWv P\-km-µ-X. Hcp NXp-ciIntem-ao-‰¿ ÿeØv A[n-h-kn-°p∂ P\-ß-fpsS FÆw IW-°m-°n-bmWv P\-km-µ-X]dbm-dp≈-Xv.

]´nI (6.1)˛¬ sImSp-Øn-cn -°p∂ hnhn[kwÿm-\-ß-fpsS hnkvXr-Xnbpw Ahn-SsØP\-kwJybpw Xmc-Xayw sNøq.

`q]Sw (NnXw 6.2) t\m°n P\-km-µX IqSnbkwÿm\߃ Is≠Øp. B ]tZ-i-߃GXv `q]-IrXn hn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂pF∂pw ]cn-tim-[n°p. AXp-t]mse Xs∂P\km-µX hfsc Ipd-™p-Im-Wp∂ kwÿm-\-߃ GXv `q]-IrXn hn`m-K-ØnemWpƒs∏Sp∂Xv F∂pw a\- n-em-°p-I. ap≥ A[ymb-Ønse C¥y-bpsS q]-IrXn q]-Shpw (`q]Sw4.3) P\-km-µX `q]-Shpw (`q]Sw 6.2) Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ Fs¥ms° Imcy-ß-fmWv\n߃°v a\- n-em-°m≥ Ign-b-p∂Xv? \nß-fpsS Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ Ipdn°p.

NnXw (6.2)

¢mk

v X ˛ -k

m-aq-l

y-imk

vXw

II

106

6]´nI 6.1˛Dw q]Sw 6.2˛Dw ]cn-tim-[n®vC¥y-bpsS P\-km-µ-X-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Xmsg -sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ tNmZy-߃°v DØcw ImWm≥ ian°p.

$ G‰hpw Db¿∂ P\-km-µXbp≈ aq∂vkwÿm-\-߃.

$ Hcp NXp-ci Intem-ao-‰-dn\v 100˛¬ XmsgP\-km-µ-X-bp≈ kwÿm-\-߃.

$ G‰hpw Xmg v∂ P\-km - µ -X -bp≈kwÿm-\hpw tIµ- -cW ]tZ-ihpw.

$ U¬ln-bnse P\-km-µ-X.

$ Acp-Wm-N¬ ]tZ-inse P\-km-µ-X.

P\-kwJymhf¿® (Population Growth)Hcp ]tXyI ÿesØ P\-kw-Jy-bn¬\n›nX Ime-b-f-hn-\n-S-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ h¿≤\-hn-s\-bmWv P\-kwJym hf¿® F∂v ]d-bp-∂Xv. hf¿®m\nc°v iX-am -\ -Øn -emWvIW°m-°pI.

Nph-sS- sIm-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI (]´nI 6.2)i≤n-°p. cmPysØ P\-kw-Jy-bn-epw hf¿®m-\n-c-°n-epw P\-km-µ-X-bn-epw \K-c-hm-kn-I-fpsSFÆ-Ønepw Ign™ \q‰m-≠n-ep-≠mb h¿≤-\-bnse ]h-W-X-Iƒ hne-bn-cp-Øp.

h¿jwP\-kwJy Zim_vZ

P\-km-µX\K-c-hmkn

(tImSn) hf¿® P\-߃

(%) (%)

1901 23.8 - 77 10.84

1911 25.2 5.75 82 10.92

1921 25.1 ˛0.31 81 11.2

1931 27.9 11.0 90 11.99

1941 31.8 14.2 103 13.86

1951 36.1 13.3 117 17.3

1961 43.9 21.6 142 17.97

1971 54.8 24.8 177 19.91

1981 68.6 24.7 216 23.34

1991 84.3 23.8 267 25.71

2001 102.7 21.3 324 27.78

$ 1901˛¬ 23.8 tImSn P\-߃ amX-am-bn-cp∂pC¥y-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv. Ign™ Hcp \q‰m-≠n-\n-Sbv°v 78.87 tImSn P\-ß-fmWvcmPyØv h¿≤n-®-Xv.

$ 1941 hsc Hcp NXp-ci Intem-ao-‰-dn\v \qdn¬Xmsg-bm-bn-cp∂p cmPy-Øns‚ P\-km-µX.1981˛¬ kmµX 200˛¬ A[n-I-am-hp-Ibpw2001˛¬ 300˛¬ A[nIw Bhp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

$ 1911˛21 Ime-b-f-hn¬ cmPysØ P\-kw-Jym-h-f¿® ]nt∂m-´m-bn-cp∂p (Negative growth).

`£y-£m-ahpw ]´n-Wn-bpw ]I¿®hym[n-Ifpw tN¿∂v cmPy- -Øns‚ P\-kwJyIpdbv°p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv.

$ \K-c-h-XvI-cWw cmPyØv Iam-\p-K-X-ambnh¿≤n-®p-h-cp-∂p. Hcp \q‰m≠v ap≥]v hsccmPysØ P\-kw -Jy -bpsS 90%˛¬A[nIhpw Kmao-W-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

C¥y-bpsS P\-kwJym hf-¿®-bnse ]h-W-X-Iƒ a\- n-em-°n-b-t√m. 1991 apX¬ 2001hscbp≈ 10 h¿j Ime-b-f-hn¬ amXw18 tImSn-bn-tesd P\-ß-fmWv cmPyØv h¿≤n-®Xv. temI-P\kwJy-bn¬ A©mw ÿm\-Øp≈ _ko-ens‚ BsI P\-kw-Jy-t]mepwCX-h-cn√! P\-kwJy Cu tXmXn-emWv h¿≤n-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬ Cu \q‰m-≠ns‚ ]Ip-Xn-tbmsSC¥ybpsS P\-kwJy ssN\-bpsS P\-kw-Jy-sb-°mƒ ap∂n-em-tb-°mw. C¥y-bpsS Cu P\-k-ºØv GsXms° Xc-Øn¬ cmjvS-]p-tcm-K-Xn-°mbn hn\n-tbm-Kn°mw? ¢m n¬ N¿®sNøp. P\-kw-Jym-h¿≤-\ \nb-¥-Wm-Xo-X-am-bm¬ Hmtcm cmPy-Øns‚ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-Ønepw Fs¥√mw ]iv\-ß-fm-Wp-≠m-hpI?

$ ]´nWn

$ ZmcnZyw

$ sXmgn-en-√mbva

$ A¥-co£ aen-\o-I-cWw

$C¥y P\-kwJymhf¿® 1901˛2001

]´nI˛6.2

C¥

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qan-i

mkvX

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107

6tZiob P\-kwJym \bw

(National Population Policy)

P\-kwJym hf¿® \nb-¥n-°m\pw AXp-hgn cmjvS-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI kmºØnI]ptcm-KXn Dd-∏p-h-cp-Øm-\p-amWv 1976˛¬BZy-ambn Hcp P\-kw-Jym-\-b-Øn\v cq]w\¬Inb-Xv. IpSpw-_m-kq-X-W-Øn\pw IpSpw-_-t£-a-Øn\pw Bh-iyamb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ P\-ß-fn-se-Øn-°p-I-sb-∂-XmWv CXns‚ kp]-[m\ e£yw. apgp-h≥ ]uc-∑m¿°pw Btcm-Kyhpw hnZym-`ym-khpw sa®-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-h-iy-amb \S-]-Sn-Iƒ \ΩpsS P\-kw-Jym-\-b-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. tZiob P\-kwJym \b-Øn¬ Imem-\p-kr-X-amb am‰-߃ hcp-Øn-bmWv \S-∏n-em°nhcp-∂-Xv.

C¥y-bnse P\-kw-Jy-bpsS a‰p Nne khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ IqSn a\- n-em-°mw.

kvXo˛]pcp-j A\p-]mXw (Sex Ratio)

BsI P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ 1000 ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v FXkvXoIƒ F∂-XmWv kvXo]p-cp-jm-\p-]m-XwF∂-Xp-sIm-≠p-t±-in -°p-∂-Xv. 1000 ]pcp-j≥am¿°v 933 kvXoIƒ F∂Xmbn-cp∂p2001˛se C¥y-bnse kvXo˛]pcp-jm-\p-]mXw.F∂m¬ tIc-f-Øn-enXv 1000 ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v 1058kvXoIƒ BWv.

]´nI 6.1 ]cn-tim-[n®v kvXo˛]p-cp-jm-\p-]mXw hnhn[ kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬Fßs\-sb∂v a\- n-em-°p.

$ kvXo˛]p-cp-jm-\p-]mXw G‰hpwIpdhv FhnsS?

$ ]pcp -j-∑m -tc -°mƒ IqSp -X¬kvXoI-fp≈ kwÿm-\-taXv?

]mb-L-S\ (Age Structure)

\h-Pm-X-in-ip-°ƒ apX¬ hr≤≥am¿ hscASßp-∂-Xm-Wt√m P\-kw-Jy. CXns\hnhn[ ]mb-°m-cpsS Kq∏p-I-fmbn Xcw-Xn-cn®vBsI P\-kw-Jy-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ ]mb-L-S\-sb-∂-Xp-sIm≠v Dt±-in-°p-∂-Xv. cmPy-Ønse P\-kwJy-bn¬ Hmtcm hn`m-K-Ønepw s]Sp∂ P\-ß-fpsS A\p-]mXw i≤n-°p (]´nI 6.3).

]mb-L-S\

]mb-L-S\ iX-am\w (%)

14˛¬ -- Xmsg 34.33

15˛59 58.7

60˛¬ IqSp-X¬ 6.97

]´nI˛6.3

15˛\pw 60˛\pw CS-bn-¬ ]mb-ap-≈-h-ct√ P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ A[n-Ihpw?

Du¿÷-kz-ecmbbph-P-\-߃ IqSp-X-ep-≈Xv GsXms°Xc-Øn¬ cmjvS-Øn\v ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØmw?

]¶m-fnØ \nc°v (Participation Rate)

BsI P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ sXmgn-se-Sp-°p-∂-h-cpsShnln-X-amWv ]¶m-fn-Ø -\n-c°v. 2001˛¬ 39.26Bbn-cp∂p C¥y-bnse ]¶m-fnØ \nc°v.kmaqly ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS Hcp Af-hp-tIm-emWvCXv. kvXoI-fp-sSbpw ]pcp-j≥am-cp-sSbpw]tXyIw ]tXyIw ]¶m-fnØ \nc°v IW°m-°m-dp-≠v.

BibXz \nc°v (Dependency Ratio)

BsI P\-kwJy-bn¬ sXmgn¬ sNøp-∂-hscBi-bn®p Pohn-°p-∂-h-cpsS A\p-]m-X-amWvBi-bXz \nc-°v. 15 hb- n¬ Xmsg ]mb-ap≈ Ip´n-Iƒ, 60 hb- n\v apI-fn¬ ]mb-ap≈-hr≤¿, hnZym¿∞n-Iƒ, ho´-Ω-am¿, tkh-\-Øn¬ \n∂v hnc-an-®-h¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿ Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p. 2001˛se sk≥kkv ]ImcwcmPy-Øns‚ Bi-bXz \nc°v 60.7 BWv.

km£-cXm \nc°v (Literacy Rate)

A¿∞w a\- n-em°n Fgp-Xp-hm\pw hmbn-°p-hm\pw Ign-bp∂Xns\-bmWv km£-cX F∂v

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6]d-bp-∂-Xv. BsI P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ km£-c-cm-b-h-cpsS A\p-]m-X-amWv km£-c-Xm-\n-c°v.2001˛¬ CXv 65.38% Bbn-cp-∂p cmPy-Øns‚km£-c -Xm -\n -c°v (]pcp -j -∑m¿˛75.8%,kvXoIƒ˛54.16%). kvXo km£-cX hfsc Ipd-bm-\n-S-bm-Ip∂ kml-Ncyw N¿® sNøp.

]´nI 6.1 t\m°n km£-c-X-bn¬G‰hpw ap∂nepw ]n∂nepw \n¬°p∂kwÿm-\ -߃ GsX-√m -sa∂vIs≠Øp.

Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw (Life Expectency)

Hcp cmPysØ P\-߃ FX hb- p-hsc Pohn-°p∂p-sh∂ icm-icn IW°v P\-kw-Jym-hni-I-e-\-Øn¬ hf-sc-tbsd ]m[m-\y-a¿ln-°p-∂p.CXn -s\ -bmWv Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw F∂v]dbp∂Xv. 2001˛¬ C¥y-≥ P\-kw-Jy-bpsSBbp¿ssZ¿Lyw ]pcp-j-∑m¿°v 63.9˛DwkvXoIƒ°v 66.9˛Dw Bbn-cp-∂p. Bbp¿-ssZ¿Lyw Hcp cmPy-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI ]ptcm-K-Xn-bpsS IqSn kqN-I-am-Wv.

tIcf amXrIC¥y-bpsS 1.3% amXw ÿe-hn-kvXr-Xn-bp≈tIc-f-Øn¬ BsI P\-kw-Jy-bpsS 3.1%t]cmWv Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv (31838619 t]¿).P\kwJy-bn¬ 12˛mw ÿm\-ØmWv \ΩpsSkwÿm\w. tIc-f-Øns‚ P\-kw-Jym-L-S\cmPy-Øn\p amX-a-√, temI-Øn\p Xs∂ amXr-I-bm-Wv.

NphsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ ]´nI ]cn-tim-[n°p.

P\-kwJy C¥y tIcfw

P\-\-\n-c°v 1000˛\v 26 1000˛\v 17.2

ac-W-\n-c°v 1000˛\v 8.5 1000˛\v 6.4

inip-a-c-W-\n-c°v 1000˛\v 68 1000˛\v 14

Bbp¿ssZ¿Lyw 65.4 hb v 71 hb v

km£cX 64.8% 90.92%

P\-kwJym hf¿® 2.11% 1.31%

kvXo˛]p-cpj 1000˛\v 933 1000˛\v 1058A\p-]mXw

tZiob icm-i-cn-bp-ambn Xmc-Xayw sNøp-tºmƒ P\-kwJymLS-\-bn¬ tIcfw FhnsS\n¬°p∂p F∂v Is≠Øn Ipdn∏p Xøm-dm°p. kwÿm-\-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI kmwkvIm-cnI hf¿®-bpsS kqN-I-ß-fmWv Ch. tIc-f-Øns‚ kmaq-lnI hf¿®bv°v \nZm-\-amb LS-I-߃ GsXm-s°-bm-sW∂v N¿® sNøp.am[y-a-ß-fp-sSbpw B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fpsSbpwklmbw tXSp-a-t√m.

Hcp ]tZ-i-Øns‚ P\-kw-Jym-L-S-\sb am‰n-a-dn-°p-∂-Xn¬ P\-\-Øn\pw ac-W-Øn\pwkp][m\ ]¶p-≠v.

Hcp ]tXyI ÿesØ P\-kwJym Ipd-bmt\m IqSmt\m Ch c≠pw amX-amtWmImcWw? Nn¥n-®p -t\m-°p.

IpSn-tb‰wHcp ÿe-Øp-\n∂pw as‰mcp ÿe-tØ-°p≈P\-ß-fpsS k©m-chpw Xma-k-ap-d-∏n-°epwc≠p ÿe-ß-fn-tebpw P\-kwJym ]p\¿hnXc-W-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip-∂nt√? P\-\hpwac-Whpw Hcp ]tZ-i-Ønse P\-ß-fpsSkwJy-bn-emWv ][m-\-ambpw am‰-ß-fp-≠m-°p-∂-Xv. F∂m¬ IpSn-tb‰w kwJy-bn¬ amX-a√ P\-ß-fpsS kmaq-lnI˛kmwkvIm-cnI kz`m-h-Ønepw kaq-e-amb am‰-߃ D≠m-°p-∂p.

kz¥w tZiw hn´v as‰mcp tZi-tØ°v k©-cn-°p-Ibpw AhnsS Xma-k-ap-d-∏n-°p-IbpwsNøp-∂-Xn-\mWv IpSn-tb‰w F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv.

Kma-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \K-c-ß-fn-te-°p≈ (Ruralto Urban) IpSn-tb-‰-amWv \ΩpsS cmPy-Øvhym]I-ambn I≠p-h-cp-∂-Xv. CXp IqSmsX Kma-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Kma-ß-fn-tet°m (Rural to Rural)\K-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \K-c-ß-fn-tet°m (Urbanto Urban) \K-c-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Kma-ß-fn-tet°m(Urban to Rural) IpSn-tb‰w \S-°p∂p.

IpSn-tb-‰-Øns‚ Imc-W-߃

P\n®phf¿∂ tZi-hp-ambn sshIm-cnI ASp∏wImØp-kq-£n-°p-tºmgpw hnhn[ Imc-W-ß-fm¬ P\-߃ hnhn[ tZi-ß-fn-te°v amdnXmakn-°m-dp-≠v.]´nI ˛ 6.4

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6IÆq¿ Pn√-bpsS ae-tbmc taJ-e-bn¬ IpSn-bm-∑e Fs∂mcp ]tZ-i-ap-≠v. t]cp-t]mseXs∂ A[zm-\-io-e-cmb IpSn-tb‰ I¿j-I-cmWvChn-SsØ P\-ß-fn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw. d∫-dmWvCt∏mƒ Cu taJe-bnse ][m-\-Ir-jn.

1940 Ifnse Hcp £ma-Im-eØv tIm´-bsØNß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ \n∂mWv c£n-Xm-°-tfm-sSm∏w AK-Ãn≥ IpSn-bm-∑-e-bn-se-Øn-b-Xv.a°sf-°p-dn®v tNmZn-®-t∏mƒ AK-Ãn\pw mcytdmk-°p-´n°pw \qdv \mhv.

aq∂v B¨a-°-fn¬ aqØ-bm-fmb tPm¿÷ns‚IqsS-bmWv AK-Ãn\pw tdmk-°p-´nbpw Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv. Abmƒ d∫¿ Sm∏nwKpw ho´p-Imcyhpw Hs°bmbn \m´n¬ Xs∂ Pohn-°p∂p. tPm¿÷ns‚ GI aIƒ _mw•q-cn¬\gvknwKv hnZym¿∞n-\n-bm-Wv.

\m´n¬ tPmensbm∂pw C√m-Xn-cp∂ c≠m-asØ aI≥ tPmbn Ct∏mƒ t_mws_-bn¬kz¥-ambn Hcp _nkn-\ v \S-Øp-∂p. Zn√n-°m-cn-bmb `mcybpw klm-b-Øn-\p-≠v.

B¨a-°-fn¬ Cf-b-h≥ PnΩn-bmWv ]Tn-°m≥anSp-°≥. aZm-kn¬ \n∂v F©n-\o-b-dnwKv]Tn®v, Ah-\n -t∏mƒ Zp_m-bn -¬ tPmensNøp∂p. sIm√w kztZ-in-\nbmb Hcp tUmIvS-dmWv `mcy.

Htc-sbmcp aIƒ PnPn, Hcp kzImcy Bip-]-Xn-bn¬ \gvkmbn tPmen sNøp-∂p. sXm -SpØKma-amb sNº-sØm-´n-bn-te-°mWv Ahsfhnhmlw Ign-®-b®-Xv. Kƒ^n-em-bn-cp∂ Ah-fpsS ¿Ømhv kmº-Øn-I-amµywaqew AhnsSXpS-cm-\m-hmsX Ct∏mƒ Xncn-®p-h-∂n- p-≠v.

a°fmcpw ASp-Øn-s√-¶nepw AK-Ãn\pw tdmk-°p-´n°pw X¬°mew hnj-a-sam∂pw C√tX!""]e \mSp-I-fn-em-sW-¶nepw Ah-scms°kt¥m-j-ambn Pohn-°p-∂p-≠-t√m.'' ASp-Ø-amkw a°fpw sIm®p-a-°fpsa√mw \m´n¬ hcp-∂-X-dn™v Gsd kt¥m-j-Øn-emWv c≠p-t]cpw.

AK-Ãn-s‚bpw IpSpw-_-Øn-s‚bpw ho´p-hn-ti-j-߃ a\- n-em-°n-bn-t√. At±-l-Øns‚c£n-Xm-°ƒ apX¬ sIm®p-a-°ƒ hsc hnhn[-Xcw IpSn-tb-‰-߃ \S-Øn-b-Xmbn ImWmw.

$ Hcp cmPy-Øp-\n∂v as‰mcp cmPy-tØ°vIpSn-tb-dp-∂Xv A¥¿tZ-iob IpSn-tb-‰-amWv (International Migration). Cu IpSpw-_-Øn¬ Bscm-s°-bmWv A¥¿tZ-iobIpSn-tb‰w \S-Øn-b-sX-∂v ]d-bmtam?

$ cmPy-Øn-\-I-Øp-Xs∂ hnhn[ kwÿm-\-߃°n-S-bn¬ IpSn-tb‰w \S-Øn-b-h¿Bscm-s°-bmWv? Ch¿ A¥¿ kwÿm\IpSn-tb‰w (Interstate Migration) \SØnF∂v \ap°v ]d-bm-at√m!

$ kwÿm-\-Øn-\IØp Xs∂ hnhn[ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ amdn-Øm-a-kn-°p-∂Xv Xt±-iobIpSn-tb‰w F∂mWv (Intrastate Migration)]d-bp-I. Nß-\m-t»-cn-bn¬ \n∂v IpSn-bm-∑-e-bn-te°v h∂ AK-Ãn≥ Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Snt√? ]ns∂bpw ImWmwDZmlc-W-߃!

Ch-scms°F¥n\v IpSn-tb‰w

\SØn?

Fan-K‚v (Emmigrant)Can-K‚v (Immigrant)

A¥¿tZ-iob IpSn-tb-‰-hp-ambn (InternationalMigration) _‘-s∏´ c≠v ]tbm-K-ß-fm-Wnh. \ΩpsS cmPy-tØ°v h∂ptNcp∂IpSn -tb -‰sØ tZim - -¥c BKa\w(Immigration) F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ Hcp cmPy-Øp-\n∂v as‰mcp cmPy-tØ°v IpSn-tb-dp-∂-Xn-s\-bmWv tZim-¥c Ka\w (Emmigration)F∂p -]dbp-∂-Xv. cmPyw hn´v ]pd-Øp-t]m-Ip∂bmsf FanK‚ v F∂pw h∂p-tN-cp∂bmsf CanK‚ v F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p.

¢mk

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6Nne ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ A\p- -h-s∏-Sp∂ Zmcn-Zyw,sXmgn-en-√m-bva, ASn-ÿm\ kuI-cy-ß-fpsSA]-cym-]vX-X, ]IrXnt£m`-߃, bp≤wXpSßn \nc-h-[n-bmb Imc-W-ß-fmWv P\-ßsf Xß-fpsS P∑-tZ-i-Øp-\n∂pw X≈n-hnSp∂-Xv. IpSn-tb-‰-Øn\v Imc-W-am-Ip∂ \n¿_-‘nX LS-I-ß-fmWv (Push factors) Ch. AtX-k-abw Xs∂ IpSn-tb‰w \S-Øm-\p-t±-in-°p∂ÿesØ Nne BI¿jI LS-I-ßfpw (Pullfactors) Cu Hgp°v Xzcn-X-s∏-Sp-Øpw. ChFs¥m-s°-bm-sW∂v ]d-bmtam?

$ BI¿j-Iamb tPmen

$ Db¿∂ iºfw

$

C\n Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ hkvXp-X-Iƒ IqSn a\- n-em-°p.

$ apwss_, U¬ln, sIm¬°Ø XpS-ßnbalm-\-K-c-ß-fpsS P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ ][m\]¶v IpSn-tb-‰-°m-cm-Wv.

$ alm-cm-jvS, U¬ln, lcn-bm\, KpP-dmØvF∂o kwÿm-\-ßfnse hymh-km-bnIhf¿®bpw \K-c-h-XvI-c-Whpw IpSn-tb-‰-°msc BI¿jn-°p∂ LS-I-ß-fm-Wv.

$ DØ¿]-tZ-iv, _olm¿ XpS-ßnb kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v IqSp-X¬ t]¿ a‰p kwÿm-\-ß-fn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn-∏m¿°p∂p≠v.

$ Db¿∂ hnZym-`ymk \ne-hm-cap≈ tIc-f-Øn¬ \n∂pw \nc-h[n Bfp-Iƒ sa®-s∏´sXmgn-e-h-k-c-߃ tXSn cmPysØ \K-c-ß-fn-te°pw hntZ-i-cmPyß-fnte°pwIpSntb-dp-∂p.

$ C¥y-bn¬ Kma-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Kma-ß-fn-te-°p≈ IpSn-tb‰w ][m-\-ambpw kvXoI-fpsS CS-bn-emWv. AtX-k-abw Kma-ß-fn¬\n∂pw \K-c-ß-fn-te-°p≈ IpSn-tb-‰-°m¿`qcn- m-Khpw ]pcp-j-∑m-cm-Wv. ImcWw Is≠-Ømtam?

IpSn-tb-‰-Øns‚ A\-¥-c-^-e-߃

Hcp Iq -am-fp-I-fpsS ÿm\am‰w amX-ambn IpSn-tb-‰sØ ImWm-\m-hn√. IpSn-tb‰w a\p-jy-hn -

h -Øns‚ ]p\x -kw -Lm -S -\ -am -Wv . AXvkmaqlnI, kmwkvIm-cnI˛kmº-ØnI taJ-e-I-fn¬ \n¿Æm-b-I-amb am‰-߃ hcp-Øp-∂p.c≠v ÿe-߃°n-S-bn¬ IpSn-tb‰w kw`-hn-°p-tºmƒ P\-kw-Jy-bn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃\n߃°v Duln-°m-\m-hpw. IpSn-tb-‰-Øn\vhnt[-b-am-Ip∂ ÿeØv a‰v Fs¥ms° am‰-ß-fm-Wv D≠m-hpI? t\csØ ]cn-N-b-s∏´AK-Ãn≥ tN´s‚ IpSn-bm-∑-e-bn-epw ae-_m-dnse a‰v ae-tbmc taJ-e-I-fnepw d∫¿ Irjnhym]n-®Xv Fß-s\-bmWv F∂v Nn¥n-®n-´pt≠m?

IpSn-tb‰w A\p-Iq-ehpw ]Xn-Iq-e-hp-amb(Negative and Positive) ^e-߃ D≠m-°n-bn-´p-≠v. IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃ tiJ-cn®v Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ ¢m n¬ Hcp kwhmZw kwL-Sn-∏n-°p.

hmk-ÿ-e-߃ (Settlements)BZna a\p-jysc°p-dn®v ]Tn-®n-´nt√? ImSp-I-fn¬ Ae-™p-Xn-cn™p \S-∂pw e-ßfpw Ing-ßp-Ifpw Xn∂pw th´-bm-Snb arK-ß-tfbpw]£n-I-tfbpw Np´pXn∂pw Pohn-®n-cp∂ ]q¿hn-I¿ \ap°pw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ac®ph-´nepw Kpl-I-fnepw A¥n-bp-d-ßn-bn-cp∂ B ]mIrX a\p-jy-cn¬ \n∂pw \mw Gsd ]ptcm-K-an-®p-I-gn-™p.Blmcw tXSn Ae-£y-ambn Ae™p\S∂ncp∂ a\p-jy≥ Bh-iy-ambh IrjnsNbvXp-≠m-°m≥ XpS-ßn-bXv Im¿jnI hnπ-h-Øn\v hgn-sbm-cp-°n. Irjn ÿe-ßtfmSvtN¿∂v Np‰p-]mSpw e`y-amb hkvXp-°-fp-]-tbm-Kn®v Ah¿ ]m¿∏n-S-߃ \n¿Ωn®v Xma-k-am-cw-`n-®p. hmk-ÿ-e-߃ cq]w sIm≈p-∂XvCß-s\-bm-Wv.

a\p-jy¿ C∂v Xs‚ a\- n-\n-W-ßnb hoSpIƒ\n¿Ωn®v hnhn-[-ß-fmb [\-k-ºm-Z\ taJe-I-fn¬ hym]r-X-\mbn Pohn-°p-∂p. Irjn, a’y-_-‘-\w, J\-\w, hmWnPyw, hyh-km-b߃F∂n-hbv°v ]pdsa hnhn-[-ß-fmb tkh-\-taJ-e-Ifnepw CS-s]- m-Wh¿ kaqlsØ apt∂m´p\bn-°p-∂-Xv.

a\p-jy¿ ÿnc-ambn ]m¿°p∂ ÿe-ß-fm-Wt√m hmk-ÿ-e-߃. F√m ÿeØpwhmk-ÿm-\-߃ cq]-s∏-Sm-dpt≠m? hmk-

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6ÿe-Øns‚ ÿm\w \n¿Æ-bn-°p-∂Xn¬Xmsg ]d-bp∂ LS-I-ß-fpsS ]¶v FX-am-X-sa∂v N¿® sNøp.$ `q]-IrXn$ Pe-e-`yX$ aÆns‚ ^e-]pjvSn$ KXm-KXkuI-cy-߃P\-ß-tf¿s∏-Sp∂ hnhn[ sXmgn¬ taJ-e-IsfASn-ÿm-\-s∏-SpØn hmk-ÿ-e-ßsf c≠m-bn-Øn-cn-°mw.

1. KmaoW hmk-ÿe-߃2. \Kchmkÿe-߃

KmaoW hmk-ÿe-߃(Rural Settlements)

Irjnbpw A\p-_‘ ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-amWvKmao-W-cpsS ][m\ sXmgn¬ taJe. P\-ß-fn¬ `qcn-`m-Khpw ]Xy-£-amtbm ]tcm-£-amtbm Im¿jn-I-hr-Ønsb Bi-bn®v PohnXw\bn-°p-∂p.

]mtZ-in-I-ambn e`y-am-Ip∂ Akw-kvIrXhkvXp°ƒ sIm≠mWv Kmao-W¿ hmk-ÿew\n¿Ωn -°pI. H‰-s∏´ hmk-ÿ-e-ßtfm(Isolated Settlements), lmwe‰pItfm (Hamlet),Kma-ßtfm (Village) BbmWv Ch ImW-s∏Smdv. Ch Hmtcm-∂n-t‚bpw ]tXy-I-X-Iƒa\- n-em-°mw.

`q]-Ir-Xn, Imem-hÿ, Pe-e-`yX XpS-ßnb`uXn -I -L-S -I߃ hmk-ÿ-e-Øns‚ÿm\sØ kzm[o-\n-°m-dp-≠v. Nne Kmao-W¿kpc£ ap∂n¬ I≠p-sIm≠v ]tXyI hmk-ÿ-e-߃ Xnc-s™-Sp-°m-dp-≠v. kmaq-lnIkmwkvIm-cnI LS-I-ßfpw (PmXn, aXw, h¿§w,`mj) P\-ß-fpsS A[n-hmk-ssi-en-bn¬kp]-[m\ ]¶v hln-°p∂p.C\n hnhn-[-bn\w KmaoW hmk-ÿ-e-߃]cn-N-b-s∏-Smw.

tIµo-IrX hmk-ÿ-e-߃(Compact Settlements)Nne ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ hmk-ÿ-e-߃ hfscASp-Ø-Sp-Ømbn ImWm-dnt√? Chsb-bmWv""tIµo-IrX hmk-ÿ-e-߃'' (Compactsettlements) F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. \Zo Xoc-ß-fntem e- q-bn-jvS-amb ka-X-e-ß-fntem BWvCØcw hmk-ÿ-e-߃ km[m-c-W-bmbncq]wsIm≈mdv. s]mXp-hmb Bcm-[-\m-I-a-ßfpw kmaqly \nb-a-ßfpw Ch-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv. P\-ß-fp-sS-bn-S-bn¬ \√ Iq´m-bvabpw kl-I-c-Whpw s]mXpsh I≠p-h-cp∂p.$ DØ-tc-¥y-bnse e- q-bn-jvSamb F°¬

ka-X-e-ß-fnepw cmP-ÿm-\nse Pe-e-`y-X-bp≈ ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw tIµo-IrX hmk-ÿ-e-߃ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

KmaoW hmkÿe߃lmwe‰v(Hamlet)

Kmaw

$ Ipsd-tbsd hoSp-Iƒ

$ s]mXp sI´n-S-߃, Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃, IS-Iƒ, t]mÃm-^okv, ]mY-an -Im -tcmKytIµw, t`Z-s∏´ tdmUp-IƒF∂n-h-bp-≠m-bn-cn°pw.

$ ]mtZ-inI tdmUp-Iƒ k‘n-°p∂ CS-ß-fn¬ hmk-ÿ-e-߃ hnI-kn-®p-h-cp-∂p.

$ GXm\pw hoSp-Iƒ

$ hnim -e -amb Irjn -bn -S -߃°n-S-bn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

$ sNdnb IS-Iƒ, t]mÃm-^okv, Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃F∂n-h-bp-≠m-bn-cn°pw.

$ Ht∂m ct≠m hoSp-Iƒ$ hnim-e-amb Irjn-bn-S-߃,

h\-]-tZ-i-߃ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.

H‰-s∏´ hmk-ÿ-e-߃

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6

]´nI 6.6

$ B m-anepw \mKm-em‚nepw kpc£ap∂n¬ I≠p-sIm≠v Kmao-W¿ tIµo-IrXhmk-ÿ-e-amWv cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≈Xv.

hnk-cnX hmk-ÿ-e-߃(Dispersed Settlements)`q]-IrXn A\p-Iq-e-a-√mØ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ P\-߃ hmk-tbm-Ky-amb ÿe-߃ Is≠ØnAhn-S-hn-Smbn H‰-s∏´v Pohn-°m-dp≠v. Chsb""hnk-cnX hmk-ÿ-e-߃'' (Dispersedsettlements) F∂mWv hnfn-°pI.

lnam-N¬ ]tZ-iv, DØ-cm-©¬,hS°p-In-g-°≥ kwÿm-\-߃ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ hnk-cnX hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fmWv `qcn -`m -Khpw. ImcWwIs≠Øq.

hmk-ÿ-e-cq-]-am-Xr-I-Iƒ(Settlement patterns)

Hcp Iq´w hmk-ÿ-e-ßsf hnam-\-Øn¬\nt∂m Db¿∂p \n¬°p∂ Hcp Ip∂n≥

]p-dØp \nt∂m ho£n-°p∂-Xmbn k¶-ev]n°p. hoSp-Isf H-s∂m∂mbn ImWp-∂-Xn\p]Icw Ah-sb√mw tN¿∂v Hcp ]tXyI cq]-am-XrI (Pattern) krjvSn-°p-∂-Xmbn \ap°vImWmw. ]e BIr-Xn-bnem-Wv hmk-ÿ-e-߃cq]w sIm≠n-cn-°p∂Xv F∂v hy‡-am-Ipw.

`q]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS-tbm KXm-KX kuI-cy-ß-fp-sS-tbm Pe-tkm-X- p-I-fp-sStbm kzm[o-\-amWvAhbv°v hnhn[ cq]-am-Xr-I-Iƒ \¬Ip∂XvF∂v \n߃ a\- n-em-°n-bn-´p-t≠m? tcJobamXrI (Linear pattern), hrØm-Imc amXrI(Circular pattern), XntIm-W-am-XrI (Trianglepattern), \£-X-am-XrI (Star pattern) F∂nhs]mXpsh I≠phcp∂ cq]-am-Xr-I-I-fm-Wv.

Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ cq]-s∏-Sm≥km[y-X-bp≈ cq]amXr-IIfpsS t]cp-IqSntN¿Øv ]´nI ]q¿Øn-bm-°p.

hmk-ÿ-e-Øns‚ t]cv]tXy-IX

tdmUp-Iƒt°m \Zn-Iƒt°mkam-¥-c-ambn hcn-h-cn-bmbnImWp∂ hmk-ÿ-e-߃

Hcp Pem-i-b-Ønt\m Bcm[\me-b-Ønt\m Np‰pw cq]s∏Sp∂hmk-ÿ-e-߃

tdmUp-I-tfm, dbn-ep-Itfm,\Zn-Itfm ]c-kv]cw Jfin°ptºmƒ Ah-bv°n-S-bnseÿeØv cq]-s∏-Sp∂ hmkÿe-߃

\nc-h[n tdmUp-Iƒ tNcp∂`mKØv cq]-s∏-Sp∂ hmkÿe amXrI

\K-c-hm-k-tI-µ-߃ (Urban Settlement)

KmaoW hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬ \n∂v Xo¿Øpw hyXy-kvX-ambn ]m¿∏n-S-߃ ASp-Ø-Sp-Ømbn]Wn-bp-I-bpw P\-߃ Im¿jn-tI-Xc sXmgn¬ taJ-e-I-fn¬ i≤ sNep-Øp-Ibpw sNøp∂pF∂-XmWv \K-c-hm-k-tI-µ-ß-fpsS ][m\ khn-ti-jX. hmWn-Py-hy-h-km-b-ßfpw hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb tkh-\-ta-J-e-I-fp-amWv \K-c-ß-fpsS apJ-apZ. \K-c-ß-fpsS a‰p khn-ti-j-X-IƒIs≠Øpa-t√m.

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6C¥y-bn¬ Xmsg ]d-bp∂ \mev am\-Z-fi-߃°-\p-kr-X-am-bmWv \K-c-ßsf h¿§o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv.

1. 5000 Øn¬ A[nIw t]¿ Xma-kn-°p∂]tZ-i-߃.

2. 75% Øne-[nIw t]¿ Im¿jn -tI-Xc]h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ ]tZ-i-߃.

3. NXp-c-i-In-tem-ao-‰-dn¬ 400˛¬ A[nIwP\km-µ-X-bp≈ ]tZ-i-߃.

4. ap\n-kn-∏m-en-‰n-Iƒ, tIm¿∏-td-j-\p-Iƒ,It‚m¨sa‚p-Iƒ.

hen-∏-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ \K-c-hmk-tIµ-ßsf hnhn[ tiWn-I-fn¬s∏Sp-Øm-dp≠v. ]´-Ww, \K-cw, sasSm \K-cw, saK-tem-s]m-fnkv F∂nh Fßs\ hyXym-k-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂psh∂v ]cn-tim-[n-°p.

antkm-dmw F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fn-emWv \K-c-hm-knIƒ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬. Cu kwÿm-\-ßfnse P\-ß-fn¬ ]Ip-Xn-t]cpw Im¿jn-tIXc ]h¿Ø--\-ß-fn¬ CS-s]-´p-sIm≠v\Kcm-¥-co-£-Øn¬ Ign-bp-∂p. AtX-k-abwlnamN¬ ]tZ-iv, _olm¿ F∂o kwÿm-\-ß-fn¬ \K-c-hm-kn-I-fpsS FÆw hfsc Ipdhm-sW∂v ImWmw. Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂]´nI (]´n-I˛6.7) ]cn- -tim-[n®v Cu kwÿm-\-ß-fnse \Kc-P-\-kw-Jym-\p-]mXw a\- n-em-°p.

\K-c-P\kwJym \K-c-P-\-kwJym\p]mXw IqSp-X¬ \p]mXw G‰hpw Ipdhv

kwÿm\w (%) kwÿm\w (%)

tKmh 49.8 lnam-N¬]tZiv 9.8

antkmdmw 49.6 _nlm¿ 10.5

Xan-gv\mSv 44 kn°nw 11.1

alm-cmjvS 42.4 B mw 12.9

C¥y-bpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fn-em-bmWv \K-c-h-XvI-cWw AXn-th-K-Øn¬ h¿≤n-®p-h-cp-∂-Xv. Kma-ß-fn¬ \n∂v \K-c-ß-fn-te-°p≈ IpSn-tb‰w \K-c-ßsf P\-kwJymhnkvt^m-S-\-Øn-te-°mWv \bn-°p-∂-Xv.apwss_, sIm¬°-Ø, U¬ln F∂o alm-\K-c-ß-fn¬ Ahbv°v Dƒs°m-≈m≥ ]‰p-∂-Xnepw IqSp-X¬ P\-ß-fmWv A[n-h-kn-°p-∂Xv.

]´Ww (Town)

Hcpe-£-Øn¬ Xmsg P\-kw-Jy-bp≈ sNdp\K-c-hm-k-tI-µ-ß-sf-bmWv ] -W-߃ F∂v]d-bp-∂-Xv.

\Kcw (city)

Hcpe-£-Øne[nIw P\-kwJybp≈Xpwtkh-\-ta-J-ebv°v IqSp-X¬ ]m[m-\y-ap-≈Xp-amb ]tZiamWv \K-cw.

satSm-s]m-fn-‰≥ \-Kcw (Metropolis)

]Øv e£-Øn-e-[nIw P\-kwJybp≈henb \K-c-ß-fmWv satSm-s]m-fn -‰≥\Kc߃.

saKm-tem-s]m-fn-kv (Megalopolis)At\Iw \K-c-߃ Dƒs∏´ Hcp h≥\-K-c-kap-®-b-amWv saKm-tem-s]m-fnkv F∂vAdnb-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

\K-c-h-XvI-cWw C¥y-bn¬2001˛se sk≥kkv ]Imcw 27.78% t]cmWvcmPyØv \K-c-ß-fn¬ Pohn-°p-∂Xv. tKmh,

]´nI˛6.7

CXv Fs¥ms°]iv\-ß-fmWvD≠m-°pI?

$ Sm^nIv XS- -߃

$ tNcn-Iƒ

$ ]cn-k-c-a-en-\o-I-cWw

$ `h-\-c-ln-X-cpsS ]iv\-߃

$ Pe-£maw

$ ]I¿®-hym[n-Iƒ

$

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6\K-c-ß-fpsS h¿§o-I-cWw(Classification of Urban Centres)

C¥y≥ \K-c-ßsf P\-kw-Jy-bpsSbpw Ah\¬Ip∂ tkh-\-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬Xcw Xncn-®n-´p-≠v.

P\-kwJy ASn-ÿm-\-am°nsk≥kkv ]Imcw C¥y≥ \K-c-ßsf P\-kw-Jy-bpsS ASn-ÿm-\-Øn¬ 6 ¢m p-I-fm°nXncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. ]´nI (6.8) i≤n-°p.

P\-kwJy ¢m v \KcP\-kwJybpsSiX-am\w

1 e£hpw A[n-Ihpw ¢m v I 61.5

50000˛1 e£w ¢m v II 12.3

20000-˛50000 ¢m v III 15.0

10000˛20000 ¢m v IV 8.1

5000˛10000 ¢m v V 2.8

5000˛¬ Xmsg ¢m v VI 0.3

(sk≥kkv 2001)

2001˛se sk≥kkv ]Imcw cmPyØv 35sasSm -s]m -fn -‰≥ \K-c -ß-fm -bn -cp∂pD≠mbncp∂-Xv.

`q]Sw (6.3) ]cn-tim-[n®v cmPysØ sasSm-s]m-fn-‰≥ \K-c-ßfpw Ah-bpsS P\-kw-Jym-h-en-∏hpw a\- n-em-°p.

cmPy-Ønse \K-c-P-\-kw-Jy-bpsS 60% hpw Cu35 ¢m v I \K-c-ß-fn-emWv Pohn-°p-∂-Xv. 6¢m p-I-fn-embn 5161 \K-c-ß-fm-bn-cp∂p D≠m-bn-cp-∂Xv (2001). AXn¬ BZysØ 6 \K-c-ß-fn-emWv C¥y-bnse 20% \K-c-hm-kn-Ifpw!X∂ncn-°p∂ `q]Sw (NnXw 6.3) i≤n°pI.ta¬∏-d™ Bdv \K-c-߃ GsX-√m-amWv?

$ apwss_

$ sIm¬°Ø

$

$

$]´nI˛6.8

NnXw (6.3)

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]´nI˛6.9

\¬Ip∂ tkh-\-ßsfASn-ÿm-\-am°n (Urban Functions)

Hmtcm \K-c-Øn\pw Ah-bptSXmb kzm[o\taJ-e-I-fp≠v. \Kcw ]Zm\w sNøp∂ hnhn[-Xcw tkh-\-ß-fn-eqsSbmWv CØcw kzm[o\-ta-J-e-Isf AXn-t\mSv BI¿jn®v IqsS\n¿Øp-∂-Xv. Dt±-in® tkh\w Hcp \K-c-Øn¬\n∂v e`y-am-ImsX hcp-tºm-ƒ P\-߃ as‰mcp\K-c-Øn-te°v \oßp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Xs∂hnhn-[-Xcw tkh-\-ß-fmWv \K-c-Øns‚ \ne-\nev]n\pw hf¿®bv°pw tlXp-hm-Ip-∂-Xv.

tkh\w C¥y≥ \K-c-߃

`cW\K-c-߃ U¬ln, t`m∏m¬, eJv\u, Km‘n \K¿, Cw^m¬, io\-K¿

hyh-kmb\K-c-߃ Pwj-Uv]q¿, lq•n, `nem-bv, tImb-º-Øq¿, apwss_

KXm-KX\K-c-߃ hnim-J-]-´Ww, I≠ve, BK, C‰m¿kn

J\\\K-c-߃ dmWn-K-©v, Qmdnb, ZnKvt_mbv

hmWnPy\K-c-߃ sIm¬°-Ø, Al-ΩZm_mZv, sNss∂, _mw•q¿

kpc£m\K-c-߃ (It‚m¨sa‚ v) Aw_m-e, Pe-‘¿, aod‰v, D[w-]q¿

hnZym-`ymk\K-c-߃ dq¿°n, Aen-KVv, hmcm-Wkn

aX/kmwkvImcnI\Kc߃ AarXvk¿, a[pc, ]pcn, APvao¿, Xncp∏Xn, lcn-Zzm¿

kpJ-hmk\K-c-߃ a q-dn, ss\\n-‰mƒ, knwe, Du´n

hyh-km-bw, hym]m-cw, KXm-K-Xw, Sqdn-kw,hnZym- ymkw, `cWw, kpc£ XpS-ßn \nc-h-[nbmb tkh-\-߃ \¬Ip∂ \K-c-߃ \ap-°p-≠v. AtX-k-abw Nne -]-tXyI tkh-\-ß-fn¬ i≤ sNep-Øp∂ (Specialised functions)\K-c-ß-fpap-≠v. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Pwj-Uv]q¿\K-c-sØ-sbSp-°mw. hyh-km-b-amWv B \Kc-Øns‚ ][m\ tkh-\w.\K-c-ßsf Ah \¬Ip∂ kp]-[m\ tkh-\-Øns‚ (Dominant Function) ASn-ÿm-\-Ønepwh¿§o-I-cn -°mw. Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn -°p∂DZmlc-W-߃ i≤n-°p.

C¥y-bnse Ak-¥p-enXamb P\-kwJymhnX-c-Whpw AXn¬ `q]-Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw Imem-h-ÿ-bp-sSbpw kzm[o-\hpw Cu A[ym-b-Øn-eqsS \mw ]Tn®p. hn -h-ß-fp-sS Ak-¥p-enX hnX-cWat√ P\-ßsf IpSn-tb-‰-Øn\v t]cn-∏n-°p-∂Xv? qan-imkvX LS-I-ßfpw kmaq-lnI kmº-ØnI LS-I-ßfpw A\p-Iq-e-ambn hcp∂ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \K-c-߃ cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ahn-S-tØ°v P\-߃ BI¿jn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNøp-∂Xv \mw a\- n-em-°n. a\p-jy\pw ]Ir-XnbpwXΩn-ep≈ CØcw ]c-kv]c_‘-amWv `qan-im-kvX-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\w.

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$ 2011˛se sk≥kkv ]h¿Ø-\-߃ ]q¿Øn-bmbn°gn-™p. tIhew P\-kw-Jym-I-Ws°-Sp∏v amX-amtWm sk≥kkv? as‰-s¥√mw hnh-c-ß-fmWv sk≥k-kn-eqsS tiJ-cn-°p-∂-sX∂v At\z-jn-®-dn-bp.

$ "tIc-f-Øns‚ P\-kwJy' Cu hnj-b-Øn¬ Hcp skan-\m¿ Xøm-dm-°p.

$ C¥y-t]m-ep≈ hnI-kzc cmPy-ß-fn¬ \K-c-h-XvI-cWw Db¿Øp∂ km[y-X-Ifpw `oj-Wnbpw N¿®- sN-øp.

$ 2050 Bhp-tºm-tg-°pw, C¥y temIØv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ P\-߃ A[n-h-kn-°p∂ cmjvS-ambn amdp-sa-∂mWv \nK-a-\w. Cu P\-k-ºØv cmPy-Øn\v KpW-I-c-tam tZmj-I-ctam?¢m n¬ Hcp kwhmZw kwL-Sn-∏n°p.

$ P\-kwJym hnX-c-W-Øn¬ `qan-im-kvX-L-S-I-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w FX-am-X-sa∂vhnebncpØp-I.

$ 1901 apX¬ 2001 hsc-bp≈ 10 h¿j CS-th-f-I-fn¬ BsI P\-kw-Jy-bn-ep-≠mb hf¿®]cn-tim-[n-°p-I. kzmX-¥ym-\-¥cw P\-kw-Jym-h-f¿®-bn-ep-≠mb am‰w N¿® sNøp-I.

$ BI¿jI LS-I-ßfpw \n¿_-‘nX LS-I-ßfpw A¥¿tZiob IpSn-tb-‰sØ Fßs\kzm[o-\n-°p∂p?

$ ""P\-kw-Jym-L-S-\-bn¬ cmPy-Øn\v amX-a√, temI-Øn\v Xs∂ amXr-I-bmWv tIc-f-Øns‚ P\-kw-Jym-L-S\'' hni-Z-am-°p-I.

$ hmk-ÿ-e-ß-fpsS cq]o-I-c-W-Øn¬ qan-im-kvX-L-S-I-ß-fpsS kzm[o\w F¥v? KmaoWhmk-tI-µ-ßfpw \K-c-hm-k-tI-µ-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ hyXym-k-߃ Gh?

$ ""DØ-tc-¥y≥ ka-X-e-Øn¬ \K-c-h-Xv°-cWw IqSp-X-emWv'' N¿® sNøp-I.

XpS¿]h¿Ø\߃