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The Great Depression. 1929-1939. Impacts of Depression. Prices of stock dropped 40% 86,000 business failed 9,000 banks went out of business 9 million saving accounts Wages were decreased by at least 60% Unemployment from 9% to 25% 15 million people unemployed. The 6 Causes. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Great Depression
1929-1939
Impacts of Depression
Prices of stock dropped 40% 86,000 business failed 9,000 banks went out of business 9 million saving accounts Wages were decreased by at least
60% Unemployment from 9% to 25% 15 million people unemployed
The 6 Causes1. Unequal distribution of Wealth
- 2% owned 3/5 (60%) of wealth…- … 98% shared the remaining 2/5 (40%)- ½ population living
below poverty level- unequal balance
between productionand consumption
The 6 Causes2. Unequal distribution of
corporate power
- mergers reduced competition- when company fell = loss of jobs & stock- 200 corporations controlled 50% of all products being made
The 6 Causes3. Poor banking structure
- no regulations- small banks “owed” to larger banks- unequal loan to deposit ratio (esp. small towns)
“It’s A Wonderful Life” movie clip** List at least three actions taken by George
that would not be permitted in banks today.
The 6 Causes4. High Tariffs and War Debts
- Hawley-Smoot Tariff = tax on imports- What was the goal?- Led to unbalanced foreign trade &
…- economic warfare = other countries did same
- war debt: U.S. as creditor; E. couldn’t repay
The 6 Causes5. Overproduction in Industry & Agriculture
- farmers bought machinery on credit…
- …to increase production - >> overproduction - >> no jobs = no $ to buy - >> couldn’t pay off debt... - … foreclosures on farms
The 6 Causes6. Stock Market Crash
- Reasons for investing in market
- had $ already to invest- “buying on margin”: borrow $ to invest hoping to get rich quick
- October 24th: Black Thursday- JP Morgan: financer- October 29th: Black Tuesday ($16
mil)
Want to buy 100 shares of a stock that costs $50 per share
You would need $5,000 (plus commission) to buyBuy stock on margin: borrow up to $2,500 (50%) of the purchase price and pay remaining $2,500
yourself
If the stock goes up to $75 and you sell it, you would be able to pay the $2,500 (plus interest)
and keep roughly $5,000 (a 100% gain).
Buying on margin can greatly enhance investing returns…
But, if stock falls – you are in trouble.
Buying on Margin
The Effects
Widespread unemployment > poverty > hunger
- national income:1929 = $81 billion1932 = $41 billion
- 15 million jobless
The Effects
Breakdown of Families1. personal suffering >> suicide2. high school drop out rate >>
- kids working in sweatshops3. runaways (Hobos riding the rails)
The Effects
Organized Protests
- farmers marching on banks with pitchforks and guns
- tried to prevent foreclosures
The Bonus ArmyWho were they?
What did they want?What did they do?
What happened to them?
The Effects
The Bonus Army
- WWI soldiers promised $1 per day extra served
- To be paid in 1945- Allowed to borrow
against it in 1931- 1932 asked for full
amount = denied
-Thousands from all over U.S. marched with their familieson Capitol Building in D.C. to protest
- Sent home with money from their bonus pay
-Calvary, tanks-Used tear gas and bayonets
Rugged Individualism
No direct relief given by federal government
Money would be given to businesses
Local government should give aid
Was nothing new – up until this time, this was the norm…
… but this was not what people wanted
Resulted in: Hoovervilles – shantytowns of cardboard
Hoover Blankets & Hoover Flags
Hoover’s Policies Boulder
(Hoover) Dam Hydroelectric
power
Federal Farm Marketing Board Limited
production Helped market
crops
Arizona/Nevada
Hoover’s Policies Reconstruction
Finance Corporation Loans to
banks, railroads, businesses
Home Loan Bank Act Prevented
foreclosures on farms and homes
3 Characteristics:1.Over-cultivated
land2.Severe drought
3.High Winds
1932 Election: Hoover vs. FDR
“This campaign is more than a contest between two men. It is more than a contest between two parties. It is a contest between two philosophies of government.”
- What is this saying about Hoover & FDR?- Their political ideologies?
- How was the federal government’s role going to change?
FDR vs. Hoover
FDR: Keynesian or "pump priming" economics - Based on beliefs of economist John Maynard Keynes - Money should be invested in people, the working
class- Then, spending would increase with new money in
circulation, then businesses would expand to meet the new demand and hire new workers
Hoover: supply side or "trickle down" economics- Money was to be invested at top, in business- Then, businesses would expand, hire new workers and
in turn, spur on spending and further economic growth
http://www.socialstudieshelp.com/USRA_New_Deal.htm
Escapism
Movies Car rides Smoking
“We’re the first nation to go to the poorhouse in an automobile.”
- Actor Will Rogers
The Arts in the 1930sPainting
Grant WoodAmerican Gothic
The Arts in the 1930sLiterature
The Arts in the 1930sLiterature
Of Mice and Men
The Arts in the 1930sLiterature/Cinema
Margaret Mitchell
The Arts in the 1930sLiterature
Orson Welles“Citizen Kane”
Getting out of the Depression
Frances PerkinsSec. of Labor
Eleanor Roosevelt
A woman is like a tea bag- you never know how strong she is until she gets in hot water.
Great minds discuss ideas; Average minds discuss events; Small minds discuss people.
No one can make you feel inferior without your consent.
It is not fair to ask of others what you are unwilling to do yourself.
I could not at any age be content to take my place in a corner by the fireside and simply look on.
Fireside Chats
The The FirstFirst
1. ReliefImmediate action to halt economy’s
deterioration
2. Recovery"Pump - Priming" Temporary programs to
restart flow of consumer demand
3. ReformPermanent programs to avoid another
depression & insure citizens against economic disasters
RELIEF Bank Holiday
Closed all banks for inspection Reopened “safe” banks (some with loans)
Federal Emergency Relief Act (FERA) Direct loans to people to prevent foreclosures
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) Jobs building roads, plants trees, soil erosion
Civilian Works Administration (CWA) Jobs building bridges, causeways, hospitals
Recovery Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Jobs building factories & dams (elec. to farms)
Works Progress Administration (WPA) Work for artists & build roads, libraries,
schl. National Recovery Act (NIRA)
Priced products, set min. wage, work condit. Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Paid to reduce crops, unseeded acres, plow under crops/kill animals
Reform Security & Exchange Commission (SEC)
Watch stock market – no fraud / insider trading
Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) Insured all bank accounts to $5,000
National Labor Relations Act / Board (NLRA/B) Wagner Act – fair business (no monopolies)
Social Security (SS) Today’s workers pay for today’s retirees
Senator Huey Long
“Share the Wealth”- Socialist - Guaranteed $5,000 to all- Take millionaire’s $ and
divide- Everyone gets car,
house, radio- “Every man a king”- Shot and killed in 1935
Father Charles Coughlin
- More economic & political talks on radio than religious
- Supported FDR in 1932- Economic reform =
anti-comm. & anti-capit.- Supported fascism- Anti-semitic (nickname)
- Isolationist- Silenced
UnconstitutionalState
Gov’t toRegulateIntrastateBusiness…
Hurt small business
CongressCan’t
Regulateagr
Court PackingChanging the Supreme Court…. WHY???
FDR’s LegacyPROS
- Unemploy. decreased
- Increased income- Preserved resources- Cushion for
elderly/sick- Supported unions- Ensured bank safety
CONS- National debt
increased- Doubled fed.
Bureaucracy- Didn’t increase
small business activity
FDR’s Legacy
Set a precedent that the federal government is
responsible for the economic welfare
of the people
F. D. Roosevelt:
“You have nothing to fear, except
fear itself”
IN AT LEAST A ONE PARAGRAPH RESPONSE:
Evaluate the effectiveness of FDR’s NEW DEAL legislation. Look at: impact both short and long term. What should have been done differently? Are there any lessons that Barack Obama should specifically learn from FDR, in your opinion? How has this recession impacted or how will impact you in the long run?