The Muslim The Muslim EmpiresEmpiresChapter 21Chapter 21

The OttomansThe Ottomans

After the destruction of the Mongols After the destruction of the Mongols 1243, another Turkic group moved 1243, another Turkic group moved into the Middle East and took into the Middle East and took advantage of the chaos.advantage of the chaos.

Seljuk Turks – their empire had Seljuk Turks – their empire had collapsed by the time of the Mongols collapsed by the time of the Mongols

AnatoliaAnatolia OSMAN – his dream led him to OSMAN – his dream led him to

develop the foundations that became develop the foundations that became the Ottoman Empirethe Ottoman Empire

MEHMED II – “the Conqueror” – took MEHMED II – “the Conqueror” – took Constantinople in 1453 and ended Constantinople in 1453 and ended the Byzantine Empire.the Byzantine Empire.

The Ottoman armies moved into the The Ottoman armies moved into the Arab lands as well as into Europe – Arab lands as well as into Europe – by 1683, they laid seige to Vienna.by 1683, they laid seige to Vienna.

Ottoman – Safavid – Mughal EmpiresOttoman – Safavid – Mughal Empires

Early Ottoman successes were Early Ottoman successes were due, in large part, to the cavalry – due, in large part, to the cavalry – where they were granted tracts of where they were granted tracts of land and the labor of peasants as land and the labor of peasants as rewards. They were at times rewards. They were at times seen as possible threats to the seen as possible threats to the power of the sultans.power of the sultans.

Janissaries – by the mid 1400s, Janissaries – by the mid 1400s, the power of the Ottoman may be the power of the Ottoman may be seen as coming from their seen as coming from their infantry divisions – Janissaries. infantry divisions – Janissaries. Young boys were taken and Young boys were taken and forced into military service – with forced into military service – with that came an education and that came an education and many converted ti Islam.many converted ti Islam.

As the use of firearms and As the use of firearms and artillery developed – the power of artillery developed – the power of the Janissaries increased.the Janissaries increased.

Sultans and Their CourtsSultans and Their Courts

In theory the sultans were absolute in their power – but In theory the sultans were absolute in their power – but in reality, the sultans maintained their power by in reality, the sultans maintained their power by manipulating the various aspects of the military, manipulating the various aspects of the military, religious scholars, and legal experts into compeating religious scholars, and legal experts into compeating with themselves.with themselves.

Trade within the empire was often controlled by Trade within the empire was often controlled by dhimmis.dhimmis.

Many of the people conquered by the Ottomans initially Many of the people conquered by the Ottomans initially were pleased by the tax relief and efficiency of the were pleased by the tax relief and efficiency of the Ottoman bureacracy.Ottoman bureacracy.

Ottoman sultans grew distant from their people as they Ottoman sultans grew distant from their people as they lived in isolated lives of luxury and extravagence.lived in isolated lives of luxury and extravagence.

VIZIER – head of the imperial bureaucracyVIZIER – head of the imperial bureaucracy

Suleyman ISuleyman I

SULEYMAN the Lawgiver – SULEYMAN the Lawgiver – Ottoman sultan r. 1520-1566Ottoman sultan r. 1520-1566

Codified Ottoman lawCodified Ottoman law Developed infrastructure of Developed infrastructure of

the Ottoman Empire: schools, the Ottoman Empire: schools, hospitals, roads, mosques, hospitals, roads, mosques, etc.etc.

1529 – pushed his empire as 1529 – pushed his empire as far as Vienna, Austria – far as Vienna, Austria – besieging the city. His failure besieging the city. His failure to take Vienna marked the to take Vienna marked the highpoint of Ottoman land highpoint of Ottoman land growth.growth.

Ottoman SocietyOttoman Society

Hagia Sophia – turned into a mosqueHagia Sophia – turned into a mosque Used Byzantine technology to reinvigorate the Used Byzantine technology to reinvigorate the

ancient aqueduct and irrigation system – all ancient aqueduct and irrigation system – all leading to increased farm production and better leading to increased farm production and better urban conditionsurban conditions

TRADETRADE Coffee housesCoffee houses Languages – Arabic but the rise of Turkish Languages – Arabic but the rise of Turkish

over Persianover Persian

1571 - The Battle of Lepanto and Ottoman 1571 - The Battle of Lepanto and Ottoman DeclineDecline

Safavid EmpireSafavid Empire

In the chaos after the Mongols In the chaos after the Mongols and rivalry among Turkish and rivalry among Turkish groups, the Safavids rose to groups, the Safavids rose to power as frontier warriors who power as frontier warriors who pursued a militant form of Islam. pursued a militant form of Islam. SHI’ASHI’A

Sail al-Din – Sufi mystic and Sail al-Din – Sufi mystic and preacher who began a campaign preacher who began a campaign to purify Islam and spread Islam to purify Islam and spread Islam among the Turks.among the Turks.

Red Heads – Safavid followers – Red Heads – Safavid followers – promoted Shi’a and developed promoted Shi’a and developed enemies enemies

Isma’il – led Turkic followers to Isma’il – led Turkic followers to victory and was proclaimed victory and was proclaimed SHAH in 1501.SHAH in 1501.

Battle of Chaldiran 1514Battle of Chaldiran 1514

The Safavids consoldiated The Safavids consoldiated power in Persia and were power in Persia and were poised as a threat to the poised as a threat to the Ottoman Empire.Ottoman Empire.

In August 1515, the Sunni In August 1515, the Sunni Ottomans battled the Shi’a Ottomans battled the Shi’a Safavids.Safavids.

The Safavids were defeated The Safavids were defeated and the Shi’a pish west was and the Shi’a pish west was halted – BUT the Ottomans halted – BUT the Ottomans were unable to take were unable to take advantage of the victory and advantage of the victory and bring down the Safavid bring down the Safavid Empire.Empire.

Politics and War Under the Safavid ShahsPolitics and War Under the Safavid Shahs

Ozbeg – nomadic Turkic people Ozbeg – nomadic Turkic people often at odds with the Safavidsoften at odds with the Safavids

Isfahan and Tahmasp I were Isfahan and Tahmasp I were successors to Isma’il – they successors to Isma’il – they maintained power by balancing maintained power by balancing the demands of Turkish leaders the demands of Turkish leaders (who were granted areas of local (who were granted areas of local control) with the Persians who control) with the Persians who were used to run the imperial were used to run the imperial bureacracy. Armies of slave bureacracy. Armies of slave boys were developed – similar to boys were developed – similar to the Janissaries.the Janissaries.

Shah Abbas I – Abbas the Great Shah Abbas I – Abbas the Great – developed stronger Russian – developed stronger Russian boy slave armies – contact with boy slave armies – contact with European technology – firearms. European technology – firearms.

State and ReligionState and Religion

Padishah – “king of kings”Padishah – “king of kings” Imams – Safavids claimed descent from one of Imams – Safavids claimed descent from one of

the Shi’a imams or successors of Alithe Shi’a imams or successors of Ali Mullahs – local mosque officials and prayer Mullahs – local mosque officials and prayer

leaders who were supported by the state – leaders who were supported by the state – more Persian than Arab.more Persian than Arab.

Sunnis, Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians Sunnis, Christians, Jews, and Zoroastrians were pressured to convert to Shi’a Islam – were pressured to convert to Shi’a Islam – even today, Iranian identity is linked to Shi’a even today, Iranian identity is linked to Shi’a Islam.Islam.

Decline of the SafavidsDecline of the Safavids

Safavid Empire did not last as long as its opulence may have led Safavid Empire did not last as long as its opulence may have led one to expect.one to expect.

Abbas feared his own family and murdered or blinded most of Abbas feared his own family and murdered or blinded most of them – he was succeeded by a weak grandson who what thought them – he was succeeded by a weak grandson who what thought to be easily manipulated by his advisors.to be easily manipulated by his advisors.

Able shahs were few – most were isolated in luxury and easily Able shahs were few – most were isolated in luxury and easily controlled.controlled.

1722 – the capital of ISFAHAN was seiged by Afghanis - +80,000 1722 – the capital of ISFAHAN was seiged by Afghanis - +80,000 dead.dead.

Nadir Khan Afshar – soldier took power briefly and claimed Nadir Khan Afshar – soldier took power briefly and claimed Safavid descent – but the empire was divided and for years was a Safavid descent – but the empire was divided and for years was a trarget for its neighbors and nomad invaders.trarget for its neighbors and nomad invaders.

The Mughal EmpireThe Mughal Empire

Founder of the Mughal Founder of the Mughal Empire - Babur – part Empire - Babur – part Turkic and Mongol, Turkic and Mongol, Babur moved into India Babur moved into India in order to claim an in order to claim an empire – NOT because empire – NOT because of religious motivation.of religious motivation.

BengalBengal DeccanDeccan PunjabPunjab RajputRajput KashmirKashmir

AKBARAKBAR

Humayan – son and succesor Humayan – son and succesor of Babur – he assume dpower of Babur – he assume dpower in 1530 – large empire but it in 1530 – large empire but it needed bureacratic reform. needed bureacratic reform. Humayan was ousted by a Humayan was ousted by a brother who used Afghani and brother who used Afghani and Rajput forces. Humayan lived Rajput forces. Humayan lived with the Safavids until he was with the Safavids until he was able to reclaim the capital of able to reclaim the capital of Delhi – then books killed him.Delhi – then books killed him.

Akbar – son of HumayanAkbar – son of Humayan Din-i-Ilahi – new faith of Islam Din-i-Ilahi – new faith of Islam

and Hinduism.and Hinduism.

Mughal and European ContactsMughal and European Contacts

Aurangzeb – son of Aurangzeb – son of Shah JahanShah Jahan

TRADETRADE CottonCotton TextilesTextiles

Shah JahanShah Jahan

One of the most famous One of the most famous Mughal rulers was the Mughal rulers was the Shah Jahan.Shah Jahan.

IN 1631, his favorite wife IN 1631, his favorite wife Mumtaz Mahal died Mumtaz Mahal died giving birth to their giving birth to their fourteenth child.fourteenth child.

The despondent Shah The despondent Shah Jahan had a tomb built Jahan had a tomb built for his wife which is still for his wife which is still considered to be one of considered to be one of the most beautiful the most beautiful buildings in the world – buildings in the world – the Taj Mahal.the Taj Mahal.

Sikh Golden Shrine – Amritsar, India – the Sikh Golden Shrine – Amritsar, India – the holiest shrine of the Sikh religionholiest shrine of the Sikh religion

SikhismSikhism

Sikhism is a religion that originated in Punjab – Sikhism is a religion that originated in Punjab – an area in India and Pakistan.an area in India and Pakistan.

Belief in one supreme godBelief in one supreme god Gurus – religious philosophers and teachersGurus – religious philosophers and teachers Sikh is to: mediate, work diligently and to share Sikh is to: mediate, work diligently and to share

one’s creationsone’s creations Male Sikhs have the name SINGH somewhere Male Sikhs have the name SINGH somewhere

in their name.in their name. Male Sikhs are recognized by their turbansMale Sikhs are recognized by their turbans

Sikhs traditionally wear:Sikhs traditionally wear: Uncut hairUncut hair Wooden combsWooden combs Special underwearSpecial underwear Iron braceletsIron bracelets SwordsSwords ***all designed to show ***all designed to show

honesty, equality, fidelity, honesty, equality, fidelity, meditating on God, and meditating on God, and never bowing to tyranny.never bowing to tyranny.