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The Electromagnetic Spectrum Need satellites to observe Wavelength Frequency High flying air planes or satellites

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

Need satellites to observe

Wavelength

Frequency

High flying air planes or satellites

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

大氣窗口 (atmospheric windows)

http://www.ipac.caltech.edu/Outreach/Edu/Windows/irwindows.html

Cloud coverage

Source: http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~jander/clouds/globalclouds.html

Airmassx = h sec(z)

折射 Refraction

太陽的綠光

twinkle, twinkle, little star…

Scintillationspeckle

Seeing

Weather conditions and turbulence in the atmosphere set further limits to the quality of astronomical images.

Bad seeing Good seeing

Adaptive OpticsComputer-controlled mirror support adjusts the mirror surface (many times per second) to compensate for distortions by atmospheric turbulence