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• The most important CDM web site •常用 CDM 网站•The elements of the CDM Project Cycle (DOE,EB,DNA..)

•CDM 项目周期元素组成• Submitted methodologies

•已提交方法学

CDM Project Cycle (including Small Scale CDM)

CDM 项目周期（包括小规模 CDM 项目）Jørgen Fenhann

Biomass CDM Workshop 生物质 CDM 工作组Beijing 12-15 November 2007 北京 11 月 12-15 日

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• What is small scale CDM?

• 何谓小规模 CDM 项目？• Registration of CDM projects

• CDM 项目注册• Letter of Approval (LoA) and Unilateral CDM

• 批准函及单边 CDM 项目• CO2, CH4, and N2O emission factors

• CO2 、 CH4 及 N2O 排放因子• Net calorific values for fuels

• 燃料净热值

Official homepage: 官方网站http://cdm.unfccc.int/

The Designated national Authorities (DOEs)

指定政府主管机构（ DNA ）Operational Entity Short

nameNumber % Number %

Det Norske Veritas Certification DNV 1197 44,3% 95 36,8%TÜV Industrie Service GmbH - TÜV Süd Gruppe TÜV-SÜD 658 24,4% 39 15,1%Société Générale de Surveillance SGS 331 12,3% 74 28,7%Bureau Veritas Certification BV Cert 149 5,5% 31 12,0%TÜV-Nord Cert GmbH (RWTÜV) TÜV-Nord 134 5,0% 9 3,5%TÜV Industrie Service GmbH - TÜV Rheinland TÜV-Rhein 113 4,2% 1 0,4%Spanish Association for Standardisation and CertificationAENOR 29 1,1% 6 2,3%Japan Quality Assurance JQA 25 0,9% 0,0%Japan Consulting Institute JCI 23 0,9% 0,0%Korea Energy Management Corporation KEMCO 15 0,6% 0,0%Lloyd's Register Quality Assurance Ltd. LRQA 11 0,4% 0,0%KPMG Certification B.V. KPMG 6 0,2% 0,0%Korean Foundation for Quality KFQ 4 0,1% 0,0%Japan Audit and Certification Organisation for Env. And QualityJACO 2 0,1% 2 0,8%PricewaterhouseCoopers (PwC)- South Africa PwC 2 0,1% 0,0%Tohmatsu Evaluation and Certiification OrganizationTECO 1 0,0% 0,0%British Standard Institution (BSI) BSI 1 0,0% 0,0%AZSA & Co AZSA 0,0% 0,0%Colombian Institute for Technical Standards and CertificationICONTEC 0,0% 1 0,4%GFA Consulting Group GFA 0,0% 0,0%Name not avalibale n.a. 0,0% 0,0%Total 2701 100,0% 258 100,0%

CDM CDMValidated projects Verified projects

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Accumulated number of 236 methodologies

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Submission Round

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A C/ withdrawn Pending

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44% of all CDM projects are small-scale小规模 CDM 项目占所有 CDM 项目的 44%

Project types Small-scale CDM project activity categories NumberType I: A. Electricity generation by the user 21

Renewable B. Mechanical energy for the user 4energy projects C. Thermal energy for the user 137

<15 MW D. Renewable electricity generation for a grid 737Type II: A. Supply side energy efficiency improvements - transmission and distribution 1

Energy efficiency B. Supply side energy efficiency improvements - generation 14improvement C. Demand-side energy efficiency programmes for specific technologies 13

projects D. Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures for industrial facilities 88E. Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures for buildings 15

<60 GWh savings F. Energy efficiency and fuel switching measures for agricultural facilities and activities 3Type III: A. Agriculture (no methodologies available) 0

B. Switching fossil fuels 34EB27: C. Emission reductions by low-greenhouse emission vehicles 4

<60 ktCO2 D. Methane recovery 189reduction E. Avoidance of methane production from biomass decay through controlled combustion 56

F. Avoidance of methane production from biomass decay through composting 25G. Landfill methane recovery 13H. Methane recovery in wastewater treatment 41I. Avoidance of methane production in wastewater treatment through replacement of anaerobic lagoons by aerobic systems

4J. Avoidance of fossil fuel combustion for carbon dioxide production to be used as raw material for industrial processes

0K. Avoidance of methane release from charcoal production by shifting from pit method to mechanized charcoaling process

1L. Avoidance of methane production from biomass decay through controlled pyrolysis 0M. Reduction in consumption of electricity by recovering soda from paper manufacturingprocess

2N. Avoidance of HFC emissions in rigid Poly Urethane Foam (PUF) manufacturing 0O. Hydrogen production using methane extracted from biogas 0P. Recovery and utilization of waste gas in refinery facilities 0Q. Waste gas based energy systems 0R. Methane recovery in agricultural activities at household/small farm level 0

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Why is small-scale easier?为何小规模项目相对容易通过审核？

Standardized simplified baselines are provided so no new methodologies needs to be approved by the EB.

已有标准化的、简化的基准线，故 EB 无需开发新的方法学

• Monitoring methodologies are simplified with a less frequent and reduced monitoring plan.•简化的监测方法学减少了监测活动次数• The additionality assessment requires only a barrier assessment. •额外性评估仅需障碍性评估

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• Calculation of leakage is only required for biomass projects and where new equipment and existing equipment at to places are exchanged.

• 只有生物质能项目及新旧设备交替处需进行泄漏计算

• The same DOE may undertake validation and verification• 审定及核查可由同一 DOE 完成• Bundling is allowed• 可以小项目打捆

Why is small-scale easier?为何小规模项目相对容易通过审核？

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Small-scale projects are not always small

小规模项目并不“小”

• An efficient refrigerator saves 200 kWh/year. To be below 60 GWh of savings there is room for 300.000 refrigerators.

• 一台高效的电冰箱每年可节省 200 度电。为满足节约 6 千万度电的（小规模项目）的要求，则可涉及 30 万台冰箱。

• A Solar home system often use a 50W solar PV. To be below the 15 MW there is room for 300.000 solar PVs

• 一个家用太阳能光伏系统通常 50 瓦的容量。若满足 1.5万千瓦，则可涉及 30 万个太阳能光伏系统

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Special rules for small scale afforestation/reforestation

小规模造林 / 再造林项目特殊规定

• A/R small scale methodologies (< 8 ktCO2) expected to be approved at COP/MOP1

• 小规模造林 / 再造林项目方法学 (< 8 ktCO2) 在COP/MOP1 会议上被批准

• Each host country has to define what a forest is

• 各东道国需对森林作出定义• A small-scale A/R project must be developed and

implemented by a low-income community

• 小规模造林 / 再造林项目必须由低收入团体开发实施

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在初期仅允许小规模 CDM 项目打捆目前也允许大规模项目打捆

Bundled projects activities have the following benefits:项目活动打捆有如下益处：• Can be covered by one PDD•仅需提交一份统一的 PDD• Only one overall monitoring plan•仅需一份统一的监测计划• One combined emission reduction calculation•一份整合的减排计算• Combined environmental impact•一份整合的环境影响评价• Combined stakeholder comments•一份整合的相关利益方意见

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• One validation• 一次审定• One registration• 一次注册• One certification• 一次认证• Rule for small scale bundles:• 小规模捆绑规则：

The size of of each type in a bundle should not exceed the limits for small scale projects (<15, or 60).

打捆中各项目不得超过小规模项目的规模 (<15, or 60)

Bundling was in the beginning only allowed for small-scale CDM projects. Now also for large scale projects.

在初期仅允许小规模 CDM 项目打捆目前也允许大规模项目打捆

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Debundling is not allowed不允许拆散项目

A small-scale project activity that is part of a larger project activity is not eligible.若属于大型项目活动中的一部分，则该小规模项目不符合小规模 CDM 项目的开发条件A small-scale project activity is debundled if there is a registered (or application to be registered) small-scale CDM project activity:具有以下特征的项目被界定为拆散的小规模项目• With the same project participants•具有相同项目参与者• In the same project category and technology/measure•具有相同的项目种类和技术 / 措施• Registered within the previous 2 years; and•2 年内注册的• Whose project boundary is within 1 km of the project boundary of the proposed small-scale activity at the closest point.•其边界距提交的小规模项目边界最近距离小于 1km

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Registration of CDM projectsCDM 项目注册

The CDM registry is able to forward CERs to national registries. It contains public information on all CDM projects: issuance, holdings, transfer and acquisition of CERs.

CDM 注册机构可将 CERs 转入国家账户。包括所有 CDM 项目公众信息： CERs 的签发、所有、过户及获得。The International Transfer Log (ITL) will be final before the end of 2007.

国际交易平台将在 2007 年底建成。The share of proceeds (SOP) to cover administrative expenses will be 0.10$/CER for the first 15,000 tonnes of CO2, and 0.20$/CER for the rest.

收益分成 (SOP) 的行政收费为头 15000 吨 CO2 是 0.1美元 /CER ，其后为 0.20$/CER 。

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Elements in DNA approval letterDNA 批准函所包含要素

The minimum requirement:基本要求：1. The country has ratified the Kyoto Protocol.1. 该国批准了京都议定书2. Approval of the voluntary participation and authorisation

of specific entities participating in the CDM projects.2. 自愿参与 CDM 项目的批复及参与 CDM 项目实体的经营资格

3. Only for Host Party: Contribution to Sustainable Development.

3. 仅对 CDM 东道国：对可持续发展的贡献One letter can cover more than one project.一份批准函可包含多个项目

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单边项目可维持单边状态的时间

The Executive Board has agreed that the registration of a project activity can take place without an Annex I Party being involved at the stage of registration.执行理事会允许项目注册时没有附件一国家的参与Before an Annex I Party acquires CERs from such a project activity from an account within the CDM registry, it shall submit a letter of approval to the Board in order for the CDM Registry administrator to be able to forward CERs from the CDM registry to the Annex I national registry.附件一国家从这类项目注册的账户中获得 CERs之前，须向理事会提交批准函换取 CDM 注册证明以能够向附件一国家转让 CERs 。

55% of all CDM projects are unilateral.

所有 CDM 项目的 55% 为单边项目You can now see unilateral projects that have got CERs

issued. Why is that possible?

目前可以看到单边项目已拿到签发的 CERs 。为何有这种可能性？

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Default IPCC emission factors IPCC 所列排放因子

Source: IPCC 1996 Revised Guidelines for National Greenhouse gas Inventories; vol 3. :www.ipcc-nggip.or.jp/public/gl/invs6a.htm

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Default IPCC emission factors IPCC 所列排放因子

Source: IPCC 1996 Revised Guidelines for National Greenhouse gas Inventories; vol 3. :www.ipcc-nggip.or.jp/public/gl/invs6a.htm

Now the IPCC 2006 Guideline has been published.

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IPCC CO2 emission factors (p.57 in CDM information and Guidebook)

IPCC CO2 排放因子（ CDM 信息及指南中第 57页）

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Source: IPCC 1996 Revised Guidelines for National Greenhouse gas Inventories; vol 3. :

www.ipcc-nggip.or.jp/public/gl/invs6a.htm