The brainstem

The brain

Telencephalon 端脑 Diencephalon 间脑 Cerebellum 小脑 Brain stem 脑干

The brain stem

Consists of Midbrain Pons Medulla oblongata

Medulla oblongata 延髓 Ventral surface Pyramid 锥体 : contain pyrami

dal tract (corticospinal tract) Decussation of pyramid 锥体

交叉 : formed by crossing fibers of corticospinal tract

Olive 橄榄 : produced by underlying inferior olivary nucleus

Anterolateral sulcus 前外侧沟 : rootlets of hypoglossal nerve emerge from it

Retroolivary sulcus 橄榄后沟 : rootlets of glossopharyngeal, vagus and accessory nerves emerge from it

Medulla oblongata

Dorsal surface Lower portion

Gracile tubercle produced by underlying gracile nucl

eus Cuneate tubercle marks the site of cuneate nucleu

s Inferior cerebellar peduncle O

bex Upper portion: forms the lower half of rhomboid fossa

Pons 脑桥Ventral surface Basilar part 基底部 Basilar sulcus 基底沟 Bulbopontine sulcus

延髓脑桥沟 : from medial to lateral, the abducent, facial and vestibulocochlear nerves appear

Middle cerebellar peduncle 小脑中脚

Trigeminal nerve 三叉神经 Pontocerebellar trigone

脑桥小脑三角 : the junction of medulla, pons and cerebellum

Pons

Dorsal surface Superior cerebellar pedu

ncle Superior medullary velu

m Trochlear nerve

Midbrain 中脑

Ventral surface Crus cerebri 大脑脚底 Interpeduncular fossa

脚间窝 oculomotor nerves emerge from medial of crus cerebri

Posterior perforated substance 后穿质

Midbrain 中脑

Dorsal surface Superior colliculus con

stitute centers for visual reflexes

Inferior colliculus associated with auditory pathway

Brachium of superior colliculi

Brachium of inferior colliculi

Fourth ventricle 第四脑室

Position Situated ventral to

cerebellum, and dorsal to pons and cranial half of medulla

Central canal →fourth ventricle →mesencephalic aqueduct→third ventricle

Boundaries Inferolateral: gracile an

d cuneate tubercles, inferior cerebellar peduncle

Superolateral: superior cerebellar peduncle

Lateral recess

Features Median sulcus 正中沟 Sulcus limitans 界沟 Vestibular area 前庭区 overli

es vestibular nuclei

Acoustic tubercle 听结节 ov

erlying dorsal cochlear nucleus

Medial eminence 内侧隆起 Striae medullares 髓纹

Facial colliculus : overlies nucleus of abducent n.

and genu of facial nerve

Hypoglossal triangle : verlying hypoglossal nucleus

Vagal triangle: overlies dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve

Funiculus separans Area postrema Locus ceruleus

Roof Anterior part: formed by superi

or cerebellar peduncle and superior medullary velum

Posterior part: formed by inferior medullary velum and choroid plexus of fourth ventricle

Three apertures Median aperture of fourth ve

ntricle 第四脑室正中孔 Two lateral apertures of fourt

h ventricle 第四脑室外侧孔

Tela choroidea and choroid plexus

Internal structures

Gray matter Cranial nerve nuclei Relay nuclei

General somatic motor nuclei 一般躯体运动核 Nucleus of oculomotor n. Nucleus of trochlear n. Nucleus of abducent n. N

ucleus of hypoglossal n.

Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function

Nucleus of

Oculomotor n.

Midbrain Ⅲ Supreior, inferior,and medial recti, inf. obliquus, levator palpebrae superioris

Nucleus oftrochlear n.

Midbrain Ⅳ Superior obliquus

Nucleus of abducent n.

Pons Ⅵ Lateral rectus

Nucleus of hypoglossal n.

Medulla Ⅻ Muscles of tongue

General somatic motor nuclei

Special visceral motor nuclei

Motor nucleus of trigeminal n Nucleus of facial n. Nucleus ambiguus Accessory nucleus

Special visceral motor nuclei

Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function

Motor nucleus of trigeminal n.

Pons Ⅴ Masticatory muscles

Nucleus of facial n.

Pons Ⅶ Facial m., platysma, posterior belly of digastric, stylohyoid, stapedius

Nucleus ambiguus Medulla Ⅸ, .Ⅹ Ⅺ Skeletal m. of pharynx, larynx and upper part of esophagus

Accessory nucleus Medulla-cervical cord

Ⅺ Sternocleidomastoid, trapezius

General visceral motor nuclei 一般内脏运动核 Accessory oculomoto

r nucleus 动眼神经副核 Superior salivatory nu

cleus 上泌涎核 Inferior salivertory nu

cleus 下泌涎核 Dorsal nucleus of vag

us n. 迷走神经背核

General visceral motor nuclei

Nucleus Site Cranial n.

Function

Accessory oculomotor nucleus

Midbrain Ⅲ Sphincter pupillae and ciliary m.

Superior salivatory nucleus

Pons Ⅶ Submandibular, sublingual and lacrimal glands

Inferior salivertory nucleus

Medulla Ⅸ Parotid gland

Dorsal nucleus of vagus n.

medulla Ⅹ Many cervical, thoracic and abdominal viscera

Visceral sensory nuclei ( general and special ) Nucleus of solitary tract

孤束核

Visceral sensory nuclei ( general and special )

Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function

Nucleus of solitary tract

Medulla Ⅶ, ,Ⅸ Ⅹ Taste and visceral sensation

General somatic sensory nuclei

Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经中脑核

Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经脑桥核

Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经脊束核

General somatic sensory nuclei

Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function

Mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n.

Midbrain Ⅴ Proprioception of head

Pontine nucleus of trigeminal n.

Pons Ⅴ Tactile sensation of head

Spinal nucleus of trigeminal n.

Medulla Ⅴ Pain and temperature sense of head

Special somatic sensory nuclei

Cochlear nuclei 蜗神经核

Vestibular nuclei 前庭神经核

Special somatic sensory nuclei

Nucleus Site Cranial n. Function

Cochlear nuclei

Pons and medulla

Ⅷ Sense of hearing

Vestibular nuclei

Pons and medulla

Ⅷ Sense of equilibrium

Gracile nucleus 薄束核 Cuneate nucleus 楔束核 Inferior olivary nucleus

下橄榄核 Superior olivery nucleus

上橄榄核 Pontine nucleus 脑桥核 Nucleus of inferior colliculus

下丘核 Gray matter layers of superi

or colliculus 上丘灰质层

Red nucleus 红核 Substantia nigra 黑质 Pretectal area 顶盖前区

Relay nuclei 传导中继核

Non-cranial nerve nuclei Nucleus Site

Gracile nucleus Medulla (underneath gracile tubercle)

Cuneate nucleus Medulla (underneath cuneate tubercle)

Superior olivery nucleus Pons

Pontine nucleus pons

Nucleus of inferior colliculus Midbrain

Gray matter layers of superior colliculus

Midbrain

Red nucleus Midbrain

Substantia nigra Midbrain

Pretectal area Midbrain

White matter

Ascending tracts Medial lemniscus 内侧丘系 Spinal lemniscus 脊髓丘系 Trigeminal lemniscus 三叉丘系 Lateral lemniscus 外侧丘系

Medial lemniscus 内侧丘系

Spinal lemniscus

脊髓丘系

Trigeminal lemniscus 三叉丘系

Descending tracts

Corticospinal tract 皮质脊髓束

Rubrospinal tract 红核脊髓束

Tectospinal tract 顶盖脊髓束 Vestibulospinal tract

前庭脊髓束 Reticulospinal tract

网状脊髓束

Lateral lemniscus

外侧丘系

Reticular formation of brain stem Ascending reticular a

ctivating system (ARAS) 上行网状激动系统

Motor central and vital centres Reticulospinal tract Cardiovascular center an

d respiratory center Serotonergic rapheal

nuclei

The characters of internal structure of

brain stem

Medulla oblongataLower part (closed part) Two decussations–

Decussations of medial lemniscus Decussations of pyramid

Medulla oblongata

Upper part (open part) Appearance of inferior oliv

ary nuculeus and inferior cerebellar peduncle

Enlargement of central canal to form the fourth ventricle floor

Pons Tegmentum of pons 脑桥被盖

directed upward continuation of medulla oblongata

Basilar part 基底部 contain both longitudinal and transv

erse fibers intermixed with pontine nuclei

Midbrain Rectum of midbrain 中脑顶

盖 : includes superior and inferior colliculi

Cerebral peduncle 大脑脚 Tegmentum 被盖 :

contain ascending tracts, central gray matter, recticular formation and so on Substentia nigra 黑质 Crus cerebri 大脑脚底 :

Pyramidal tract 锥体束－ middle three-fifths of the crus:

Frontopontine tract 额桥束 medial one-fifth:

pariatotempopontine tract 顶颞桥束 lateral one-fifth