The history and distinctions of Conservation Biology(Ayo) Japalura@hotmail.com

The history and distinctions of conservation biologyThe origins and history of conservation and conservation biology ()The conceptual distinctions and distinguishing scientific paradigms of conservation biology ()The kinds of problems that conservation biologists investigate and attempt to solve. ()Dyke, F. V. (2003) Conservation Biology. McGraw-Hill Inc.

Contents IPart One FoundationsChap. 1 the history and distinctions of conservation biologyChap. 2 the Legal foundations of conservation biologyChap. 3 Values and ethics in ConservationChap. 4 Biodiversity: concept, measurement, and challengeChap. 5 The historic and foundational paradigms of conservation biologyPart Two Concepts Part Three ApplicationsDyke, F. V. (2003) Conservation Biology. McGraw-Hill Inc.

Contents IIPart One FoundationsPart Two Concepts Chap. 6 The conservation of genetic diversityChap. 7 The conservation of populationsChap. 8 The conservation of habitat and landscapeChap. 9 The conservation of aquatic systemsChap. 10 Ecosystem managementPart Three ApplicationsChap. 11 Restoration EcologyChap. 12 Conservation, Economics, and Sustainable developmentDyke, F. V. (2003) Conservation Biology. McGraw-Hill Inc.

The rise of Conservation BiologyConservation biology is a young science that is still establishing its own boundaries and relationships with other disciplines.conservation ethic ()()Pullin, A. S, (2002) Conservation Biology, Chap.7. The press syndicate of the university of Cambridge.

Conservation BiologyPart 1Chap. 1 The natural worldChap. 2 Major world ecosystemsPart 2Chap. 3 The human impactChap. 4 Effects of habitat destructionChap. 5 Effects of habitat disturbanceChap. 6 Non-sustainable usePart 3Pullin, A. S, (2002) Conservation Biology, Chap.7. The press syndicate of the university of Cambridge.

Part 1Part 2Part 3Chap. 7 The rise of conservation biologyChap. 8 Selecting protected areasChap. 9 Design and management of protected areasChap. 10 Protecting species. I. In situ conservationChap. 11 Protecting species. II. Ex situ conservtion and reintroductionChap. 12 Landscape scale conservationChap. 13 Conserving the evolutionary processChap. 14 Ecological restorationChap.15 Putting the science in to practicePullin, A. S, (2002) Conservation Biology, Chap.7. The press syndicate of the university of Cambridge.

Groom, M. J., G. K. Meffe, and C. R. Carroll (2006) Principles of Conservation Biology. 3rd. Ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc.

Brief contents IUnit I Conceptual foundations ()Chap. 1. What is conservation biology?Chap. 2. Global biodiversityChap. 3. Threats to biodiversityChap. 4. Conservation values and ethicsChap. 5. Ecological economics and nature conservation Unit II Focus on primary threats to biodiversity ()Unit III approaches to solving conservation problems()Groom, M. J., G. K. Meffe, D. R. Carroll (2006) Principles of conservation. 3rd edition. Sinauer Associates, Inc.

Brief contents IIUnit I Conceptual foundations Unit II Focus on primary threats to biodiversityChap. 6. Habitat degradation and lossChap. 7. Habitat fragmentationChap. 8. OverexploitationChap. 9. Species invasionsChap. 10. Biological impacts of climate changeChap. 11. Conservation geneticsUnit III approaches to solving conservation problems

Brief contents IIIUnit I Conceptual foundations Unit II Focus on primary threats to biodiversityUnit III approaches to solving conservation problemsChap. 12. Species and Landscape approaches to conservationChap. 13. Ecosystem approaches to conservationChap. 14. Protected areasChap. 15. Restoration of damaged ecosystems and endangered populationsChap. 16. Sustainable developmentChap. 17. The integration of conservation science and policyChap. 18. Meeting conservation challenges in the twenty-first century

The background of ecology () 4th /(providential)Aristotle Herodotus and Plato,

The background of ecology () 17th - 19th Graunt (1662) 64Leeuweenhoek (1687) 746,496Buffon (1756) Natural History / Malthus (1798) Essay on Population. (checked)

The background of ecology () Farr (1834): Malthus 20th : , 1900 Ecology ()

(Public awakens)()19301970A. Bramwell (1989) : 1970 Ecologism () ()1800

()G. P. Marsh (1864): Man and Nature.E. Haeckel (1900): The Riddle of the universe. (1905): The wonders of Life. / back-to-the-land movement / /J. Ritchie (1920): The influence of man on animal life in Scotland.

()P. B. Sears (1935): Deserts on the march.W. Vogt (1948): Road to survival.F. Osburn (1948): Our plundered () planet.W. L. Thomas (1956): Man's role in changing the face of the Earth. Proceedings of symposium.Rachel Carson (1962): Silent Spring. ()P. R. Ehrlich (1968): The population Bomb.G. Hardin (1968): The tragedy of the commons. ()I. L. McHarg (1969): Design with Nature.

()P. Shepard and D. McKinley (1969): The subversive Scinece. ()E. Callenbach (1970): Ecotopia. ()D. H. Meadows, D. L. Meadows, J. Randers, andW. W. Berhens III (1972): The limits to growth.()IUCN (1980): World Conservation Strategy.()Council on Environmental Quality (1980): Global 2000 (2000)

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() (1960s)1964 (Wilderness Act) 1966 endangered species act passed.1967 International Biological Program (IBP) : , , , , ... : (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) ,

() (1970s-90s)1970 (NEPA) 1970 (Earth day)1970 UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program.1980 IUCN World Conservation Strategy.()1983 1992 ()2000 International Biodiversity Observation Year2001 2002

A Year for Biodiversity() (2000) BioScience(International Biodiversity Observation Year IBOY)DIVERSITASDIVERSITAS

The problem of identity ()To survive and grow, a discipline requires a unique conceptual framework () and a set of identifiable intellectual distinctions that can be shared by a professional community with a common mission.Michael Soule, one of the founders of conservation biology, said, disciplines are not logical constructs; they are social crystallizations which occur when a group of people agree that association and discourse serve their interests. Conservation biology began when a critical mass of people agreed that they were conservation biologists (Soule, 1986).

Conservation biology As the science of scarcity and abundance ()As application of biology to the care and protection of plants and animals to prevent their loss or waste (Meffe and Carroll, 1997)On the preservation of biodiversity (the entire range of all species).

Diversity of organisms is goodHumans seem to inherently enjoy diversity of life forms (called biophilia by E. O. Wilson, 1984).Ecological complexity is goodEvolution is good.Biotic diversity has intrinsic value, regardless of its utilitarian value.

Conservation ethics ()All living creatures possess intrinsic value ().The physical environment and the living organisms in natural ecosystem perform vital services and produce goods essential to the continuance of human civilizations (). Further, the species within the ecosystems are vital for maintaining their function and structure.The physical environment and its creatures add value, knowledge and meaning () to the experience of being human and to the appreciation of higher values and virtues. Dyke, F. V. (2003) Conservation Biology. McGraw-Hill Inc.

Conservation biology Both value laden () and mission driven ().Advocacy oriented ()A crisis-oriented () disciplineIntegrative and multidisciplinary natureConcerned with evolutionary time (genetic heritage)Adaptive science, with a higher degree of uncertainty ().A legally empowered science.

Ecology, systematics, genetics, and behaviorWildlife ecology, fisheries management, forestry, and range management

The conservation of genetic diversityThe conservation of speciesThe conservation of habitatThe management of landscapes () through ecosystem processesSustainable development () of human economies and human populations. ()

1. The conservation of genetic diversityInbreeding depressionGenetic drift ()Fixation of harmful allelesHybridization and introgression

2. The conservation of speciesMinimum viable population (MVP)Population viability analysis (PVA)Small-population paradigmDeclining population paradigmMetapopulation theory

3. The conservation of habitatHabitat loss, habitat fragmentation, habitat isolationThe theory of island biogeography ()Habitat heterogeneityRestoration ecology ()

4. The management of landscape through ecosystem processesEcosystem management ()Any land management system that seeks to protect viable populations of all native species, perpetuates natural disturbance regimes on the regional scale, adopts a planning timeline of centuries, and allows human use at levels that do not result in long-term ecological degradation. (Noss and Cooperrider, 1994)Integrates scientific knowledge of ecological relationships within a complex sociopolitical and values framework toward the general goal of protecting native ecosystem integrity over the long term (Grumbine, 1994)

5. Sustainable development of human economies and human populationsconservation biology must address problems of economic development and the growth of human populations.

Groom, M. J., G. K. Meffe, and C. R. Carroll (2006) Principles of Conservation Biology. 3rd. Ed. Sinauer Associates, Inc.

Chapter 1What is conservation biology?Expanding human demands on Earth (Fig. 1.1, 1.2) (Fig. 1.3)Human footprint () (Fig. 1.4)Stewardship () of natural biodiversityRequires a strong link be forged between conservation biology and environmentally sustainable development.Responding to Global changeConservation biology as a crisis discipline

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()Wackernagel, M. (1996) Our ecological footprint: reducing human impact on the Earth.

Conservation in the USThree philosophical movement, two of the nineteenth century and one of the twentieth.The Romantic Transcendental Conservation EthicRalph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, John MuirResource Conservation EthicGifford PinchotUtilitarian philosophy of John Stuart MillAnthropocentric valuing of natureEvolutionary-Ecological Land Ethic (Aldo Leopold)Equilibrium vs. non-equilibrium

Modern conservation biology1960s-1980s1985, the society for Conservation Biology,1987, the first issue of the journal Conservation BiologyBiological Conservation, the Journal of Wildlife Management, and Conservation in Practice (1999)

Fig. 1.7 The first issue of the journal Conservation Biology, published in May 1987.

Guiding principles for CBEvolution is the basic axiom that unites all of biology (The evolutionary play)The ecological world is dynamic and largely nonequilibrial (the ecological theater)Human presence must be included in conservation planning (Humans are part of the play)

(pervasive)A discipline responding to an immense crisis. ()A multidisciplinary scienceAn inexact science ()Precautionary principle ()(p.23)A value-laden science ()A science with an evolutionary time scaleA science of eternal vigilance ()

Fig. 1.9 The interdisciplinary nature of conservation biology merges many traditional fields of natural and social sciences, and the humanities.

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